DOCSLIB.ORG

Events of the Games

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Events of the Games EVENTS OF THE GAMES TORCH RELAY OPENING CEREMONY ATHLETICS BASKETBALL BOXING CANOEING CYCLING EQUESTRIAN FENCING FOOTBALL GYMNASTICS HOCKEY MODERN PENTATHLON ROWING SHOOTING SWIMMING WEIGHTLIETING WRESTLING YACHTING DEMONSTRATIONS FINE ARTS CLOSING CEREMONY 215 Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library TORCH RELAY At midday on Saturday, July 17, the Olympic Flame was kindled in the ancient Stadium at Olympia by a Greek girl, a Girl Guide troop-leader from the neighbouring town of Pyrgos. She had been chosen for this honour only the evening before, because the Athenian girl and her escort who had been trained for the ceremony were not allowed to make the journey to Olympia owing to the difficulties arising from the unsettled state of the country. With her escort of young men from the town of Olympia, she carried the Flame in procession from the Stadium and across the Altis to the spot where the heart of Baron de Coubertin lies buried. A simple ceremony then took place. A message was read from Mr. Sigfrid Edstrom, the President of the International Olympic Committee, and short speeches were made by Mr. Zalacostas, the Chairman of the Greek Olympic Committee, and Mr. Cosmopoulos, the Mayor of Olympia. The first runner, Corporal Dimitrelis of the Greek Army, stepped forward, clad in uniform with his rifle in his hand. Laying down his arms and taking off his uniform, he appeared clad as an athlete and thus, having symbolised the tradition that war ceased during the period of the ancient Games, he lit his torch and set off on the first stage of the Relay. Mr. Zalacostas then handed to Commander F. W. Collins, R.N. (Retd.), the representative of the Organising Committee and Organiser of the Relay, the ancient Greek " lychms " from which the first torch had been lit, asking him to carry it to H.R.H. Princess Elizabeth as a gift from the Greek Olympic Committee. The first runner having crossed the Alpheos River, the Flame was passed on to the series of Greek runners who carried it through Pyrgos to Katacolon, the port some 22 miles from Olympia. This short route on the Greek mainland had been decided on only a short time previously, when it was evident that lack of security on the route to Athens necessitated a much shorter journey direct to the coast. Meanwhile, the Flame had been carried aboard the Greek destroyer Hastings which sailed at 7 p.m. for Corfu, arriving there early the next morning. It was taken ashore at Lefkimi and carried by runners to Corfu town, where a ceremony of welcome and a short festival of sport took place. The enthusiasm for the Flame both on the mainland and at Corfu was a forerunner of similar acts of welcome and rejoicing through­ out the whole route. Wherever the Flame went it was acclaimed as a symbol of that brighter future for which all peoples are yearning, and it was noteworthy that no differences of race, creed or political persuasion damped the ardour of those who turned out to applaud its passage. At 1.30 p.m. on July 18, H.M.S. Whitesand Bay, a frigate from the Mediterranean Fleet, received the Flame on board. As well as carrying a special burner for the Flame, one of her boilers was lit from a torch. She sailed for Bari where, at 12.30 p.m. on July 19, the Flame was carried ashore and welcomed in Italy at a ceremony in the main square of the town. Here, as in at least one city in every country through which the Relay passed, a message of welcome and good wishes for the progress of the Flame 217 Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library TORCH RELAY XIV OLYMPIAD from Mr. Edstrom was read aloud midst a large crowd, much impressed by the ceremony. allowed. None the less the occasion was used by the people of this small nation for a display of the Olympic spirit, which was not excelled in any other country. Because In Italy, the Army supplied all the runners and undertook the whole organisation of the Flame passed through the City of Luxembourg during the night, the main ceremony the route. As the torch bearers were not trained athletes, their distance was restricted was held at Wiltz after which, at 10.30 a.m. on July 27, the Flame passed on to Belgium. to about i| kms. each, the total number of runners being 762. Directly behind the first Once again, as on the entry into Luxembourg, frontier restrictions were relaxed and a runner came the official car, followed by a convoy of military vehicles and press cars. great welcome to all concerned was given by the Belgian authorities. In every town, official welcome was accorded to the Flame by the Mayor, the Prefect and other local notables, while in the country crowds gathered at every one of the change­ In Belgium all arrangements were made by the Ligue Royale d'Athletisme and, despite over points. Major receptions were held at St. Salvo, Francavilla, Roseto, Ancona, the excited crowds, the schedule was followed exactly. The chief ceremony took place Rimini, Forli, Bologna, Modena, Milan, Galarate, Baveno and Domodossola. at the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior at Brussels on the same night, when the Burgo­ master and the British Ambassador were present ; other ceremonies of welcome and At several of these places, presentations were made to the British Representative, homage were held at many of the towns en route. Mr. K. S. Duncan, who travelled from Bari to Calais in the British official car, while escorts for the Flame were often provided by past Olympic champions, boys carrying At 6.30 a.m. on July 28, the Flame re-entered France with the usual international fireworks, roller skaters, racing cars, motor