I Sirfidi (Ditteri): Biodiversità E Conservazione

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I Sirfidi (Ditteri): Biodiversità E Conservazione Informazioni legali L’istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA) e le persone che agiscono per conto dell’istituto non sono responsabili per l’uso che può essere fatto delle informazioni contenute in questo manuale. ISPRA - Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale Via Vitaliano Brancati, 48 – 00144 Roma www.isprambiente.gov.it ISPRA, Manuali e Linee Guida 128/2015 ISBN 978-88-448-0743-6 Riproduzione autorizzata citando la fonte Elaborazione grafica Grafica di copertina: Sonia Poponessi ISPRA – Servizio Comunicazione Disegno di copertina: Ignazio Lago Foto di copertina: S. Handersen e V. Andriani Coordinamento tipografico: Daria Mazzella ISPRA – Settore Editoria Impaginazione: DoppioClickArt – San Lazzaro di Savena (Bo) Stampa: Rabbi s.r.l., Bologna, per conto della Pàtron Editore La versione cartacea di questa pubblicazione è stata realizzata grazie a un contributo del Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie (DipSA), Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna. Citazione del volume: “Burgio G., Sommaggio D., Birtele D., 2015. I Sirfidi (Ditteri): biodiversità e conservazione. iSPRA, Manuali e Linee Guida 128/2015, 182 pp.”. GIOVANNI BURGIO1, DANIELE SOMMAGGIO1, DANIELE BIRTELE2 1 Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna – DipSA, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie-Entomolo- gia. Viale Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna 2 CNBF, Corpo Forestale dello Stato – Centro Nazionale per lo studio e la conservazione della Biodi- versità Forestale, “Bosco Fontana”. Strada Mantova 29, 46045 Mantova, e-mail: [email protected] A cura di: Giovanni Staiano1, Matteo Lener1, Valeria Giovannelli1 1 ISPRA, Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale – Dipartimento Difesa della Na- tura, Settore per gli Organismi Geneticamente Modificati Revisione dei testi: Paola Vinesi A Mauro Daccordi, maestro e amico Gli autori “La mosca oziosa fruisce delle fatiche altrui e dappertutto trova mensa bandita; le capre sono munte per lei, l’ape lavora per lei come per gli uomini e i cuochi per lei condiscono le più saporite vivande, che ella assaggia prima dei re e, aggirandosi sulle mense, banchetta con loro e gusta ogni cosa” Encomio della mosca Luciano di Samòsata (II sec. d.C.) INDICE PREMESSA ..................................................................................................................................... 7 INTRODUZIONE ........................................................................................................................... 8 1. GENERALITÀ DEL TAXON ................................................................................................... 9 1.1 Morfologia degli adulti .......................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Ciclo biologico ....................................................................................................................... 13 1.3 Sistematica .............................................................................................................................. 15 1.3.1 Considerazioni generali ................................................................................................ 15 Box 1: Breve storia della sirfologia italiana ........................................................................... 17 1.3.2 Suddivisione in taxa ...................................................................................................... 19 Box 2: Approcci molecolari alla sistematica dei sirfidi .......................................................... 20 2. METODI DI CAMPIONAMENTO, PREPARAZIONE E CONSERVAZIONE ................. 23 2.1 Metodologie di campionamento ............................................................................................. 23 2.2 Campionamento degli adulti .................................................................................................. 25 2.3 Campionamento degli stadi giovanili .................................................................................... 29 2.4 Metodi di preparazione e conservazione ................................................................................ 30 3. ECOLOGIA ................................................................................................................................. 37 3.1 Larve e adattamenti alle risorse alimentari ............................................................................ 37 3.2 Sirfidi e habitat ....................................................................................................................... 40 3.2.1 Sirfidi delle zone umide ................................................................................................. 