Problems of Tempo in Puccini's Arias Author(s): Mei Zhong Source: College Music Symposium, Vol. 40 (2000), pp. 140-150 Published by: College Music Society Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/40374404 Accessed: 22-08-2018 17:38 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms College Music Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to College Music Symposium This content downloaded from 129.105.215.146 on Wed, 22 Aug 2018 17:38:20 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Problems of Tempo in Puccini's Arias Mei Zhong problems of tempo in Puccini's soprano arias are surprisingly vexing for per- formers, given that the composer provided many indications in his scores, including many metronome markings, and supervised the preparation of several singers who went on to make early phonograph recordings of his arias. The difficulties arise from the lack of markings in some cases, ambiguous or impractical markings in others (with some evidence that at times Puccini himself was not reliable in this matter), doubts about the authorship of some markings, and wide variations in tempo among recorded perfor- mances. Tempo problems in Puccini's arias are far too many and complex to be treated exhaustively in a single article.1 Because of my own voice type and performing experi- ences, I have chosen an initial investigation of these problems with regard to the soprano arias in La Boheme, Tosca, and Madama Butterfly. Three categories of information exist concerning Puccini's intentions with respect to tempo in these soprano arias: metronome markings, tempo words, and modification of tempo in Puccini's autographs, as well as in the first editions of his piano- vocal scores published in Milan by Ricordi. Determining Puccini's intentions on the basis of these sources requires care since, as the noted Puccini scholar Linda B. Fairtile has observed, "Puccini revised each of his completed operas at least once after its first performance, and you can often find different tempo markings in subsequent editions of the same opera. It's clear that Puccini was sometimes influenced by performers in this point."2 In 1954, Luigi Ricci, who had been Puccini's rehearsal pianist, published a guide and commentary on the performance of Puccini's operas, entitled Puccini interprete di se stesso ("Puccini, Interpreter of Himself '), which has been translated by Harry Nicholas Dunstan, Jr., under the title Performance Practice in the Music ofGiacomo Puccini as Observed by Luigi Ricci (Ann Arbor: UMI, 1989). While there are certainly many details and insights in Ricci 's book that go beyond what can be found in Puccini's scores, he still leaves a great many more questions unasked and unanswered, including many that relate to tempo. A generous sample of these questions is addressed in the paper that follows, with their frequent references to Dunstan's translation of Ricci's book. I have observed two major phenomena in the early recordings and the scores of Puccini's soprano arias inZ,<z Boheme, Tosca, and Butterfly: First, that Puccini's initial tempo markings, even when indicated by metronome settings, often differ from the tempo actually used by early performers. Second, the changes of tempo during the course of an aria are interpreted quite differently from one early recording to another. Some of Puccini's indications have never been followed as far as I can tell. The differ- ent treatment of rubato, fermata, portamento, dynamic range, expression markings, etc. in Puccini's arias all affect the tempo of an aria as sung by singers with different vocal qualities and in different time periods. 'My dissertation, "Tempo in Puccini's Soprano Arias," is available through UMI. I wish to express my sincerest gratitude to Professor John Walter Hill, who guided me through each stage of my writing. (University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 1999). 2Letter from Linda B. Fairtile, July 26, 1997. This content downloaded from 129.105.215.146 on Wed, 22 Aug 2018 17:38:20 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms PROBLEMS OF TEMPO IN PUCCINI'S ARIAS 141 There are even reasons to doubt that Puccini always carefully considered his own metronome markings. Giulio Ricordi wrote to Puccini on November 29, 1 895, two months before La Boheme's first performance: Concerning the metronomic markings. Have you been able to try them out well at the pianoforte? There are two that seem (too) fast to me, thinking of the orchestral rhythm and of the pronunciation of the syllables. Try (these): Act 2 [quarter =126 - all the notes two to a beat seem to me difficult to pronounce at this tempo: 