AGROPOLIS INTERNATIONAL agriculture • food • biodiversity • environment

Agropolis International Agropolis is an international campus devoted to agricultural and brings together institutions of environmental sciences. There is significant potential for scientific research and higher education and technological expertise: more than 2 200 scientists in more than in Montpellier and Languedoc- 110 research units in Montpellier and Languedoc-Roussillon, including Roussillon in partnership with 300 scientists in 60 countries. local communities, companies and regional enterprises and in close cooperation with Agropolis International is structured according to a broad range of international institutions. This research themes corresponding to the overall scientific, technological scientific community has one and economic issues of development: main objective–the economic • Agronomy and Mediterranean and tropical agricultural and social development of production sectors Mediterranean and • Biotechnology and food technology tropical regions. • Biodiversity, natural resources and ecosystems • Water, environment and sustainable development Agropolis International • Societies and sustainable development is an international space open • Genomics and integrative plant and animal biology to all interested socioeconomic development stakeholders • Food and health in fields associated with • Food quality and security agriculture, food production, biodiversity, environment and Agropolis International promotes the capitalisation and enhancement rural societies. of knowledge, personnel training and technology transfer. It is a hub for visitors and international exchanges, while promoting initiatives based on multilateral and collective expertise and contributing to the scientific and technological knowledge needed for preparing development policies. biological, engineeringandinformation sciences strategies are now inquestion, especially asthe agricultural andenvironmental aspectsbecome security, sustainableresource management and global crossroads. As globalizationandregional these topics, includingaround 700 researchers being confirmedworldwide. They highlightthe France 24 multidisciplinary research24 multidisciplinary units focused on the founding ofthe World Trade Organization is essentialfor thesuccessofthesestrategies. (WTO) andtheinclusionofagriculture inthe boundaries are flexibleduetothecomplexity In response tothesechanges, agriculturaland place in1994withtheMarrakesh Agreement, environment. They willhave agrowing impact As part ofthe As part free tradeagenda. The secondshiftoccurred systems onaglobalscale. The firstshifttook Two majorshiftsrecently altered viewpoints collective issuesonsustainablemanagement environment have tobereconsidered inthe relationships withnaturalresources andthe recent years, commonresource governance environmental research isbeingcalledupon in anation-statesetting. Moreover, societies expertise inMontpellierand expertise of commonresources andtheenvironment knowledge onthesechanges, gaininginsight fragility ofthebiosphere andtheincreasing be contemplatedonasolely sectorialbasis futures ofworld agriculture cannolonger in theearly 2000s, of withtheimportance the rapid changesthathave taken placein light ofcrucialenvironmental issues. With inequalities between regions advance, the to address crucialissuesconcerning food units thatrepresent pivotal pointswhose Agriculture andtheenvironment are ata PhD candidates. They form four thematic Social sciencesare involved ingenerating relationships thatsocietieshave withthe and teacherresearchers 500 supervising into thedrivingfactorsandboosting on theorganizationoffarmingandfood initiative, Agropolis Internationalpools and ways ofconsideringagriculture and Interaction between social, agricultural, interdependence ofglobalinteractions Societies andsustainable awareness ofpublicpolicynegotiators. of thephenomenainvolved andglobal development research Languedoc-Roussillon socioeconomic development of Université deMontpellierSud Université symbolized by climatechange. increasingly overlapped. human communities. interdependence.

Contribution ofthesocialsciences Societies and sustainable Societies andsustainable List ofacronyms andabbreviations and natural resource management Environment and stakeholderstrategies Subsectors, standards, markets and changesinproduction systems Territorial dynamics a keychallengeforsocieties Foreword: Worldagriculture Training atAgropolis International and Humanities Research Institute Montpellier SocialSciences Topics covered by theresearch teams and internationalregulations Public goods, policies to address socialissues Collective expertise to adiverse range ofissues Methods andtoolstailored development

Page 66 Page 58 Page 56 Page 54 Page 38 Page 24 Page 16 Page 50 Page 46 summaryPage 6 Page 4 4 Societies and sustainable development concerns withrespect tofood Agriculture has, historically, in developing countries has in developing countrieshas always been a key factor in always beenakeyfactorin topical inaworld ofscarce Although itseconomicrole food safety, humanhealth, land andnatural resource security in both developed security inbothdeveloped social andpoliticalissues. and developing countries, and marked by increased diminished considerably, resources thatisnow ‘set’ agricultural andrural management are still interdependence. interventions andashiftofsome interventions World Trade Organization (WTO) production, strengthening of reconfiguration ofagricultural marked by the geographical the current setting, international public policiesrequire updating in sustainable development.Moreover, be reevaluated withinthescopeof should to assesstheirperformance are now used challenged. Criteria led toproduction intensification policies inthe20 models underlyingagricultural Scientific, technicalandeconomic technical andeconomicassessments. that theywarrant consideration in marked impactsonthebiosphere Human activitiesnow havesuch production areas. often remote, butsometimesnearby, fromquality ofproducts imported seek tobereassured aboutthe Moreover,highly varied. consumers (European Union, USA,etc.) are andpublicauthorities distributors) companiesandlarge-scale agrifood (multinational agricultural suppliers, by majoreconomicstakeholders potential formeetingstandards set technological levelsandtheir systems. These havediffering competition withfaraway production are now facedwithdisproportionate of agricultural societies. The latter that isunprecedented inthehistory marked by aglobalizationprocess setting dealt withinaninternational T World agriculture– level. They are now, however, managed onanationstate hese issueshavelongbeen a keychallenge th century which century for societies capacities (multinational companies, interests andhighlyunequalaction years. Many operators withdifferent declined considerably inthelast30 in agricultural andrural sectorshas the otherhand,publicinvestment role.addition toitsnurturing On health, biodiversityandculture, in resource management,energy, roles fortheenvironment, natural the forefront becauseofitsmany Earth’s future andisreturning to challenge withrespect tothe paradoxical position.It isastrategic Agriculture iscurrently ina initiatives are continued. ‘conventional’ modernization situation couldbeworsenedif worldwide, buttheemployment is stillthetopemployment sector management. In addition, agriculture and sustainablewaterresource carbonstorage,conservation, tech industries, (edible andnonedible)forhigh- energy and plantraw materials functions: production ofbiomass- there isgrowing demandforother agriculture andtherural sector, but Food for production isstillcrucial here. ecosystems andsocietiesare atstake to thedevelopmentofeconomies, and therural sectorwithrespect agriculture, system theagrifood The future positionsandroles of foreground. Brazil, India, South intothe Africa) (China, so-called emerging countries in situ Foreword biodiversity of technicalprogress with ethical extent toassessthecompatibility will becalledupontoanincreasing rural applications. Social sciences useful forhands-onagricultural and generate clearknowledge that willbe contradictions andcontroversies, to changes underway, tohighlight is required togaininsightintothe challenges are soresearch arising, In thissetting,newsocialscience agricultural sector. outsideofthe opportunities and there are fewemployment by highpopulationgrowth rates, thissectorisstillhamperedcountries sector, whereas inmostdeveloping the prominent positionoftherural and cooperation policiesquestion Paradoxically, current assistance of publicactionare required. agricultural operators, sonew forms solelyoccupiedbywas formerly (NGOs) are now onapodiumthat nongovernmental organizations local communities, environmental what willbethe respective roles of corporations, andcountries), farmers between stakeholders(multinational resources andincreased asymmetries objectives,contradictory limited marked tensionsbetween sometimes biodiversity, etc. In thissetting,with greenhouse gasemissions, preserve to ensure foodsecurity, reduce will havetobeimplemented In thecomingdecades, innovations collective practices? promote changesinindividualand be required ondifferent levelsto new governance conditionswill water, biodiversity, etc.)? What of globalpublicgoods(carbon, production andmanagement and natural resource management, of employment andmigration, land reestablish globalbalancesinterms How canagriculture helpto systems.implementation inagrifood socioeconomic conditionsofits and moral underthe principles the long run? the longrun? changes andhelpmonitorthemin research analysethenecessary of newtailored practices? How could communities tofostertheadoption andrural and especiallyfarmers civil societyrepresentatives, states, organizations, international Pierre-Marie Bosc (UMRMOISA) Harvesting barley I. Touzard ©MontpellierSupAgro

5 Societies and sustainable development © P. Jouve An apple orchard in the Haut-Atlas region (Morocco)

Territorial dynamics and changes in production systems Societies and sustainable developmentSocieties

6 new policyisalsofocused onresource andlanduse reducing thenegative externalitiesofagriculture. This quality, broadening therangeofproducts, andespecially ahighlevelpreserving ofproduction, enhancingfood begun changingitsagriculturalsystemswiththeaimof and agrofuels canbeproduced. Western Europe has and Australia where extensive agriculture ispossible availability for agricultureextent ofpublicsupport andland In theNorth, thesituationsdiffer dependingonthe issue. territories andthusruralsocietiesisbecomingacrucial for agriculture, thesustainabilityofproduction systems, worsened by thedeclineinnatural resources required intensify theirfarmingsystems. In thissetting, whichis their lackofeconomicviabilityandcouldpushothersto small-scale farmerstogive uptheirlandbecauseof farmers have increased landtensions. This oftenforces competition between family farmers andcommercial from relatively low labourcosts. Population growth and capitalist mechanizedagriculture prevails andbenefits farmers’ organizationweaknesses. Inemergingcountries, hampered by alackofeffective and extensionservices production systems. Family farmersare nevertheless still urban demandfor food products hasrevitalized local In theSouth, commoditychannelsandincreased export specific way. quite marked. Production systems are alsochangingina wealth (tourism, etc.), buttheagriculturalfootprint isstill specific territorial functionalitiesandnew sources of on thelocalfeatures ofruralareas, whilegivingriseto functions are beingdiversified indifferent ways depending without alteringthespecificities. Onaregional scale, rural and agriculture indeveloped anddeveloping countries, Globalization hasboostedinteractionsbetween regions territorial dynamicsandchangesinproduction systems. emerging localgovernance isanew focus for research on management. Tensions between globalizationand are strivingtocoordinate for ruralland theirefforts withdrawal ofgovernment support, localoperators between allregions andforms ofagriculture. With the also impactingthesesocietiesby fostering competition activities andlandusepatterns. Trade globalizationis R communities, resource allocation, economic in theirenvironment, thusaffecting their ural societiesare now undergoing rapid change ― there are vastareas in Argentina, USA learning amongstparticipants. knowledge, facilitateproblem solving andenhancemutual approach ofapartnership toproduceas part general experiments, modellingandactionresearch are thusused process. Methodsandtoolssuchassurveys, diagnoses, intheinnovation researchas participants anddesign research, nonresearcher stakeholders must berecognised innovation processes.and supervising For thispartnership makers. Research isnow alsoinvolved inimplementing and conductedanalyses toprovide guidelinesfor decision changes underway. They have diagnosedthesituation approaches togaininsightinto, measure andexplainthe andcomparativeimplementing multidisciplinary agricultural, ruralandterritorial dynamicshave been Over thelastfew decades, researchers focusing on influenced by climatechangeandincreased fuelprices. changes inrural, agriculturaland agrifood economies New concernswillariseinthenext20years with dispute arbitrationby groups. performance, facilitatefairprofit sharingandenable of product quality, improve commoditychannel important. This coordination shouldboostrecognition production operatorsandwithlocalauthoritiesseems of ruralcommunities withupstream anddownstream are thusrequired. The organizationandcoordination technical andorganizationalchangesinfarmingpractices improving thewell beingoftheoperatorsinvolved. Both agriculture, farms, processing unitsandruralareas, while should enhancethesustainabledevelopment of capacities that, inturn, shouldbesupported. Innovation agriculture becauseofitsinnovation andadaptation represents amore sustainablemodelthancommercial the development offamily agriculture whichthey feel Teams conductingresearch onthesetopicsfocus on setting marked by areduction inEuropean subsidies. the sizeoftheirfarmssoastoremain competitive ina (processing anddirect farmsales)orstrive toincrease less productive areas, farmersdiversify theiractivities farmers tocollaboratewithotherruralstakeholders. In give risetolocaldevelopment dynamicsthatwillforce management, inorder employment to andruralservices Patrick Dugué(UMRINNOVATION) & Anne-Marie Jouve (UMR MOISA)

7 Societies and sustainable development 8 Societies and sustainable development US 140ESPACE etspatialisation Expertise EA 3766GESTERGestiondessociétés, Agriculture andthe Agrifood Sector des connaissancesenenvironnement (CEMAGREF, CIRAD, AgroParisTech/ENGREF) Mutations des Territoires enEurope UPR Livestock Systemsand Animal Innovation andDevelopment inthe www.montpellier.inra.fr/umr-innovation http://recherche.univ-montp3.fr/gester/ http://recherche.univ-montp3.fr/mte/ Spatial Information and Analysis [email protected] for Territories andEcosystems [email protected] www.cirad.fr/ur/systemes_elevage (Montpellier SupAgro, INRA, CIRAD) des territoires etdesrisques [email protected] 42 scientists, 14PhDcandidates 59 scientists, 22PhDcandidates 28 scientists, 28PhDcandidates 33 scientists, 11PhDcandidates 46 scientists, 15PhDcandidates 20 scientists, 36PhDcandidates Director: Jean-Marie Miossec, Director: Devautour, Hubert Director: Geneviève Cortès, [email protected] FRE CNRS3027-MTE http://tetis.teledetection.fr [email protected] Director: Frédéric Huynh, Product Management Director: DidierRichard, UMR INNOVATION Director: Pascal Kosuth, Main teams ... continued page 10 [email protected] (CNRS, UM3, UPVD) www.espace.ird.fr UMR TETIS (CIRAD) (UM 3) (IRD) e rtra dynamics Territorial etc. East, Mediterranean, Latin America, geographicalsouthern areas: Middle while alsoexpandingtomore Western, Central Europe, andEastern conducts multifacetedresearch on inEuropeanexpertise areas and The unithaslong-standingresearch centres abroad. around 30universitiesandresearch SupAgro, etc.), France, inadditionto in Montpellier (IRD, Montpellier several research institutionsbased collaborations with andpartnerships research benefitsfrom anetwork of (CEREQ) inMontpellier. The et derecherche surlesqualifications Europe The processesterritorial understanding of Analysis and with theteamof economists andcloselycollaborates MTE includesgeographers and economics.territorial geography, landuseplanningand research approaches inthefieldsof The scientistsofthisunitdevelop processes.insight intoterritorial research toanalyseandgain (CNRS, UM3,UPVD)thatconducts and Social Sciencesdepartment oftheHumanitiesis alaboratory production systems Mutations desterritoires en unit( MTE , FRE–CNRS3027) and changesin Centre d’étude

