Life of the intertidal zones and tide pools

Marine habitats and intertidal zonation

Tim Hall Life zones of the sea Of the life zones of the sea the intertidal is very small- and a tide pool- even smaller Rosario Beach intertidal life zones

Zone designation Upper limit Lower limit Supralittoral Splash 1 7.0 ft + Upper midlittoral High intertidal 2 7.0ft 4.0 ft Lower midlittoral Mid intertidal 3 4.0 ft 0.0 ft Infralittoral Low intertidal 4 0.0 ft -3.5 ft Sublittoral Subtidal -3.5 ft

More than 100 species of intertidal animals live on the Rosario Beach rocks/tide pools Intertidal organisms are primarily marine plants and animals but may spend a great deal of time out of water

616 hrs/month (85% of the time) 290 hrs/month (40% of the time) 116 hrs/month (16% of the time) Hazards of living in the intertidal zone

 Desiccation  Extreme temperatures

 Altered salinity  Reduced feeding opportunities

 Predators Factors influencing intertidal zonation Wave shock:

Adaptations-

A strong means of attachment

Either really hard or flexible bodies Hard (or flexible) bodies Strong attachment mechanisms

Rosario Beach rocks on a calm summer like day

Rosario Beach rocks on a February day with strong westerly winds Factors influencing intertidal zonation

Type of substrate:

Refuge and protection from predators

Habitat and colonization substrate

Food source

Disruptive force on high energy beaches

Factors influencing intertidal zonation

Competition for limited space and food

Adjacent colonies of the aggregating anemone may use their nematocysts on each other

The larger acorn barnacle grows faster, smothers, undercuts or crushes the smaller little brown barnacle Microhabitats

Areas downstream of tidepools and in crevices provide protection from desiccation and increased feeding opportunities

Different rock exposures provide protection from sun and wave shock Nooks and crannies provide nice homes and protection from predators

Some organisms (e.g. mussel beds) provide protective habitat for others animals Splash zone- > +7.0 ft

Lichens Checkered and Sitka periwinkle Littorina scutulata and L. sitkana

Little brown and acorn barnacles Chthamalus dalli and Balanus glandula Finger limpet Lottia digitalis Organisms adapted to living more in the air than in seawater- they may be high and dry for several days in a row Life style notes on periwinkles

 Move up or down with the  What do they eat? tide - more active at night or on foggy days  Algae scraped from rocks with radula

 Shells used by hermit crabs

 Who eats them?  How do they reproduce?

 Dogwinkle  Gelatinous egg masses

 Six legged star

 Rock crab  How long do they live?

 5 to 10 years Rosario beach barnacles

 Little brown barnacle h  Acorn barnacle m

(C. dalli) (B. glandula)

 Giant barnacle l,s  Haystack barnacle m,l,s

(Semibalanus cariosus) (B. nubilus) H= high tide zone, M= mid tide zone, L= low tide zone, S= sub tide zone “gooseneck” barnacle from the outer coast High intertidal plant life- 7 to 4 ft ~9 species

 Green tuft h,m,l  Sea moss h,m  Turkish towel h,m,l

Cladophora columbiana (G) Endocladia muricata (R) Mastocarpus sp. (R)

 Laver h,m,l  Rockweed h,m,l  Increasing numbers of plant species:

 Greater food supply for animals

 Increased habitat diversity Porphyra sp. (R) Fucus distichus (B)

G= green algae R= red algae B= brown algae High intertidal animal life- 7 to 4 ft ~12 species

 Striped  Haystack  Everything dogwinkle from the barnacle splash zone plus:

 Channeled (S. cariosus) (N. ostrina)

dogwinkle   Shield limpet Finger limpet

(Lottia pelta) (Nucella canaliculata) (Tectura scutum) Mid Intertidal plant life- 4 to 0 ft ~35 species

 m,l  Green rope m,l  Encrusting Sea cauliflower codium m,l

Arcosiphonia sp. (G) Codium setchellii (G) Leathesia difformis (B)

 Black pine h,m  Sea lace m,l  Plus many of the species from the splash zone and lower tide levels

Endocladia muricata (R) Neorhodomela larix (R) (G= green algae, B= Brown algae, R= Red algae) Some notes on marine algae

 Green algae  Brown algae

 Chlorophyll pigment  Fucoxanthin pigment  Varied forms  More and more abundant at lower tide levels  Red algae  Kelps  Phycoerythrin pigment  Diatoms  Largest number of species  Golden brown pigment  Can grow in deeper water  Silica cell walls  Some calcareous  Film on plants, shells, etc. “coralline” forms  Important in plankton Mid intertidal animal life- 4 to 0 ft ~ 40 species

 Mussels  Aggregating  Chitons anemone  Dogwinkles

 Barnacles

 Crabs  Starfish  Fish Sea anemones of Rosario Beach

 Aggregating  Giant green  Brooding anemone m,l,s anemone l,s anemone l,s

Anthopleura elegantissima A. xanththogrammica Epiactis sp.

 Christmas  Rose anemone  Plumose anemone l,s l,s anemone l,s

Metridium sp.

