THIS NEWSLETTER CONTAINS 10 pages - SCROLL DOWN FOR MORE The PHSC E-MAIL Volume 15-10, Supplement to Photographic Canadiana, March 2016 The Photographic Historical Society of Canada

Our March 16th speaker at Civic Centre NOT A MEMBER OF THE PHSC? THEN JOIN CANADA’S BEST PHOTO HISTORY SOCIETY. A GREAT Berenice Abbott: BARGAIN FOR MEETINGS, AUCTIONS, FAIRS, AND PUBLICATIONS – ONLY Not Just the Paris Portraits $35.00. JOIN UP ON THE WEB AT WWW.PHSC.CA - PAYPAL ACCEPTED presented by PHSC Monthly Meetings PHSC Thesis prize winner are held on the third Wednesday from September to June in the Gold Room, of Memorial Hall in the basement of Elizabeth Larew the North York Central Library, 5120 Yonge St., North York, Ontario. The meeting officially begins at 8:00 p.m. but is preceded by a Buy & Sell Our March 2016 meeting features Elizabeth Larew's insights into Berenice Abbott and social gathering from 7:00 p.m. and 's collection of Abbott’s early glass plate negatives. Her onwards. For information contact the thesis research on Abbott was performed at Ryerson while earning her MA PHSC at [email protected] FPPCM, and presented in an article in the recent Photographic Canadiana (41-4 pp 6-15). She was awarded a PHSC thesis prize in 2015 for this work. Programming Schedule: Ms. Larew is currently a collections cataloguer at Princeton University. March 16, 2016 Free Admission - Open to the Public - Elizabeth Larew, PHSC thesis prize winner, reveals the early work of Wednesday, March 16th, 2016 - Doors open at 7:00 Berenice Abbott Presentation at 8:00 PM Gold Room, Memorial Hall, North York Public Library April 20, 2016 5120 Yonge St., North York, ON. - Photographer Tom Bochsler on his photographic visit to European war Indoor Access From North York Centre Subway Station, Line 1 cemeteries and memorials, plus Annual General Meeting Coming up this month!! See page 8 for auction details... May 18, 2016 - Lorne Shields presents on bicyles PHSC Spring Consignment and stereo images Offer your suggestions and fresh AUCTION ideas for programs at [email protected]. Sunday, DON’T MISS ANY OF THE 10 INTERESTING PROGRAMS March 20, 2016 FOR THIS YEAR ROYAL CANADIAN LEGION #101 JOIN THE PHSC TODAY 3850 LAKE SHORE BLVD. WEST, AND RECEIVE A DVD WITH 40 YEARS OF PHOTOGRAPHIC CONSIGNMENT REGISTRATION 8:30–10.00 AM CANADIANA IN PDF FORMAT VIEWING 10.00–11:00 AM www.phsc.ca AUCTION STARTS 11:00 AM email: [email protected] LIMITED NUMBER OF LOTS AVAILABLE FREE ADMISSION - FREE PARKING PUBLIC WELCOME Robert A. Carter – Webmaster Next to GO Long Branch David Bridge - Editor and TTC Long Branch Loop

THE PHSC E-MAIL 1 VOL. 15-10 March 2016 .. .. Toronto Notes Reported by Robert Carter Our February Program: A Visit to Ryerson

Our first stop on this February tour took us to 33 Gould, the new and fabulous . RIC hosts many fine arts and photojour- nalism exhibits and is open to both the pubic and Ryerson students. The PHSC members were treat- ed to a personalized tour of the RIC gallery. The tour was organized with the help of Christina Papantoniou, the Ryerson Image Centre Assistant. We were treated Photos by Robert Lansdale to an exhibit called The Light Inside, A big turnout as the tour begins at the Ryerson Image Centre featuring the photographs and films of Wendy Snyder MacNeil as able for consultation.” After touring curated by Don Snyder. In the the gallery, we were invited to absence of the curator, (who sent return again to see other displays his regrets) a charming docent, in the RIC. Toni Olshen, conducted the gallery Diagonally across Gould and tour and talked knowledgeably closer to is the build- about each photographic group- ing housing the Archives and ing. In the centre of the gallery two Special Collections department of videos by the photographer were Ryerson’s Library and Archives. On arrival at the Special Collections on being shown. Toni Olshen of the RIC illuminates the On the second floor of the RIC the 4th floor, our host and Curatorial MacNeil photos for us Specialist Alison Skyrme took us is the Peter Higdon Research Ryerson acquiring the records, on a brief tour of the centre. A Centre. The RIC brochure says this papers, cameras, and ephemera of small portion of the cameras, bro- centre “supports scholarly activi- the Canadian Kodak Company chures and books from the collec- ties by students, faculty, research- when it folded its Mount Dennis tion were displayed on a series of ers, curators, visiting artists and complex in 2005 midst the turmoil tables. critical writers in an environment and chaos of the digital revolution. Robert Burley of Ryerson, who that maintains an extensive range (Known today as Kodak Canada, spoke to us nine years ago in of collections material. Onsite the firm is still active.) museum professionals are avail- February 2007, was instrumental in

