WARFARE DEVELOPMENT for Major Joint Operations and Collective Defence
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Joint and Combined Warfare in the Twenty-First Century
Joint and Combined Warfare in the Twenty-first Century Williamson Murray Introduction It is indeed a great honor to present a paper on the future of Joint and Combined operations in the twenty-first century before such a distinguished audience. To do so, this paper will begin with an examination of the historical antecedents of these two forms of warfare up to the present; and end with thoughts about the role of joint and combined operations in the twenty-first century. To do so, we will begin by discussing the fundamental, unchanging nature of war to indicate why a purely technological, mechanistic conception of war would destroy the very joint capabilities on which military forces from the First World must depend in the coming century. Let me begin then with some thoughts on the political nature of war. As the Greek historian Thucydides, the greatest of all strategic and military historians, commented at the end of the fifth century B.C.: “It will be enough for me, however, if these words of mine are judged useful by those who want to understand clearly the events which happened in the past and which (human nature being what it is) will, at some time or other and in much the same ways, be repeated in the future.”1 Men have fought wars for enumerable reasons, but states fight wars for political reaso 276ns.2 Or as Clausewitz put it so simply: “it is clear, consequently, that war is not a mere act of policy, but a true political instrument, a continuation of political activity by other means.”3 “War 1 Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, translated by Rex Warner (New York, reprinted 1986), p. -
JP 0-2, "Unified Action Armed Forces (UNAAF)"
Joint Publication 0-2 Unified Action Armed Forces (UNAAF) 10 July 2001 The enduring theme, “joint warfare is team warfare,” is an attitude based on the foundation of joint doctrine that is universally understood and practiced. This team approach ensures the most effective employment of US forces for joint warfare. If we are to continue to improve the structure of US forces for joint warfare, everyone must be involved. Capstone publications Joint Warfare of the Armed Forces of the United States and this publication, Unified Action Armed Forces (UNAAF), provide the foundation for all the joint publications. Unified Action Armed Forces (UNAAF) provides the basic doctrine and policy governing the unified direction of forces and discusses the functions of the Department of Defense and its major components. This revision represents the evolution in US warfighting guidance since the last edition, serves as the policy document for all command relationships and other authorities directed by law, and clarifies these relationships. This publication also sets forth the concepts, relationships, and processes necessary for unified action of joint, interagency, and multinational operations and specifies fundamental principles and concepts for joint operations. The nature of modern warfare demands that we fight as a team. Unified action resulting from clear command relationships and unity of effort is crucial to making this possible. Commanders must ensure the widest distribution and application of this and other supporting joint publications in order to enable success in joint force employment. HENRY H. SHELTON Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff PREFACE 1. Scope publication to restrict the authority of the JFC from organizing the force and executing the The principles set forth in this publication mission in a manner the JFC deems most will be applied to accomplish congressional appropriate to ensure unity of effort in the intent expressed in the National Security Act accomplishment of the overall mission. -
Joint Training for Night Air Warfare /By Brian W
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McLean, Brian W. Joint training for night air warfare /by Brian W. McLean. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. 1. Close air support-Study and teaching-United States. 2. Night fighting (Military science)--Study and teaching-United States. I. Title. UG703.M38 1992 358.4' 142'07073-dc20 92-27734 CIP DISCLAIIAER This publication was produced in the Department of Defense school environment in the interest of academic freedom and the advancement of national defense-related concepts. The views expressed in this publication are those ofthe author and donot reflecttheofficial policy or position of the Department ofDefense or the United States government. This publication has been reviewed by security and policy review authorities and is cleared for public release. For Sale by the Superintendent of Documents US GovernmentPrinting Office Washington, DC20402 ii Contents Chapter Page DISCLAIMER . ii FOREWORD . vii ABOUT THE AUTHOR . ix PREFACE . xi INTRODUCTION . xv Notes . xvii 1 HISTORY AND BACKGROUND . 1 Joint Operations . 1 Night Operations . 5 Summary . 14 Notes . 15 2 DOING IT IN THE DARKTHE CHALLENGE . 17 Operation Tae Kwon Do . 19 Mission Planning . 22 Offensive Counterair . 23 Defensive Counterair . 34 On-Call Close Air Support . 35 Mission Execution . 37 Offensive Counterair . 38 Defensive Counterair . 47 On-Call Close Air Support . 48 Mission Feasibility . 51 Summary . 52 Notes . 53 iii Chapter Page PHOTO SECTION . 55 3 CURRENT TRAINING PROGRAMS . 61 Requirements for Realistic Training . 62 Red Flag . 64 Naval Strike Warfare Center . 71 National Training Center . 72 Twehtynine Palms . 74 Cope Thunder . 75 Team Spirit . -