Urticina crassicornis U. lofotensis Life style notes on starfish

 What do they eat?  How do they reproduce?

 Clams, mussels, and  Sexual reproduction snails  Smaller starfish  Sponges  How do they eat?  Asexual reproduction  Pry open shell  Insert stomach

 Who eats them?  How long do they live?  Glaucus winged gull  Several years to >30  Red rock crab

Rosario Beach starfish relatives

 Purple sea  Green sea  Red sea urchin l,s urchin l,s cucumber l,s

(Strongylocentrotus (S. droebachiensis) (Cucumaria miniata) purpuratus)  Giant sea  Armored sea  Brittle star l,s cucumber l,s cucumber l,s

(Ophiopholis aculeata)

(Parastichopus californicus) (Psolus chitinoides) Common features of “echinoderms”

 Spiny skin  Hydraulic tube feet for locomotion

 Radial symmetry  Planktonic larvae Chitons of Rosario Beach

 Leather chiton  Mossy chiton  Hairy chiton m,l,s m,l,s m,l

(Katharina tunicata) (Mopalia muscosa) (M. ciliata)

 Woody chiton  Lined chiton  Gumboot chiton m,l,s m,l,s l,s

(Tonicella lineata) (M. lignose) (Cryptochiton stelleri) Life style notes on chitons

 What do they eat?  How do they reproduce?

 Algae  Sexual reproduction (males and females)  Diatoms  Eggs/larvae free swimming or  Bacteria brooded by adult

 Who eats them?  How long do they live?  Seagulls  Starfish  20 years (or more)  Crabs  Who are they related to?

These are all related members of the largest marine phylum- mollusca

 Mussels and

 Octopus clams  Snails and limpets

 Chitons  Common  Sea slugs “mollusc” features

 Embryology  Radula  Nervous system  Mantle Sea slugs of Rosario Beach

 Clown  Barnacle eating  Opalescent nudibranch l,s nudibranch m,l nudibranch l,s

(Triopha catalinae) (Onchidoris bilamellata) (Hermissenda crassicornis)

 l,s Hudson's dorid  Shaggy mouse  Sea lemon l,s nudibranch l,s

(Acanthodoris hudsoni) (Archidoria montereyensis) (Aeolidia papillosa)

Nudibranchs are carnivores! Blue mussel m

 What does it eat?  How does it reproduce?

 Detritus filter feeder  Spawns in spring  Planktonic larvae (4-7  Who eats it? weeks)  Starfish  Settles with byssal threads  Dogwinkle  How long does it live?  Birds  2 to 3 years  Larger crabs  Otters

(Mytilus trossulus) The larger California mussel is more common on the wave swept outer coast Rosario Beach Crabs

 Purple shore  Red rock crab  Decorator crab m,l,s m,l,s crab m,l

Hemigrapsus nudus (Cancer productus) (Oregonia gracilis)

 Kelp crab l,s  Porcelain crab m,l  Hairy hermit crab h,m

Petrolisthes sp. (Pugettia producta) (Pagurus hirsutiusculius) Life style notes on crabs

 What do they eat?  How do they reproduce?

 Algae  Male and female crabs  Clams/snails  Eggs brooded by female  Crustaceans  Larvae are planktonic  Dead and dying animals  Organic detritus

 Who eats them?

 Birds  Crabs

 Octopus  How long do they live?

 Dogfish  1 to 2 years (maybe as  Halibut many as 20)  People Crab and crustacean growth- molting

 Calcium resorbed- shell softens

 Body swells with water

 Shell is shed

 New shell hardens

 Benefits

 Allows for growth  Re-growth of lost legs  Sheds barnacles and parasites

 Same process of shrimp Not a dead crab! and barnacles

Some other Rosario Beach crustaceans

 Rockweed isopod m,l,s  Pill bug isopod m,l,s

(Idotea wosnesenskii) (Gnorimosphaeroma oregonense)

 Broken back shrimp m,l,s  Dock shrimp l,s

(Heptacarpus sp.) (Pandalus danae)

Shrimp= carnivores Isopods= herbivores/detritivores Low intertidal

 “a frustratingly rich Increasing fauna and flora” Competition for food and space Predator/prey

 Overlap of species interactions from upper and subtidal zones A study at Alki Point

The number of species Larger rocks support more begins to decrease at lower species because of tide zones because of greater habitat availability greater prey interaction “Signature” algae of the low tide zone

 Codium  Coralline  Seersucker algae

(Codium fragile) (Costaria costata)  Feather boa   Winged kelp Bull kelp

(Nereocystis luetkeana) (Alaria marginata) (Egregia menziesii) Rosario Beach low intertidal sponges (that might also be found in tidepools)

 Purple  Breadcrumb  Red encrusting encrusting sponge l,s sponge l,s sponge l,s

(Halichondria sp.) (Ophlitaspongia pennata) (Haliclona sp.) Rosario Beach low intertidal tube worms

 Feather duster tube Calcareous tube worm m,l,s worm m,l,s The favorite tidepool fish – The tidepool sculpin

 Tidepool sculpin The subtidal