cyclists and bicyclists. By night as well as goodwill being observed. Through Lille the route was lined with athletes and a by day the enthusiasm of the crowds was unbounded. This enthusiasm was a fitting ceremony was held at the Hotel de Ville. Other ceremonies took place at Armentieres, reward to the Italian Olympic Committee and the Italian Army for their great efforts to Nieppe, Bailleul and finally at Calais, where the last French runner took the Flame aboard conduct the Relay from one end of their country to the other at a time when economic H.M.S. Bicester at 6.15 p.m. conditions made such a task unduly arduous. The reserve Flames which had been lit at Olympia and had been carried throughout At 10.30 p.m. on July 23, the Flame was handed to the first Swiss runner on the in the official car were transferred to the ship, which then sailed for Dover. Simplon road. Despite the late hour, a splendid welcome was accorded by the Swiss who asked the whole of the official Italian party across the frontier, all normal frontier Arrival at Dover regulations being waived, to a ceremony of greeting and celebration. Wednesday, July 28, was a fine summer's day and a vast crowd had assembled at Dover to welcome the Flame to England. By 7.30 p.m. the whole promenade and Ceremony at Lausanne Prince of Wales' Pier were packed with people, but it was not until an hour later, at 8.25 p.m., that H.M.S. Bicester entered the harbour and, in the words of one of the The next day the Flame reached Lausanne, where Madame la Baronne de Coubertin onlookers, " You could feel the Olympic fever run through the crowd." was present at a ceremony held at Mon Repos, the I.O.C. headquarters. Thence the Flame was carried to the cemetery, where it was dipped in salute in front of the tomb From then until its arrival at Wembley at 4 p.m. the next day, the English showed in of the founder of the modern Olympic Games. Great crowds were present at Geneva no uncertain manner that they, too, wished to pay tribute to this symbol of the Olympic as the Flame passed through that city the same evening, and some 8,000 people were ideals. At Dover, the speeches of the Mayor, the Vice Lieutenant of Kent and the gathered at the Swiss/French frontier at St. Julien to bid farewell to the Flame. All representative of the British Olympic Council, Sir Lionel Fletcher, could hardly be arrangements in Switzerland were made by the Swiss Olympic Committee, and runners heard above the cheers, even though loudspeakers were used. At Charing, in Kent, at were provided not only by athletic clubs, but from the boxing, gymnastic, hockey, I.30 a.m., 3,000 people mobbed the torch bearer ; at Guildford every available policeman polo, basketball and rowing organisations. was needed to control the early morning crowds, while Western Avenue, the great double highway from Uxbridge towards London, was lined on both sides for the first Throughout July 25 and 26, the Flame was carried across south-east France, an time in history. Further civic welcomes had been arranged at Maidstone, Guildford, area in which there is no strong athletic organisation. However, the arrangements Windsor and Uxbridge and, despite the great crowds that lined the route, the time-table planned by the Federation Française d'Athletisme were good and the time-table was was strictly maintained. strictly kept. Many runners from Paris helped in the Relay, each covering stages both by day and night. At Metz there was an official welcome from the civic authorities. Up Olympic Way, with an escort of four runners and six police motor-cyclists, the pressure of the crowds was so great that the runner was reduced to a walk.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Portrayal of Black Female Athletes in Children's Picturebooks
    Strides Toward Equality: The Portrayal of Black Female Athletes in Children’s Picturebooks Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Rebekah May Bruce, M.A. Graduate Program in Education: Teaching and Learning The Ohio State University 2018 Dissertation Committee: Michelle Ann Abate, Advisor Patricia Enciso Ruth Lowery Alia Dietsch Copyright by Rebekah May Bruce 2018 Abstract This dissertation examines nine narrative non-fiction picturebooks about Black American female athletes. Contextualized within the history of children’s literature and American sport as inequitable institutions, this project highlights texts that provide insights into the past and present dominant cultural perceptions of Black female athletes. I begin by discussing an eighteen-month ethnographic study conducted with racially minoritized middle school girls where participants analyzed picturebooks about Black female athletes. This chapter recognizes Black girls as readers and intellectuals, as well as highlights how this project serves as an example of a white scholar conducting crossover scholarship. Throughout the remaining chapters, I rely on cultural studies, critical race theory, visual theory, Black feminist theory, and Marxist theory to provide critical textual and visual analysis of the focal picturebooks. Applying these methodologies, I analyze the authors and illustrators’ representations of gender, race, and class. Chapter Two discusses the ways in which the portrayals of track star Wilma Rudolph in Wilma Unlimited and The Quickest Kid in Clarksville demonstrate shifting cultural understandings of Black female athletes. Chapter Three argues that Nothing but Trouble and Playing to Win draw on stereotypes of Black Americans as “deviant” in order to construe tennis player Althea Gibson as a “wild child.” Chapter Four discusses the role of family support in the representations of Alice Coachman in Queen of the Track and Touch the Sky.
