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Home , Gamla Uppsala, Iron Age Scandinavia, Migration Period, Scandinavian Peninsula, Ship burial, The Viking Way (book)

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The World

Stefan Brink, Neil Price

Scandinavia before the

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203412770.ch1 Lotte Hedeager Published online on: 31 Oct 2008

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4 RN Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 13:06 02 Oct 2021; For: 9780203412770, chapter1, 10.4324/9780203412770.ch1 People, societyandsocialinstitutions W ‘ settlements, goldhoardsetc. haveencouragedinterpretationsusingtermssuch as and followingPierreBourdieuwearefacedwiththeconcept of the terminologyofFernandBraudelandAnnalesschool thisis collective representationsinanysocietyarehighlystable andchangeveryslowly.Using on thementalityandcognitionofpre-Christianpast. Thereasonisthatstructuresof exaggerate andfabricateatsomepoints,thesesources containvaluableinformation Although writtendowninaChristiancontext,andalthough thefactthattheymay and hasbeenamatterofseriousdebateinthewake thisnewresearchtradition. explanatory frameworkforthelateIronAgecausesobviousmethodologicalproblems mentality, cosmologyandsystemsofbelief.However, theuseofOldNorsesourcesasan is duetothenewapproachinarchaeology,whichfocusesoncognitivestructures, juxtaposed withtheOldNorsesourcesfromtwelfthtofourteenthcentury.This the migrationperiodonwards(i.e.from of compositionandperformance. mitted fromgenerationtowithintheconstraintsofrulersandtraditions events. Quitetheopposite,infact,althoughtheirhistoricaltraditionwasoral,trans- the peopleofScandinaviawerewithouthistory,oranyknowledgeancient onwards thatScandinaviahasitsownwrittenhistory.Thisdoesnot,however, meanthat established asaseriousforceinpaganScandinavia.Itisconsequentlyonlyfromthisdate date onwardsdidScandinaviaconsistofuni keener interestin domains intoacoherentwhole. Anumberofnewexcavationshavecontributedto a communities; inbothcasesthe world-viewofagivensocietytendstofusetheseseparate Christian Scandinaviacansofarbecomparedtotraditional non-western,pre-industrial enabling themtogetbeyondthearchaeologicalandtextual evidence. furnish archaeologistswithageneraltheoreticalframework oflong-timeperspective, The archaeologicalresearchtraditionintheScandinavianlateIronAge,thatis,from Lacking amodernseparationofeconomic,politicaland religiousinstitutions,pre- ’ , hat isknownastheMiddleAgesinScandinaviabeginsaround millennium laterthantherestofwesternandcentralEurope.Onlyfromthis ‘ aristocracy SCANDINAVIA BEFORE ‘ central places ’ , andthelike,providinga concretecounterparttoOldNorse THE VIKINGAGE CHAPTER ONE ’ and Lotte Hedeager ‘ cult sites 11 fi fth century),hassincethe fi ’ ed kingdomsandChristianitywas , whilemajornew ‘ habitus ‘ la longuedur fi nds ofmanorial ad ’ . Bothofthem

1000 1990 , halfa s been é e ’

– Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 13:06 02 Oct 2021; For: 9780203412770, chapter1, 10.4324/9780203412770.ch1 political organisation. evidence thesetopicshaveusuallybeenthestartingpointformodelsofsocialand settlement, economyandsociety,tradeurbanisation.Combinedwithburial based primarilyontheeconomiccharacter, involvingsuchaspectsasagricultureand (Melheim Berggren south-eastern Norwayduringthelate and Scandinaviainthesixth andseventhcenturies(Newton archaeological indicationsofkindredrelationsbetweenthe royalfamiliesofEastAnglia andValsg connection revealedbetween theSuttonHooshipburialandburialsfrom and the disciplinary approachhasbeendevelopedthroughthe V the provinceofSk Scandinavian pantheon. with this Nordstr of the the sixthandseventhcenturies.Heretherearepossibleties betweentherulingfamilies and thattheirkingsweredivinebecausetheydescended from in smallgroupsfromScandinavia,butthattheiridentity waslinkedtoScandinavia references). Whatiscrucial,however, isnottowhatextentthese people onceemigrated (Nielsen early Europeanmigrationmythsismuchdisputed(seeHedeager 1998 mentality amongthenewGermanicwarlordsandkingsinEurope(Hedeager authors copyingoneanother. Mythsplayedavitalroleinthecreationofpolitical tained bytheGermanicpeoplesofearlymedievalEurope,wasmorethanjustaseries Scandinavian originmyth,repeatedbyseveraloftheearlymedievalnarratorsandmain- them, oratleasttheroyalfamilies,claimedtheirorigin(Hedeager of themigration-periodGermanicpeoplesinEuropeasplacefromwhichmany centuries wasneverthelessknowntohaveheldquiteaspecialpositionintheminds Although withoutawrittenhistoryofitsown,Scandinaviainthesixthandseventh studies. Amongthemostimportantsitesinthisrespectare literature, newdirectionsinresearchintothehistoryofreligion,andplace-name Age hasemerged (Myhre memory, cultactivity,skilledcraftproductionandexerciseofpowerinthelateIron alternative understandingoftheconnectionbetweenpoliticalauthority,mythsand religious, judicialandpoliticalconditionsareseenascloselyinterwovenwherean (Munch ä gar tillMidg The muchlaterOldEnglishpoem From thesparsewrittenbut richarchaeologicalmaterialitisevidentthatclose A new, interdisciplinary researchmovementhasdevelopedaroundtheseissueswhere , Wyl 2000 ö et al. Wul et al. m et al. fi fi et al. ngas gure 1983 ; Geary fi

ng

2003 1994

å , etymologicallyidenticaltothe 2004 s whowerethoughttoliveinwhatisnowsouth-western Swedenand ’ 2004 rd s clearassociationwiththeGermanicpaganreligionand, maybe,the ). ä at the University of (Jennbert attheUniversityofLund(Jennbert rde inthemid-SwedishM ). å ; Hedeager ne (LarssonandH ). Asimilarapproachistobefoundinsomeotherresearchprojects , andtoacertaindegreeinJesch 2003 MYTH, MEMORY ANDART ; Hill 2003 2001 –– andHedeager 2003 Lotte Hedeager ), Sorte Muld ). Naturally,thefactualelementwithinthese fi å fth andsixthcenturies.Furthermore,thereare rdh 12 ä 1998 maydrawontraditionsthathaverootsin lar area(Bruce-Mitford Wuf 2005 onBornholm(Watt ; H fi ngas asthelatestoutlines).Theinter- –– å 2002 rdh et al. , theEastAnglianroyalfamily, 2003 ). Earlierstudieshavebeen

fi 2002 1993 ve-year researchproject Gudme ) and Gautr ; Andr : 2000 117 1997 / 1999 Lundeborg 1979 or Borg ), notleastthe and é , n ), Ó ; Lammand 2000 inLofoten et al. ð Upp inn 2005 onFyn / å ). This Wotan