40 3.2.2 Sirfidi in città ................................................................................................................. 44 3.2.3 Sirfidi degli ambienti agrari ......................................................................................... 45 3.2.4 Sirfidi degli ambienti forestali ....................................................................................... 58 4. MIMETISMO E PREDAZIONE .............................................................................................. 65 4.1 Il mimetismo batesiano .......................................................................................................... 65 4.2 Nemici naturali dei Sirfidi ...................................................................................................... 68 5. BIODIVERSITÀ ......................................................................................................................... 73 5.1 Elaborazioni dei dati per la valutazione della biodiversità .................................................... 73 5.2 Sirfidi come bioindicatori ....................................................................................................... 81 5.3 Syrph the Net .......................................................................................................................... 84 6. SCHEDE D’IDENTIFICAZIONE DI ALCUNE SPECIE DI SIRFIDI ITALIANI ............ 89 APPENDICE A Checklist aggiornata dei Sirfidi italiani ............................................................................................ 149 APPENDICE B Proposta di una lista rossa dei Sirfidi ............................................................................................... 173 APPENDICE C Musei e collezioni private italiani dove sono conservati i Sirfidi .................................................... 175 BIBLIOGRAFIA ............................................................................................................................. 177 5 PREMESSA La conoscenza puntuale del territorio è premessa indispensabile per elaborare efficaci strumenti di analisi e valutazione grazie ai quali rispondere efficacemente alle pressioni di origine antropica a cui sono costantemente sottoposte le aree naturali, agricole e forestali, la cui tutela è sempre più necessaria. ISPRA, tra i suoi compiti istituzionali, svolge quello fondamentale di raccogliere, organizzare e sviluppare in via sistematica la basi di dati in campo ambientale a cui attingere per dare continuità alle attività di ricerca e monitoraggio di riferimento. In particolare, il Dipartimento Difesa della Natura dell’ISPRA è impegnato in attività a supporto dell’attuazione del Piano Nazionale della Bio- diversità previsto dalla Convenzione sulla Diversità Biologica di Rio de Janeiro (Legge 124/1995) e nella stima degli impatti prodotti dalle attività antropiche sulle specie e sugli ecosistemi. In quest’ottica è stato concepito il manuale sui Sirfidi, il cui obiettivo principale è quello di presentare, in maniera organica e funzionale, l’ampia biodiversità di questi insetti in Italia. A questo scopo l’opera è corredata di un ricco apparato iconografico per il riconoscimento e la classificazione dei Sirfidi. Ulteriore obiettivo del manuale è quello di dimostrare come i Sirfidi assumano il ruolo di efficaci bioindicatori ambientali in quanto molto diffusi sia in termini di numerosità della popolazione sia per la loro diffusione in una gamma molto vasta di habitat; queste caratteristiche rendono i Sirfidi molto utili per la valutazione della qualità degli habitat, in termini di equilibri ecologici e di inte- grità funzionale. Si sottolinea, infine, che questo volume, frutto della proficua collaborazione con il Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, area della Entomologia, dell’Università degli Studi di Bologna “Alma Mater Studiorum”, si colloca in un quadro più ampio di interazione tra gli enti e i soggetti che svolgono attività di ricerca, i cui esiti sono volti alla diffusione delle informazioni scientifiche e ad accrescere la consapevolezza dei valori ambientali nella collettività. Emi Morroni Dirigente Responsabile del Dipartimento Difesa della Natura 7 INTRODUZIONE I Sirfidi sono una famiglia di Ditteri Brachiceri che a livello mondiale presenta più di 6000 specie, di cui 887 in Europa e 536 in Italia. L’elevata diversità presente in Italia trova una giustificazione nella ricchezza di ambienti e complessità del nostro patrimonio paesaggistico. Negli ultimi trent’anni i Sirfidi sono stati oggetto di molte attenzioni, in quanto rispondono agli stress ambientali – spesso di origine antropica – in modo differenziato e specifico. In altre parole, monitorando i Sirfidi nei loro ambienti è possibile ottenere, in tempi brevi e con costi ragionevoli, indicazioni attendibili sullo stato di salute di un ecosistema. Basta questo
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