    [Show full text]
  • © 21St Century Math Projects
    © 21st Century Math Projects Project Title: Mile Run Standard Focus: Data Analysis, Patterns, Algebra & Time Range: 3-4 Days Functions Supplies: TI Graphing Technology Topics of Focus: - Scatterplots - Creating and Applying Regression Functions - Interpolation & Extrapolation of Data Benchmarks: 4. For a function that models a relationship between two quantities, interpret key Interpreting F-IF features of graphs and tables in terms of the quantities, and sketch graphs showing key Functions features given a verbal description of the relationship. 6. Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a function (presented Interpreting F-IF symbolically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a Functions graph.★ Building Functions F-BF 1. Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities.★ Interpreting 6a. Fit a function to the data; use functions fitted to data to solve problems in the Categorical and S-ID context of the data. Use given functions or choose a function suggested by the context. Quantitative Data Emphasize linear and exponential models. Interpreting Categorical and S-ID 6c. Fit a linear function for a scatter plot that suggests a linear association. Quantitative Data Procedures: A.) Students will use Graphing Calculator Technology to make scatterplots using data from the “Mile Run Chart”. (Graphing Calculator Instructions insert included) B.) Students will complete the three parts of the Mile Run Project. © 21st Century Math Projects The Mile Run In 1593, the English Parliament declared that 5,280 feet would equal 1 mile. Ever since, a mile run has become a staple fitness test everywhere -- from militaries to the high school gyms.
    [Show full text]
  • Peace Angel of Helsinki” Wanted to Save the World
    The “Peace Angel of Helsinki” wanted to save the world By Volker Kluge Unauthorised intruder at the ceremony: 23-year-old Barbara Rotraut Pleyer took her place in Olympic history with her ‘illegal’ lap of the stadium as the ‘’Peace Angel of Helsinki’’. Photo: Suomen Urheilumuseo On the 19th July 1952, the weather gods proved ungracious opening formula – for the first time in four languages. as a storm raged over Helsinki. The downpour continued Six thousand doves flew away into the grey sky, startled for hours. Yet people still streamed towards the by the 21 gun salute which accompanied the raising of stadium, protected by umbrellas and capes. Once there, the Olympic Flag. they found 70,000 wet seats. Gusts of wind made them The last torchbearer who entered the stadium was shiver. Yet they remained good-humoured, for this was nine time Olympic champion Paavo Nurmi. He kindled the opening of an Olympics for which Finland had been the bowl in the centre field. Shortly afterwards, another forced to wait twelve years. running legend Hannes Kolehmainen lit the fire at the The rain had relented by the time fanfares announced top of the stadium tower. A choir sang the Olympic hymn the ceremony at one o’clock on the dot. In those days by Jaakko Linjama. the ceremonial was still somewhat ponderous but this This solemn moment was to be followed by a sermon time at least, the IOC Members did not wear top hat and by Archbishop Ilmari Salomies. Instead, there was an tails when they were presented to Finland’s President unexpected incident.