2004 1997 kra for in ; , , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 13:06 02 Oct 2021; For: 9780203412770, chapter1, 10.4324/9780203412770.ch1 1980 impressive eliteartstyle(Salin among themigratingGermanicpeoples.Itwasimitatedandelaborated,becomingan half oftheeighthcentury(Roth 1997 the seventh,Nordic iconography (Hedeager by thearchaeologicalevidence,notablyweapons,,and,notleast,artand royal families/peoples,expressedincontemporaneouswrittensources,issupported duringthesecenturies.TheScandinavianoriginmythamongtheGermanic contacts existedbetweenthenoblefamiliesofsouthernScandinaviaandthosewestern world (Kristoffersen had anindisputablesigni part ofthepre-Christianmaterialcultureindicatesthatanimalsalsomayhave system ofbelief(Hedeager the animalstyleinaChristiancontexthadtodowithitsanchoringquitedifferent vincingly, however, itcanbeargued thatthelackofpotentialforsurvivalandrenewal preferred anewstylearound that thepeople social implicationsthatthisentailed.Thiscanofcoursebeexplainedthroughtheidea develop fromaround pagan warriorelitepersistedduringtheViking Age,theNordicanimalstyleceasedto 2004 has muchincommonwiththelessattested externalised and isusuallyvisibleonlyattimesofcrisis,eitherin waking orindreams.Itisan transfer theirpowerstoanothermemberofthefamily. individuals, oftenatbirth,andremainwiththemright throughtodeath,whenthey (Kristoffersen of thesocio-cosmologicalorder andassuchparticipatesinthelegitimisationofpower also explainshowtheanimal stylewasinvolvedinthecreationandmaintenance and Germanic how animalornamentationcouldsustainanorganising roleintheScandinavian and thatthe 2003 words Norse textswe the physicalorderofuniverse(Roe abstract principle,re which suggeststhatthesestyles,structurallyspeaking,incorporateanoverriding that istosay,itentirelyaparaphrasingofmanyfacetedcomplexanimalmotifs Kristoffersen 2003 It didnotsurvivethemeetingwithanewbeliefsystemandpolitical Acknowledging thatcontactwiththeOtherWorld passedthroughthe animals The Nordicanimalornamentationdoesnotonlyincorporateanimals,it ; N ), untilthepointwhenCatholicChristianityputdown , : ; Gaimster 2005 71 hugr, ä ). sman ). –– ‘ soul fylgja 2001 1995 fi chapter – nd adualistrelationshipbetweenmanandanimal.Itisexpressedinthe 1984 ’ societyupuntiltheintroduction/consolidationofChristianity. It 1998 – and butalsoanembodimentofpersonalluckanddestiny, theconcept especiallytheelite ). wastheembodimentofpersonaldestiny,alsohelpsus understand , fl ad : map 2000 1995 ecting socialorderand ; Andr hamr