Alison Skyrme with a selection from the Archives and George Dunbar and and Lorne Shields with sign denoting his significant Special Colllections Lorne Shields admire donation to the Archives images ..continues THE PHSC E-MAIL 2 VOL. 15-10 March 2016 .. ..

Ed Warner & Light Toronto Notes - continued

19th century). The meniscus lens of around f/17 to f/22. archives includes con- Petzval designed a faster lens of tributions by PHSC f/3.7 for the Voigtlander camera members like Lorne allowing a daguerreotype to capture Shields (of historical an image in about 30 seconds in bicycle fame) and sunlight vs. a few minutes to half an Rochester Kodak retir- hour. ee Nick Graver. The Voigtlander camera was During the outing made of brass in a cylindrical form we met Willi Nassau because its creators were used to from Waterloo, making round brass telescopes and Willi Nassau narrates the story of creating this Ontario. He and anoth- microscopes. While the new camera replica Voigtlander Petzval camera er Southern Ontario took much faster exposures on a gentleman, John Durst circular daguerreotype plate, it was of Seaforth, discussed still very troublesome to use. A view- the difficulties of creat- ing screen was first attached to the ing historic reproduc- camera, then the subject was framed tions of mechanical and placed in focus by adjusting the devices such as the position of the camera body and replica circa 1840 lens. The lens was capped and the Voigtlander Petzval camera removed from its stand and camera shown us from taken to a darkroom. There the view- the collection. John ing screen was replaced with a sen- and his father created sitive plate and the camera returned the replica in their to the stand. The lens cap was used workshop (only a as a shutter. Clint, Ashley, Alison Skyrme, Curatorial Specialist and dozen originals remain We walked around the Special Joanna Beyersbergen, Director of Development, Ryerson today - in Museums Collections room admiring the col- Library, Mr. Nassau and private collec- lection of instruments and books. Alison explained that the Special tions). The Voigtlander camera The presentation wrapped up shortly Collections section has a strong addressed one serious complaint after the brief talk by Willy and a collection in amateur photography about early Daguerreotypes. The photo session by Robert Lansdale. It with some professional representa- original process used a special cam- was an interesting evening out for tion in studios (particularly in the era made by Giroux. It had a simple the members of the PHSC.

Once again, the sands of time roll easily off our modest PHSC contribu- Before and After - Part 3 tors. Why not come up with your own pair of two images taken eons apart, but showing yourself with the same (or similar) camera, or photographic doo-dad? We will publish it (anonymously, if you wish!) Contact: [email protected] Many thanks to those who have bravely participated!

Tom Bochsler, covering1951 royal visit, and present...also PHSC's April 2016 speaker! 

Robert Lansdale, PHSC Journal editor and arctic explorer, Fort Churchill 1950s and present 

THE PHSC E-MAIL 3 VOL. 15-10 March 2016 .. .. A mystery to be solved...... by Robert Lansdale

Brian Polden of England has requested our help grooving or rifling. Once ‘threaded’ into position, the to find information about a Goerz Periscopic Gun camera could be rotated either with a handle exten- Camera. Mr. Polden is publishing a book about pan- sion or by a remote drive to “worm” its way along the oramic cameras and has come upon this reference to barrel in measured stages. It stopped at each level to a piece of equipment that would seem to be a very expose a 360° scan. Divided in half, the top half car- specialized panoramic camera. rying the optics and film, was rotated. Thus the entire length of the barrel was recorded in sections as Mr. Polden writes: “The machinery is cylindrical adjoining panoramas. Any flaw in the machined sur- so that it could be inserted into the gun barrel as if it face could then be observed in detail.” were a shell. To fit guns of different calibres the lower part of the camera was expandable to fit the bore. Send any information or citations to the writer at This outer sleeving engaged with the internal spiral [email protected].