'Falso questo re' - and so on. Chorus of boys [quarter=132] - it seems to me difficult to pronounce and to understand the syllables 'Col suo bel carretto tutto lumi e fior! ' Write to me at once if you (wish to) confirm the tempo indicated, because I must prepare the parts, and afterwards I cannot make further corrections of any kind.3 To obtain a better understanding of this letter, I checked the metronome marking in Puccini's first edition (plate number 99000). The metronome setting in the score is quar- ter =1 12 instead of the 126 mentioned by Ricordi. Evidently Puccini changed the tempo marking in response to Ricordi 's letter. Even so, the music of the "Falso questo re" still appears to be difficult for the baritone singing the role of Schaunard, not only because of the very quick pronunciation of the words but also because of the leaping notes in the high vocal range with a strong dynamic requirement. On the other hand, the score maintains Puccini's original tempo (quarter =1 32) for the Chorus of Boys. In the record- ing of La Boheme (NI 7862/3) as performed at La Scala and conducted by Umberto Berrettoni in 1938, the conductor gave a tempo of quarter = 123 to the Chorus of Boys in Act II. Significantly, the syllables of the text were still not pronounced clearly. The ambiguities of base tempo and tempo change can also be found in Musetta's aria "Quando me'n vo." The metronome marking at the beginning of Musetta's waltz, as contained in Puccini's first edition, is quarter =104 with the tempo words Tempo Di Valzer Lento and expression marks Con molta grazia ed eleganza. I have found no performer who chose this metronome number; in fact, many early performers started the tempo much slower, for example quarter = 85. Puccini noted tempo modifications such as a tempo and quasi rit, a tempo, and appena allarg for each phrase of the aria. In recordings of the early period, there was only a slight contrast, but over time, the tempo slowed in recorded performances and one hears a large contrast between the rit and a tempo. What is the intended margin of tempo modification in this aria, and how does it correspond to the metronome number and the tempo words at the beginning of the number? The ambiguity of tempo results in different interpretations. At the beginning of the aria "Si, mi chiamano Mimi," Puccini's metronome setting is quarter = 40, but the duration of each performance in the many recordings to which I have listened differs significantly from that, even though their tempos are initially close 3Letter written on letterhead printed "G. Ricordi & C.Milano," November 29, 1895. I am grateful to Professor Gabrilele Dotto of the University of Pisa for locating and transcribing this letter for me. This content downloaded from 129.105.215.146 on Wed, 22 Aug 2018 17:38:20 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 142 COLLEGE MUSIC SYMPOSIUM to Pucccini's metronome setting. At rehearsal number 37 of this aria, Puccini wrote quarter =144, a faster tempo with the expression mark con semplicita, which conflicts with his tempo words All. tto Moderate). Just which tempo did Puccini intend? Is it the metronome number or the tempo words? In his book Puccini interprete di se stesso (1954), Luigi Ricci, Puccini's rehearsal pianist, carefully recorded the durations of individual acts performed under Puccini's supervision, as well as all of Puccini's comments about his works from rehearsals, (in- cluding tempo changes and modifications of tempo) and comments related to the tempos when they were not exactly as they appear in Puccini's original scores. Ricci's book, however, is still not sufficient for determining the intended tempos in Puccini's soprano arias. In his "Ten rules of Puccini," Ricci wrote: Puccini had a very acute sensibility regarding the variety of rhythmic move- ment; as much for the fundamental or general indications as for those restrictive or secondary ones. Regarding andante, for example, he wanted that in reality it would correspond to its exact movement which is moderate, rather slow, but not too slow.4 Here, Ricci also mentioned several of Puccini's disagreements regarding the slow tem- pos during rehearsals such as "too slow" and " Life, life Maestro! Don't slow down too much."5 What is the standard for adjusting the slower tempo with which Puccini was not satisfied during rehearsals, and why did these situations frequently arise? Was Puccini's tempo misunderstood by conductors, or was there a disparity between Puccini's imag- ined tempo and the actual performance tempo he preferred? How is the modification of tempo applied in different arias? There are no apparent answers.