1998 1100 fi

gurative worldwasusedasasymbolicallysigni a, b;Lindstr , . Itconsistsofprotectivespiritswhichattachthemselves to 1 fi 2003 : 10 2000 é ). Fromaboutthebeginningof cant positioninthepre-Christianperceptionof . n Scandinavia beforetheViking Age 1904 ; Hines 1200 2000 1979 ). Theobviousroleofanimalstyleasaninseparable b; Hedeager ; Karlsson underthein ; Glosecki : 86 – ø 1984 1995 m andKristoffersen hadacquireddifferenttastesandtherefore ). InScandinavia,ontheotherhand,wherea 13 hamr – ; LundHansen 1983 : perhapssubconsciously (Orchard 58 1997 1989 ). AsarecurrentthemeintheOld fl ; Haseloff uence oftheChurch.Morecon- , ; Magnus Fylgja 1998 2002 oftenappearsasananimal , fi 1981 rm rootsduringthe 1992 2003 ; Raudvere 2001 2001 fi fth centuryupuntil ; Roth ; H , ; Hedeager 2004 ; Lindstr – ø alsore ilund Nielsen –– 1979 2001 ; Jakobsson fi is cant style animals, ; Speake ø : fl m and 102 ecting 2003 fi rst f., – , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 13:06 02 Oct 2021; For: 9780203412770, chapter1, 10.4324/9780203412770.ch1 but alsoelementsofstyle animal ornamentation.Onthispremise,itmaybepresumedthatnotonlyobjects attachments,reliefbroochesetc. over Scandinavia.Theyconsistedofawidevarietypreciousobjects display. Duringthesecenturiesimmensenumbersofgoldhoardsweredepositedall the Viking Age)thattheamountofhoardssignalanoutstandingintensecompetitive all thewaythrough(seeBazelmans gift-giving wasembeddedinthecosmologicalworldandassuchhighlyritualised and ceremonialuseinthesocialreproductionoflateIronAge.Althoughidea Items ofgoldandsilver, oftenlavishlyornamented,playedanimportantroleforritual political alliances,betweenlordandwarrior-followeramongthewarrioreliteitself. impression ofgift-givingasthedecisiveinstrumentincreatingandupholdingthese The writtensources,whetherOldNorseorfromearlymedievalEurope,givethe treasures, thatis, communicated speci with specialqualitiesandthroughtimetheygottheirownbiographytherefore a greatdealofcare.Bymeansanimalornamentationtheseobjectswereimbedded 1979 the dominantapproach(fordiscussionseeinparticularGeisslinger of creatingallianceswiththegods.Inpastdecadelatterexplanationhasbeen tactical gifts,thatis,ritualsacri of Sk whereamajorityofthegold perspective theyareconnectedtofertileagriculturalareas.Thisisparticularlyclearin which, fromamodernandrationaleconomicpointofview, aremarginal, inanoverall 1994 (Brink sacral placenames,thatis,nameswith means thetransitionalzonebetweenlandandwater, andthisis whereamajorityof in marginal areaswheretheyareinparticularlinkedtobogs, streams,coastsetc.,that central settlementareas,in localities inthelandscape(seealsoJohansen (Hedeager isabout Swedeninthisperiod)(Hedeager people wholivedintheseareas. Althoughhidden,thesehoardsremained they gavelegitimacytothe land bybecomingpartofthediscursiveknowledge link betweenpastandpresent, betweenthisworldandtheOtherWorld, andassuch scape bycreatingasacredtopographyinpeople ritual practice.Oncedeposited,forgenerationsthehoards mayhaveshapedtheland- negotiation withtheOtherWorld andthedepositionsmustre to upholdaspecialpositionintheperceptionofcultural landscapeasplacesfor (Hedeager generations, continuingto play anactiveroleinpeople Broadly speaking,thehoardshavebeenexplainedintwodifferentways:as ; Fonnesbech-Sandberg a; Wiker å ne andV 1996 1999 1999 ; Andersen 1999 ). ). Thehoardshaveobviouslybeendepositedindeliberately chosen ä sterg ‘ economic 50 fi ). Althoughagreatdealofthegoldhoardsarefoundinareas c messages. ö kg,inNorwayitismuchless(estimatedone-thirdorless) tland (approx. ANDGIFT-GIVING 1998 – notleasttheiconographicones ’ – 1985 : depositionsmeanttogobackintocirculation orverycloseto 26 –– ; Jakobsson fi ; Hines Lotte Hedeager 1999 ces, meantforthesupernaturalworldandaway fi nds comefromthemostfertileSwedishprovinces 22 , – 2000 Óð andtheywereoftenhighlydecoratedwith kg,i.e.morethanhalfofthegoldfrom 14 1989 inn, T 1997 ), itisonlyinthemigrationperiod(as ’ s minds.Theymayhaverepresentedthe ; Hedeager 1999 1996 – houses,andtheyhavebeenfound : ý 91 r, FreyrandGod,arelocatedtoo : : –– ). Thistransitionalzoneappears 246 97 ). Theyhavebeenfoundin ’ s negotiationwiththepast ). Theamountofgoldin 1991 – havebeenselectedwith fl , ect somekindofpast 1992 – 1967 ,rings, , 1999 ; Herschend ‘ visible ; Fabech – oras ’ for Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 13:06 02 Oct 2021; For: 9780203412770, chapter1, 10.4324/9780203412770.ch1 element, whichgavethepractitionersaspecialstatus(Herbert ff.). Thetechnicalitiesofmetallurgy andmetalworkincluded asymbolicandritual skilled artisansaswell,buttheiractivitiesaremoredif blacksmiths andjewellers eties conceivedofasthequalitypower. Theroleofthemetalworkers andskilledcraftsmanshipwereinfactcloselyconnectedtowhatthesesoci- and craftsmanshipareusuallyregardedasaneutralorevensecondaryaffair, but transformed intoprestigiousobjectsessentialforlocalritualpurposes.Metalproduction places inthelateIronAgewerelocalitieswherepreciousmetalsfromoutside and symbolically,inordertomeetlocalideologicalneeds.Asaresultofthis,thecentral brought intotheirsociety,wheretheyweresubsequentlytransformed,bothmaterially a neutrallight.Theelitewasinvolvedinprocessbywhichresourcesfromoutsidewere any prehistoricsocietyeversawactivitiesandobjectsassociatedwithremotedistancesin (Hedeager hold asigni Keeping thisinminditisnot surprisingthatforging andthemanufactureofjewellery demands, butthisisnottrue ofitemsgoldandsilver, whichmetsocialrequirements. Obviously weaponsandiron toolswereprimarilymanufacturedtomeetpractical been anessentialpartofday-to-dayworkinallnon-urban, pre-industrialsocieties. a functionalperspective:allbigfarmsneededtoolsandweapons, andforging musthave activities musthaveservedapurpose.Thisproblemmay ofcoursebeapproachedfrom and bigfarmfromthe 2001 frame (Helms phenomenon, butalsointermsofqualitiesandvaluesprevailingwithinacosmological long-distance tradecannotmerelybeunderstoodasamaterialisticandeconomic and acquisitionofvaluablegoods,becausetheassociationelitewithcrafts take intoconsiderationthepossiblesymbolicstructureunderlyingproduction J hierarchical politicalstructurealloverfertileScandinaviainthemigrationperiod. – networks. Thehoardsmayhaveservedasaninstrumentinorganising special roleasmediatorinresource-consumingpoliticalalliancesandlong-distance activities(LarssonandH centuries, oftenwithgreatquantitiesofmetal archaeology duringthepastdecadestoclassifyspeci structure. Theconceptof evidence providetheonlybasisforanalysinghierarchicalstructureinthissettlement locations ofreligiousorpoliticalpower, thearchaeologicalsourcesandtoponymic For theNordicrealmbefore ø theculturallandscapeaccordingtocosmologicalworldinaslightlymore rgensen Given theimportanceofforging andjewelleryassociatedwith anycentralsettlement To understandthe roleofcentralplacesinsouthernScandinaviaitisimportantto The goldhoardsweredepositedinaperiodofgreatsocialstress,andplayed ; Jakobsson 2003 2001 –– fi 1993 CENTRAL PLACESFORACQUISITION cant placeinthemythological worldofpre-ChristianScandinavia chapter ). ; Jakobsson 2003 ; DeMarrais ; Haaland AND TRANSFORMATION fi fth centuryuntilthelateViking AgeinScandinavia,such