Joint Doctrine Command and Control Warfare (C2W)
Joint Pub 3-13.1 Joint Doctrine for Command and Control Warfare (C2W) 7 February 1996 PREFACE 1. Scope 2. Purpose a. This publication concentrates on This publication has been prepared under command and control warfare (C2W) and is the direction of the Chairman of the Joint not intended to present comprehensive Chiefs of Staff. It sets forth doctrine to govern doctrine for the broader concept of the joint activities and performance of the information warfare (IW). It introduces and Armed Forces of the United States in joint defines IW in general terms with the objective operations and provides the doctrinal basis for of clarifying its overarching relationship to US military involvement in multinational and C2W. The scope of C2W is defined in the interagency operations. It provides military Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff guidance for the exercise of authority by Memorandum of Policy 30, but the full combatant commanders and other joint force dimensions of IW policy and its commanders and prescribes doctrine for joint implementation are still emerging. operations and training. It provides military guidance for use by the Armed Forces in b. This publication provides guidelines for preparing their appropriate plans. It is not the integrating C2W into joint military operations intent of this publication to restrict the and exercises by addressing the following authority of the joint force commander (JFC) doctrinal areas: from organizing the force and executing the mission in a manner the JFC deems most • C2W, a warfighting application of IW. appropriate to ensure unity of effort in the accomplishment of the overall mission. -
Combined and Joint War During World War II: the Anglo-American Story 1
Combined and Joint War during World War II: The Anglo-American Story 1 Williamson Murray The combined efforts of the Anglo-American Allies at the strategic level of war explain much about the effectiveness of their military efforts in eventually destroying their Axis opponents in the Second World War.2 Likewise the developing of joint capabilities in their military forces contributed significantly to Allied victory in the war. Admittedly, in the beginning there were considerable difficulties in forging at the beginning an effective Anglo-American response to the complex and difficult strategic and joint issues raised by the war. In effect, the political and military leaders of the alliance had to develop a true combined approach to their strategy and conduct of operations. Similarly the services had to develop concepts and organizational structures to make joint warfare effective. Both took time and effort. In the first years of the conflict, Allied air, sea, and ground forces found it difficult to cooperate in a fashion that maximized their military potential. Indeed, too many military historians have focused on the difficulties and quarrels that marked the development of Anglo- American combined strategy as well as the joint military operations their forces conducted.3 Nevertheless, the performance of the Anglo-American powers in both spheres of military endeavor stand in stark contrast to the performance of the three Axis powers at both the combined and joint levels throughout the terrible conflict. Before we turn to the Anglo-American picture, it might be useful to make a few comments about the Axis powers. First of all, one can certainly not speak of any efforts at a combined strategy that would have furthered the efforts of those three powers to overthrow the world order.4 In June of 1940, when Benito Mussolini’s Fascist Italy declared war on Britain and France, it did so while playing minimal attention to German desiderata. -
The Joint Forces Air Command Problem