FROM OUT OF THE WEST by Clint Hryhorijiw George Anderton immigrated from England to Canada in the early 1870s and joined the North West Mounted Police in 1876 in Ottawa. He was posted to Fort Walsh in Saskatchewan where he subsequently took up photography as a profession. He became the first resident photographer in the Northwest Ter- ritories. George photographed many of the Indians who took refuge in Canada with sitting Bull after the Battle of the Little Big Horn, “Custer’s Last Stand.” George Anderton was discharged from the Mounties in May 1880 and moved south to the USA where he set up a photographic studio with American pho- tographer, William Culver, covering both Northwest Territories and Montana. The image shows a fort and barracks that has an American flag fluttering atop the tower, but the verso only carries the credit: North-West Territories and Canada. The partnership did not last, as Anderton was back at Fort Walsh in 1881. By May 1883 George had set up a studio in Medicine Hat and in the summer of 1885 opened up a branch studio at Fort McLeod. He then opened a saloon and had his own brewery. Prohibition of alcohol drove him back to photography in 1889.

THE PHSC E-MAIL 4 VOL. 15-10 March 2016 .. .. Zeiss and Photography Reviewed by Robert Carter by Lawrence J. Gubas

Zeiss and Photography, Lawrence J in the last issue of ZH edited Gubas, 9 x 11 inches hard cover, 890 by Terry Scott. Only minor pp. CD included. Self Published. changes and page numbers $169US plus international shipping. were missing and I presented the book at our Show and Tell In the mid 1800s, the German optical that year, fully expecting the industry blossomed. Many optical institutes including Carl Zeiss concen- book to be priced and ready trated on microscopes and their lenses for sale early in 2014. This was and eye-pieces. By the late 1880s, not to be. The Las Vegas print- Carl Zeiss died and his company er entered bankruptcy instead. evolved into the Carl Zeiss Foundation After much anguish and (Carl Zeiss Stiftung) and with the searching, Gubas found a print- guiding hand of Abbe, its product er in Los Angeles who agreed to line blossomed including photo- graphic lenses. By the 1920s print the book for a handsome Germany’s camera industry had sum. At the time there was a grown into an unwieldily mishmash debate whether the book could of struggling companies. The govern- be printed in a single volume and ment stepped in and asked Zeiss to if not, just where in the text could merge and reorganize the companies, Zeiss and Photography is the the book be split in two (e.g. pre rationalizing their product lines. This final book in the Gubas Zeiss trilo- and post WWII). This concern was the beginning of Zeiss Ikon. Zeiss and Zeiss Ikon were badly damaged in gy and like the first two titles, it was became a moot point a few months the second world war. At its conclu- initially printed in Las Vegas and later when that printer too entered sion in 1945, Germany was split in two addresses a specific aspect of bankruptcy. - East and West Germany. Jena fell Zeiss. Author Larry Gubas is a long After a delay due to health into the part named as East Germany, time Zeiss enthusiast and member/ issues, Gubas arranged with Ken awarded to the USSR. A version of the officer of Zeiss Historica Society. Morton at his retailer www.camera- company was established in West Gubas began collecting Zeiss books.com to assist with further Germany in Oberkochen under some of the old management. There they items in the late 1960s and joined proof reading for his third printer, competed with products from Jena the Zeiss Historica Society (ZHS) a Friesens in Manitoba. After yet more until 1991 when the USSR was dis- decade later just a few months rounds of diligent proofing, Friesens solved and Germany reunited. Shortly after it was formed. The ZHS is an were ready to print the book as a thereafter the two companies merged. exchange organization with the single 890 page hard cover volume. Zeiss remained a powerful optical PHSC. This third book has had a ..continues organization to this day. long and arduous journey marred by the ill health of the author and inconvenient bankruptcies of its printers - paper and disk. In December 2013, I received a final draft version of Zeiss and Photography (ZAP). My draft copy was issued on October 5, 2013 as number 17 of 20 copies. It was completed after extensive proof reading and collaboration with Ken Morton of Camera Books. The draft is fully illustrated in colour and includes the extensive appendices on a CD. I eventually used this draft to write a review for the journal Zeiss Historica (ZH). It was published Zeiss Contax Patent Drawing Zeiss Contax Patent Drawing