are organized alongthree lines: The laboratory’s research activities programme, 2007-2009). and sustainable developmentANR the disputeslast...), Agriculture areasin rural andperiurban (when 2006-2009) management (CRIQUE programme, sustainable waterresource Agency –programme, 2007-2009) development ANR–French Research (Agriculture andsustainable in theBolivian Altiplanoregion? social andagricultural sustainability food trade: whatare theimpactson 2008-2010) Scientific Cooperation Projects – programme, PICS –International in Central Europe (European Spain (2007-2010) A casestudyofAndeanmigrants in migrationLatin American inEurope. 2010) dynamics in Western Europe (2007- follows: The research programmes are as codevelopment. in territorial exchanges environment andruralities Usage disputes andneighbourhood concerning Risks anddisparities Emergence ofquinoainglobal Governance andlocaldevelopment New trajectories ofinternational Territorial functionsandrural Policies andinhabitants’ practices Mobilities, networking and Territorial development, France). analysis involving several Western European countries (Spain, Italy, reassess thediversity ofrural functionsthrough acomparative Geography oftheUniversity ofBari(Italy), Laboratory isto de InverstigacionesCientíficas Institute ofEconomicsandGeography ofthe en Europ The aimoftheproject carried out by the emergence ofnew territorial production patterns. and relocalisation ofdominanttypesproduction andthe marked by substantialspatialdifferences, withtheconcentration activities andsocieties. InEurope, agriculturalpatternsare still scale, ofamonofunctionalruralworld dominatedby agricultural in theruralarea isclearly thegradualshrinkage, onaEuropean produced inallfields. However, themainconsequenceofchanges globalization andfree tradepolicies. Many innovations have been been marked by majorsocioeconomicchangesassociatedwith Since the1980s, the Western European ruralcommunity has rural dynamicsinWesternEurope Territorial functionsand e unit(MTE, FRECNRS3027)inassociationwiththe ofMadrid(Spain)andtheRural Variables involved: predominant rural functions(typology1),populationandsocioeconomicdynamics2), Mutations des territoires Mutations desterritoires Consejo Superior Consejo Superior Marc Dedeire, [email protected] Contacts: Pascal Chevalier, [email protected] rural areas. explain thedifferent territorial dynamics local andregional scales, through theanalysis offactorsthat concept–ofreconstructions affectingtrajectory ruralareas, on national andinfranationalscales This involves three linesofresearch: rural areas withinthescopeofacceleratedtradeglobalization. socioeconomic andspatialchangeiscurrently takingplacein The mainaimoftheproject istounderstandhow prospective analysis todeterminepossiblechangescenariosin assessmentandinterpretation–on thebasisofterritorial analysis ofspatialdifferentiation processes underway on Dynamics ofrural regions inFrance, Spain andItaly socioeconomic integration (typology3)

Sources: EUROSTAT 2004, ESRI 2005 - © MTE FRE 3027, June 2007 9 Societies and sustainable development 10 Societies and sustainable development in Mediterranean countries Rural territoryemergence processes points withthree Mediterranean countries oftheEuropean Union with thatinFrance, whilealsohighlightingtwo complementary a comparative analysis ofruralterritorialization inNorth Africa study withintheMediterranean Basin. We thusdecidedtoconduct North Africa isatextbookexamplethatmay bebeneficialto This research project isfocused onterritorial development. CIHEAM/IAM.M, CIRAD, IRD, MontpellierSupAgro) Markets, Organizations, Institutionsand Dynamiques socio-environnementales (Montpellier SupAgro, CIHEAM/IAM.M, Other teamsfocused Water Resource Management, et gouvernance desressources (AgroParisTech/ENGREF, CEMAGREF, [email protected] www.montpellier.inra.fr/moisa/ 32 scientists, 40PhDcandidates 30 scientists, 15PhDcandidates 58 scientists, 29PhDcandidates Director: ÉtienneMontaigne, Director: Geneviève Michon, sur lafi www.erfi [email protected] Director: Frédéric LeRoy, [email protected] Operators’ Strategies Équipe derecherche Director: Patrice Garin, ... continued page 12 www.mpl.ird.fr/ur168 [email protected] on thistopic Actors andUses CIRAD, INRA, IRD) Produce market inFkihBenSalah(Morocco) UMR MOISA UMR G-EAU www.g-eau.net rme etl’industrie 35 scientists -management.net EA ERFI UR 199 (UM 1) (IRD) development, short-term concerns concerns development, short-term prospects forsustainable territorial their functioning.In thelightof on thecreation and ofterritories into consideration inanalyses and theenvironment mustbetaken interactionsterm between humans wish topreserve and protect. Long- environmental settingthatsocieties consistencyinan best territorial therefore tofindingthe contribute development. Itterritorial should to updatemethodsforcollective governance. The analysisismeant in order toensure effectiveterritorial constraints mustbepredetermined or economic,cultural orregulatory provisions. Natural orsocial,political the framework ofnewregulatory and reconstructions, especiallyin dysfunctions assessing territorial management. involves This primarily UM3) conductsresearch onterritorial et desrisques The and effective governance Territorial management Gestion dessociétés,Gestion desterritoires Territorial dynamics hostteam(

P. Arragon © IAM.M Réseau Agricultures Familiales Réseau Agricultures This choicewasmainly instigatedby thepresence ofthe andtwoEgypt) non-(European Union)countries(Albania, Turkey). (Greece, Italy, Spain), two Middle Easterncountries(Lebanon, Bernard Pecqueur, [email protected] Contacts: OmarBessaoud, [email protected] candidates towork inthisproject. students from thedifferent countriesthathave comeforward as confirmed researchers andbetween researchers andPhD a dualcooperationframework, includingcooperationbetween between countries. The entire project isbeingconductedwithin differencesand explaintheconstantfactorsobserved process. A comparative analysis isthusrequired tobothidentify factorsofthisemergence and todeterminetheexplanatory of how ruralterritories emergeinthe11studiedcountries This threefold approach shouldhelptoaddress thequestion operators, andtheexistenceofsocioeconomicactivityareas. deconcentration anddecentalization, thepresence oflocal onthebasisofthree criteria:in eachcountry theextentof several years. The emergenceofterritories willbeanalysed out comparative analyses intheMediterranean area for Montpellier (France), coordinates andhasbeencarrying GESTER , and changesinproduction systems research intwokeyareas: In thissetting,GESTERconducts patterns. and sociocultural frameworks and profoundly changingenvironmental be matchedwiththeslower butmore of developmentstakeholdersmust Durable enMéditerranée the indicators for anthropogenic risk University ofMontpellier 3(UM3) University inConstantine andthe and natural hazards human development in account forindividualliberties Methodological to contribution development in Tétouan (Morocco). way: The following programmes are under sustainable development.

Development ofnatural and Convention between Mentouri Mediterranean atlasofcatastrophes Water accessandsustainable organizationRisks, and territorial Urban governance andterritorial Observatoire du

Comparées (RAFAC) thatIAM.M,

Développement the LesserAntilles. island states, in Southeast Asia and in coastalregions, onislandsand the Middle East,sub-Saharan Africa, Mediterranean region, North Africa, GESTER isactiveinFrance, the governance. Constantine region: changesand TSUNARISQUE project in fourlarge cities South ofissuesinvolved comparison of quality-assured projects, aNorth- totheimplementation construction framework. From planned sustainable urbandevelopment Roussillon (France) floodsinLanguedoc- historical North cities African Territories inlarge andterritorialities prevention regulations implementation offloodrisk relation tocommodity chainshave shown theirlimitations. innovation design and transfer approaches inruralareas orin systems andtailoringtheirpractices, whereas standard technical farmers shouldthusadapt quickly by changing theirproduction upstream anddownstream ofthe production chain. Head and copewiththecommercial practicesofstakeholders of thesefamily farmstoenablethem tofulfilmarket expectations natural resources. Moreover, there islittlecollective organization rural populationandthustothereduced accesstoproductive herding farmsinsub-Saharan Africa duetotheincrease inthe Farming practiceshave changedonmixed cropping-livestock and farm advisorysupportsystems herding farms inAfricansavannaregions Changes inpractices onmixedcropping-livestock in theMandara Mountain region, Cameroon northern I

Urban inthe andrural territories Participation intheinternational ina A small-scalelocalfactory Inondhis: regional analysisof cities.Developing outskirt mpact assessmentonthe A Kapsiki farming familyinthevillageofKila,A Kapsikifarming processes and collective action innovations–individual Agricultural andagrifood processes actuallyunderway. innovations through studiesof programme toinvestigate researchin amultidisciplinary and law).It isjointlyinvolved geography, managementscience (economy, sociology, anthropology, (agronomy) andsocialsciences inbiotechnical team hasexpertise by theseinnovations. The research to developmentimpactsinduced stakeholders’ innovation objectives It focusesonallprocesses, from technical andorganizational scales. and collectiveactionprocesses on which are considered asindividual abroad oninnovation processes, conducts research inFrance and (Montpellier SupAgro, INRA,CIRAD) Agriculture Sector andthe Agrifood Innovation andDevelopment inthe The jointresearch unit(UMR)

J.-Y. Jamin © UMR G-Eau strategies: the toolandmethoddesignprocess. This involves three research factors thatdeterminechangesinpracticesandthegenericityof operators. The scientifictargetofthisresearch istohighlight for family farmsandmeetingtheexpectationsofthese support and methodstoprovide technical, economicandorganizational withtheaimofdevelopingfarmers andtheirpartners tools Research projects are carried outincollaborationwiththese make optimum useoftheresources athand. managing theirfarmsandtodecisionmakinginorder to In addition, withrespect farmersshouldbesupported to Michel Havard, [email protected] Guy Faure, [email protected] Contacts: Patrick Dugué, [email protected] coordinator/trainer functionheldby afarmerinbasicgroups. socioprofessional networking, withtheemergenceofa training andgroup counsellingstrategies, promoting agricultural schemes (‘salesmanextensionagent’/farmer)by developing geared towards findingalternatives toconventional extension farms boost theiroperationalanddecision-makingcapacities for their including endogenousinnovation processes

developing systembasedonresearch afarmingadvisory designing managementtoolsthatcanbeusedby farmersto detecting andgaininginsightintochangesinpracticesby on farms on farms systems: analysisofchangedynamics changes inagricultural production The UMRconsistsofthree teams: construction). (product qualityandmarketvertical and construction) systems, territory collective, (activity horizontal these fourdimensions, i.e. individual, research of project isattheinterface and knowledge concepts. The unit’s activity system,subsector, territorial coordination, collective action, investigating decision-making, collective innovations, whichinvolves between individualdecisionsand This UMRfocusesonthediscrepancy involved intheprocess. the configuration ofstakeholders the target oftheseactionsand researchers inchanging participate of actionandtheirpatterns. The stakeholders’ involvement,focuses with respect totheconditions of These processes are analysed

Technical andorganizational ••• 11 Societies and sustainable development Territorial dynamics and changes in production systems

Social construction of markets, the-hoof livestock on the viability models and econometric methods qualities and territorial development: of production systems and the to gain insight into the likely effects analysis of product and market sustainable development of regions of external changes on the viability dynamics where herding prevails. In developing of farming systems and the social Territorial innovation: analysis of countries, the current high demand and environmental sustainability of territorial dynamics. for animal products provides a market herding regions. opportunity for livestock farmers and The research unit analyses technical could help them meet challenges with Socioeconomic methods are and organizational changes in respect to competition from imported implemented to assess the agriculture and the agrifood sector: products, fulfilling consumer ecological intensification of livestock by combining sector-based and requirements for top quality products, production systems in relation to local approaches with a global and stiff competition for resource the socioeconomic organization analysis (international and societal) access. of household activities and local by accounting for territorial know-how, market constraints and dynamics and their new forms of The research unit’s social science opportunities and potentials and governance research is being carried out within constraints associated with resources by reexamining the question of the scope of multidisciplinary and how they are managed. ultimate aims and responsabilities research programmes aimed at (innovation-development analysing complex changes in Spatial information to relationships). livestock production and farming systems and in herding regions. benefit environmental Study of transformations management and These studies are partially based in livestock production on a systems approach to livestock territorial development and farming systems in farmers’ strategies within a family- based social organization, and The joint research unit (UMR) Spatial developing countries also on socioeconomic-type Information and Analysis for Territories analyses to jointly assess livestock and Ecosystems (TETIS, CEMAGREF, The internal research unit (UPR) farming, natural resource and land CIRAD, AgroParisTech-ENGREF) Livestock Systems and Animal management, and animal product conducts research on methods for Product Management (CIRAD) has marketing practices. managing spatial information to to deal to an increasing extent with benefit environmental management the impact of changes induced by Analyses on family farm or herding and territorial development. Methods globalization and regulation of the region scales are performed using are developed on the basis of expertise trade of animal products and on- mapping models, streamlining in the fields of remote sensing,

Other teams focused LEAD-LCL initiative: on this topic UPR 36 Livestock in a Changing Landscape Forest Resources and Public Policies The Livestock, Environment and Development (LEAD) initiative involves several international (CIRAD) 23 scientists, 13 PhD candidates institutions and donors working towards rural development. It is now coordinated within Director: Alain Billand, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Livestock in a Changing [email protected] Landscape (LCL) is one of the many LEAD activities currently under way. LCL is an overall www.cirad.fr/ur/ressources_forestieres analysis of changes in livestock production systems in the contemporary world and of the URP 68 Pastoralism predicted environmental impacts. The aim is to provide guidelines for drawing up livestock (CIRAD, ISRA, ENEA, UCAD, CSE) production policies to promote sustainable development. CIRAD (especially URP 68 17 scientists, 6 PhD candidates ‘Pastoralism’) is actively participating in this analysis with respect to extensive herding in Director: Amadou Tamsir Diop (ISRA), hot regions on all continents. Following an international meeting that was held in Bangkok [email protected] Administrative Head (CIRAD): in November 2006, where the work of some 40 scientists was presented and submitted Bernard Toutain, to livestock production managers of various origins, several scientific papers and livestock [email protected] production policy guidelines will soon be published. www.cirad.fr/fr/pg_recherche/ur.php?id=123 UPR 22 AGIRS Contact: Bernard Toutain, [email protected] Animal and Integrated Risk Management For further information: www.virtualcentre.org (CIRAD) 27 scientists, 8 PhD candidates Director: François Monicat, [email protected] www.cirad.fr/ur/faune_sauvage UPR ARENA Collective Action, Policies and Markets (CIRAD) 21 scientists, 6 PhD candidates Director: Jacques Marzin,

