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Home , Organic electronics

ORGANIC

L-1

Triode

Nano Organic Electronics Electronics

Molecular Electronics

B. Mazhari Dept. of EE, IITK 1 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Outline

-Limitations of Conventional Electronics

-Key advantages offered by Organic Devices

-Some prominent applications

-Course Structure

2 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Evolution of Electronics

3 B. Mazhari, IITK Key Issue: Integration G-Number •Although the seed of information revolution was there in Triode itself, it was difficult to harness it Integration level was limited

ENIAC: Electronic numerical Integrator and : 1946

30 x 50 feet room

The ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, along with 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, 1,500 relays, 6,000 manual switches and 5 million soldered joints. It covered 1800 square feet (167 square meters) of floor space, weighed 30 tons, consumed 160 kilowatts of electrical power, and, when turned on, caused the city of Philadelphia to experience brownouts. Records from 1952 show that approximately 19,000 vacuum tubes had to be replaced in that year alone, which averages out to about 50 tubes a day! 4 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Transistor: 1948

-530 germanium and 2300 .

-Size 420 x 440 x 250 mm (16.5" x 17.3" x 9.8"), 25Kg

-Cost 535 thousand yen (about US$1,,)490)

5 B.Sharp Mazhari, IITK CS-10A, 1964 -90 Watts of power G-Number Monolithic Integration

6 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Discrete vs. Monolithic Circuit

Silicon

N

Case E P B C N

- P

7 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Discrete vs. Monolithic Circuit µA741 opamp

8 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number  The power inherent in transistor was unleashed with Invention of IC, which representdted anewmethod of making ciitircuits through Monolithi c Integration

9 B. Mazhari, IITK Moore’s Law G-Number Limitations of Inorganic-Semiconductor Electronics

 Integrated Circuits can only be made on Single CtlCrystals of SiSemicon dtductors using reltillatively high temperature Processing steps.

(Monolithic Integration of components on other Substrates such as , plastic etc is not possible)

Example: Light Emitting

Although LED was invented in 1962, its impact on Display has been minimal !

10 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number 11 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Monolithic Integration of Red, Green and blue LEDs on a common inexpensive glass substrate is not possible!

12 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Discrete LED Display

2.4" high-definition Active-Matrix display with a 320 x240 pi xel resol uti on and 262k

w 16 ar  '' '' h 9 hw1.17 ; 2.09

Dot pitch ~1cm Pixel pitch ~0.05mm

13 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Organic LEDs

Mg:Al

Alq3 (60nm) Diami ine (75 (75nm) )

ITO Coated Glass

All th e organi c l ayers are amorph ous i n nature.

Glass

14 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number  The properties of organic are determined significantly by properties of the . As a result, there is a great freedom in altering the semiconductor’s properties through modification in molecular structure.

2.73 ( 2.47eV )n 5205.20 PPV

CH3 o 2.65 ( 2.07eV o )n 4.72 CH 3 MEH-PPV

oC6H13 3.6 CN oC H ( 6 13 1.9eV 5.5 oC6H13 CN )n CN- PPV oC6H13

15 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number  Organic semiconductors are molecular solids in which molecules are held together by weak Van der Waals forces. As a result, these semiconductors can be vaporized at very low temperatures to form films.

 Another class of organic semiconductors are which are soluble in common such as Chloroform or Xylene and their films can be formed by even simpler methods of spin .

 Because organic semiconductors need not be crystalline and because they can deposited at very low temperatures, organic devices such as LEDs of different colors, solar cells, transistors, all made out of different semiconductors can nevertheless be monolithically integrated on not only a common inexpensive glass but also plastic, paper and fabric!

Monolithically Integrated Circuits on ‘ANY’ Substrate

It can allow electronics to be used in places it has never been used before 16 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Processing Advantage CilPhlihhConventional Photolithography

17 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number  The fabrication technology for organic semiconductors can be as simple as inkjet printing…

18 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number  Imagine being able to produce electronic devices in a continuous process -- similar to the way newspapers are printed -- on a flexible sheet of pp,lastic, one meter wide and 10 kilometers long... Rolltronics Roll-To-Roll A Continuous Manufacturing Process

A simplified overview

Step 1Step 2 Step 3

Deposition Patterning Packaging Raw Finished Materials Components

The process begins The plastic passes The finished goods with rolls of plastic, around rollers and can be memory, 1,000+ ft. long by through processing displays, RFIDs, several feet wide chambers as silicon is batteries, CPUs, layered on the surface sensors, and more.

19 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Disadvantages/Challenges

 The sources of advantages of organic semiconductors, namely, amorphous nature and weak intermolecular forces are also reasons for its main disadvantage which is poor and hole mobility

 Another weakness of these materials is high sensitivity to oxygen, moisture and long term stability is a serious issue. Unless devices are sealed properly, they may degrade in a matter of minutes!

20 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Important Application Domains

21 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Ambient Intelligence: “A new era of Integrated Electronics”

. Pervasive . Unobtrusive

22 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Macroelectronics or Large Area Electronics

Proc. IEEE, 2005 23 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number OLED Displays

4.3" WVGA SUPER AMOLED Plus * 800×480

Sony HMZ: dual 1280x720 0.7" OLED microdisplays (gives an experience of 750’’ display from 24 B. Mazhari,20m IITK G-Number New Technologies

The pr inc ipal appli cati ons of any suffi ci entl y new and innovative technology always have been—and will conti nue t o b e—applicati ons created by that technology.”

