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The London School of Economics and Political Science The London School of Economics and Political Science ‘Continuity of Moral Policy’: A Reconsideration of British Motives for the Partition of East Africa in light of Anti-Slave Trade Policy and Imperial Agency, 1878-96. Jonas Fossli Gjersø A thesis submitted to the Department of International History of the London School of Economics and Political Science for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. London, 1st May 2015. Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 95,850 words. 2 Table of Contents Abstract, p. 6 Acknowledgements, p. 7 Abbreviations, p. 9 Introduction, p. 10 The Strategic Explanatory Model and ‘Nile Valley Doctrine’, p. 16 Methodology, p. 23 Structure, p. 29 Chapter One: The East African Slave Trade and its Influence upon the Early Partition, 1873-1888, p. 33 Slavery in Zanzibar and Pemba, p. 35 The East African Slave Trade and its Suppression, 1873-85, p. 39 The East African Slave Trade, Post-1873 Treaty, p. 41 ‘Striking at the Root of the Evil in the Interior’: Revised Suppression Tactics, 1882-4, p. 45 The East African Famine, Public Opinion and the Mahdist Threat, 1884-5, p. 50 Suppression of the Slave Trade during the Early Partition, 1885-88, p. 56 The Last Abolitionist Awakening: Britain and the East African Slave Trade, 1888, p. 61 Conclusion, p. 68 Chapter Two: ‘Now or Never’: The First Partition of East Africa, 1884-7, p. 72 Prelude to Partition: Exploration of East Africa, 1848-84, p. 76 Anglo-German Exploration and the North-South Division, 1882-4, p. 78 ‘Now or Never’: A Foiled Plan, July-December 1884, p. 80 The German Protectorate, 1884-5, p. 86 Britain’s Response: The Salubrious Highlands, p. 90 A Liberal Welcome, 1885, p. 92 Sovereign Status of Zanzibar and the Mainland Dominions, p. 94 Anglo-German Relations over Zanzibar and Anderson’s Secret Intervention, p. 98 The Zanzibar Boundary Commission: Delimitation of the Mainland, p. 104 3 The Value of Mombasa, p. 107 The Anglo-German Agreement, 1886-7 p. 108 Conclusion, p. 113 Chapter Three: Anglo-German Metropolitan Co-operation and Local Rivalry: The Blockade and the Prelude to a Final Partition, 1888-9, p. 116 Toward an Anglo-German Blockade, 1888, p. 119 ‘Hand in hand’: A Blockade of the East African Coast, 1888-9, p. 129 Anglo-German Territorial Rivalry: Witu, Lamu and Emin Pasha, 1888-9, p. 141 The British and German Emin Pasha Relief Expeditions, p. 143 Conclusion, p. 149 Chapter Four: The Second Partition of East Africa: British Imperialism by Proxy, 1889-90, p. 154 Part One: Uganda, the Men-on-the-Spot and an Unintended Treaty, 1889-90, p. 157 The Race for Uganda, 1890, p. 162 ‘The great trade markets of Central Africa’: Uganda, the Upper Nile and Imperial Interests, 1890, p. 166 Part Two: Witu and the Prelude to Partition, 1889-90, p. 173 The Second East African Partition: Anglo-German Negotiations, 1890, p. 179 Part Three: The Partition of 1890 and the Inconsistencies of the Egypto-centric Explanatory Model, p. 183 The Limits to Sir Evelyn Baring’s Nile Valley Doctrine, p. 187 The Nile and ‘Water Imperialism’, p. 190 Post-Hoc Defence Assumption, p. 192 The Contemporary Importance of Anti-Slave Trade Policy, p. 196 Conclusion, p. 201 4 Chapter Five: The Retention of Uganda: The Continuity of Anti-Slave Trade Policy, Pamphlet Wars and Public Opinion, 1890-93, p. 206 Reluctant Imperialism: British Policy toward the IBEA’s Occupation of Uganda, 1890-2, p. 209 The Brussels Act and Humanitarian Lobbying, p. 211 Salisbury’s Implicit Policy of Evacuation from Uganda, 1891-2, p. 214 A ‘Damnosa Hereditas’: Rosebery and the Uganda Debates, Aug. – Sept. 1892, p. 219 ‘An Appeal to the Nation’, Sept. – Oct. 1892, p. 228 IBEA’s Campaign and Rosebery’s Resolution, Sept. – Dec. 1892, p. 235 Conclusion, p. 340 Chapter Six: The Full Incorporation of East Africa and the Uganda Railway: Anti-Slave Trade Policy on the Cheap, 1885-96, p. 244 The Partition of East Africa and the Railway, 1885-90, p. 247 A Railway Survey, 1890-92, p. 252 The Issues Raised by a Railway Survey, p. 258 Factors Leading to the Decision to Construct the Railway, 1892-96, p. 264 The Uganda Debacle and the Railway, p. 266 Portal’s Report and the Railway Question, p. 271 A Fait Accompli: Uganda and the Railway, 1894-96, p. 278 Conclusion, p. 281 Conclusion, p. 285 Bibliography, p. 296 Appendix, p. 312 5 Abstract In the century and a half since the days of the ‘scramble for Africa’ a vast body of literature has emerged attempting to disentangle