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University Microfilms International 300 N SYSTEMATICS AND BIOLOGY OF ASCIA (GANYRA) POPULATIONS IN THE SONORAN DESERT (JOSEPHINA, HOWARTH, ATAMISQUEA) Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Bailowitz, Richard A. (Richard Allen) Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 06/10/2021 10:44:47 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291234 INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. 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Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 1326229 Bailowitz, Richard Alan SYSTEMATICS AND BIOLOGY OF ASCIA (GANYRA) POPULATIONS IN THE SONORAN DESERT The University of Arizona M.S. 1985 University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V • 1. Glossy photographs or pages ^ 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print \/ 3. Photographs with dark background ^ 4. Illustrations are poor copy 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages ^ 8. Print exceeds margin requirements 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print 11. Page(s) lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed as received 16. Other University Microfilms International SYSTEMATICS AND BIOLOGY OF ASCIA (GANYRA) POPULATIONS IN THE SONORAN DESERT by Richard Alan Bailowitz A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 8 5 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship, in all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: £<L/ A (/F. G. Werner //Date Professor of Entomology ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my thanks to Steve Prchal, John Palting, and Elaine Greenapple for the photographs, Ken Kingsley for guidance and wisdom, Renee Vitali for the typing, and the members of my committee for general assistance. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS V LIST OF TABLES vii ABSTRACT viii INTRODUCTION 1 METHODS AND MATERIALS 3 RESULTS 5 Immature Stages 6 Egg . 7 Larva . 11 Pupa 16 Adult 17 Male . 17 Female 26 Host-Plant 26 Systematics 28 Josephina 28 Josepha 28 Howarthi 31 kuschei 31 Sevata, 31 DISCUSSION 33 Josepha and Howarthi Phenotypes. 35 Josepha and Howarthi Androconial Patterns 42 Josepha and Howarthi Genitalia 42 Josepha and Howarthi Distribution 43 Taxonomy: A Change in Status 45 APPENDIX A: COMPLETE DATA FOR MAINLAND ASCIA HOWARTHI POPULATIONS 47 APPENDIX B; COMPLETE DATA FOR WEST MEXICAN ASCIA JOSEPHINA JOSEPHA POPULATIONS 48 REFERENCES 49 iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 1. Ascia howarthi egg on Atamisquea emarginata 9 2. Schematic drawing of A. howarthi 5th instar larva 10 3. Scanning electron micrograph of A. howarthi egg shell 12 4. First instar larva of A. howarthi on A. emarginata leaf 13 5. Second and fourth instar larvae of A. howarthi on A. emarginata 14 6. Fourth instar larva of A. howarthi on A. emarginata 15 7. Fifth instar larva of A. howarthi on A. emarginata branch 18 8. Pupa of Ascia howarthi 19 9. Venation patterns of Ascia howarthi and josepha.. 20 10. Ventral maculation of adult Ascia howarthi and josepha 21 11. Male genital capsule of A. howarthi 23 12. Scanning electron micrograph of the aedeagus of male A. howarthi 24 13. Androconial patterns of A. howarthi and josepha.. 25 14. Atamisquea emarginata at OPCNM... 29 15. Distribution of Ascia howarthi's larval host-plant 30 v vi Figure Page 16. Distribution of Ascia howarthi in the Sonoran Desert 36 17. Size and phenotypic comparison between A. howarthi and josepha 39 18. Phenotypic variation within A. howarthi and josepha 40 19. Distribution of A. howarthi and josepha 41 in Mexico and southern U.S. LIST OP TABLES Page Table 1. Time sequence for complete life cycle of Ascia howarthi 8 2. Size comparison of Ascia howarthi and Ascia josepha 37 3. Genitalic comparison between A. howarthi and A. josepha 44 vii ABSTRACT A breeding population of Ascia (Ganyra) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), in the josephina complex, is confirmed for Arizona. The egg, various larval instars, and the pupa are discussed and figured for the first time. The larval host-plant is found to be Atamisquea emarginata Miers., a plant confined to the Sonoran Desert. This population, while closely related to Ascia josephina josepha, is distinct in maculation, androconial pattern, genitalia, and biology. Its taxonamic status is discussed. Full species status is given to the insect as Ascia howarthi (Dixey). viii INTRODUCTION During the course of a study for the National Park Service on arthropods of the Quitobaquito Management Area in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument (OPCNM) Pima county, Arizona, Smith, Kingsley, & Bailowitz (in preparation) disclosed an apparent population of a pierid butterfly in the Ascia josephina (Godart) complex. The discovery is noteworthy in that records of this species complex are scarce in Arizona, in that the insect appeared to be breeding in the area, and in the odd phenotypes of the population. The genus Ascia is divided into two subgenera, each one represented by a single, Nearctic species or species complex (Howe, 1975). An additional taxon, A. sevata (c. & R. Felder), is recorded in Mexico. The subgenus Ascia includes the species monuste (Linnaeus) with its subspecies phileta (Fabricius), raza Klots, and cleones (Boisduval & Leconte). The subgenus Ganyra Billberg includes the species (or species complex) josephina (Godart) with its subspecies josepha (Salvin & Godman), howarthi (Dixey), and kuschei (Schaus). A. sevata is unplaced within the genus. 1 2 Most literature on the subgenus Ganyra in North American cites only josephina josepha as a member of this fauna. Howe (1975) stated that josepha is a resident along the Mexican border in southern Texas and that it strays occasionally into southern Arizona. Ehrlich & Ehrlich (1961) cited the species josephina from "southern Texas, straying northward to Kansas." Klots (1.951) considered it a breeding resident of the Rio Grande Valley, Texas. McGuire and Rickard (1974) cited it as migratory from Mexico in the lower Rio Grande valley, Texas. And Pyle (1981) termed it a "Resident in S. Texas, wandering into Arizona." It is not known from Florida (Kimball, 1965). The recent studies at Quitobaquito, OPCNM, confirmed the presence of an Arizona population of the A.josephina complex. Those studies also suggested the possibility that the population is resident and cast doubt on its previous taxonomic assignment. This thesis examines the dimensions of the Arizona Ganyra population and its relationships with other populations in the A.
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