Societies and sustainable developmentSocieties [email protected] 12 www.cirad.fr/ur/politiques_et_marches © Bandiougou Dembele © Bandiougou Family herd returning from grazing in a cotton-growing area (Mali) collected dailyfrom farmers, thusensuringtheirinclusion in livestockproduction regions ofdevelopingcountries impact oftheopening-upmarkets onterritorialdevelopment ICARE thematicresearch project: interactions between information interactions between information UMR TETIS investigatesissuesof sharing. associated withinformation sociological andpoliticalprocesses methods foranalysingorganizational, subsequent transfer tostakeholders, this dataintorelevant for information and temporal analysis, translation of techniques, dataprocessing, spatial entire chain:spatialdataacquisition using anapproach thatintegrates the Spatial ismanaged information of environments andterritories. to boostknowledge andmanagement inordermanage spatialinformation ultimate aimofthisresearch unitisto development. and territorial The geography, environmental sciences systems,information spatialanalysis, The emergence ofrural mini-dairies,The emergence whereby milkis in marketing channels(here closetoKolda, Senegal) There are three mainlines ofresearch: stakeholders’ viewpoints. streamlining and ‘rationalizing’ toenlightening, contributes the apprenticeship process which implementation, whilefavouring for project developmentand of stakeholders, provides support production, training andsupport training ofengineers, Master’s courses, (20% oftheunit’s activities): primary A fifthlineisdevotedtotraining development. acquisition andprocessing spatiotemporal dynamics Territorial and information Information systemdesign Remote sensing,spatialdata Analysis ofspatialstructures and

G. Duteurtre © CIRAD [email protected] Contact: GuillaumeDuteurtre, shift thediscussiontoaninternationallevel. research group (CIRAD)tobroaden theresearch area and the transversal Animal Production EconomicsandPolicy of livestock production areas. by Itisalsosupported and marketing policiestofoster sustainabledevelopment and South, andisaimedatdeveloping new sector-based already establishedwithresearch teamsinboththeNorth The project by anetwork issupported ofpartnerships the impactofpolicychangesonstudiedsystems. mathematical modellingoffarmersbehaviour andanalysis of evaluation instruments, rangingfrom mapping toolsto social organizationconcepts). This isbasedondifferent approaches (includinglandandresource managementand the ‘market access’conceptinterritorial development The methodologicalchallengesconcernintegrationof countries, production areas and farms. production sector. Several scalesare involved: regional units, and seemtobehaving asubstantialimpactonthelivestock have beenapplied inrecent years inthesetwo regional units zone). Economicintegrationandmarket openingpolicies fields in West Africa (ECOWAS zone)andEast Africa (IGAD This hypothesis isbeingtestedviatheproject inselected they are notoffsetby othertypesofpublicaction. current tradepoliciesleadtoterritorial imbalanceswhen development dynamics. The mainworking hypothesis isthat location oflivestock farmingactivities andthusonterritorial insight intotheimpactofmarket openingpoliciesonthe document thisprocess. The aimofthisproject wastogain farmers? Few fieldstudieshave beencarried outto that thesetraderegulations will marginalizesomelivestock countries tolower theircustomsbarriers. Isthere arisk International tradeagreements forced mostdeveloping Brazil (Amazon) Honduras, San Salvador) andDialogos management (SINREM;Guatemala, natural resourcesparticipatory forlocal-national information in developingcountries, Synchronising policies andsustainabledevelopment for urban-rural linkages, Landuse sustainability impactassessmenttools landuse relationships–Strategies and mixte duBassin de Thau, France) (COPT) (COPT) pratiques territorialisées societies andsustainabledevelopment: Several research programmes concern training, etc. PhD training, continuingprofessional Territoire deThau European projects: Periurban Conception d'observatoires de ••• project (Syndicat project

13 Societies and sustainable development 14 Societies and sustainable development most marginalized regions. Here arangeland in Economic globalization thusaffectseventhe Languedoc-Roussillon funding) pluriactive development sustainable territorial towardsanalysis ofprojects oriented management andguidelinesforthe rurales (ESPACE, IRD) istodevelopand connaissances enenvironnement et spatialisationdes Expertise unit(US) The aimoftheservice processes.decision-support interdisciplinary discussionsand andenhance to newinformation maps orexpertise, togainaccess existing knowledge of intheform toreutilizeof spatialobservations, streamline operational applications purposes isanidealwayto the environment fordevelopment Spatialization on ofinformation environments ontropicalinformation for spatializationof Innovative methods Formation àl'entreprise rurale Excellence etinnovation the transborder livestock trade. the Diéri region,the Diéri Senegal. northern project: Web toolfordata Herding areas are closely project linked withmarkets via

(Région (Région

unit, focusingon: There are three research teamsinthe dual approach. networks underliesthis observatory regional environment monitoring of implementingsatellite-assisted thematic projects. The challenge research andtransversal orientations the scopeofthree methodological activities are programmed within the decision-makingprocess. Its approach, from dataacquisitionto remote sensingandanintegrated on tropical environments through the spatializationofinformation implement innovative methodsfor disseminated for decisionsupport. Consortium, modelling anddatabases standards oftheOpen Geospatial of mixeddataby usingnew for decisionmaking:sharing data health risk spatialization ofenvironment and up environment observatories; dynamics forthepurposesofsetting landscape methods formonitoring environments andsocieties: surveillance and for environment monitoring sensing, andnearreal-time methods indicators spatialized by remote areas,in intertropical including theenvironment for monitoring Integrated systems information Integrated approaches to by monitoring Earth satellite: Territorial dynamics and changesinproduction systems interconnected high-speednetwork. These sitesare linkedthrough an SouthAfrica, Pacific/New Caledonia). (COM), aswell aswork sites(Brazil, (DOM-ROM) andcommunities overseas andregions departments installations inFrance, inFrench The unitmanagespermanent globalization. access policies, developmentand security, healthandcare continental andcoastalwaters, health ecosystems indevelopingcounties, include sustainablemanagementof applicationthemes These priority regions onadailybasis. the vegetationstatus)onmonitored thematic spatialproducts (e.g. on It calculatesanddisseminates satellite imagesoftheenvironment. capture high-resolution, wide-angle includes fourreceiving stationsthat Satellites de l'Environnement par Assistée the unitmanages National d’Études Spatiales In withtheFrench partnership analysis andprocessing techniques. public access spatialized products postedforonline levels: activitiesareThe service ontwo scientific hostingandaccesstodata dissemination ofdataand network (SEASnet), which Surveillance G. Magrin©CIRAD (CNES), Centre

disseminate theproject results throughout theregion. Centroamericana de Ambiente yDesarrollo for two regional organizations, i.e. Trifinio andthe with European research centres. Italsoprovides support It contributestoboostingtheircapacities andnetworking Guatemala). three Central American countries(ElSalvador, Hondurasand project iscarried inclosecollaboration withuniversities in development incross-border zonesofCentral America. The resource managementstrategiesandcontributetoterritorial project aimstoenhancetheapplication ofsustainablenatural the circulation ofinformation across decisionlevels. The naturalresource management- bottleneck ofparticipatory The European SINREMproject (2006-2009)addresses amajor for participatorynatural resource management SINREM: Training andinformationsystems (CCAD), which Comisión Contact: JacquesImbernon, [email protected] development ofcross-border zones. information systems focuses especially on: at thislevel withcurrent development policies. The project naturalresourcearticulates management analyses conducted strengthens localstakeholders’ capacities andgovernance and into account–from thelocalto the national/regional scale. It of publicandprivatestakeholders atdifferent decisionlevels while takingthedifferent expectations, outlooksandneeds A trainingprocess isbeingdeveloped through theproject, Agroforestry systemsontheMonte Cristoslopes(Guatemala) development ofacooperative planfor thesustainable consolidation ofspacesfor discussionandnegotiation management ofaknowledge baseby synchronizing existing stakeholder trainingandnetworking J. Imbernon©CIRAD 15 Societies and sustainable development 1 2 M. Figuié © CIRAD N. Bricas © CIRAD

3 4 © R. Mahjoubi J. Avelino © CIRAD 1. Supermarket in Vietnam; 2. A meal in a Hanoi household; 3. Pepper seller in a Tunisian market; 4. Orosi and Dota coffees, Costa Rica

Subsectors, standards, markets and stakeholder strategies Societies and sustainable developmentSocieties

16 poor African and Asian countries, are analysed. agrifood sectoroninhabitants’food security, especially in In addition, theeffects ofpublicpoliciesorchangesinthe andnutritional quality).concerns intoaccount(sanitary origins) andtrade(fairtrade), while alsotakinghealth of production (organicagriculture, small-scalefarmer products withaterritorial originlabel, specificmodes private standards are analysed. The focus isespecially on inestablishingpublicand and consumerparticipation qualification, confidencebuilding based onqualitylabels, health andsocialequitystandpoints. Processes ofproduct food habitsare more sustainablefrom environmental, and individualbehaviours, contribute toensuringthat consumption patternsandbeyond theirrepresentations means determininghow thesepeople, through their sustainable development projects are implemented. This identified before beingabletogain insightintohow changing? How are questions. and multiscale analyses are neededtoaddress these invarioussocialsciencefields countries? Expertise of theagrifood sectorindeveloped anddeveloping they are targeting?How dothey affect theperformance these initiatives? What are theirimpactsontheissues ‘alternative’ commoditychannels, etc. Inwhatforms are environmental andsocialstandards andregulations, new and privatecollectives: company responsibilities, individual behaviours incompanies, households, public being aslogan–isconcretely reflected by changesin system stakeholders. Sustainabledevelopment–beyond concerns are thefocus ofmany initiatives ofagrifood biodiversity andsocialdisparities, andincreased health G environmental awareness, climatechange, the fieldsofinformation andcommunications, lobalization, technologicalchange, especially in

market andconsumerbehaviours Citizens’ expectationsandroles must be tailored tools. decisionsupport performances are closely assessedsoastodevelop systems, relationships withpublicauthoritiesandtheir area andmultinational associations. Their management the industrialsector, stakeholders investing inthesame oncollectiveparticularly organizations, farmers’unions, (markets, networks, etc.). The analysis shouldbefocused factors, andnonhierarchical collaborationsare established participation, transparency andresponsibility are critical governance involving publicandprivateauthorities, where Sustainable development isacatalyst for new forms of its own specificitiesandinteractionswithdifferent areas. strategies shouldbeanalysed, has sinceeachcategory services, agrosupplies, etc. Their separatebehaviours and enterprises andSME, largemultinational companies, farms, cooperatives andfarmers’organizations, micro- organized around many different stakeholder categories: Finally, from apart consumers, agrifood systemsare arrangements andtailored information systems. on asubsectorscalerequiring new organizational requirements, product traceabilityproblems are analysed a new anglefor subsectoranalysis. Duetoheavy security Global valuechainssuchasinstitutionaleconomicsoffer that new performance indicatorsmust bedeveloped. of socialandenvironmental performances, whichmeans approaches shouldthusbesupplementedwithanalyses projects andconceptualframeworks applied. Standard andnecessityofrefocusingimportance theresearch events, suchasthemadcow crisis, have underlinedthe inMontpellier(France).particularly Several recent in theagrifood domain, hasprogressed substantially, commodity-channel concept, On anotheranalytical scale, the & NicolasBricas(UMRMOISA) subsector or which wasfirstapplied Leïla Temri (ERFI) 17 Societies and sustainable development 18 Societies and sustainable development Subsectors, standards, markets Centre derecherche surlemanagement Markets, Organizations, Institutions Centre derecherche engestion (Montpellier SupAgro, CIHEAM/IAM.M, [email protected] [email protected] www.montpellier.inra.fr/moisa and Operators’Strategies 32 scientists, 40PhDcandidates 58 scientists, 29PhDcandidates 23 scientists, 22PhDcandidates 32 scientists, 16PhDcandidates Director: ÉtienneMontaigne, [email protected] [email protected] sur lafi www.erfi Director: Frédéric LeRoy, Director: Patrick Sentis, Équipe derecherche Main teams Director: Yves DUPUY ...continued page 20 [email protected] EA 731CREGOR des organisations EA 4189CR2M CIRAD, INRA, IRD) et lesmarchés www.cregor.net UMR MOISA www.cr2m.net rme etl’industrie (UM1, UM2) -management.net EA ERFI (UM 1) (UM 2) and stakeholderstrategies with decision support, andtotrainwith decisionsupport, stakeholders public andprivate insight intothe issues, toprovide programme isthreefold: togain The scopeoftheUMR’s research sustainable developmentsetting. economicagents ina or private of coordination between public environment, especiallyforms sectorsandtherural and agrifood and institutionsinagricultural relationships between stakeholders is focusedontheanalysisof network. Its research programme cooperationa large international The research unitalsobenefitsfrom countries. as inMediterranean andtropical and elsewhere inEurope, aswell and developmentsettingsinFrance subjects indifferent geographical approach toassessunstablecomplex It implementsaninterdisciplinary socioanthropology, politicalscience). (economy, management,sociology, several social sciencedisciplines IAM.M, CIRAD, INRA,IRD)pools Montpellier SupAgro, CIHEAM/ Operators’ Strategies (MOISA, Organizations, Institutions and The jointresearch unit(UMR) sectors agrifood in agricultural and environment the rural institutions and between operators, Analysis ofinteractions quadrennial research contracts. under the2003-2006 and2007-2010 2001 anditsmandate wasextended SupAgro). This unitwasfoundedin development' (UM1/Montpellier andrural agricultural, agrifood 'Economy andmanagementof Master’s research programme on ina The UMRisparticipating sustainable development. territories subsectors subsectors ofcompaniesand performance involved, underthefollowing topics: systems?' Five research teamsare sustainable developmentofagrifood governance strategies are bestfor with thegeneral question'What the scopeofaprogramme dealing The research isconductedwithin regulation arrangements. agricultural andrural sector atdifferentfarmers levels, and demand models governance tools UMR focuseson: In thisoperational framework, the research. graduate-level studentsthrough Sociology andpoliticaleconomyof Governance ofresources and Institutional economicsappliedto Strategies, governance and Sustainable foodconsumption oforganization ofrural forms foodsupplyand alternative standards system asagrifood ••• Local agrifoodsystems Contact: GéraldNaro, [email protected] medium-sized firms(SME). development guidelinesfor micro-enterprises andsmall Durable et Techniques ComptablesetFinancières research, andincollaborationwiththe indicators instrategictrend charts. As afollow-up tothis concept focus ontheinclusionofsustainabledevelopment management. StudiesontheSustainabilityBalancedScorecard researchFurther hasdealtespecially withperformance involvement ofan ‘accounting ceremonial’. a neoinstitutionalistconceptualframework, suggestedthe submitted toanassessmentgrid. These studies, basedon reports ofSBF120enterprises. The reportswere then assessment wasthenbroadened tothestudyofannual in CAC 40enterprisereporting wasfirstassessed. This Initiativeadoption ofGlobalReporting (GRI)precepts information voluntarily provided by thesecompanies. The by companies, theresearch focused onthequalityof on astudyofsustainabledevelopment reportspresented out ontheenvironmental andsocialreportingtopic. Based piloting sustainabledevelopment. Studieshave beencarried has developed alineofresearch onauditing, reportingand of the The sustainable developmentperformancesinenterprises Auditing, reporting andpiloting Finance, Comptabilité, Contrôle, Stratégie Équipe de recherche surlafirme etl'industrie Équipe derecherche , a project isunderway ondesigning sustainable Wholesale cheesemarketWholesale at Trujillo, Peru its Académie desSciences ClubDéveloppement group (FCCS) (ERFI) © F. Boucher Contact: José Muchnik, [email protected] sour cassava starch inColombia. in theCajamarca region ofPeru, brown canesugar(panela)and Benin, sheabutterinBurkinaFaso, coalhocheeseinBraziland products studiedare: cassava gariandnoncommercial palmoilin promote thisterritorial production expertise. Someofthe innovation processestheir systemizationandsupervising to in territorial dynamics. The SYAL approach involves monitoring products make effective useofspecificresources andparticipate designated for domesticmarkets orexport. However, allofthese systems, thatare includingthosewithalongorrecent history A diverse rangeofproducts are produced by localagrifood generalization oftheknowledge produced. foreseeing conditionsfor theirdevelopment andstudying understanding how they function, assessingtheirperformances, activities involve identifyingterritorial agrifood organizations, interest group onlocalagrifood systems(SYAL). The group’s régions chaudes Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines Since 2000, CIRADhasteamedupwiththe between products andpromote andterritory localdevelopment. emotional aspectsoffood consumption, enhancetightlinks Agrifood activities, through theirattachmentwiththelandand DR and Agropolis Internationaltoform ascientific , UM1, INRA, the Université de Université Institut des 19 Societies and sustainable development 20 Societies and sustainable development Market observatory Animal andIntegratedRiskManagement Collective Action, Policies andMarkets Agriculture andthe Agrifoods Sector Innovation andDevelopment inthe www.montpellier.inra.fr/umr-innovation www.cirad.fr/ur/politiques_et_marches recherche surlestransformations www.cirad.fr/ur/ressources_forestieres Other teamsfocused CERTAP Centre d’étudeetde (Montpellier SupAgro, INRA, CIRAD) www.cirad.fr/ur/faune_sauvage 23 scientists, 13PhDcandidates 46 scientists, 15PhDcandidates 22 scientists, 46PhDcandidates Director: Devautour, Hubert 21 scientists, 6PhDcandidates 27 scientists, 8PhDcandidates Director: François Monicat, [email protected] [email protected] http://certap.univ-perp.fr Director: François Feral, UMR INNOVATION Director: DenisPesche, Director: Alain Billand,Director: Alain de l’actionpublique [email protected] [email protected] and Public Policies on thistopic Forest Resources [email protected] UPR 22 AGIRS UPR ARENA UPR 36 (CIRAD) (CIRAD) (CIRAD) (UPVD) Management etlesMarchés The and markets between organizations Study oftheinterface such as: research topicsbeinginvestigated, focus, asillustrated by thedifferent and financefields. Markets are thekey market management inthemarketing EA 4189,UM2/UM1)isspecialisedin role transfers andthecommunications andenterprises services MANAGEMENT E.R. (training and CR2M isinvolved inMONTPELLIER programme,human nutrition etc.). MEDiterranée pole, National foodand (axis 4oftheQ@LI- national partners 10 agreements withregional and management’. It hasalsosignedover marketing’ and ‘Sales force days ontopicssuchas ‘Agrifood CR2M annuallyorganizes thematic individual decisions. market operators innovation processes assessing the impact of information assessing theimpactofinformation tapping thefullpotentialofgoods, comparing aggregatecomparing datawith analysing interactions between developing newtechnologiesand Market inBrazil for fruit andvegetables Subsectors, standards, markets Centre deRecherche surle

