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El Caribe: Origen Del Mundo Moderno

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El Caribe: Origen Del Mundo Moderno EL CARIBE: ORIGEN DEL MUNDO MODERNO Editoras Consuelo Naranjo Orovio Mª Dolores González-Ripoll Navarro María Ruiz del Árbol Moro EL CARIBE: ORIGEN DEL MUNDO MODERNO Consuelo Naranjo Orovio, Mª Dolores González-Ripoll Navarro y María Ruiz del Árbol Moro (editoras) “Connected Worlds: The Caribbean, Origin of Modern World”. Este proyecto ha recibido fondos del programa de investigación e innovación Horizon 2020 de la Unión Europea en virtud del acuerdo de subvención Marie Sklodowska-Curie Nº 823846. El proyecto está dirigido por la profesora Consuelo Naranjo Orovio del Instituto de Historia-CSIC. CRÉDITOS I. EL ESPACIO CARIBE VI –PROCESOS HISTÓRICOS EN EL CARIBE Mª Dolores González-Ripoll Navarro (Instituto de José Calderón (Universidad Ana G. Méndez, Gurabo, Historia-CSIC, España) Puerto Rico) Nayibe Gutiérrez Montoya (Universidad Pablo de Justin Daniel (Université des Antilles, Martinica) Olavide, España) Wilson E. Genao (Pontificia Universidad Católica Emilio Luque Azcona (Universidad de Sevilla, España) Madre y Maestra, República Dominicana) Juan Marchena Fernández (Universidad Pablo de Roberto González Arana (Universidad del Norte, Olavide, España) Colombia) Héctor Pérez Brignoli (Universidad de Costa Rica) Christine Hatzky (Leibniz University Hannover, Germany) Miguel Ángel Puig-Samper (Instituto de Historia-CSIC, Félix R. Huertas (Universidad Ana G. Méndez, Gura- España) bo, Puerto Rico) Mu-Kien A. Sang Ben (Pontificia Universidad Católica Héctor Pérez Brignoli (Universidad de Costa Rica) Madre y Maestra, República Dominicana) Carmen Rosado (Universidad Ana G. Méndez, Gurabo, Puerto Rico) II. LA TRATA ATLÁNTICA Antonio Santamaría García (Instituto de Historia-CSIC, Manuel F. Fernández Chaves (Universidad de Sevilla, España) España) Leida Fernández Prieto (Instituto de Historia-CSIC, VII. EL AZÚCAR EN EL MUNDO ATLÁNTICO España) Antonio Santamaría García (Instituto de Historia-CSIC, Rafael M. Pérez García (Universidad de Sevilla, España) España) Oscar Zanetti Lecuona (Academia de la Historia de Cuba) III. LA ESCLAVITUD Mª Carmen Barcia Zequeira (Academia de la Historia VIII. LITERATURAS DE LOS CARIBES de Cuba) Beatriz Cruz Sotomayor (Universidad Ana G. Méndez, José Luis Belmonte Postigo (Universidad de Sevilla, Gurabo, Puerto Rico) España) Dalia Stella González (Universidad Ana G. Méndez, Justin Daniel (Université des Antilles, Martinica) Gurabo, Puerto Rico) Mercedes García Rodríguez (Academia de la Historia Dante Liano (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italia) de Cuba) Werner Mackenbach (Universidad de Costa Rica) Alejandro Gómez (Université Sorbonne Nouvelle-Paris Marianela Muñoz (Universidad de Costa Rica) 3, Francia) Elena Oliva (Universidad de Chile) Miguel Ángel Puig-Samper (Instituto de Historia-CSIC, Karen Poe (Universidad de Costa Rica) España) Jennet Rodríguez (Universidad Ana G. Méndez, Gura- bo, Puerto Rico) IV. RACISMO AYER Y HOY Thomas Rothe (Universidad de Chile) Myriam Moïse (Université des Antilles, Martinica) Lucía Stecher (Universidad de Chile) Carmen Ortiz García (Instituto de Historia-CSIC, España) Miguel Ángel Puig-Samper (Instituto de Historia-CSIC, TRADUCCION DE LOS TEXTOS DE INGLÉS A España) ESPAÑOL Ulrike Schmieder (Leibniz Universität Hannover, Michelle Falcony Bayer Alemania) Claudia Zapata Silva (Universidad de Chile) IMAGEN DE CUBIERTA https://seecolombia.travel/blog/2015/11/graffiti-in- V. PATRIMONIO CULTURAL, PUEBLOS, getsemani-cartagena/ IDENTIDADES Y LENGUAS EN EL CARIBE Roberto Almanza (Universidad del Magdalena, Colombia) PRODUCCIÓN EDITORIAL: Rocío Delibes (Universidad de Sevilla, España) Doce Calles S.L. Jorge Elías Caro (Universidad del Magdalena, Colombia) Héctor Pérez Brignoli (Universidad de Costa Rica) ISBN: 978-84-9744.274-9 María Ruiz del Árbol Moro (Instituto de Historia-CSIC, España) Rita Aleksandra Sobczyk (Universidad del Norte, Colombia) SUMARIO INTRODUCCIÓN I- EL ESPACIO CARIBE 1- El Caribe: espacio estratégico y de rivalidad imperial. 13 2- Expediciones científicas españolas al Nuevo Mundo. 25 3- Fortificaciones, ciudades y puertos del Caribe (siglos XVI-XVIII). 33 4- Urbanismo y modernización en el área Caribe. 53 II- LA TRATA ATLÁNTICA 1- El comercio de esclavos. 61 2- Legado biológico, travesía y alimentación en el sistema esclavo. 67 III- LA ESCLAVITUD 1- La esclavitud en el mundo hispano. 75 2- Salud, enfermedad y muerte en el sistema esclavista. 87 3- Esclavitud en el Circuncaribe y nomenclatura esclavista. 95 4- Abolicionismo en el Caribe insular y continental. 101 5- Las Antillas no hispanas: procesos de abolición y sociedades post-esclavistas. 107 IV-RACISMO AYER Y HOY 1- “Raza” y racismo. 121 2- ¿Qué es el racismo?. 129 3- Racismo hoy y memoria de la esclavitud. 