---H. Kroemer, Nobel Lecture 2000 “Quasielectricfields and band offsets: teaching new tricks”

25 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Flexible Displays

26 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Monolithic Integration on ‘ANY’ Substrate

27 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number 28 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Can you think of exciting things you could do if one could make red, green and blue LEDs, tens of thousands of them on any kind of material (plastic, cloth etc)…

Programmable T-shirts ? An electronic newspaper on a flexible sheet of plastic? (It is estimated that a single household may consume 2-3 trees/year in newspapers)

29 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Lighting

Efficiency ~15lm/W Efficiency ~80lm/W Efficiency ~50lm/W Lifetime ~1000hrs Lifetime ~10000hrs Lifetime ~50000hrs Cost ~ $0.4/Klm Cost ~ $1.5/Klm Cost ~ $35/Klm 30 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Conventional LED Organic LED

Point Sources

Broad , Diffuse Sources

OLED based large diffuse light source eliminates the constraints of shape and size associated with conventional liggg,hting, enabling radically new applications 31 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Philips OLED Module for Lighting

Lumiblade can be embedded into most materials with ease. That gives designers almost limitless scope to mold and meld Lumiblade into everyday objects, scenes and surfaces, from chairs and clothing to walls, windows and tabletops.

As a result, not only could ambient lighting become an integral part of an object or building, but also designers could use light itself to shape products and architecture

32 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Organic TFT

33 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Monolithic Integration on ‘ANY’ Substrate: E-Textile

.Integrates electronic devices into textiles, like clothing

.Made possible because of low fbifabricati on t emperat ures

.Has many potential uses including: Monitoring heart-rate and other vital signs, controlling embedded devices (mp3 players), keep the time…

34 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Monolithic Integration on ‘ANY’ Substrate: Low Cost RFID

Transponder/Transceiver/Tag

Data

RFID Reader Clock Microchip

Energy

Coupling element (Inductive coil, capacitor, microwave antenna) Controller

“Half of the cost of making an RFID tag lies in attaching the chip to the antenna”, Organic ID Chief Executive Officer Klaus Dimmler explained(2005) T5Target: 5 cent tag (R (R2)s. 2)

35 B. Mazhari, IITK Mile-long roll of printed RFID tags: PolyIC G-Number Monolithic Integration on ‘ANY’ Substrate: Organic TFT on Paper

Low cost disposable electronics

36 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Monolithic Integration on ‘ANY’ Substrate: Organic TFT on fiber

Ambient Intelligence 37 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Monolithic Integration on ‘ANY’ Substrate: Low Cost Solar Cells

•To do anything requires energy

•Elec tr ic ity is themost useflful form of energy

•Solar energy is one of the most abundant form of energy

Efficiency  ≈ 6 %

38 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Monolithic Integration on ‘ANY’ Substrate: Low Cost Solar Cells

Module

29% Wafer

Cell

56% 15%

$ 0.3/kW -hr vs . $0. 06/kW-hr

5% efficient cell, D.L. Caroll, 2005 39 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number 40 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Airplane

41 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Important Contributors

42 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000 for the discovery and development of condtiductive pol ymers

43 B. Mazhari, IITK Alan J. Heeger Alan G. MacDiarmid G-Number 44 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number C. W. Tang

45 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Polymer LED: 1990

Prof. , FRS University of Cambridge Department of Physics

46 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Organic Electronics in Perspective

Triode Transistor Integrated Circuit

Nano Organic Electronics Electronics

Molecular Electronics 47 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number 48 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Summary

 Organic semiconductor devices are attractive because amorphous thin films of organic and polymer materials whose properties can be tuned over a wide r anggpe can be deposited at low temperatures on substrates such as glass, plastic etc. to make viable devices using low cost manufacturing techniques such as roll-to-roll processing, printing etc.

 Their chief disadvantage is inferior performance due to lower carrier Mobility and inferior long term stability.

49 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Organic Semiconductor Devices

Source Drain Au Au PMMA Gate PEDOT ITO Coated Glass OTFT

Mg : Ag (10:1) Al o Alq3 , 600 A A 60C o Diamine , 750 A Pentacene

ITO ITO OLED

Glass Glass

50 B. Mazhari, IITKOSolar G-Number Course Structure

OLED; OSOLAR; OTFT

Injection; Transport photon emission/absoption

Molecule

Quantum Mechanics

51 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Organic Electronics Course

Topics Covered and Schedule in Weeks:

QQ,M, Atoms and Molecules 2 Organic semiconductor Physics 3 Orggganic Light emittin g diode 2 Passive and Active matrix OLED Displays 1 Organic Transistors 2 Organic Solar Cells 2

52 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number Evaluation:

Midterm Exam 20%

Quiz (2) 20%

Final Exam 40%

Lab 20%

53 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number EE611 Laboratory

WL-118

-1.4x10-6

-1.2x10-6 -40V

-1.0x10-6

-80x108.0x10-7 -35V

DS I -6.0x10-7 -30V

-4.0x10-7 -25V -2.0x10-7 -20V

0.0 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 V DS 54 B. Mazhari, IITK G-Number