© J.P. Tonneau Contact: DenisLoeillet, [email protected] policy making. devoted toadvisingcompaniesandpublicauthoritieson avocados) andastatisticalyearbook. ofitsactivityis Part updates (banana, orange, smallcitrusfruits, pomelos, ( to different audiences: monthly journalsornewsletters and studiesthrough many specializedmediatailored This economicintelligenceunitdisseminatesinformation countries. and institutionalcontactsindeveloped anddeveloping permanent coordination ofanetwork ofprofessional organized inanefficientinformation system–andon The analyses are basedonaninformation watch–data developed countries. institutions andcommercial operatorsindeveloping and ofpublicauthorities,It isattheservice international programming development-oriented research initiatives. It isoperatedby CIRADandprovides for support tool. isadecisionsupport This market observatory FruiTrop, Info Banane, BanaNews ( CR2M , behaviour. and stakeholder information unique lineofresearch concerning CR2M isalsofocusingonanother marketing, finance, etc.). dynamics (decisionmaking, start-ups, etc.) (competition, strategies, traceability, auditing, etc.) communication, employment, organization dynamics(information, associated laboratories: MANAGEMENT E.R.forallthe within thescopeofMONTPELLIER Three topicsare mainlycovered Management). Recherche surlesOrganisations etle Commerce, Centre d’Études etde Montpellier and CR2M)the Entreprises ( sur laFirme etl'Industrie Management, ÉquipedeRecherche des Sciencesdel'Entreprise etdu with three UM1( partners: site (France), incollaboration training activities attheMontpellier management scienceresearch and showcase–in Europe andworldwide– structure thatwasfoundedto research), whichisacooperation Institut d’Administration des entrepreneurship andmarket sector management intheagrifood technology managementand and stakeholderstrategies , etc.), five weekly market , laboratories CREGOR

(École Supérieure de

Groupe

SupdeCo ), UM2 Institut focus: Organization isthemainresearch relations’, and ‘Strategic control’. ‘Information systems’, ‘Human three scientificassociations, i.e. in three groups, corresponding to 16 PhD candidates. It isstructured teacherresearcherspermanent and control. pools32 The laboratory human resources andstrategic systems,the fieldsofinformation in organization managementin CREGOR gestion desorganisations The and strategiccontrol human resources systems,information management– Organization description). MANAGEMENT E.R. inMONTPELLIER also participates Q@LI-MEDiterranée, etc.). CREGOR ‘Traceability’ project termed project onwomencollaborators, sector,agrifood European PIC EQUAL InterReg AGRO-INTEC inthe (Action partners and international Centre d’Étude del’Emploi, Nationale desAllocations Familiales, (SNCF,national partners Direction RégionaleduTravail, Chambre RégionaledeMétiers, regional partners been signedby CREGORwith Over 10research agreements have relationservice paradigms). issues (basedonflexibilityand networks, piloting,etc.) perspectives etc.) andtechnological (architectures, animation, assessment,performance, etc.), organizational (appropriation, (watch, planning,externalisation, Employment andsocialrelation System control issuesfrom strategic Centre derecherche surla , UM2)isspecialised (Conseil Général, (cf. above (EA731 Caisse etc .) etc

.), lines ofresearch: control. It isstructured around three strategies and finance-accounting- and strategies, smallenterprise research organization onenterprise entrepreneurship, butnow conducts UM1) initiallyfocusedonSMEand Firme etl’Industrie The accounting-control strategies andfinance- Organization, enterprise interest group. alimentaires localisés It inthe participates strategic plansformicro-enterprises. toolsand to developdecisionsupport ‘acted research’ approach, theaimis Supérieur desMétiers Université Roussillon duLanguedoc- Artisans Dirigeants ERFI/SEPT coordinates the tools.analysis anddecisionsupport behaviours, and buildingofspecific strategic micro-enterprise/SME environments andsmallcompanies, interactions between territories, three topics:entrepreneurship, under small- andmicro-enterprises out research onthemanagementof Petite Taille focused onglobalization strategies depth casestudies. Studies are also behaviours) especiallythrough in- behaviours (e.g. reconciliation analyse competitiveconfrontation industries, and(ii)to contemporary consortiums, etc., thatoccurin phenomena suchaslabels, R&D to: (i)gaininsightintoeconomic and cooperative strategies soas includes research oncompetitive research ontwokeythemes. This entreprises group The The Équipe deRecherche surla Stratégies desEntreprises de Organisation etstratégie des contract with the ( Réseau Artisanat- group (SEPT) carries carries group (SEPT) (OSE)conducts ( ERFI Systèmes agro- ). Through an ). Through (SYAL) scientific , EA714, Institut Club des Contrôle, Stratégie description). MANAGEMENT E.R. ERFI isinvolvedinMONTPELLIER in strategic trend charts. sustainable developmentindicators concept andthrough theinclusionof Sustainability Balanced Scorecard management through the social reporting andperformance the subjectofenvironmental and piloting. The research isfocusedon auditing,reporting and service reporting andpiloting;public sustainable developmentauditing, auditing, reporting andgovernance; subdivided intothree topics: research programme, whichis governance andresponsibilities’ framework ofthe ‘Social accounting, and auditing.It withinthe isoriented accounting, managementcontrol conducts research inthefieldsof objectives oforganizations. the socialandenvironmental research geared towards enhancing analytical frameworks andtoolsinits utilizes managementscience resource management’ chapter) (AME, cf. ‘Environment andnatural Mondialisation etÉcologie management. The and strategic environmental The Finance, Comptabilité, Supermarket in Vietnam

group (FCCS) AlterManagement (cf. above M. Figuié©CIRAD team 21 Societies and sustainable development Subsectors, standards, markets and stakeholder strategies P. Arragon © IAM.M Arragon P.

S A market seller in action X Awaiting buyers P. Arragon © IAM.M Arragon P. Impact of international trade liberalization on fruit and vegetable commodity channels in Mediterranean countries

The aim of this project was to study the potential effects of instruments at EU borders for fruits and vegetables. They differ agricultural free trade between the European Union (EU) and according to the product, country and season and have many partner countries in the southern and eastern Mediterranean complex and relatively nontransparent impacts. The parameters Basin on the ‘fruit and vegetable’ and ‘olive oil’ commodity are negotiated with Mediterranean countries within the scope of channels of EU Member Countries prior to the enlargement of bilateral trade negotiations, outlining trade preferences between the Union. The studies were carried out by nine European and Mediterranean countries for EU market access. Mediterranean research teams (including UMR MOISA). There is little potential for growth in Mediterranean exports of these products to the EU market in a partial or total free trade Trade liberalization was the kingpin of the Barcelona Process environment. The fears noted above are thus unfounded. (1995), which was geared towards creating a Euro-Mediterranean However, there is substantial potential for growth in EU exports free-trade zone in 2010. The effects of this Process now do not of agricultural products to SEM. The social impact of this free trade seem to have met the expectations and needs of southern and in some SEM could thus be more serious than within the EU. eastern Mediterranean countries (SEM). One of the reasons For EU farmers, free trade with SEM would have a limited is that over the last 10 years the agricultural sector has been overall impact. However, it could be very damaging for some excluded from the liberalization process for fear of potential products and regions. Calculated regional vulnerability indices negative impacts on agriculture in Mediterranean EU countries. suggest that there are major regional disparities in the EU. The European losers would be concentrated in a few regions, and This research sought to determine if these fears were well within these regions there is a variable number of farmers and founded. Five points sum up the answers to this question: companies that process and ship very specific products. This Trade of agricultural and food products between countries concentration should facilitate identification of the losers and the located on different Mediterranean shores is minimal and implementation of potential compensatory measures by public asymmetrical: for SEM, EU is the main partner for SEM, especially authorities. for exports, whereas trade with SEM represents a very minor share of the EU trade volume; there is very little intra-SEM trade. Contacts: Fatima El Hadad, [email protected] There are substantial complex and dissuasive protective Jean-Louis Rastoin, rastoin@supagro.inra.fr Societies and sustainable developmentSocieties

22 © C. Maitre A seedtreatment plant 23 Societies and sustainable development Forquilha Valley in Ceara state, Brazil J.-Y. Jamin © CIRAD

Environment and natural resource management Societies and sustainable developmentSocieties

24 The scientificaccentshouldbejointly placedongaining environment inasustainabledevelopment framework. to beablemanagenaturalresources andthe societies, theirresources andenvironment inorder complexity anddiversity ofinteractionsbetween It isessentialtodealwithissuesconcerningthe management andofminingresource development. environmental impactsofrenewable resource now beingconductedonthesocioeconomicand resources andtheenvironment. Studiesare also with respect tolong-termmanagementofrenewable Research teamsfocus especially onissuesarising evidence ofthistrend. damage, withglobalwarmingbeingthemostsymbolic natural resource useandcausingmajorenvironmental stage). This istriggeringmarket tensions, promoting heavy (and alternatives are development stillinthepreliminary a growth modelthatisnotconducive tosustainability Development) countriesare continuing toimplement OECD (Organisationfor EconomicCo-operationand are makingtheirentranceontheeconomicscene, while not sustainable. Emergingcountries(Brazil, India, China) and development patternedonthe Western modelis development basedoncurrent typesofconsumption O reaching criticallevels, suggestingthateconomic resources andenvironmental damageare n aglobalscale, pressure onnaturalrenewable into socialchangesandstakeholder strategies. in addition tocomprehensive approaches togaininsight tools androle-playing gamesare required for theanalysis, uses orrenewable resource appropriation, negotiation issues associatedwiththedevelopment ofcompetitive risksandemergingdiseases.sanitary Duetocurrent as itillustrateschallengesassociatedwithcontrolling areas,especially pastoralsystemsindry isalsocovered A specificcaseconcerninglivestock production systems, especially water, biodiversity, forest andpasture resources. Here abroad rangeofrenewable resources are assessed, global publicgoods andcommonproperty resources. in appropriation conditionsrangingfrom privateproperty, sustainable managementofrenewable naturalresources prepared tocontributeinternationaldiscussionson on localtogloballevels. Research teamsare fully enhancing theoverall understanding ofinteractions comparisons ofglobalstudiesandassessments, thus development, underspecific conditions, ofinternational covered by theconcernedteamsenables The diverse rangeofresearch situations andexpertise and politicalfactors. involved onthebasisofsocioeconomic, environmental making processes soastodeterminethedynamics insight intoresource allocationstrategiesanddecision- Pierre-Marie Bosc(UMRMOISA) 25 Societies and sustainable development 26 Societies and sustainable development CIHEAM/IAM.M, CIRAD, IRD, MontpellierSupAgro) www.brgm.fr/brgm/Fichiers/SGR/fi Dynamiques socio-environnementales Management ofRenewable Resources natural resource management Évaluation delaressource eneau, www.cirad.fr/ur/ressources_forestieres Water Resource Management, et gouvernance desressources (AgroParisTech/ENGREF, CEMAGREF, 23 scientists, 13PhDcandidates 15 scientists, 36PhDcandidates 30 scientists, 15PhDcandidates Director: Geneviève Michon, Head: Jean-Daniel Rinaudo, ... continued onpage 28 [email protected] Director: Martine Antona, [email protected] Main teams [email protected] Director: Patrice Garin, Director: Alain Billand, milieux discontinus www.cirad.fr/ur/green www.mpl.ird.fr/ur168 [email protected] and Public Policies [email protected] and Environment Forest Resources Actors andUses UR 47GREEN UR Eau-RMD, UMR G-EAU www.g-eau.net 35 scientists 6 scientists UPR 36 UR 199 (CIRAD) (CIRAD) (BRGM) (IRD) che_lro.pdf with majorissues, including resource economic and socialfields–todeal political, institutional,geographical, between biotechnology,the interface These innovations are developed–at address environmental concerns. set upbothlocallyandglobally to involved includesystemsthat are The socioenvironmental innovations local know-how. decentralization andpromotion of setting ofpublicdisinvestment, and landresources inthecurrent transitions, waterandirrigation and protected areas, agrarian in themanagementofbiodiversity local practices andpublicpolicies It analysesrelationships between in theirinteractions withnature. between membersofthesesocieties relationships andrelationships encompasses society-nature scope ofthisunit’s investigations governance concepts, themain innovation andresource access Based onsocioenvironmental and soils. including biodiversity, forestry, water biophysical sciencedisciplines, other biological,biotechnicaland study subjectsthatare shared with and ecologyisimplementedto combines socialsciences, agronomy resources. Anapproach that fields ofenvironment andnatural focusedinthe (IRD) isprimarily et gouvernance desressources socio-environnementales Dynamiques Research conductedby the relationships studying ‘society-nature’ for and ecology Social sciences, agronomy Environment and unit