– 1 deservesspecialattention.Weavers, forexample,havebeen 2003 : ‘ 800 central places Scandinavia beforetheViking Age å et al. rdh 2004 ). , wherethereisnotextualevidenceofanyspeci

1996 1998 ; Gansum ; Earle ; H 15 ’ hasbeendevelopedinScandinavian å rdh andLarsson 2004 fi 1990 nds indicatingextendedcastingand fi ). c richsettlementsitesfromthese fi , 2004 cult totrace(Holand ). Itishighlyunlikelythat 2002 1984 ; Hedeager , – 1993 orreorganising –– – ; Hedeager especially 2001 2001 : 104 fi c ; Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 13:06 02 Oct 2021; For: 9780203412770, chapter1, 10.4324/9780203412770.ch1 2002 have servedculticfunctionsasapagan beyond thesiteitself.Furthermore,onseveraloftheseplacesaspecialbuildingseemsto or religiouscontrolexercisedoveralarger area;theradiusoftheirin matter ofdebate,suchcentralplacesmayhaveservedasabasisforsomeformpolitical more landingplacesorportssituatedonthecoast(Fabech teristically, manyofthesesitesarelocatedafewkilometresinland,relyingononeor Scandinavia, seeMagnus and ofeconomicactivityfarintotheMiddleAges(for an overviewofsettlementsin come intobeinguntilafter being thewargodamong 1996 places werealsotheresidenceofparticularlyprivilegedwarriorsorhousecarls(Brink furthermore, withspecialculticactivitiesperformedbyreligiousspecialists.These ated withspecialfunctionssuchastheskilledcraftofjewellery,weapons,clothingand, where lawsweremadeandcultsestablished,thesecentralplacesalsoassoci- et al. 1993 back tothefourthcentury(e.g. ( Boeslunde N from thelaterpartofIronAge(apossiblerankingtheseplacescanbefoundin at thecentreofagroupprincipalfarmsteads;itwasheartcentralplaces church hall, culthallormoothall:theplaceinwhichfunctionsof ingly recognised.Placessuchas Enright ponents of ideological universerepresentedinthesetexts(Herschend exploitation ofresourcesinnorthern Scandinavia(Myhre The needforexoticrawmaterial wasthebackgroundforincreasinglyintensive food, alcoholicdrinks,andthe likearelesswellpreservedandthereforerecognised. known inthearchaeological records,whilecarvedwooditems,prodigaldressandfur, power. Themetalitems,primarilyweapons, jewelleryanddrinkingequipment,arewell for luxurygoodstoful re nomic organisation, withcentrallylocalisedproduction sites, marketsandemporia,is networks oflong-distancealliancesandgift-giving.Their formofpoliticalandeco- Carolingians gainedsupremacyoverneighbouringkingdoms bymilitaryconquestand In theaftermathofWest RomanEmpire,theMerovingiansandsubsequently the Gamla fl ä In additiontotheir Indeed, theOldNorseliteraturealsothrowssomelightoncertainessentialcom- sman ected inthepettykingdomsofScandinavia.Kingsandnobles developedagreatneed

) and ; Fabech ; J 1996 ’ ) wereunited(seethecomprehensiveaccountinHerschend ø 1996 rgensen 1999 , , J ; Hedeager ø Tiss ‘ rlunde powerful ; Brink : SCANDINAVIA BEFORE THEVIKINGS 1998 ø 1 onZealand,whichactuallymeans , ; J 2003 , H ø Kalmarg , ; Hedeager rgensen ö gom ’ Hamar places.Forexample,thehallassumesgreatimportancein 1996 2001 ; Brink fi , ‘ of l thesocialandritualobligationsnecessarytokeepthem in 2002 Vendel fi ). ApparentlyON ; H å and 2003 cial rd ad 1996 æ ; Skre å , –– rdh andLarsson sir ’ and Gudme 2001 functionastradingandmarketsites,centres

N 400 ), whichexistedalloverScandinavia,asisnowincreas- Borg ). ø Gudme Lotte Hedeager ; Callmer rre Snede 2001 ; Jakobsson Valsg . Manyofthesesitesremainedcentrespower inNorway; / Lundeborg vi / Lundeborg ). ä 16 , forexamplein , rde Stentinget 1997 salr inSweden(Munch 2002 and meansthekings 2003 ; LarssonandH , Sl ‘ Sorte Muld ; SkreandStylegar T Upp , ö –– inge ý ). Someofthecentralplacesgo Drengsted r ’ 2003 å s Lake 1999 , kra Helg Upp 1993 ), butthemajoritydonot : ). Althoughthisisstilla ’ 91 , and ö å (J , kra å , ) andaclosercontact rdh ’ et al. 1998 andearls ø 1997 ‘ rgensen inSk theatre, courtand fl , 1998 uence wentwell Tiss