    [Show full text]
  • Football IS Coming Home! on Sunday (11 July 2021) England Will Be Playing Italy in the Final of the Euros Football Tournament at Wembley Stadium
    Football IS coming home! On Sunday (11 July 2021) England will be playing Italy in the final of the Euros football tournament at Wembley Stadium. There is nowhere else in our country more appropriate for this historic match, but why is that? 1. Wembley Stadium and its new steps, April 2021. (Photo by Philip Grant) One hundred years ago, when the British Empire Exhibition was being planned, the then Prince of Wales, who was President of its organising committee, wanted it to include ‘a great national sports ground’. His wish was granted, and the giant reinforced concrete Empire Stadium, with its iconic twin towers, was built in just 300 days. It hosted the FA Cup final in April 1923, and a year later its first England international football match, against Scotland (a 1-1 draw). 2. The Empire Stadium at Wembley in 1924. (Image from the Wembley History Society Colln. at Brent Archives) The long-term future of the stadium was in doubt, until it was saved from demolition in 1927 by Arthur Elvin. He ensured that annual events, like the FA Cup and Rugby League Challenge Cup finals were popular days out for spectators, as well as making the stadium pay its way with regular greyhound and speedway racing meetings. Although cup finals made the stadium famous in this country, the 1948 Olympic Games put Wembley on the world map. The Olympic football final at Wembley saw Sweden beating Yugoslavia 3-1, with Denmark taking the bronze medal after a 5-3 victory over Great Britain. 3. An aerial view of Wembley Stadium during the 1937 FA Cup final.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    introduCtion A misty rain fell on the spectators gathered at Wembley Stadium in London, England, but the crowd was still strong at 60,000. It was the final day of track and field competition for the XIV Olympiad. Dusk was quickly approaching, but the women’s high jump competition was still underway. Two athletes remained, an American by the name of Alice Coachman and the British, hometown favorite, Dorothy Tyler. With an Olympic gold medal on the line, both athletes seemed content to remain all night, if necessary, as they continued to match each other at height after height. But then at 5 ´6½˝, neither one cleared the bar. The audience waited in the darkening drizzle while the judges conferred to determine who would be crowned the new Olympic champion. Finally, the judges ruled that one of the two athletes had indeed edged out the other through fewer missed attempts on previous heights. Alice Coachman had just become the first African American woman to win an Olympic gold 1 medal. Her leap of 5 ´6 ⁄8˝ on that August evening in 1948 set new Olympic and American records for the women’s high jump. The win cul - minated a virtually unparalleled ten-year career in which she amassed an athletic record of thirty-six track and field national championships— twenty-six individual and ten team titles. From 1939, when she first won the national championship for the high jump at the age of sixteen, she never surrendered it; a new champion came only after her retirement at the conclusion of the Olympics.
    [Show full text]
  • Actlaa Best Performance Records
    ACTLAA BEST PERFORMANCE RECORDS Note: Due to the use of Electronic Timing at ACTLAA carnivals held at Bruce Stadium, the following Track Event Records have been standardised. This means that where only a Hand Held record performance is available, this result is standardised to Electronic Timing by adding 0.24 seconds up to 300metres and .14 for 400m (ie 10 seconds Hand Held is equivalent to 10.24 seconds Standardised - "10.24s/S"). EVENT ATHLETE PERFORMANCE CENTRE DATE EVENT ATHLETE PERFORMANCE CENTRE DATE U/7 BOYS U/7 GIRLS Long Jump M.Beckenham 3.70m Qbn 1983 Long Jump M.Kelly 3.38m Qbn Feb-95 Shot Put (1kg) K.Kouparitsas 8.85m Cor Mar-94 Shot Put (1kg) S. Rauraa 7.33m Gin Nov-16 U/8 BOYS U/8 GIRLS 50 Metres J.Pilliner 8.04s/S Gin Mar-91 50 Metres G. O'Rourke 8.10s/E Wod Mar-03 70 Metres T.Harper 10.34s/S Wes 1978 70 Metres K.McDonald 11.04s/S Bel Mar-90 100 Metres T.Harper 14.24s/S Wes 1978 100 Metres G. O'Rourke 15.59s/E Wod Mar-03 200 Metres D.Toohey 30.64s/S Wes Mar-87 200 Metres K.Smith 31.64s/S Wod 1980 60 M Hurdles J. Tsekenis 11.52s/E Wes Apr-05 60 M Hurdles V. Chard 11.45s/E Qbn Mar-03 Long Jump M.Beckenham 4.05m Qbn 1984 Long Jump M.Kelly 4.07m Qbn Mar-96 Shot Put (1.5kg) K.Kouparitsas 9.77m Cor Feb-95 Shot Put (1.5kg) S.