Naval War College Review Volume 56 Article 7 Number 1 Winter 2003 The oinJ t Forces Air Command Problem William A. Woodcock Follow this and additional works at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review Recommended Citation Woodcock, William A. (2003) "The oJ int Forces Air Command Problem," Naval War College Review: Vol. 56 : No. 1 , Article 7. Available at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol56/iss1/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Naval War College Review by an authorized editor of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Woodcock: The Joint Forces Air Command Problem THE JOINT FORCES AIR COMMAND PROBLEM Is Network-centric Warfare the Answer? Major William A. Woodcock, U.S. Air Force The American military’s biggest problem? It lets technology drive strat- egy, rather than letting strategy determine technology. BRIG. GEN. DON MORELLI, USA (RET.) he marriage of network-centric warfare and the joint forces air component commander concept represents a “military-technical revolution” in aero- T 1 space command and control. The current system is cumbersome, and it is fall- ing behind in its ability to deal with the fast-paced warfare of today. By its nature, network-centric warfare (NCW) could address many of the shortfalls of the cur- rent joint air component system. It will not, however, change the fundamental nature of war, nor can it solve all of the current problems of the joint forces air component commander (JFACC). -
The Role of Doctrine in Preparing Airmen for Joint Operations
C O R P O R A T I O N Promoting Joint Warfighting Proficiency The Role of Doctrine in Preparing Airmen for Joint Operations Miranda Priebe, Laurinda L. Rohn, Alyssa Demus, Bruce McClintock, Derek Eaton, Sarah Harting, Maria McCollester For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR2472 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-1-9774-0054-3 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2018 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface In September 2016, Chief of Staff of the Air Force Gen David Goldfein announced an initiative to strengthen joint leaders and teams. -
JP 3-0, Joint Operations, 17 January 2017, Incorporating Change 1
Joint Publication 3-0 OF NT TH E E W M I S E' L L H D T E F T E N A R D R A M P Y E D • • U A N C I I T R E E D M S A T F AT E S O Joint Operations 17 January 2017 Incorporating Change 1 22 October 2018 PREFACE 1. Scope This publication is the keystone document of the joint operations series. It provides the doctrinal foundation and fundamental principles that guide the Armed Forces of the United States in all joint operations. 2. Purpose This publication has been prepared under the direction of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. It sets forth joint doctrine to govern the activities and performance of the Armed Forces of the United States in joint operations, and it provides considerations for military interaction with governmental and nongovernmental agencies, multinational forces, and other interorganizational partners. It provides military guidance for the exercise of authority by combatant commanders and other joint force commanders (JFCs), and prescribes joint doctrine for operations and training. It provides military guidance for use by the Armed Forces in preparing and executing their plans and orders. It is not the intent of this publication to restrict the authority of the JFC from organizing the force and executing the mission in a manner the JFC deems most appropriate to ensure unity of effort in the accomplishment of objectives. 3. Application a. Joint doctrine established in this publication applies to the Joint Staff, commanders of combatant commands, subordinate unified commands, joint task forces, subordinate components of these commands, the Services, and combat support agencies. -
Defining the Role of Airpower in Joint Missions
Project AIR FORCE DEFINING THE ROLE OF AIRPOWER IN JOINT MISSIONS Glenn A. Kent David A. Ochmanek The research reported here was sponsored by the United States Air Force under Contract F49642-96-C-0001. Further information may be obtained from the Strategic Planning Division, Directorate of Plans, Hq USAF. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kent, Glenn A., 1915– . Defining the role of airpower in joint missions / Glenn A. Kent and David Ochmanek. p. cm. “Prepared for the United States Air Force by RAND's Project AIR FORCE.” “MR-927-AF.” Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0-8330-2580-5 1. Air power—United States. 2. Unified operations (Military science). 3. Military doctrine—United States. I. Ochmanek, David A. II. United States. Air Force. III. Project AIR FORCE (U.S.). IV. Title. UG633.K454 1998 358.4 ' 03 ' 0973—dc21 97-53194 CIP RAND is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of its research sponsors. © Copyright 1998 RAND All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from RAND. Published 1998 by RAND 1700 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1333 H St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005-4707 RAND URL: http://www.rand.org/ To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Internet: [email protected] PREFACE The stage is set for the emergence of a “new American way of war,” in which U.S. -
Cyber Capabilities and Multi- Domain Operations in Future High-Intensity Warfare in 2030