America. Southeastin Africa, AsiaandSouth ecology. The research out iscarried resource economics, agronomy and ethnoscience, geography, natural in thefieldsofsocioanthropology, The unitconsistsofresearchers governance systems. tools, strategies private and local are alsolinkedwithpublicpolicy inthissetting. crucial These issues and environmental imperatives are of globaldevelopmentstrategies; inequality, assessments andofcritical parcel ofthefightagainstpoverty and long associated;theyare and part withinwhichtheywereconservation beyond the limitedscopeofnature these environmental issuesextend assumption adoptedhere isthat or unwantedimpacts. The underlying as themanagementofitsunforeseen benefits generated by thisuse, aswell access anduse, of thedistribution management. The issuesare tosustainableenvironment crucial preservation anddevelopmentare arbitration between ecosystem Conditions ofinteractions and processes. collectivemanagement support and ecosystemviability, and(ii)to between natural resource uses used to:(i)understandinteractions methods andtoolsthatcanbe CIRAD) istogenerate knowledge, Management research unit(GREEN, of Renewable Resources and The overall aimoftheManagement processes resource management Supporting collective M. Soulié © Agropolis International groundwater protection Costs andbenefitsof anthropology): geography, economy, sociology, legal modelling, informatics, ecology, different disciplines(agronomy, being reformulated), involving of research (whichare currently practices. There are fourmainlines of localtonationalmanagement and rules, andonthediscussion management systems, standards renewable resource andenvironment development andimplementationof The unitconductsresearch onthe participation. stakeholders’and concerned asymmetry assess theinformation dimension,and and long-term that integrate theenvironmental managementprocesses support the viabilityoftheseprocesses, share thisknowledge, toensure and ecologicalprocesses andto to gaininsightintocomplexsocial attracted theinterest ofresearch decentralization. These issueshave a result ofglobalizationand in decision-makingcentres as the North becauseoftheshift and alsoinboththeSouth and dependent onrenewable resources, since theinhabitantsare highly significant indevelopingcountries a groundwater aquifer Drilling into of totaldepollution the analysis, thehypothesis Alsace region (France). In depollution objective in measures tomeetthis of implementingrealistic BRGM evaluated thecost programme (BRIDGE), Groundwater thrEsholds for theIDentificationof the EUBackground cRiteria Within theframework of to agood chemicalstatus. pollutants, must berestored by agriculturalandindustrial often heavily contaminated Member Countries, whichis states thatgroundwater in Groundwater Directive The 2007European Union management systems. implementation ofsustainable for collective learningand ‘support modelling’ approach social andeconomicaspects. while integrating biophysical, collaboration withstakeholders, are developedandusedin shared representations, facilitate thebuildingof and simulationmodelsthat tools (role playing, mapping) stakeholders. byselection andappropriation management systemdevelopment understanding ofprocesses of inorderpatterns toenhancethe socioeconomic settingandits environmental, institutionaland and integrated ofthe interms representations are analysed decision-making processes. These forthesecollective constructed and theirenvironments mustbe stakeholders between concerned representations ofinteractions to anduseoftheseresources. collective decisionmakingonaccess

Assessment oftheso-called Assessment Production ofrepresentation Analysis ofindividualand Jean-Daniel Rinaudo, [email protected] Contacts: Stéphanie Aulong, [email protected] compared tothebenefitsgeneratedfor inhabitants. eliminating alltracesofpollutantswould beextremely expensive less ambitiousscenariowaseconomically acceptable, whereas profit calculatedfor thetwo hypotheses revealed thatthe for thefirsthypothesis and inhabitants were willingtopay a survey of668householdsin2006. Itwasestimatedthat willingness topay for thisenvironmental enhancementthrough This costestimatewasthencompared withinhabitants’ € depollution wasrespectively 22and52millioneuros, i.e. safe for humans). The totalcostofachieving thesetwo levels of water would qualifyasdrinkable (containingtracepollutants, but a lessambitioushypothesis ofdepollutiontoastageatwhichthe (elimination ofalltracespollutants)wastested, inaddition to 30 perinhabitant. which Shared Applications processes. systems onecologicalandsocial assessments ontheimpactofthese watershed managementinAsia. West and andLatinAmerica, Africa Madagascar, agrobiodiversity in Réunion, biodiversityinBrazil and landuse inSahelian andin Africa countries. The applicationareas are universitiesindevelopingpartner Agropolis International teamsand network collaborations withother the research unitandthrough modelling network site:www.commod.org http://sourceforge.net/projects/mimosa; support developed by GREEN:http://cormas.cirad.fr & * For openmodellingplatforms information: further and (ii)conducting management systemsorpractices, andappropriatingdetermining stakeholdersin(i) supporting applies toresearch aimedat: levels in scientific analysis. organization anddecision-making scales andtheintegration of

Questioning choicesofanalytical € 76/year for thesecond. The net € 42/year over a10year period * are developedwithin ex post

This € 13 and ••• 27 Societies and sustainable development X Watering avegetable garden, Bolivia(right) 28 Societies and sustainable development Animal andIntegratedRiskManagement Laboratoire montpelliérain d’économie Laboratoire montpelliéraind’économie www.cirad.fr/fr/pg_recherche/ur.php?id=123 Director: Amadou Tamsir Diop(ISRA), AlterManagement, Mondialisation (Montpellier SupAgro, CNRS, INRA, UM1) fl [email protected] in theSãoPaulo region, Brazil [email protected] www.montpellier.inra.fr/lameta in Cochabamba, Bolivia(left) Administrative Head(CIRAD): www.cirad.fr/ur/faune_sauvage (CIRAD, ISRA, ENEA, UCAD, CSE) 29 scientists, 42PhDcandidates maya.leroy@agroparistech.fr 17 scientists, 6PhDcandidates 27 scientists, 8PhDcandidates (UM1, AgroParisTech/ENGREF) www.lameta.univ-montp1.fr Director: François Monicat, www.erfi ... continued onpage 30 Heads: Florence Palpacuer, [email protected] théorique etappliquée Director: Marc Willinger, Main teams UMR 5474LAMETA URP 68Pastoralism [email protected]

S UPR 22 AGIRS [email protected] Bernard Toutain, X et Écologie Maya Leroy, Periurban agriculture -management.net 8 scientists Drinkingwatertank (CIRAD) AME R. Ducrot ©CIRAD in periurbanareas ofLatinAmerica Overcoming waterconflicts Contact: Raphaèle Ducrot, [email protected] were typical ofperiurbanareas. limitedby organizationaland institutionalshortcomings that hadnotinitially beentaken intoaccount. Finally, theresults andtheirdissemination of institutionalstakeholders hadbeenenhancedonsomeaspects of watermanagement capacities for interactionandnegotiation withotherorganizations, and that theawareness revealedthese interventions thatthecommunity representatives hadstrengthened their tools andnaturalresource governance atseveral levels. A follow-up andassessmentof platforms for naturalresource management, aswell asdiscussionsontheuseofsimulation studies involved andadvantages ofmultistakeholder ananalysis oftheshortcomings In addition toinsightgainedonthewatermanagementsystemsof these regions, the role andstatusofagriculture inthistypeofcatchment. catchment basincommitteeonwaterqualitymanagementandinitiating discussionsonthe regions. wasaimedatincreasingThe secondintervention theawareness ofmembersa officers onsanitationissuesthrough modellingprocedure asupport tailored for periurban the goalwastoboostnegotiating ofthefirstintervention capacities ofcommunity minimised theimpactofurbanizationonirrigation networks intwo communities. InBrazil, associations withtheirtechnical, administrative andfinancialmanagement, and(iii) sanitation project, (ii)developed amultistep methodtohelpdrinkingwatercommunity In Bolivia, theproject: (i)setup aplatform for discussiononahighly criticizedwaterand to strengthenskillsandfindconsensussolutionsindifferent participants’ interventions. processes. ofsimulation tools(roleThe advantagesandshortcomings playing) were tested management inBrazilandBoliviaby includingcivilsocietyincollective decision-making curbing tensionsbetween interest groups andpromoting negotiation toimprove water The Negotiating Periurban Water Conflictsproject (NEGOWAT) wasaimedat For information: further Environment and www.negowat.org natural resource management R. Ducrot © CIRAD

R. Ducrot © CIRAD sustainability, allocation,transfers) many different research topics: constraints. The UMRdealswith to identifyleversovercome these developing countries, thushelping reference situationsindevelopedand water andassociatedecosystems, on themanagementof concerning practical knowledge onissues SupAgro) proposes toprovide IAM.M, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier ENGREF, CEMAGREF, CIHEAM/ and Uses ( Resource Management, Actors The jointresearch unit(UMR) Water ecosystems water andassociated social managementof Technical, economicand For information: further SylvainPerret, [email protected] Contacts: StefanoFarolfi, [email protected] teams from France, South Africa, Italy andUSA. within theframeworkbeing cosupervised ofthisproject by research MSc students, aswell astwo French PhDcandidates, are currently the watermanagementfield. A of graduatestudents, thuspromoting thedevelopment in ofexpertise between research teamsfrom bothcountriesthrough cosupervision governance issuesin ruralareas. The goal isalsotostrengthen ties knowledge anddevelop methodsto helpsolve waterresource was launchedfor a4-year periodin2007. The aimistogenerate French Network for Research in Water Scienceand Technology, of watermanagementproject (ARISE), oftheSouth aspart African- The Action-Research onInstitutions, SocialaspectsandEconomics amongst otherpartners. Affairs andForests ofScienceand andtheDepartment Technology Water Research Commission, theSouth of African Ministry Water have beencarried outincollaborationwithlocaluniversities, the negotiations andcollective decisionmaking. Since2002, four projects themwithsustainablewaterresourceto support management WUAs) by proposing socioeconomicstrategies, toolsandmethods (Catchment Management Agencies, CMAs, Water User Associations, Pretoria, new watergovernance isaimedatsupporting organizations Economics andPolicy in Africa (CEEPA) andtheUniversity of UPR GREEN), incollaborationwiththeCentre for Environmental Research conductedinSouth Africa by CIRAD(UMRG-EAU, in SouthAfrica framework changes and institutional Water governance water services and uses waterservices management institutions waterresources (variability, G-EAU , AgroParisTech/ www.ceepa.co.za/arise.html PhD candidateandtwo South African or informational toolsforwater or informational usage regulation, andeconomic policies, institutions, typesof policies inconjunctionwith other assessment ofpublicwater This research dealswiththe management.policies andservice 2. water tables, canals, ordams. rivers time scales, insystemsthatcombine managing waterflows, ondifferent scenarios. to theanalysisofresource allocation 1. in lines2and3: human andsocialsciencesfocused There are three linesofresearch, with practices.irrigation crops, environmental impacts of management and stakeholdersinvolvedinwater production systems and irrigated production systemsandirrigated behavioursandviewpointsofusers Consultations onwater, public From operational management The research isaimedat Awomanallocatingcollectedwater - for different uses, Ga-Gekororo, SouthAfrica the unit’s research. toolssupplement decision-support to educationandtraining andto Two transversal missionsdevoted these agricultural systems. the developmentofinnovations for their effectsontheenvironment, and equipment,including and irrigation of agricultural production systems factors,determining theperformance behaviour (agricultural water)and topics investigatedincludeusers’ 3. stakeholder participation. ornot)with models (computerized is thatitpromotes theuseof One specificfeature ofthisUMR related (drought, flooding). risks quality, andvulnerability towater- aquaticenvironment services, and accesstowatersanitation resourceassessed concern sharing management. service The issues Water practices anduses. ••• The 29 Societies and sustainable development © S. Farolfi 30 Societies and sustainable development US 140ESPACE etspatialisation Expertise Agriculture andthe Agrifoods Sector des connaissancesenenvironnement (CEMAGREF, CIRAD, AgroParisTech/ENGREF) Mutations des Territoires enEurope Spatial Information and Analysis for Innovation andDevelopment inthe www.montpellier.inra.fr/umr-innovation Institut du développement durable Institut dudéveloppement durable http://recherche.univ-montp3.fr/mte/ (Montpellier SupAgro, CIHEAM/IAM.M, Other teamsfocused Organizations, Institutionsand et desrelations internationales [email protected] (Montpellier SupAgro, INRA, CIRAD) Territories andEcosystems [email protected] www.montpellier.inra.fr/moisa/ [email protected] 28 scientists, 28 PhDcandidates 59 scientists, 22PhDcandidates 16 scientists, 31PhDcandidates 58 scientists, 29PhDcandidates 46 scientists, 15PhDcandidates 42 scientists, 14PhDcandidates Centre d’études politiques Centre d’étudespolitiques Director: ÉtienneMontaigne, Director: Devautour, Hubert Director: Geneviève Cortès, Director: Laurence Tubiana, 15 scientists, 1PhDcandidate http://tetis.teledetection.fr/ [email protected] FRE CNRS3027-MTE www.cepel.univ-montp1.fr [email protected] Director: Frédéric Huynh, Operators’ Strategies UMR INNOVATION Director: Pascal Kosuth, Director: Peres, Hubert X [email protected] [email protected] on thistopic UMR 5112CEPEL de l’Europe latine (CNRS, UM3, UPVD) www.espace.ird.fr Irrigated area atMuden, CIRAD, INRA, IRD) UMR MOISA www.iddri.org UMR TETIS (CNRS, UM1) IDDRI (IRD) South Africa