, 2004 ). Thehallwas 2003 a, inDenmark; Upp å ø 1999 ; Lundqvist ne (Larsson , ’ 2003 assembly ). Charac- å ; Duczko Tofteg kra : , ; 414 å T V rd ý ä r , , ; Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 13:06 02 Oct 2021; For: 9780203412770, chapter1, 10.4324/9780203412770.ch1 (Christensen extensive sizesupportsLejre of theDanishkingsduring the migrationperiod.Anewlyexcavatedmanorialsite of 900 Saxo Grammaticusfromaround sixth century.OldLejreismentionedamongothersin was establishedandconsolidated duringtheformativeperiodofsixth,seventhand dynasty ofthe Norse religioninthelateIronAge(Price with theS seventh earliest werebuiltinabout in withanimpressiveburialgroundanumberoflarge mounds;the important landroutes,andatstrategicplacesalongthecoast.AremarkablesiteisBorre south-eastern ,generallyinthebestagriculturaldistricts,closetoriversand this period,mainlyontheScandinavianpeninsula.Theyarefoundininnerpartof the Scandinavianelite.Someimpressivegravemonumentswereconstructedduring However, theycon goods arethereforesoheavilydamagedthatonlysmallfragmentshavebeenpreserved. ally speaking,duringthelateIronAgecremationgravesdominateandusuallygrave ury goods,developedduringthesecenturies. extensive resourceconsumption,includinghighlyskilledmetalworkandimportedlux- responded tothisneed.Manorswithhighdensityofbuildingsandevidencefor duction process,expansiveresourceutilisation,ahierarchicalsettlementstructureetc. institutions aswell.Thereorganisation ofthearableland,intensi alliances andmilitarypower, demandedextensiveagriculturalresourcesforitssocial warrior societywithitsdynamicandchangingpoliticalcon impressive burialmoundfromDenmarkislocatedin .ClosetoUppsalatwospecialburialgrounds,atVendel andValsg political centreofthe goods con around largest moundsinScandinaviaaretobefound.Theywereallcremationgravesfrom areas oftheculturallandscape.Closetooldchurch(Gamla)Uppsala,three and intheprovinceofMedelpadSweden.Theywerealsosituatedmostfertile 301 Snorri Sturlusoninthe existence (i.e.J these centuriesexceptforBornholm,wherewell-equipped humationgravesarestillin from thisperiodaresparse.Nodoubt,cremationburial practicewasthenormduring and fromrichsettlementsofthesixth,seventheighth centuries,whilegrave 1983 goods comparablewiththoseofSuttonHooinEastAnglia (LammandNordstr are tobefound.Theycontainburialmoundswithunburned boatgravesandgrave Lejre illustratesthekinglyorganisation ofthelateIronAge.Thepresumedroyalseat Against thisbackground,however, theburialevidenceisremarkablysparse.Gener- In Denmark,thericharchaeologicalmaterialstemsfrom Migration-periodhoards . Borreismentionedintheskaldicpoem ). DuringthesameperiodcomparablemoundswereerectedinG ). Thecemeteriesaredatedfromaround – ad ninth centuries(Myhre fi

á rms thestatusofdeceased.Uppsala,whichisknownasreligiousand 500 –– mi population,whichinturnaremanifestedthroughtheimpacton 1991 Ynglingar chapter andtheearlysixthcenturyqualityoffragmentedgrave ø rgensen ; J fi rm theimpressionofrichmaterialculturethatexistedamong ø rgensen Svea , whomthepoemclaimstohavereignedinVestfold duringthe 1230 1990

kingsintheViking Age,hadprobablybeensosincethe ad 1 ’ : s specialpositionasaroyalcentre inearlyDanishhistory s, butoughttobefromtheninthcentury(Myhre

2003 600 Scandinavia beforetheViking Age ; J 1992 1200 ø andtheothersinfollowingcenturiesuptoabout ). rgensen andN , astheroyalcentreof 2003 2002 17 ). ad Ynglingatal ; Solli