135 4- Mujeres afrocaribeñas y las opresiones intersectoriales. 143 5 El Caribe: origen del Mundo Moderno V- PATRIMONIO CULTURAL, PUEBLOS, IDENTIDADES Y LENGUAS EN EL CARIBE 1- Las civilizaciones indígenas en el momento de la conquista. 151 2- El Caribe continental y su diferencia étnica. 161 3- Indígenas, afrodescendientes e identidad cultural. 181 4- Afrodescendientes en el Caribe. 189 5- Religiosidades afrocaribes. 197 VI –PROCESOS HISTÓRICOS EN EL CARIBE 1- El Caribe continental durante los procesos de independencia. 203 2- Procesos de paz en la región Circuncaribe: revolución, guerra civil y paz en Centroamérica. 211 3- Historia de Cuba. 217 4- Historia de República Dominicana. 233 5- Historia de Puerto Rico. 239 6- Historia política de las Antillas francesas y británicas. 247 7- Economía de las Antillas. 257 VII- EL AZÚCAR EN EL MUNDO ATLÁNTICO 1- Cultivo, producción y comercialización del azúcar. 277 2- Producción y mercados azucareros en el siglo XX. 283 VIII- LITERATURAS DE LOS CARIBES 1- Introducción: la diversidad cultural de los Caribes. 297 2- La organización estatal-política. 301 3- Tendencias y movimientos literarios. 303 4- Temas y figuras. 313 5- Editoriales, revistas y públicos lectores. 323 6- Las literaturas del Caribe en el mundo. 327 7- Pensar el Caribe desde la literatura. 329 8- Referencias bibliográficas / Recursos Multimedia / Imágenes. 335 9- Escritoras y escritores de los caribes. 338 6 Introducción Introducción Este libro es el resultado de la colaboración entre los investigadores que parti- cipan en este proyecto, pertenecientes a 15 instituciones de Europa, el Caribe y América Latina, con sus diferentes valores y culturas, métodos de trabajo y necesidades. El proyecto “Connected Worlds: The Caribbean, Origin of Modern World”, ini- ciado en el año 2019 y dirijido por Consuelo Naranjo Orovio desde el Instituto de Historia del CSIC, busca establecer un diálogo académico entre Europa y el Cari- be. Es un proyecto financiado por la Comisón Europea en el programa Horizon- te 2020, en la modalidad Marie Skłodowska-Curie, Grant Agreement No 823846. Su enfoque transnacional permite abordar temas sobre la configuración del Mundo Atlántico desde 1492, todo ellos de clara actualidad: la definición del Caribe como espacio de interacciones culturales, económicas y sociales, la esclavitud, la creación del concepto de raza, el racismo, las políticas de los grandes imperios y sus luchas por dominar la región, las resistencias locales, la circulación del conocimiento, las identidades regionales, la conservación sostenible del patrimonio natural y cultural, los modelos de desarrollo ur- bano, político, económico y social, las representaciones en y del Caribe, los intercambios culturales y diálogos de la región y la literatura. En este libro dirigido a la comunidad educativa se presentan las distintas facetas tratadas en el proyecto. El objetivo es proporcionar una herramienta de trabajo, accesible y rigurosa a profesores y profesoras, a la comunidad educativa en gene- ral pero, en especial, a la que se encuentra vinculada a los últimos ciclos educa- tivos, esto es, al alumnado con edades comprendidas entre los 14 y los 17 años. El volumen está estructurado en ocho partes. Las contribuciones, en número variable en función de los temas abordados, discuten aspectos clave relativos a cada una de las grandes cuestiones del proyecto. 7 El Caribe: origen del Mundo Moderno La primera parte está dedicada al espacio Caribe, un espacio geopolítico ver- tebrado, en el que los contactos económicos, políticos, sociales y culturales fluyen de una isla a otra, así como hacia las tierras continentales americanas. Los tres capítulos que la articulan profundizan en los procesos culturales y sociales que convergen en la construcción del mundo caribeño entre los siglos XV y XXI. La esclavitud es uno de los aspectos clave para conocer las características so- ciales y culturales de la región del Caribe en la actualidad. Los temas más importantes para comprender su origen, desarrollo y consecuencias se expli- can en la segunda y tercera partes del libro. Su análisis es fundamental para entender y evaluar la formación de ideas y prácticas en torno a la clasificación racial y el racismo. El racismo ocupa la cuarta parte del libro, que proporciona claves para comprender su vigencia en las sociedades actuales. En estrecha relación con estos aspectos se encuentra el estudio de las múlti- ples identidades y formas culturales en las sociedades caribeñas que se tratan en la quinta, sexta y séptima partes del volumen. En la parte quinta se presta especial atención a los procesos de diálogo cultural a través del estudio del pa- trimonio, las identidades y las lenguas, mientras que la sexta y la séptima par- tes están dedicadas a los modelos de desarrollo socioeconómico de la región y, en concreto, a los procesos
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