P.-Y. Le Gal © CIRAD The water? associatedwith economic concerns insightintothenaturefurther of on alocalscaleinorder togain involved inwaterpolicydevelopment How canthegeneral publicget environment intoconsideration? economic, regulatory andclimatic while takingrapid changesinthe projects or policiesbeassessed, watermanagement of alternative How canthesocioeconomicimpacts planning policiesbeconsistent? management andprotection landuse planning,groundwater How caneconomicdevelopment, management policies of waterresource Socioeconomic features the conducted alongfourlines: Since 2003,theresearch hasbeen Europe, Middle East). outindifferentcarried areas (France, Framework Directive, withresearch for implementationoftheEU Water come upwithoperational solutions conceptual frameworks. The aimisto sociological andprospective analysis and implementingeconomic, toolsandmethods, multidisciplinary makers’ by concerns developing addressing thesepublicdecision according tothe WFD, Member resource protection measures–

Economic assessmentofwater EAU-RMD Économie del’eau team(BRGM) is Environment and group of natural resource management methods are developedandtested. tools andenvironmental economics involving economicengineering status by 2015.Operational methods water bodiestoagoodchemical cost ofmeasures required torestore Countries are obligedtoevaluate the application of the WFD. could potentially beimplementedin methodsthat public participation G-EAU, testsandcompares several team, incollaboration withtheUMR French nationalresearch projects, the framework ofseveral European and the waterresource status. economic activitiesinanarea and withrespectpotential patterns to arescenarios designedtoreflect Roussillon, Meuse, Rhine). The catchment basinsinEurope (Hérault, developed andtestedindifferent arewith stakeholderparticipation, drawing updifferent scenarios, on acatchmentscale–methodsfor development ofeconomicscenarios risks. production andnitrogen pollution strategies according toagricultural onwatersupply instruments regulatory, contractual orincentive developed tosimulatetheimpactof Agricultural economicsmodelsare assessing thecostofthispollution. develops andtestsmethodsfor team agricultural origins–the groundwater pollutionfrom diffuse and toolsformonitoring

Public the participation–within Prospective analysisand Economic impactassessment economy, sociology andethnobotany, i.e. ecology, geography, forestry, This UPRishighlymultidisciplinary, management systems. equitable forest andwoodedarea of policiesforsustainableand the drawing upandimplementation results ofthisresearch so astofoster Stakeholders willhaveaccesstothe of forest areas andtheirresources. andlocalmanagement concerted developing methodsforsustainable, done by generating fresh knowledge, environmental preservation. This is interests, developmentand to accommodatelocalinhabitants’ and practices, whilealsostriving tree andforest managementpolicies theimplementationof supporting uses andsustainability. This involves between forested orwoodedarea (CIRAD) isseekingthebesttradeoff Forest Resources and Public Policies researchThe internal unit(UPR) of trees andforests sustainable management and practicesforthe Implementation ofpolicies situation proposed inthegame. management consultationsystemrelative tothedeliberative It alsoprovides anoccasiontodiscusstheexistingwater range ofviewpoints andpotentialtensionsthatcouldarise. enables futuretogaininsightintothewide participants involves agameanddebriefingscheme, implementation initiative, thistool, which Prior tosettingupaconcerted Pyrénées-Orientales region (France). water inasmallcatchmentthe in thequantitative management of following ananalysis oftensions Concert’eau, toolssuchasconsultation support problems anddevelop new conducted toanalyse these situations. Research isbeing viewpoints andways ofhandling the rangeofdifferent stakeholders’ of managementpoliciesbecause implementation joint orparticipatory Many complicationsmay arisewhenattempting and gamesassupporttools Analysis ofconcertedwatermanagementprocesses whichwasdeveloped Concert’eau,

IRAD t © C cro Du R. offers players the ecological changes. biodiversity–changes in practices, 3. inhabitants’ traditional know-how? degradation andalossoflocal they defactoleadtosteadyforest to gainimmediateprofits? Do meeting basicneedsandstriving pressure duetopopulationgrowth, and theenvironment orboostthe improvement inlivingconditions favour ofcommunitiesresult inan of forest resource management in decentralization anddevolution management. 2. the analysisofhow theyare accepted. and forestry sectororonterritories of theireffectsorimpactsonthe design totheassessment policy deployment cycle from their topic thatspanstheentire public some publicpolicyinstruments 1. developing toolsandmethods: transversala fourth focusaimedat main thematicfoci,inadditionto and North America. There are three and conductsresearch Asia inAfrica, Representations, usesand Decentralisation. Local resource Efficiency andappropriation of Doesthelarge-scale management support tool inacatchmentbasinofBrazilmanagement support S ‘Agualoca’ role-playing gameasawaterresource For viable forest Patrice Garin, [email protected] Olivier Barreteau, [email protected] Audrey Richard-Ferroudji, [email protected] Contacts: (ex post) hierarchies periods. duringshortage possibility ofsimulating consultationsby playing the –a enabled stakeholders todiscusswateruse role ofpeoplewhomust defend agood water assessment data. management planratherthanpersonalor water managementcasebasedoncollective sectorial interests. There are four teams players tostandbackandassessareal called Do, Re, MiandFa. The ‘Do’ team the ‘Fa’ team. A debriefingphaseenables must therefore promote waterfor its Environmental iscrucialto preservation heritage value. For the ‘Re’ team, water its managementisapublicconcern. is aresource thatmust beeconomically resources. management anduseofforest withrespectsupport toforest area anddecision tested formonitoring Methods andtoolsare developed and discussions onforests.international ecosystem approach promoted by forest resource useandof the ofsustainable societies interms response toincreasing demandfrom and astrategic issueforCIRADin approach represents achallenge social approaches. This integrated areas isbasedonbiologicaland offorestfunctioning andpatterns their resources– area managementanduseof 4. and impactonthesesystems. public policies, theirappropriation capacities are analysedinadditionto adaptation andtransformation systems andtheirresilience, environmental aspectsofvarious of forest users. The humanand rights, intentionsandknow-how of forest ecosystemsaswell asthe consider thebiophysicalfeatures management, itisessentialto team, waterbelongstoeveryone and and technically optimized. For the ‘Mi’ Tools formonitoringforest Concert’eau, ••• Research onthe has, for instance, 31 Societies and sustainable development 32 Societies and sustainable development The areas systems indry development ofpastoral For sustainable patterns andtrends.patterns environmentalwell astheintrinsic with respect totheenvironment, as of herders, their interdependence rationality andadaptationcapacities degradation. This highlightedthe activities toenvironmental climatic factorsandpastoral the respective of contributions rangeland ecologyandestablished Research inthe1990sreconsidered in enhancingtheenvironment. the recognition thatitparticipates successful comebackasaresult of droughts. Pastoralism hasmadea thelastmajorsub-Saharanduring overgrazing andabusive landuse human activityresponsible for Pastoralism wasviewed asa tools.decision support natural resource managementand and biophysicalsystemsdevelop analyse interactions between social approach to multidisciplinary areas.in dry It implementsa development ofpastoral systems tothesustainableis tocontribute ENEA, UCAD, CSE).Its mainaim unit in2005(URP68,CIRAD, ISRA, the Pastoralism cooperative research founded inDakar in2001,became Pôle Pastoral Zones Sèches , climatic hazards. their politicalrepresentation thanon with production andexchange and their socioeconomicrelationships more ontheircapacitytonegotiate future ofpastoral societiesdepends of pastoral systemsandlifestyles. The pillars oftherecognized sustainability and multipleactivities. These are the by exchanges adaptation,external a viewofpastoralism characterised research programmes onthebasisof of theteamare invarious formulated The socialscienceresearch challenges their dynamics? technical toolsare neededtosupport • What social,political,economicand productivity beimproved? • How cantheirfunctioningand organization andscalelevels: pastoral systems by concentrating on production? in thedevelopmentoflivestock • What istherole ofpastoral herding systems? maintenance ofcurrent pastoral areas compatiblewiththesustainable • Are ecosystemdynamicsinarid functioning anddynamics: pastoral systems by explainingtheir and environments: organization levelsofpastoral systems thedynamicsand lines concerning The research isconductedalongtwo

Improving thefunctioningof Contributing tothesustainabilityof Environment and natural resource management Ferlo, Senegal, rural municipalityof Thieu Everyone awaits his turn forwateraccess. awaitshisturn Everyone strategies andpoliciesofsocieties when developing orimplementing safety), should betakenintoaccount and health(emerging diseases, health extensive), orinecosystemswildlife (highlyintensiveor systems atrisk changes inlivestockproduction worsening. Risksassociatedwith ecological necessities)are constantly requirementsdemand, sanitary and (economic constraints, social Conflicts animals concerning or towhichtheyare subjected. associated risks, whichtheyembody and accentuatersofchange changes. Animalsare factors, revealers and socialprocesses associatedwith a keyrole inecological,economic etc.). Wild anddomesticanimalshave Change, WorldTrade Organization, Intergovernmental Panel onClimate and theSouth (Millenium Goals, on allagendasinboththeNorth these changesare thuspriorities associatedwith anduncertainty risks their needsandfuture projects. The economic security, andtomeeting respect and totheirfood,sanitary with uncertainty as theybring forindividualsandsocieties concerns Global changes are now prime changes associated withglobal and environmental risks Animals central tohealth B. Toutain © CIRAD B. Toutain© ••• an informationsystemforpastoralism intheSahel LEAD-SIPSA programme: Sahel. The programme isdividedintofour components: Senegal istosetupaninformation systemfor pastoralisminthe FAO funding)inBurkinaFaso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Nigerand The secondphaseoftheLEAD-SIPSAprogramme (MAEE/ draw upsustainabledevelopment strategiesfor pastoralism. information tobeablecopewiththissituationand Livestock farmersandpolitical representatives require specific domesticmarketsserve due toincreased competitionwith otherproduction systemsto a result oftheshiftinfavour ofworld market production and areas natural resources, andalsodue to thedevelopment ofprotected population growth andincreasing competitionfor accessto constraints: resources. This activityis, however, now hampered by new sustainable managementanduseoffragilesparserangeland In theSahel, pastoralismisthemainactivitypracticedfor the Livestock farming transformations andrangeland dynamics TRANS Programme: the emergence of wageearners, changesassociated with since2005.supervised The research isfocused onassessing thesis andapost-doctoralfellowship have beenfundedand modelling’.‘support SixtrainingMaster’s level courses, aPhD programme onthetopics ‘long-term changerelationships’ and in theresearch ofthis andcoordination ofbothparts The URP(cooperative research unit)68teamisinvolved studies onlivestock farmingchangesandrangelanddynamics. French-speaking research teamsare involved inconducting frameworks anddeveloping genericmodelsandknowledge. policies thatare usefulfor comparingmethodsandanalysis diverse rangeofenvironments, farmingdynamicsandpublic mountains andtheSahelianregion). These areas poola Pampas, French mountainsandhills, North Vietnamese farming area. There are five mainstudyareas (Amazon, dynamics, andspatialscalesrangingfrom thefieldto farming seasontimescales, farmtrajectories, agroecological ecological andlandscape dynamics. The research combines level, whilethesecondcorrelates farmingdynamicswith The firstinvolves analysis of changes onthelivestock farm This research programme isstructured alongtwo mainlines. rangeland dynamics. transformations andcorrelate thesetransformations with to implementnew ways ofassessinglivestock farming issues. The TRANS project (ANR2005-2008funding)aims changes innaturalareas andare pivotal toenvironmental on herbivore farmingpatterns, whichinturncontributeto pastoral regions. The vitalityoftheseareas dependsclosely central tothesustainabledevelopment ofmany grasslandand The dynamicsofchangeinlivestock farmingactivitiesare major climaticchangesandrecurring drought. modification oftheeconomicfunctionpastoralsystemsas direct andindirect restriction ofmovements inrangelands reduction inthesizeofpastoral rangelandsasaresult ofhigh sipsa/home.html For information: further Contact: Ibra Touré, [email protected] school). processessupport concerninglivestock production policies finalised andtailored ineachnational coordination committee. validated ineachnationalcoordination committee. derived from thisprogramme, currently beingamendedand deliverables and involved intheprogramme onpastoralism mobilizing nationalandinternationalexpertise midterm results obtainedfor thesecomponentsare asfollows: of theSIPSAtechnique, and(4)Monitoringassessment. The institutional anchoring, (3)Development andimplementation (1) Publicawareness andtraining, (2)Networking and Ranching systemsinfallow areas oftheAmazonforest region For information: further Contact: Véronique Ancey, [email protected] elements through comparative studies. family-herd relationships, livestock farmingmodelgenericity pastoral resource access, long-termchangerelationships via supervision ofaround 10trainees(Master’ssupervision level, engineering information products usedandaccountedfor indecision drawing upthegeneralSIPSAspecifications, currently being drawing for sharinginformation products upageneralcharter boosting publicawareness ontheprogramme issues, aimsand setting upandconsolidationofafunctionaldynamicnetwork www.fao.org/AG/AGAINFO/projects/fr/lead/ www2.clermont.inra.fr/TSE/trans.htm B. Dedieu©INRA& S. Cournut ©Enitac 33 Societies and sustainable development 34 Societies and sustainable development North thoseofthe while alsoendangering vulnerable societiesoftheSouth, health, developmentandsafetyof tothe that couldbedetrimental associatedwithanimals major risks systems, monitoring and permanent animals using decision-support animals usingdecision-support market) the environment, mobilityandthe associated changes(linkedwith dueto animals anduncertainties associatedwith of themainrisks structural andfunctionalfactors proposes to: systems (multispeciessystems),and locally, vulnerable production (emerging diseases)or,countries that threaten societies ofdeveloping andenvironmental risks on sanitary Management ( Animal andIntegrated Risk researchThe UPR(internal unit) social groups. with respect tothemostvulnerable oftheSouth,countries especially in ‘rapidly andunstably’developing The approach consisted offour stages: system. andlay the foundations foran observatory aninformation water quality. Ruralstakeholder groups were asked tobuild valley (Isère region), where theissueswere biodiversity and the centralissuewaswatermanagement, andtheHien of France: the Aume-Couture basin (Charente region), where Between 2005and2007, atestwascarried outintwo areas on thebasisofcollective actionstargetingaspecificissue. approach indefinedterritories tobuildsuchobservatories The UMR TETIS (CIRAD)developed anew participatory organized anddisseminatedby settingupanobservatory. disorganized, dependingonthesituation–canbecompiled, may beofhighorpoorquality, scattered, incompleteor and managingruralterritories. This information–which coordinating activities, implementingcollective operations world. Shared, reliable, up-to-dateinformation isvitalin Information isakey elementinanever-changing agricultural of collectiveaction Observatories insupport identify, through observatories model major risks linkedwith model majorrisks andquantifykey describe Expressing needs: determiningthepriorityissues, AGIRS