THE PHSC E-MAIL 5 VOL. 15-10 March 2016 .. .. Zeiss and Photography continued I announced the printing of the book at our December 2015 Show and Tell meeting. There was a slight delay waiting for black hard cover material to arrive and finally the book was released. The society arranged for a few copies to be sent directly from Manitoba to Toronto saving the cost of shipping to the west coast and back plus USA exchange on the shipping. One file was missed on the CD but the pressing company had also folded in the meantime. The book was finally printed and shipped. I received the PHSC copies mid January and the CDs a few weeks later. In between deliveries Gubas sent me a pdf of the missing index which I simply printed and added to each PHSC copy of his book. Zeiss and Photography Ernemann Camera Advertisement is a seven pound beauty and well worth the wait. Gubas has a fondness for photography, but even so, he found the range of Zeiss/Zeiss Ikon cameras, lenses, and accessories daunting. This massive opus is a record of the multitude of Zeiss Ikon camera makes, models, and variations created over the years before and after the formation of the umbrella organi- zation. It is also a fascinating history of Zeiss from a photographic perspective as well as the companies that became Zeiss Ikon. The book has hundreds of colourful ads and photos of actual cameras all on glossy clay coated paper. The CD includes full page copies of pre and post war catalogues, plus price lists, reviews, and other documents. Unlike Leitz, that other famous German marque, Zeiss and Zeiss Ikon factories were bombed and torn apart during the second world war. Worse, Jena fell Ermanox Camera into the Russian zone forcing a hurried migration of key staff to West Germany and re-establishment of For example, on Ernemann, Gubas begins: “My the tattered company. These factors make it phenom- favorite firm that merged into Zeiss Ikon in 1926 is enally difficult to pull together a reliable reference to Ernemann. It is a perfect example of a single propri- etor making something out of nothing. While Heinrich Zeiss and Zeiss Ikon cameras and accessories. Ernemann became an experienced tradesman in the Reading this book, one can see that Gubas stepped city of Dresden as a seller of textiles and cloth goods up to the challenge and has produced an historic ref- when he had taken responsibility for the yarn and rib- erence that belongs in the library of every collector bon business of his wife’s mother. He would expand and historian. that business but in 1889 at the age of 39, with no Gubas did not stint in his methodical research of experience in the photographic business, he pur- Zeiss from its very beginning to modern times. He chased an interest in the carpentry shop of Wilhelm visited well known Zeiss collectors, Zeiss designers, Matthias. Among other things Matthias manufactured Zeiss executives, archives and museums in both the wooden components of professional photograph- America and Europe. The history of Zeiss and its ic cameras. Prior to Ernemann’s entry into this busi- importance to photography is covered in loving ness, all of the other camera parts were purchased detail. Most of the cameras and lenses created by from other firms. With his assertive business persona, Zeiss and the companies that formed Zeiss Ikon are Ernemann quickly developed a talent in the technolo- illustrated and described at length. Gubas’s writings gy for this expanding industry and as a signal for what include histories of the prime pre Zeiss Ikon camera was to come, in 1891, he applied for a patent for a makers such as ICA, Contessa, Ernemann, and new camera shutter (German patent Nr. 62274) and Goerz in much detail. began to grow his business.

THE PHSC E-MAIL 6 VOL. 15-10 March 2016 ...... continues Zeiss and Photography continued and the famous new cameras. Eventually Zeiss Ermanox camera Ikon was swallowed by the nation- with its f/2 Ernostar alization of the photographic indus- lens which looks as tries. The West German Zeiss orga- big as the camera nization struggled with replacing itself. We all remem- and modernizing the old camera ber Erich Salomon’s line, while Japan became a grow- famous available ing force with its rapid increases in light photographs innovation and quality combined with an Ermanox, with cheap labour. Gubas describes such as his picture how the West German company of of diplomats meet- the day was still stuck in old ways ing in Lugano, and means ill-suited to economical Switzerland in 1928. manufacture of modern camera The impact of the designs. second world war How Zeiss overcame these and the disastrous problems, successfully merged post war formation with its Eastern counterpart Zeiss/Contax Ad of East Germany and thrived, makes for a fascinat- "This same year, Matthias who with Soviet rule is covered in great ing tale, beyond offering such a had been the firm’s master carpen- detail as is the eventual collapse of wealth of camera, lens, and manu- ter decided to leave the business.” the Soviet Union and the merger of facturing information. The third and He goes on to show Ernemann’s Zeiss Oberkochen and Zeiss Jena. final trilogy component gives a contribution to photography in its Postwar, Zeiss Jena produced one good insight into the German pho- cameras, lenses, and cinema pre-war Zeiss Ikon camera model, tographic industry and the influ- apparatus. This innovation contin- the Jena Contax. Meantime, Zeiss ence of Zeiss on that industry and ues after the merger into the 1930s Ikon began production on other on photography in general. /RAC