    [Show full text]
  • January 2016 Issue 317
    January 2016 Issue 317 Ladies Surrey County team, at Denbies Ladies Surrey League, at Reigate Priory 1 In this issue page Editorial 3 Cross Country Roundup 4 Greenbelt Relay 9 Welsh Castles Relay 11 Stragglers Profile: Malcolm Davies 13 Nigel Rothwell reflects on the past 12 months 15 The Importance of Winter hydration 19 WALK – Going the Distance 21 Portsmouth Ultra Marathon report 22 Kingston Physiotherapy – 15% off for Stragglers 25 Cabbage Patch 4 Results 26 Cross country skiing trip to Germany 28 Stragglers and Richmond Bridge Boat Club Race 30 Future Race Dates 31 2 Editorial Welcome to the first Stragmag of 2016! There an was excellent end to 2015 – convincing victory in the mob match against 26.2, and a well-attended pub crawl, and an equally good start to 2016 – a great turn out for the New Year’s Day run and New Year party at the Hampton Hill Cricket Club. Many Strags are well into their marathon training and the latest initiative from the club’s training group – improve your 5k – is proving popular. The cross country season has one more set of league fixtures with our men’s team well placed for promotion. This issue has a roundup of recent XC activity for men, ladies and juniors. We’re also already turning our attention to the summer relays, with Green Belt and Welsh Castles teams already being organised. Having completed profiles of committee members, I’m now focusing on members who make an important contribution to an aspect of club life and with Welsh Castles in mind it’s the turn of men’s team organiser Malcolm Davies.
    [Show full text]
  • Wembley Stadium Visitor
    Car/Coach Park Wembley Park Entrance Club Wembley entrances FULTON ROAD from Olympic Way FULTON ROAD Club Wembley Access & Wembley Stadium North Entrance – Level 1 Main Reception – Level B2 Club Wembley Car Parks Main Entrance – Level B2 & North Entrance – Level 1 UTHERFORD WAY Y OLYMPIC WAY OLYMPIC R A EMPIRE WAY W H T F I F Wembley Stadium Main Reception, Staff & Contractors Reception & ENGINEERS WAY Club Wembley Main Entrance – Level B2 Wembley Stadium Store† – Level B1 Wembley Arena system y a Arena Square One W One LAKESIDE WAY Staff & Contractors B4565 Green reception – Level B2 Car Park Area under Wembley Stadium redevelopment Store* – Level B1 STADIUM WAY Olympic way m e t York s y s House y a W e ROYAL ROUTE n FIRST WAYO Plaza Red Car Hotel Park FROM Ibis NORTH CIRCULAR SOUTH WAY AY White Horse W TH Wembley Central Bridge SOU Station B4557 Arena (Allow 15 minutes walk WEMBLEY HILL Square to the Stadium) Wembley Stadium Station Staff/Contractors Gate 3* Gate 5 reception – level B2 HIGH ROAD (Access to H turnstile) A404 HARR Ramp up to Level 1 & Club Wembley North Entrance Ramp up to Level 1 & Club Wembley North Entrance Ramp up to Level 1 & Club Wembley OW Main Entrance Lower level (B2) for Club Wembley RO A D * Please note that to travel to Gate 3 from Gate 5, turn left into First Way and follow the one way system (via Fifth Way) all the way around then turn left into South Way † Wembley Stadium The Wembley Stadium Store is accessed via the stairs at the North of the stadium Main Reception – level B2 in front of the main reception on level B2.