Cyber Capabilities and Multi- Domain Operations in Future High-Intensity Warfare in 2030 Franz-Stefan Gady Research Fellow Cyber, Space and Future Conflict Division International Institute for Strategic Studies Alexander Stronell Research Assistant Cyber, Space and Future Conflict Division International Institute for Strategic Studies Abstract: Synchronised kinetic and cyber operations across domains that present ‘multiple dilemmas’ are a fundamental tenet of multi-domain oper- ations. Recent practice and study of the battlespace use of cyber capabilities in conjunction with kinetic operations, however, have shown the difficulties in creating joint effects due to insufficient synchronisation of operations or lack of coordination and control of cyber effects. This paper outlines three requirements needed to conduct integrated cyber and kinetic operations in a future high-intensity conflict involving NATO and a near-peer adversary: firstly, an internet of military things (IoMT) in conjunction with an artifi- cial-intelligence (AI)-enabled command and control (C2) capability for in- tegrated cyber and kinetic operations; secondly, multi-domain formations integrated with cyber commands or their respective organisational equiv- alents for coordinated theatre-wide cyber campaigns; and thirdly, a cyber mission command doctrine based on decentralised decision-making and de- centralised execution to enable an accelerated operational pace. The analysis presents three comparative country studies— the US, UK and Germany— to assess the status of the integration of cyber capabilities into multi-domain warfighting concepts for high-intensity conflict in 2030. It also offers a pre- liminary set of recommendations on technical capabilities, new organisa- tional structures and doctrinal changes required to facilitate the better inte- gration of cyber with kinetic capabilities. -
On Cyberwarfare
DCAF HORIZON 2015 WORKING PAPER No. 7 On Cyberwarfare Fred Schreier DCAF HORIZON 2015 WORKING PAPER No. 7 On Cyberwarfare Fred Schreier Table of Contents On Cyberwarfare 7 1. The Basic Building Blocks: Cyberspace, Cyberpower, Cyberwarfare, and Cyberstrategy 10 2. The Difference between Information Warfare and Cyberwarfare 19 3. Understanding the Threats in Cyberspace 31 4. Cyber Vulnerabilities and how Cyber Attacks are Enabled 48 5. Major Issues, Ambiguities, and Problems of Cyberwar 68 Annex 1: In which Ways is Cyberwar different from the other Warfighting Domains? 93 Annex 2: Summary of major Incidents of Cyber Conflict 107 Glossary 116 Select Bibliography 121 DCAF HORIZON 2015 WORKING PAPER 5 6 DCAF HORIZON 2015 WORKING PAPER On Cyberwarfare The digital world has brought about a new type of clear and present danger: cyberwar. Since information technology and the internet have developed to such an extent that they have become a major element of national power, cyberwar has become the drumbeat of the day as nation-states are arming themselves for the cyber battlespace. Many states are not only conducting cyber espionage, cyber reconnaissance and probing missions; they are creating offensive cyberwar capabilities, developing national strategies, and engaging in cyber attacks with alarming frequency. Increasingly, there are reports of cyber attacks and network infiltrations that can be linked to nation-states and political goals. What is blatantly apparent is that more financial and intellectual capital is being spent figuring out how to conduct cyberwarfare than for endeavors aiming at how to prevent it.1 In fact, there is a stunning lack of international dialogue and activity with respect to the containment of cyberwar. -
Joint Staff Officers Guide, the (JFSC, 2000)
JFSC PUB 1 The Joint Staff Officer’s Guide 2000 JFSC PUB 1 iii NATIONAL DEFENSE UNIVERSITY JOINT FORCES STAFF COLLEGE NORFOLK, VIRGINIA 23511-1702 JFSC Pub 1 The Joint Forces Staff College (JFSC) educates staff officers and other leaders in joint operational-level planning and warfighting and instills a commitment to joint, mul- tinational, and interagency teamwork, attitudes, and perspectives. Pub 1 is the primary curriculum publication used by the faculty at JFSC to accomplish the college’s educa- tional goals and objectives in meeting this mission. It is a compendium of jointness that offers a perspective on joint planning and execution that is not found elsewhere. It pre- sents the “big picture” of the players, the process, and the procedures, synthesizing ele- ments from a wide range of sources, presenting them in a systematic manner. No other single publication so completely treats the subject of “jointness.” In recent years, Pub 1 has become a more important document since joint profes- sional military education became a shared responsibility, with Phase I taught at the Ser- vice schools and Phase II taught at JFSC. We also recognize that Pub 1 is considered the preeminent reference book for operators and planners throughout the joint and Service communities. To satisfy this broad audience we have made JFSC Pub 1 available in the Joint Electronic Library, which is accessible through desktop computers. The content of Pub 1 is derived from many sources, official and unofficial. Because the process of joint planning is dynamic, Pub 1 also must be dynamic. This edition builds upon the previous edition with new material on the Joint Planning and Execution System, Theater Engagement Planning, and the latest Joint Doctrine Publications and terminol- ogy.