Enjoy 40 years of PHOTOGRAPHIC CANADIANA preserved on one DVD disc ! It’s yours when you join the PHSC for only $35.00

Your PHSC membership includes a subscription to Photographic Canadiana, our luxurious printed journal, mailed to your home, plus 40 years of back issues on our new DVD. Join now! online at www.phsc.ca (paypal accepted) or come to one of our many events, auctions, and photographic fairs!

THE PHSC E-MAIL 7 VOL. 15-10 March 2016 .. .. PHOTOGRAPHIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA PHOTOGRAPHIC CONSIGNMENT AUCTION Sunday, March 20, 2016 ROYAL CANADIAN LEGION #101, 3850 LAKE SHORE BLVD. WEST, TORONTO LOCATED AT THE TTC LONG BRANCH LOOP OR TAKE THE LAKESHORE GO TRAIN TO LONG BRANCH STATION (IMMEDIATELY HANDY) REGISTRATION 8:30–10:00 AM – VIEWING 10:00–11:00 AM Consignors are requested to bring in quality items to be auctioned. Material will be vetted for acceptability at the door. A limited number of lots will be accepted for auction, so arrive early to avoid disappointment. FORMAT SAME AS PREVIOUS AUCTIONS - A 5% BUYER’S PREMIUM WILL APPLY BIDDING STARTS AT 11:00 AM - MAXIMUM 250 LOTS CASH or known CHEQUE will be accepted as payment for auction items. Sorry – no provision for credit card payments. Items Accepted for Auction 8:30 - 10:00 AM Viewing 10:00 -11:00 AM Please read the Auction Rules on our website http://phsc.ca/camera/?page_id=188 FREE ADMISSION – FREE PARKING – PUBLIC WELCOME

Some actual items already lined up for THIS MONTH'S PHSC Auction !

THE PHSC E-MAIL 8 VOL. 15-10 March 2016 .. .. Mystery Photo! by Louise Freyburger

Does anyone recognize any of these 13 impressive looking gentlemen in this handsome group photo, signed “Bruce Photo, Toronto”?

Anna Velada, of Toronto, has taken the trouble to send along this scan, asking PHSC for more information about the photo. She says, “I am just an amateur photo/history buff. The photo was salvaged during renovations on a house a few years back.” Of the various Bruce stu- dio signatures, this particular wording and format appeared at between 1890 and 1898-9. In 1899 being photographed appear to be the very end of the 19th century. Bruce moved studio to 432 King St. caricatures of John A. Macdonald The same backdrop appears in the West, no doubt taking with him his and his Liberal political nemesis cabinet card below, which gives existing stock of cabinet card blanks, George Brown.” as well as his studio backdrops. The article continued: The PHSC E-Mail, Vol. 12-4 "Josiah Bruce was born at (July 2012) featured ads, including Guelph, Ontario in 1840. He studied this one, for Josiah Bruce’s studio architecture and practiced in from two issues of the 19th century Quebec for a short time. He moved Toronto magazine called the GRIP to Montreal and, with experience as (Aug. 9 and Nov. 1 of 1879). an amateur photographer, was engaged to work for William Notman. In 1868 he came to Toronto as the chief operator and manager for the newly formed Notman & Fraser studio. After seven years he opened his own studio at (31 King St. W. - temporary) 118 King St. W. (1875), 132 King Street W. (1898), 432 King St. W. (1899) and 416 Yonge St. (1901). Note that most studios were on the north side of In the article, Lindsay Lambert the street, requiring a daylight win- explained: Josiah Bruce (Toronto, Ontario) dow to the rear of the building or a "[The magazine was]…noted for Portrait of a young Lady 1890 (ca) roof skylight facing north. He con- political commentary and satire … Cabinet card. Steven Evans Vintage tinued photographing under several Photography LL/16550 The little illustrations were evident- names: Josiah Bruce, J. Bruce & the studio address “Bruce, 132 ly done by John W. Bengough, Co., Bruce Studios and Bruce until King St. West, Toronto.” Using this Cartoonist and Editor of the publi- 1914." information, we can consult the cation. Know something about these “Photographers of Ontario” data- "The August 9th ad is particularly men? Please contact the editor at base to date the cabinet card to interesting in that the two figures [email protected]