, CIRAD)focuses understand, foresee andmanage risks atdifferentscenarios scalestohelp The methodsimplementedare testing publicpolicyinstruments. management, anddesigning development, natural resource which directly sustainable concern six research programmes, fourof Its scientificproject consistsof theoretical andappliedresearch. SupAgro, CNRS,INRA)conductsboth LAMETA The jointresearch unit(UMR) instruments and testingpublicpolicy management, designing natural resource Sustainable development, tools. making parameters andmanagement different stakeholdersindecision- consequences prevent andlimittheir causesor toolstomonitor,and intervention incorporate perception therisk of design andtestmanagement (UM1,Montpellier Environment and Contact: MichelPassouant, [email protected] developed anddeveloping countries, andtoextenditsuse. plans tointroduce themethodinothersituationsboth stakeholders expressed theiraims andviewpoints. There are involved offormalizing how thedifferent andtheimportance relevant, highlightingtheextenttowhichstakeholders were The feasibility studyconcludedthat theapproach was adaptations. processes, preparing recommendations for improvement or the observatory, itsimpactonnegotiation andcoordination the territorial issues, assessingstakeholder appropriation of management procedures databases andgeographical information systems. system, withitspartners, organizingtheobservatory needs tocharacterize, understandandfollow upthepractices contributions totheissuesandexplainingtheirinformation identifying andmobilizingstakeholders, understandingtheir Deciding, learningandproducing knowledge toaddress Developing thecomputerapplication, settingupthedata Representing theviewpoints: modellingtheinformation natural resource management follows: These sixresearch programmes are as andfieldmodeltests.and laboratory quantitative methods(econometrics) mathematical programming), approaches (gametheory,formal focused especiallyonmodellingand investigated. and transportation policiesare policies, aswell ascompetition redistribution andhealth inequalities. Macroeconomic, increasing economicandsocial increased competition,andwith economiesfacedwith oriented on publicactioninexternally- organization researchand industrial macroeconomic, publiceconomics choices’ interactions. subjects’ strategic behaviourduring tomonitor experiments laboratory method consistsofcontrolled and socialdilemmas. The adopted mechanisms forsolvingconflicts designing efficientincentive economy’ econometrics ofcommoditymarkets,econometrics ‘Economic policiesandpublic ‘Applied econometrics’ ‘Behavioural andexperimental recenters previous involvesstudyingand concern the concern E. Daou ©CIRAD Bacary 3. Ageographical system information 2. Officedu Niger, Mali 1. RicefieldsoftheOfficeduNiger, Mali oftimeseries.econometrics and revenue distributions, andthe financial markets, inequalities the role interactions. ofexpert-citizen coordination instruments, and(iv) institutional arrangements and preferences, (iii)developmentof of agreements topayandsocial and measures, (ii)assessment axiomatics ofbiodiversityindices what type:(i)consideration ofthe and,ifso, isnecessary intervention whetherpublic so astodetermine hamper biodiversitypreservation at gaininginsightintofactorsthat technical innovation choices. usedtoguideagents’instruments analysis ofthemostefficientpolicy assessmentapproaches andthe risk natural resource management,new inasettingof sustainability criteria and modelling’ incentive tools. collaboration and negotiationtools, management: commercial tools, qualitative andquantitativewater proposed forjoint, instruments resource management’ ‘Economy andbiodiversity’ ‘Sustainable development analysis ‘Quantitative and qualitative water conductsresearch on 1 studiesnew L. Elies©CIRAD isaimed M. Passouant©CIRAD in developedanddeveloping At interface theenterprise-society social responsibility policies. development projects orenterprise intheframeworkefficiency criteria of iscentral tothe performance management, whereby ecological approach toenvironmental strategic prospects. It offersan innovative and sustainabledevelopment relationshipsconditions, territorial systems, working andemployment the standpointofmanagement strategy andimpactsfrom forms The emphasisisonglobalization and environmental targets. used tomeetorganizations’ social management sciencetoolsthatare with analyticalframeworks and (Montpellier centre)–is out carried with AgroParisTech/ENGREF et l'industrie, (Équipe derecherche surlafirme ofthe team–part Mondialisation etÉcologie Research ofthe to benefitorganizations Management science 3 UM1),inassociation 2 AlterManagement, ERFI For information: further Contact: DidierBabin, [email protected] Ecosystem Services. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform onBiodiversity and quickly give risetoanIPCCequivalentinthebiodiversity field: United NationsEnvironment Programme. The initiative should the follow uptotheMillenniumEcosystem Assessment andthe on allcontinents. The consultationfindingsbridgedthegap with in different media, andorganizedmulti-stakeholder consultations fields, incertain expertise widely communicated ontheproject Executive Committee, haslaunchedcasestudiesonmobilizing by theInternationalSteeringCommitteeanditsprestigious de laBiodiversité IMoSEB: of ScientificExpertiseonBiodiversity group

. For almost3years, thissmallteam, supported International Mechanism (design, production, etc.). marketing, distribution, from itsdesigntouse a product (goodsorservices) * Activities required by societiesandworkers tocomplete (www.globalvaluechains.org) ongoing thesesandrecent projects. subsectors,agrifood through several environmental issues, including studied withrespect tosocial and Several commoditychainsare Global Value ChainsInitiative oftheinternational group ispart development conditions. The respect toworking andsustainable ‘union/NGO’ allianceswith of environmental NGOs and strategies oforganization andforms countries, italsoinvestigates was entrustedtothe onBiodiversityExpertise (IMoSEB)that International MechanismofScientific the consultative process towards an for coordination andpromotion of the Executive Secretariat responsible facilities, CIRADhasbeenhosting Since late2005, atitsBaillarguet www.imoseb.net andwww.ipbes.net Institut Français . *

35 Societies and sustainable development 36 Societies and sustainable development Ecological Monitoring Observatories Network Ecological MonitoringObservatoriesNetwork environmental monitoringinAfrica–LongTerm Desertification andlong-term information systemwasdesigned, developed andapplied, basedon: methods inscientificcollaborationwithIRD. An environment From 2000to2005, ROSELT definedandimplemented indicators. socioeconomic indicators, andspatialized landdegradationrisk spatiotemporally comparableproducts, includingbiophysical and collection andprocessing methods. Itdevelops commonand monitoring systems. Itapplies streamlined consensualinformation environmental research programmes andnationalenvironmental providing apermanentlocalmonitoringunitthatsuppliesdatafor forecasting andmonitoringofenvironmental changes, while in 11circum-Saharan countries. Itcontributestotheassessment, andknowledge onlocalenvironmentalexpertise observatories collaborationstoshareinstitutions inSouth-South-North (OSS) since1994, isthefirstregional African network of ROSELT, akey programme oftheSaharaandSahelObservatory essential todevelop environmental monitoringtools. desertification. Ithasthusbecome to landdegradation, andultimately disturbances andacutedrought, leading have beenupsetby heavy human and nonresilient ecologicalsystems and populationchange. Their fragile rural societiesinthethroes ofsocial constraints are typically inhabitedby African areas withseriousdrought ad hoc Environment and current regional andinternationalinitiatives. andaccountingfor themin of theadded valueoflocalobservations many scientificandinstitutionalbodies, thusenhancingrecognition networks. Internationally, theROSELT experimentisrepresented in countries. These methodsare implementedinnationalobservatory institutions for apotentialtransfer ofgovernance topartner functioning are currently beingredefined through thesemember and applied atdifferent levels invariouscountries. Itsstatus and information. The methodsare institutions adoptedby partner ROSELT now hasthecapacity toprovide reliable andreplicated dynamics. andconsequently ofdesertification observations follow up, thusenhancingtheinterpretation ofecological West Africa. Onaregional scale, they provided asocioeconomic The socioeconomicfindingsreflected disparitiesbetweenand North The resultstrends. confirmedthelanddegradationanddesertification and www.mdweb-project.org For information: further Mélanie Requier-Desjardins, [email protected] Youba Sokona, [email protected] Frédéric Huynh, [email protected] Contacts: MaudLoireau, [email protected] a web-based information circulation andsharingsystem(MDweb). a localenvironment information system(LEIS) thematic methodologicalguides natural resource management www.roselt-oss.org

O. Barrière © IRD Extractive activities: impacts onrenewable resources, governance, economies,societiesandterritories the U surlesactivitésminières en de recherche Afrique Paris 1/Panthéon-Sorbonne, 2007) wasopentootherinstitutions (BRGM, first meeting(March 2007). The second meeting(September societies andterritories. Various studieswere presented atthe (mines, oil, gas)onrenewable resources, governance, economies, interested intheissueofimpactnonrenewable resources together thisinformal (sofar)community ofresearchers to extractive activities. This provided tobring anopportunity territorial developmentsupporting processes withrespect (UMR TETIS, UMRMOISA, UPR ARENA) onthetopicof teams oftheCIRADEnvironments andSocietiesdepartment studies have beeninitiated. Two seminarswere organizedby of thisindividualandcollective experience, andseveral thesis A process hasbeenunderway since2007totap thebenefits de laNature under theaegisofUICN platform onpetroleum andgasextraction activitiesinMauritania, projects by the supported World Bank, andtobuildadiscussion plan for thepetroleum area inChad, withintheframework of (nickel) andGuinea(iron), todevelop aregional development determine theimpactsofextractive activitiesinNew Caledonia and limitations. The mainaimsof thesestudieshave beento also ondiscussionandnegotiation conditions, theirpotential strategies ofcompanies, governments andcivilsociety, and years onlong-termextractive activitiesandchangesinthe Studies have beencarried outby CIRADresearchers inrecent niversité duQuébec àMontréal niversité - World Union). Conservation (Union Internationale pour la Conservation (Union InternationalepourlaConservation UICN Seaprise Commission, , University of Brasilia, and (GRAMA) of Université de Université

Groupe Géraud Magrin, [email protected] Contacts: van Geert Vliet, [email protected] discussion. It isopentoallinterested peoplewhoaccepttojointhe was founded topromote information exchangeandanalysis. Applied Research onMining, Oil and Gas Activities (NARMA), decision makers, students)network, calledtheNetwork for A multistakeholder (researchers, NGOs, companies, public imperatives concerningtheiractivities. between stakeholders, withconsiderable economicandfinancial while we insettingsmarked intervene by majorasymmetries of research ethicsandconductwasspecifically investigated, would in-depthinvestigation. warrant further The question and possibilitiesofimplementingmore efficientregulations sectors. Similarly, issuesassociatedwithrevenue sharing and environmental impactstake similarforms inthedifferent fisheries, etc.). Questionsontheirsocioeconomic, political and therenewable resource domain(agroindustry, logging, intothecomparisonofextractivego further activities levels. The analysis findingsalsoprompted researchers to societies/areas relationships atdifferent scalesororganization activities are catalysts ofchange in nature/stakeholder– developing countriesandFrench overseas regions, extractive These exchangesrevealed theextenttowhich, inmany (FLACSO) basedattheUniversity ofQuito, etc.). the Facultad deCienciasSocialesSedeEcuador Latinoamericana Petroleum inMauritania platform G. Magrin©CIRAD

37 Societies and sustainable development G. Napolitano © FAO High level conference on global food security, 3-5 June 2008, Rome

Public goods, policies and international regulations Societies and sustainable developmentSocieties

38 territorial ‘concrete actionsystems’. with respect toactualpower relationships within should notbejudgedimpartially, butrather considered tailored tolocalconditions. ofstandards The importation because the ‘governance’ isspecifically ofeachterritory complex linkagesbetween theglobalandlocalaspects resource managementconditionshighlightsgaps or power would warrant analysis. Assessment ofnatural provisions andthoseoflocalnational interest and The characterofrelationships between international management ofprojects, actionsandsectoralpolicies. with sustainabledevelopment, andtheirimpactsonlocal the behavioural andrhetoricalstandards associated public policies. togaininsightinto Then itisnecessary analyses concerningthedevelopment ofstandards and many caseanalyses withinterpretations andtransversal are involved inthesesystems, itisessentialtocombine Since many stakeholders, sites, objectives andconditions and knowledge relationships within eachofthesesystems. stakeholders withvariedlegitimacies andinterest, power can generateinsightintolinkagesbetween different framework ofnationalsystems. Suchmultilevel analyses and objectives withlocaldevelopment situationsinthe international processes thatproduce diagnoses, standards by thesecoordinations. Analyses shouldthuscorrelate systems thatsupply theglobalpublicgoods targeted commitments may already beset, butitisalways local terms. International/multilateral standards, schedulesand important conceptually ‘Scaling’,are ‘multilevel’ ‘glocal’ political systems. dimensions,contradictory and(iii)therestructuring of multilevel polycentrism, (ii)theinclusion ofsometimes insight into: (i)theshiftinnational regulations towards essential tofocus research onpublicpoliciessoastogain and theemergenceofinternationalregulations, itis With publicpolicymakingfor theagriculturalsector with globalissues. resource managementframework, oftencounteracting systems tobeimplementedinadecentralizationandlocal governance’ ofresources andglobalchallenges agrifood subsectors development ofcompaniesandpowerful integrated applies toalllocalsituations: levels. At leastoneofthefollowing phenomenanow dimensions, and(ii)thelinkageofdecisionscales for: (i)theintegrationofsustainabledevelopment analyse agriculturalandruraldynamicshelptoaccount Tools developed by Agropolis Internationalteamsto agricultural dynamics. thus restructuring ofterritories andsector-oriented prompting reorientation ofactivitiesandfarms, and underpin thedevelopment ofinternationalflows, competition, liberalizationanddecentralizationpolicies fossil fueldepletion, climatechange). International A localdynamicsthatenableterritorial governance theslow, anddeficientemergenceof uncertain ‘global globalizationdynamics, characterizedby the alleviation, renewable resource management, major globalchallenge(food security, poverty griculture, inallofitsforms, represents a as stakeholders andregulations. highlight thatthecontributionsconcernresources, aswell units conductingresearch onreshaping publicpolicies political changesinthisdirection. The presentations of developed countries. We insightinto hopetogainfurther the fragmentationofsocietiesinbothdeveloping and systems’ ofregulation ofpublicproblems, leadingto All ofthesephenomenamarkanincrease in ‘partial with interpretations ofinternationalprocedures. configurations around specificprojects supplemented federated considerations. Itstructures localaction mobilizes stakeholders beyond justnationalorfederal/ political regulations. The territorialization ofprojects ofsocial,by thecompartmentalization institutionaland power relationships. These recompositions are reflected involved inpolicymaking ‘change dynamics’suchasin development issues. Italsohighlights theprocesses considered, especially thoseintroduced by sustainable requirements andsocialchangesinthesocieties with inheritedpoliticalchoicesnew globalization less conflictualcombinationofconstraintsassociated other. The hybridization hypothesis shows themore or one hand, andunfinishedinnovative tinkering onthe standing publicactionpositionsandpracticesonthe these changesinvolve interlacingoflong- uncertain occurs between inheritanceandinnovation since Most studiesonchangeshighlightthathybridization according tothe ‘one bestway’ democratizationscheme. scheme. A new systemwould replace theformer one democratic, favours adevelopmentalistic analytical Literature ontransitionsinpoliticalsystems, especially with respect tocooperationandconflicts. of theactiondomainandsectoralstrategiesadopted action stakeholders, undertheeffect oftheintegration and power relationships between thedifferent public effective for assessingtherestructuring ofinstitutional initiatives are centraltothisissue. Transversal analysis is and institutionsthrough localdemocracypromotion consultation andmobilizationconditionsofstakeholders of thesenew scalesofactionandtheirdynamics. The accounting for theeconomic, socialandpoliticalaspects should bequestionedwithrespect tothislatterpoint, by of territorial stakeholder configurations. Governance andanalysis enhancement ofthestatusobservation the relationships inpolycentric andmultilevel forms and involvingcentre andtheperiphery arearrangement of challenging offormer typesofregulations between the application ofstandards inproblem definitions, (iii)ofthe weight ofsupranationalpolicylevels anddonorsinthe (i) ofeconomicinternationalization, (ii)oftheincreasing sustainable development conceptistheresult: architecture by thetransversality inducedinthe and domains. This questioningofthesectoral fringes, intersticesandmarginsofsectors, organizations cooperation/conflict gamesandrestructuring atthe ‘sustainable development’. This hasgiven risetocomplex international standards listedundertheexpression fighting poverty, isgrouped etc.) amongstthe A setofactiondomains(ecosystemconservation, and JacquesMarzin(UPR ARENA) François Lerin(UMRMOISA) ireVlré UR CEPEL), (UMR Pierre Valarié