500 ø rg 2002 to Old Lejre å Beowulf rd J astheburialplaceforroyal 800 is ). Theemerging Scandinavian fi ø (Arrhenius rgensen rst mentionedandusedby andin onZealand,datedtothe Skjoldungs fi gurations basedon fi cation inthepro- ö 1997 taland, Svealand 1983 –– , thedynasty ). Theonly : 44 ). 1992 ä fi rde, nds ö by m : Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 13:06 02 Oct 2021; For: 9780203412770, chapter1, 10.4324/9780203412770.ch1 Earle, T. ( Fabech, C.( Duczko, W. (ed.)( Enright, M.J.( Bazelmans, J.( Christensen, T. ( Arrhenius, B.( DeMarrais, E.L.,Castillo,J.andEarle,T. ( Callmer, J.( Bruce-Mitford, R.( Brink, S.( Berggren, Andr Andersen, H.( all overScandinavia. establishment ofthesenewkingdomsandservedtodemonstratecommonculturalcodes of Germanicroyalty.Intheirownway,theyplayedanorganisational roleinthe ideological articulationofthisnewwarriorelite,andtheprerequisiteforemergence together withthesymboliclanguageofanimalstyle,oughttobeperceivedas 500 points totheestablishmentofanewpoliticalstructurealloverScandinaviaaround written evidencecontainsacoreofhistoricalrealityornot,thearchaeological eighth centuries,asweretheroyalcentresatBorreand(Gamla)Uppsala.Whether Andr —— —— —— —— C. Hastorf(eds) sacral andpoliticalpower Uppsala: Dept.ofArchaeology,UppsalaUniversity. Archaeologica Lundensia,Series in of GudmeandLundeborg , Denmark:Distinguishedlecture Current (Hallands l Berlin andNewYork: deGruyter. Amsterdam: AmsterdamUniversityPress. h och derasproblematik B. H (eds) ruling class f (eds) f Archaeology ö ö . Atthesametimeoriginmyths,royalgenealogies,mythicaltalesandlegends, ö rkristen kosmologi r é é ahst... . ga huset. fl ( ( ( ( n, A.,Jennbert,K.andRaudvere,C.(eds)( n, A.( 2004 1994 1998 2000 utna Vendel PeriodStudies Rituals ofPower. FromLateAntiquitytotheEarlyMiddleAges å 1990 rdh (eds) 1996 Å (V ) b) ) ) ., Arvidsson,S.andH 2000 1997 1994 ‘ ‘ ‘ , Kult ogsamfundiyngrejernalder ä Beyond power:ceremonialexchangesin Culture mattersintheNeolithictransformationandemergence ofhierarchyin ä 1998 ’ ) 1983 1996 ‘ gar tilMidg 1999 nsmuseers skriftserie 8 , inH.KellerandN.Staubach (eds) ) Society andlandscape:fromcollectivemanifestationstoceremonies ofanew ‘ 1991 : ” Style andiconographyaslegitimationincomplexchiefdoms ‘ Political andsocialstructuresinEarlyScandinavia ) : arkeologiskak ) a) 7 1993 ‘ – ‘ Re-reading embodiedtexts 1979 The UseofStyleinArchaeology Aristokratisk pr ) ) ) ) Centrala Platser ‘ 32 (V Reading societyfromtheculturallandscape:SouthScandinavia between ‘ ‘ Lady withaMeadCup ) Vier oglunde By Weapons MadeWorthy. Lords, Retainersandtheir RelationshipinBeowulf The chronologyoftheVendel graves , Lejre . ) ä 37 ) gar tillMidg Arkeologi ochmilj ’ The SuttonHooShipBurial , :AkademiskForlag. , inJ.CallmerandE.Rosengren(eds) : å , :StatensHistoriskaMuseum. – 15 ’ rd , inP.O. Nielsen,K.Randsborg andH.Thrane(eds) synogsagn – 5 31 ä ), Lund:NordicAcademicPress. llor tillaristokratiskamilj –– BIBLIOGRAPHY . å ’ llans, A.-M.(eds)( ä , 9 glade residensfr Skalk – ), Halmstad:Hallandsl å 8 Lotte Hedeager CentralaFr rd ° , :RoskildeMuseum. , no. ’ , 1996 ö 4 geogra

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