THE PHSC E-MAIL 9 VOL. 15-10 March 2016 .. .. PASS IT ON TO A FRIEND – LET EVERYONE READ THIS NEWSLETTER

What's on: What's on: Stephen Bulger Gallery Gladstone Hotel I'm Late, I'm Late, our first solo Photographer and exhibition of work by multidisci- PHSC member Harold plinary Canadian artist Max Dean. Staats is presenting an Dean is an artist who works with exhibit of his work this ideas, concepts and emotions April. Harold writes, visually. His kinetic and interactive "This series of images sculptural installations are exhibit- ed and collected internationally. began with the redis- Trained as an art historian, his covery of some 35mm work reflects his comfort and inge- transparency slides I nuity in working and mixing both had taken many years digital and analog technologies. ago. They were water March 5 – March 26, 2016, 1026 damaged and I put them away to dry. Now, months later they were cov- Queen Street West, Toronto ered in a strange, white, efflorescent, crystal-like material. I thought they had been totally destroyed, but upon closer examination, although some Ryerson Image Centre were damaged they still had remnants of the original picture. Others had See our review of PHSC's tour evolved into surreal, otherworldly images." April 14 – 26, 2016, Gladstone of this exhibit and the Ryerson Hotel, 1214 Queen Street West, Toronto, ON, M6J 1J6, 416-531-4635 Archives in this issue! www.gladstonehotel.com The Light Inside: Wendy Snyder Macneil, Photographs And Films. This exhibition brings PHSC EVENT TIMELINE renewed attention to the art and Plan your New Year with PHSC! influence of pioneering American photographer and educator March 16, 2016 (Wednesday) PHSC March Meeting Wendy Snyder MacNeil (b. 1943), March 20, 2016 (Sunday) PHSC Spring Auction whose archive is preserved in the April 20, 2016 (Wednesday) PHSC April Meeting collection of the Ryerson Image May 18, 2016 (Wednesday) PHSC May Meeting Centre. January 20 – April 10, 2016, May 29, 2016 (Sunday) PHSC Spring Fair 33 Gould Street, Toronto, Ontario. July 17, 2016 [tentative] PHSC Trunk Sale

Camerama Photo Show Wanted Sunday, April 17, 2016 3D SLIDES 10:00 AM - 3:00 PM What Show When? Where? Need someone to mount small Delta Toronto East quantity of 3D slides. No rush. 2035 Kennedy Road, Toronto, Happy to pay. Ontario M1T 3G2 [email protected] (Kennedy Road & 401) Tel 416 691-1555 ADMISSION $7- Free Parking Directions: www.deltahotels.com/ hotels/delta-toronto-east Wanted PHSC now has a new online re- source with listings of camera and Adobe InDesign CS3 image shows and sales covering PHS of NEW ENGLAND PHSC is looking for a legal, licensed North America! Find out what's Photographica 85 and copy of Adobe InDesign CS3 for going on as you plan your next road Windows that can be validated trip ! Check it out at www.phsc.ca Auction with Adobe, or a middle-aged One Day Only Apple computer running a licensed, Important! Saturday, April 2, 2016 legal Mac version of this software. Always confirm with the event organi- 9:00 AM - 4:00 PM This software will be used in the zations before heading out! Changes American Legion Post 440, poduction of the society's journal, are beyond the PHSC's control! Photographic Canadiana. Contact 295 California St, Newton, David Bridge at ldbrucke@sym- (many thanks to the Kantymirs for this resource) MA 02458, USA patico.ca www.phsne.org THE PHSC E-MAIL 10 VOL. 15-10 March 2016 .. ..