the complexities of the ‘New Imperialism’. One of the most prominent and enduring theories was proposed by Ronald Robinson and John Gallagher in Africa and the Victorians, which linked the partition of East Africa with geo-strategic concerns connected to Egypt and India. Building upon John Darwin’s initial critique, this thesis will re-examine the partition of East Africa in an attempt at offering a comprehensive refutation of the Egypto-centric interpretation. The explanatory model will be exposed as a post-hoc fallacy, neither grounded in documentary evidence nor consistent with the sequence of events and policy-decisions. An alternative understanding will be proposed in which the partition of East Africa in successive stages from 1884 to 1895 formed part of a British policy- continuum in the region, wherein protection of commercial interests and suppression of the slave trade were the principal determinants. By tracing the chronology of the partition it will be contended that its ultimate geographical scope was substantially determined at the very beginning of the colonisation process; whilst imperial agency were decisive in expanding the British sphere of influence to comprise Uganda in 1890 and similarly, public opinion was crucial for retaining it in 1892. In particular it will be argued that partition largely represented the cost-effective transplantation of British anti-slave trade policy from the maritime to the continental sphere, a shift enabled by the use of railway technology. 6 Acknowledgements I have nurtured an interest in the British Empire and Britain’s imperial encounter with Africa for as long as I can remember – certainly a peculiar fascination for a boy growing up in Norway – but nonetheless a passion which eventually brought me the privilege of conducting research into the topic at doctoral level. The person who gave me this opportunity, for which I truly am eternally grateful, is my academic supervisor Dr Joanna Lewis. Without her kind support, incisive advice and encouragement throughout the entire process of researching and writing this thesis, it would never have come to light. There are also a great many others who I owe a debt of gratitude. I would like to express my appreciation to Dr Antony Best for kindly offering his comments to an earlier draft of the introduction. Similarly I would like to thank Professor Alan Sked and Dr Svetozar Rajak for offering helpful comments during my PhD upgrade viva and Professor Dominic Lieven for his comments when I formulated the research topic. It was also very useful to discuss my research with Emeritus Professor John Lonsdale and correspond with Professor Ronald Hyam. My history teacher at Asker Videregående Skole, Kari Mosland, certainly also deserves to be mentioned as she inspired me to study history at university level. In the course of my research I have been fortunate being afforded the hospitality of many librarians and archivists. In this regard I would like to thank the archivist at Hatfield House, Robin Harcourt Williams, who made me aware of Lord Salisbury’s past career in the railway industry, the staff of the National Archives at Kew (in particular the kind security staff) and the archivists at the University of Birmingham, at LSE and at Lambeth Palace Library. During the years of researching and writing this PhD I had the privilege of making the acquaintance with a number of people I count as close friends. I very much enjoyed the trips to the archives and indeed Livingstone, Zambia with Dr Benedict Greening and Rosalind Coffey. It was always a pleasure to discuss history and academic life with Oliver Elliott and Cees Heere. A thanks is certainly also owed my trio of Irish friends Dr Mahon Murphy, Dr John Collins and Mark O’Connor. Also remembered for many good times are Dr Aurelie Basha i Novosejt, Dr Rita Augestad-Knudsen, Dr Bryan Gibson, Dr Daniel Strieff, Dr Giovanni Graglia, Dr Pınar Üre, Dr Luc Brunet Dr Maria Chen, Dr Zhong Chen, Dr Natasha Telepneva, Yu Suzuki, 7 Takahiro Yamamoto, Simon Toner, Chris Parkes, Pete Millwood, Corina Mavrodin, Paul Horsler, Dr Erica Wald, Tamar Burton, Andrew Bell, Leo Kwan, Ian Tay and Kevin Hazel. I was also fortunate in making the acquaintance of my former LSE colleagues Dr Karl Newton, Laura Emmerson, Maureen Tucker, Kimberley Corina, Gemma Lancaster, Carly Crockett, Bo Ruan, Tony Regan, Susan Quach, Camilla Langlands, Alexandra Kane, Simon Marsh, Derek Winterbottom, David Berridge, Justine Rose, Dr Felicity Jones and Julian Szego.
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