    [Show full text]
  • Comrades Marathon 2019 Male – Profiles
    COMRADES MARATHON 2019 MALE – PROFILES Nedbank Running Club - Administrative Head Office Tel: (012) 541 0577 Fax: (012) 541 3752 www.nedbankrunningclub.co.za Nedbank Ltd Reg No 1951/000009/06. Authorised financial services and registered credit provider (NCRCP16). CURRICULUM VITAE: EDWARD MOTHIBI PERSONAL DETAILS FIRST NAME / SURNAME: Edward Mothibi DATE OF BIRTH: 10 November 1984 CLUB: Nedbank Running Club NATIONALITY: South African EMAIL / CONTACT: [email protected] / 0145690179 / 0837815475 PERSONAL BEST TIMES Distance Time Venue Year 21km 1:04 P.E -RSA 2010 Marathon 2:24 Soweto RSA 2018 Comrades 5:36 Durban RSA 2018 Two Oceans 56km 3:22 Cape Town 2017 Best Performances 2019 Deloitte Pretoria Marathon 02:29:50, 4th Intercare Classic 21km 01:09:31, 2nd Best Performances 2018 Comrades Marathon: 5:36, 4th FNB 10km Joburg: 30:50, 9th Soweto Marathon: 2:24, 6th Akasia marathon: 2:29, 1st Best Performances 2017 Two oceans marathon: 3:22, 17th Mandela Marathon: 2:31, 9th Soweto Marathon: 2:25, 9th Best Performances 2016 S.A 21km champs :1:05, Jacaranda half marathon: 1:06, 2nd 25km mountain race (Rustenburg) 1:31 Two oceans Marathon 3:41 Soweto marathon: 2:25 7th place Nedbank Running Club - Administrative Head Office Tel: (012) 541 0577 Fax: (012) 541 3752 www.nedbankrunningclub.co.za Nedbank Ltd Reg No 1951/000009/06. Authorised financial services and registered credit provider (NCRCP16). CURRICULUM VITAE: Juan van Deventer PERSONAL DETAILS FIRST NAME / SURNAME: Juan van Deventer DATE OF BIRTH: 26 March 1983 CLUB: Nedbank Running
    [Show full text]
  • Office of Racing Integrity Harness Racing Stewards
    OFFICE OF RACING INTEGRITY HARNESS RACING STEWARDS REPORT CLUB: LAUNCESTON PACING CLUB DATE: SUNDAY 16 APRIL 2017 TRACK: GOOD WEATHER: FINE STEWARDS: A CROWTHER (CHAIRMAN) R BROWN J ZUCAL S QUILL P HALL D COOPER J AINSCOW G GRIFFIN (STARTER) VETERINARY SURGEON: DR FIONA DUGGAN AND DR ALICIA FULLER Trainers with multiple runners engaged in any race were questioned as to their intended driving tactics. RACE 1 – ISLAND BLOCK AND PAVING PACE – 1680 METRES FEELIN DUSTY hung out severely in the score up and was significantly out of position at the start and will now be placed out of the draw, KRAFTY BOY has been placed back in the mobile draw. Shortly after the 300 metres, MISS SUPERBIA (Mark Yole) hung out under pressure, at the same time FEELIN DUSTY (Paul Hill) hung in under pressure and MISS SUPERBIA then contacted the sulky of FEELIN DUSTY and briefly raced rough. After unsuccessfully contesting the lead in the early stages, IDEN FOREST then restrained to take a trail. IDEN FOREST also hung in and contacted marker pegs. RACE 2 – LUXBET RACING CENTRE STAKES – 2200 METRES A Duggan was not listed in the racebook as the driver of THIRLSTANE KING. NEVER UNACHIEVABLE and ANIMI SUB IGNIS were both out of position at the start and will continue right out of the draw. THIRLSTANE KING was inconvenienced from the 500 metres behind the tiring ITSWHATILIKEABOUTU and was then held up in the latter stages of the race and unable to obtain clear running. TENFOUR was held up in the early part of the home straight.
    [Show full text]
  • The Changing Role of Women in the Olympic Games
    The changing role of women in the Olympic Games port belongs to all human beings. it is not surprising that women were ex- by Anita L. DeFrantz* It is unique to the human species. cluded from the first modern-era S Like humans, other animals engage Olympic Games, held in Athens in 1896. in play. But only the human species Games, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, was Even though women were excluded takes part in sport. We are the only not in favour of women participating in from the 1896 Olympic Games, an en- ones on earth who set up barriers and the Games, or in sports in general. Writ- during legend has maintained that a try to jump over them to see who can ing in the Olympic Review in 1912: Cou- woman ran “unofficially” in the men’s get to the finish line first. We are the bertin defined the Games as “the solemn marathon. The evidence suggests that only ones who compete for the sheer and periodic exaltation of male athleti- no woman ran in the marathon along- satisfaction of winning. cism, with internationalism as a base, side the men, but that a woman did run Sport is our birthright. Sport provides loyalty as a means, art for its setting, the marathon course the day after the an opportunity for individuals to set and female applause as reward”. Ac- Olympic Games. their own goals and accomplish those cording to the sport historian Mary By the end of the nineteenth century goals, whether to run a mile in four min- Leigh, he believed that “a woman’s glory and during the beginning of the twenti- utes or to jump eight feet.
    [Show full text]
  • Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 75-3121
    INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation.
    [Show full text]