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Mikveh Israel and the Midcentury American Synagogue

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Mikveh Israel and the Midcentury American Synagogue Louis I. Kahn’s Jewish Architecture Solomon - Lewis I Kahn.indb 1 7 May 2009 2:13:35 PM brandeis series in American Jewish History, Culture, and Life Jonathan D. Sarna, Editor Sylvia Barack Fishman, Associate Editor For a complete list of books that are available in the series, visit www.upne.com Susan G. Solomon, Louis I. Kahn’s Jewish Architecture: Mikveh Israel and the Midcentury American Synagogue Amy Neustein, editor, Tempest in the Temple: Jewish Communities and Child Sex Scandals Jack Wertheimer, editor, Learning and Community: Jewish Supplementary Schools in the Twenty-first Century Carole S. Kessner, Marie Syrkin: Values Beyond the Self Leonard Saxe and Barry Chazan, Ten Days of Birthright Israel: A Journey in Young Adult Identity Jack Wertheimer, editor, Imagining the American Jewish Community Murray Zimiles, Gilded Lions and Jeweled Horses: The Synagogue to the Carousel Marianne R. Sanua, Be of Good Courage: The American Jewish Committee, 1945–2006 Hollace Ava Weiner and Kenneth D. Roseman, editors, Lone Stars of David: The Jews of Texas Jack Wertheimer, editor, Jewish Education in an Age of Choice Edward S. Shapiro, Crown Heights: Blacks, Jews, and the 1991 Brooklyn Riot Marcie Cohen Ferris and Mark I. Greenberg, editors, Jewish Roots in Southern Soil: A New History Kirsten Fermaglich, American Dreams and Nazi Nightmares: Early Holocaust Consciousness and Liberal America, 1957–1965 Andrea Greenbaum, editor, Jews of South Florida Sylvia Barack Fishman, Double or Nothing? Jewish Families and Mixed Marriage George M. Goodwin and Ellen Smith, editors, The Jews of Rhode Island Shulamit Reinharz and Mark A. Raider, editors, American Jewish Women and the Zionist Enterprise Michael E. Staub, editor, The Jewish 1960s: An American Sourcebook Solomon - Lewis I Kahn.indb 2 7 May 2009 2:13:36 PM Susan G. Solomon LOUIS I. KAHN’S JEWISH ARCHITECTURE Mikveh Israel and the Midcentury American Synagogue Waltham, Massachusetts Published by Hanover and London Solomon - Lewis I Kahn.indb 3 7 May 2009 2:13:36 PM brandeis university press Published by University Press of New England One Court Street, Lebanon, NH 03766 www.upne.com © 2009 by Brandeis University Press Printed in U.S.A. 5 4 3 2 1 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer, who may quote brief passages in a review. Members of educational institutions and organizations wishing to photocopy any of the work for classroom use, or authors and publishers who would like to obtain permission for any of the material in the work, should contact Permissions, University Press of New England, One Court Street, Lebanon, NH 03766. This book was published with the generous support of the Lucius N. Littauer Foundation. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Solomon, Susan G. Louis I. Kahn’s Jewish architecture: Mikveh Israel and the midcentury American synagogue / Susan G. Solomon.—1st ed. p. cm.—(Brandeis series in American Jewish history, culture, and life) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-1-58465-788-0 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Congregation Mikveh Israel (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2. Unbuilt architectural projects—Pennsylvania—Philadelphia. 3. Kahn, Louis I., 1901–1974—Criticism and interpretation. 4. Synagogue architecture—United States. 5. Architecture—United States— History—20th century. I. Title. na5235.p47s65 2009 726'.30974811—dc22 2009012357 University Press of New England is a member of the Green Press Initiative. The paper used in this book meets their minimum requirement for recycled paper. Solomon - Lewis I Kahn.indb 4 7 May 2009 2:13:36 PM For my grandchildren Solomon - Lewis I Kahn.indb 5 7 May 2009 2:13:36 PM Solomon - Lewis I Kahn.indb 6 7 May 2009 2:13:36 PM Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 1 History The Postwar Synagogue 9 2 Decoration Does It Look Jewish? 31 3 Context Client, Architect, Philadelphia (and Rochester) 57 4 Plans Kahn’s Vision 99 5 Epilogue Preservation and Legacy 139 Notes 163 Selected Bibliography 205 Index 211 Solomon - Lewis I Kahn.indb 7 7 May 2009 2:13:36 PM Solomon - Lewis I Kahn.indb 8 7 May 2009 2:13:36 PM Acknowledgments Graduate students learn to choose a dissertation topic they like passionately. They will be living with it for a long time. It is only with this book on Ameri- can synagogues that I have come to realize the true meaning of that decision. My own dissertation, which was on architect Louis I. Kahn’s public work for the Jewish community in the 1950s and 1960s (and took more than a decade to complete), has spawned all the projects I have tackled since. Lou Kahn’s work was even the generator of a book I wrote on playgrounds, giving fur- ther evidence that a dissertation is a research assignment that is never finite. Kahn’s ongoing presence in my life means, too, that I have continuing and heartfelt thanks to give to David Brownlee (my dissertation super visor) and the Architectural Archives of the University of Pennsylvania (home of the Louis I. Kahn Collection). Marian Burleigh-Motley, by asking me to speak on Kahn’s unbuilt synagogues at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, gave this project a boost. It is a pleasure to work once more with an outstanding editor and pub- lisher. Ellen Wicklum, Phyllis Deutsch, Ann Brash, and the staff at Univer- sity Press of New England, have been extremely supportive. I am fortunate to have such dedicated professionals take charge of my book. Jonathan Sarna, editor of this Brandeis series, made insightful comments that helped shape conclusions. I truly appreciate his guidance. The people who read my manuscript had strong views and clear opin- ions. I owe deep gratitude to Marvin Bressler, Kathleen James-Chakraborty, and Pamela Grossman. Carol Krinsky selflessly gave me extraordinary and wise counsel. Rabbi Albert Gabbai, of Mikveh Israel, deserves special praise. He has made records available to me and has been an eager respondent to my many questions. Rabbis at other congregations and institutions offered additional, often provocative, thoughts: Mark Cohen, Jim Diamond, Jaymee Alpert, Moshe Edelman, Daniel Freelander, and Nina Mandel. Solomon - Lewis I Kahn.indb 9 7 May 2009 2:13:37 PM x Acknowledgments I have had the good fortune to use several archives and collections. Each has welcomed me graciously and provided unflagging assistance: American Craft Council; Archives of American Jewish History; Archives of Amer- ican Art; Avery Library of Columbia University; Environmental Design Archives, University of California, Berkeley; Center for Advanced Judaic Studies at the University of Pennsylvania; Special Collections Library at the University of Rochester; Special Collections Research Center at Syr- acuse University Library; Jewish Museum; Jewish Theological Seminary; and Union of Reform Judaism. The libraries of Princeton University have been both hospitable and indispensable. Two congregations, Temple Emanu-El of Dallas and North Shore Con- gregation Israel in Glencoe, Illinois, have remarkable archives. These, under the respective leadership of Gerry Cristol and Merle Branner, merit recog- nition for the impressive job that each is doing to preserve congregational history. They provided me with papers that would not have been available anywhere else. The firm of Davis Brody Bond Aedas, with its own archival material overseen by Cristy Robinson, has been another excellent repository for unique information. It was serendipity—a chance meeting aided by Kit and Susan Moss— that connected me with Katherine Tachau. She has generously shared her extensive research on her ancestor, architect William Tachau. The following people helped my research unfailingly, and I extend warm- est thanks to them: Daniel Belasco, Meredith Bzdek, Chenia Carmel, Fran- ces Chen, June Chow, Meredith Clausen, Lori Dafilou, Peter Eisenstadt, Richard Filipowski, Jane Friedberg, John Gager, Lisa Gelfand, Tom Gil- lette, Marc Hacker, Miranda Hanbro, Jules Harris, Michael Harris, Mark Horton, Rachel Iannacone, Sue Ann Kahn, Arthur Kiron, James Kolker, James Lavine, Vivian Mann, Nancy Martin, Sarah McHam, Richard Meier, Elizabeth Menzies, Jayne Merkel, Joan Ockman, James Polshek, Kevin Proffitt, Ruth Rischin, Moses Rischin, Sherry Rosen, Netty Scheinman, Denise Scott-Brown, Andrew Shanken, David Shuford, Toby Simon, Joe Siry, Michelle Taylor, Martha Thorne, Nancy Thorne, Robert Venturi, Fred Wasserman, William Whitaker, Samuel Wiener, and Carla Yanni. Archi- tect Stanley Saitowitz, with whom I had several discussions about Abraham Joshua Heschel, furthered my understanding of Kahn’s use of light. Once again, John Blazjewski has shown that a sensational copy photogra- pher can work magic. He has been a key player in ushering this book toward its completion. Solomon - Lewis I Kahn.indb 10 7 May 2009 2:13:37 PM Acknowledgments xi While trying to retain a critical eye and unbiased stance, I have found that writing this book has taken me on a nostalgic voyage. Some of my ear- liest childhood memories involve synagogues in Perth Amboy, New Jersey: the small shul in the basement of one grandfather’s house and the imposing Conservative synagogue where my other grandfather had been president. One of my sweetest recollections involves walking home from holiday ser- vices. I also have fond memories of the suburban midcentury synagogue to which my parents moved when we relocated to suburbia and at which my husband (my most dedicated photographer and traveling companion) and I were married. After such a wistful journey, I am delighted to acknowl- edge the unlimited aid I have received from my family. In addition to my husband Bob Solomon’s assistance, I have been able to tap into the skills of our talented children: Jon Solomon (the conqueror of all design issues and computer woes) and Debra Solomon (the master of the written word) and enjoy the encouragement of their wonderful spouses, Nicole Scheller and Gil Carmel.
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