39 Societies and sustainable development 40 Societies and sustainable development Center for International Research on Center for InternationalResearch on www.cirad.fr/ur/politiques_et_marches Institut du développement durable Institut dudéveloppement durable recherche surlestransformations and internationalregulations (EHESS, AgroParisTech-ENGREF,ENPC, Environment andDevelopment [email protected] CERTAP Centre d’étudeetde et desrelations internationales Director: JacquesPhDcandidates, Director: Jean-Charles Hourcade, [email protected] 22 scientists, 46PhDcandidates 36 scientists, 25PhDcandidates 16 scientists, 31PhDcandidates Centre d’études politiques Centre d’étudespolitiques 21 scientists, 6PhDcandidates économiquesdeRichter Director: Laurence Tubiana, 15 scientists, 1PhDcandidate ... continued onpage 42 www.cepel.univ-montp1.fr Laboratoire desciences [email protected] www.laser.univ-montp1.fr 26 scientists, 39doctorants http://certap.univ-perp.fr CIRAD, CNRSUMR8568) Director: François Feral, Main teams Director: Peres, Hubert Policies andMarkets Director: DenisPesche, de l’actionpublique [email protected] [email protected] UMR 5112CEPEL Collective Action, www.centre-cired.fr de l’Europe latine [email protected] EA 2039LASER UPR ARENA UMR CIRED www.iddri.org (CNRS, UM1) (CIRAD) IDDRI (UPVD) (UM 1) Public goods, policies latine d’études politiquesdel’Europe Research outby carried the implemented. public actionsare definedand in power relationships andinhow promote correspond tochanges they the typesofparticipation procedures maybevariable, but juries, etc. The impactsofthese public discussions, forums, citizens’ innovations designedtofoster ofdemocraticin theform mechanisms are ontheincrease, consultation andnegotiation National andinternational consultation and participation Public policies, stakeholder instrumentalized institutional instrumentalized are professionalized and to bemixed. These associations from thisstandpointastheyseem Associations’ roles are interesting public construction. andtypesof of valid intermediaries and politicalprocesses ofselection insightintosocial of gainingfurther inhabitantswiththeaim concerned this fieldofactivities. paradoxical professionalization of CEPEL conductsstudiestoassessthe agencies, thinktanks, NGOs, etc.). specifically studied(consultant whose role hasneverbeen stakeholders professional orexpert are managedby publicorprivate, groups. technical bodiesandindustrial strategies ofinterest groups, large the impactsofthesechangeson redistribution. CEPEL investigates legitimacy, toapower contributing implies achangeinpolitical legitimacy, where ‘participation’ issues: programme addresses three setsof the framework ofits

Consultation areas opento systems These participation ofpublicaction The forms ( CEPEL , CNRS/UM1)within Démocraties Centre

in theAmazon region. programme withresearch conducted TransformationsAmerican (SMART) Strategic Monitoring ofSouth within theframework ofthe Europeansouthern areas, and en Europe duSud) Temporalités del’Action Publique Associé of the within thescopeofresearch European assessments, especially comparative European andextra- These research activitiesinclude accepted solutions. of dissemination anddetermination construction/ of information manner, andmarginalized interms contextualized andprotesting are structured inatargeted, In othercases, associativecircles groups.stakeholder intermediary order tobeacceptable andefficient. stakeholdersinpublic andprivate institutionalized tradeoffs between These policieshavetobebased on development isakeychallenge. economic growth and social that cansustainablybalance The developmentofpublicpolicies countries.balances inconcerned trends upsetsocialandterritorial sectors isnotrealistic, theabove workers intoothereconomicfarm Moreover, sincetheconversionof global agricultural production. work force andgenerate mostof account foramajorshare ofthe trends affectfamilyfarmers, who were drawn upinthe1980s. These relevance ofpublicpoliciesthat countries, thusquestioningthe are increasing inmosttropical Poverty, inequalityandmigration stakeholders tradeoffs between and institutionalized markets agricultural Public policies, Laboratoire Européen (LEA)ETAPES conductedin (Espaces et Structural dimensionsofliberalization onagriculture andrural development RuralStruc Program management, equity andsocial value, sustainablenatural resource promoting anincrease inadded development ofpublicpolicies, agricultural markets andthe improving thefunctioning of tosustainably do theycontribute stakeholders developed,and how institutionalized tradeoffs between In whatconditions, andhow, are addresses thefollowing keyquestion: decision levels. Its research project at different geographical scalesand policies andmarket coordinations analyse tradeoffs underlyingpublic and Markets ( (UPR) Collective Action, Policies researchThe aimoftheinternal unit concerning their trajectory ofstructuralchangeinagriculture concerning theirtrajectory (2006-2007),(i) anassessmentofthesituationineachcountry Madagascar). The Program consistsoftwo mainanalytical phases: processes (Mexico, Nicaragua, Morocco, Senegal, Mali, Kenya and to different stagesintheliberalisation andeconomicintegration conduct comparative studiesinseven countries, corresponding andresearchersof nationalandinternationalexperts who RuralStrucProgramThis multidisciplinary involves acombination reshaping ofglobalagrifood markets. reform, statewithdrawal, privatizationanddecentralization, and also includesotherfeatures ofthe changeprocess–domestic adopted approach isnotjustlimitedtotradeliberalization, but to agriculture andtheruralsectorindeveloping countries. The liberalization processes andeconomicintegrationwithrespect CIRAD) aimstogaininsightintothestructuraldimensionsof - France, InternationalFundfor Agricultural Development, et européennes Agence Française deDéveloppement The 3-year (2006-2008)RuralStrucProgram (World Bank, - France, ARENA , CIRAD)isto Ministère etdelaPêche del’Agriculture , Ministère des Affaires étrangères Central (South Africa and America, recurrences: (Brazil, LatinAmerica oftradeoffsforms andtheir enables studiesonthedifferent The diversityofresearch areas dynamics. social, economicandpolitical territorial, understanding historical, assessments geared mainlytowards Moreover, theyinvolvecomparative and quantitative based onthecollectionofqualitative and agricultural sciences. They are with reference todifferent social individual andthesocialgroup are designedtoassessboththe cohesion? The research methods

in situ Contact: BrunoLosch, [email protected] sector andtheruralcommunity. results provide guidelinesfor policymakingfor theagricultural discussions (betweenandwithdonors)the nationalpartners The Program withpublicpolicy iscarried outineachcountry transfers). (nonagricultural activities, migrations, publicandprivate of compositemultilocation activityandrevenue systems fromapart agriculture these processes incountrieswhere there are few alternatives especially intermsofconcentrationandmarginalization on thesegmentationofproduction structures andmarketing, themes investigated are: (2007-2008) basedonsurveys ofruralhouseholds. The main and theruraleconomy, and(ii)sectoralregional casestudies the reshaping ofruraleconomies inrelation totheemergence the risksofeconomictransitionimpassesassociatedwith Integration processes (verticalandhorizontal), theirimpact data. negotiation. underpin public policymakingand methods andtoolstohighlight and (ii) theproduction ofapproaches, and institutionalsettings, a broad range ofdifferent economic tradeoff developmentconditionsin (i) theproduction ofknowledge on The expectedresults concern: deconcentrated government services. local communities, centralised and donors, farmers’ organizations, and nationalinternational include universities, research centres Mayotte). Partners ofthisUPR overseas regions (New Caledonia, West Asia(Indonesia), Africa), French ••• 41 Societies and sustainable development 42 Societies and sustainable development

S © Agence de l’Afrique occidentale française Environment &Development (1987) CIHEAM/IAM.M, CIRAD, IRD, MontpellierSupAgro) Group ofmenclearingaplantation Laboratoire montpelliérain d’économie Laboratoire montpelliérain d’économie EA 3766GESTERGestiondessociétés, X field withahoe(daba)whilebeing Dynamiques socio-environnementales By permission ofOxfordBy permission University Press Forest Resources andPublic Policies Markets, Organizations, Institutions http://recherche.univ-montp3.fr/gester/ Report) Our Common future (Bruntland www.cirad.fr/ur/ressources_forestieres (Montpellier SupAgro, CNRS, INRA, UM1) [email protected] (Montpellier SupAgro, CIHEAM/IAM.M, Other teamsfocused Water Resource Management, et gouvernance desressources (AgroParisTech/ENGREF, CEMAGREF, [email protected] des territoires etdesrisques www.montpellier.inra.fr/lameta www.montpellier.inra.fr/moisa supervised byalocalforemansupervised and Operators’Strategies 23 scientists, 13PhDcandidates 30 scientists, 15PhDcandidates 58 scientists, 29PhDcandidates 20 scientists, 36PhDcandidates 29 scientists, 42PhDcandidates Director: Jean-Marie Miossec, Director: ÉtienneMontaigne, Director: Geneviève Michon, www.lameta.univ-montp1.fr [email protected] théorique etappliquée [email protected] Director: Marc Willinger, UMR 5474LAMETA Director: Patrice Garin, Director: Alain Billand, www.mpl.ird.fr/ur168 [email protected] [email protected] on thistopic Actors andUses by World Commissionon CIRAD, INRA, IRD) UMR MOISA UMR G-EAU www.g-eau.net 35 scientists UPR 36 UR 199 (CIRAD) (UM 3) (IRD) (www.oup.com) LASER conductsstudieson: LASER modelling. specialised ineconometric public macroeconomics and environmental economics, and (CREDEN), specialized inenergy Économie etDroit del’Énergie assessments financial project andpublicpolicy (CEP), specialized ineconomicand UM1) includesthree teams: économiques deRichter( The Laboratoire desciences based economies systems andresource- Public policies, regulation industrial risk management risk industrial telecommunications, etc.) (gas,network industries electricity, economics fisheries, etc.) andenvironmental (renewable, nonrenewable, fossil, Contact: PhilippeBonnal, [email protected] and ninenationalteams. political agendawere chosenineachcase. The research proposal involves sixFrench teams situations directly concernedby thepromotion ofsustainabilityissuesinthenational (metropolitan andinsularultraperipheral (Brazil, Mexico), two leastadvancedcountries(Mali, Madagascar)andtwo French situations and autonomy withrespect totheexterior. The sampleconsistsoftwo emergingcountries national andregional settingsassessedhave different levels ofnation-stateconsolidation analysed countries, and(iii)monitoringthe financial, technological and economics and industrial energy, renewable resource the the the Laboratoire d’économétrie Centre deRecherche en Centre d’Études deProjets development isaccountedfor inagriculturalandruralpoliciesofthedifferent Public goods, policies for sustainablerural development application. Sustainabledevelopment policiesare thusdependentonnational developed according tonationaldynamicsensure itsrelevant practical national statesandthefactthatthisreference frameshouldbeendogenously exogenous originofthesustainabledevelopment reference frameconcerning contextes The PROPOCID: Production desPolitiques deDéveloppementRural Durable dansleurs d debates, thepower structure andpoliticalautonomy withrespect to project the the economy. Hence, research isaimed atassessingpublicpolicies for sustainableruraldevelopment inthesettingswhichthey are for eba actually applied, andespecially analysing theconditionsaccording a to whichthenew discussionsonsustainabledevelopment are t ctu integrated, negotiated, reinterpreted by interest-bearing parties in o situated atdifferent publicpolicymakinglevels (national, regional, si local). A comparative approach totheanalysis ofpublicpolicies lo applied toasampleofdifferent countriesisimplemented, while ap w ec tu te su te using instrumentsfor thecognitive analysis ofpublicpoliciesand u historical institutionalism. The research isconductedalongthree h c lines, supplementedwithatransversal syntheticanalysis: an analysis of the conditions under which sustainable an analysis oftheconditionsunderwhichsustainable (i) ahistoricalanalysis offorms ofstateintervention, (ii) LASER (PROPOCID) isbasedontheapparent paradox between the

, , Context-specific policymaking Context-specific policymaking ― in situ New Caledonia). Regionalanddomestic and internationalregulations ( on Environment andDevelopment The Center forInternational Research principle precautionary issues andthe Global environmental issues (ozone, acidrain, climate specifically on globalenvironmental topics andhas beenfocusingmore waste, transportation, waterandfood CIRED conductsresearch on energy, impact ongrowth in public policies. environments thathaveamaterial and thedevelopmentoftechnical links between economicregulations This involveshighlightingdynamic environment anddevelopment. improve therelationship between aim ofinvestigatingstrategies to 8568) wasfoundedin1971withthe ENGREF, ENPC,CIRAD, CNRSUMR technology transfers. and publicresearch policiesand assessment (social policies)publicpolicy (regional projects) andnational CIRED sustainabledevelopment situation. The the industrialization ofknowledgethe industrialization public decisionanalysisandlocal , EHESS,AgroParisTech- according tosixthemes: CIRED’s research isorganized In additiontoitsteachingactivities, since1988. principle change) andtheprecautionary science models with reduced ofenvironmental forms models thatcombine imbalances land systems. Integration ofgrowth infrastructures, agriculture) change andadaptation(water, towns, catastrophes, impactsofclimate Environmental costs, natural vulnerability ofsocieties. constraints locations andenvironmental styles, technologicalchoices, models integrating consumption capital. Development ofgrowth development-mining thenatural in LatinAmerica Integrated natural resource management thus focused: project territories andadministrative territories. The research is their rationales; andbetween elective territories, problematic/ projects; between standard actionsectorsandintegrationof tinkering; between internationalprovisions andterritorial between conventional government regulation andinnovative action reshaping underway involves aprocess ofhybridization: The research involves testingthehypothesis thatthepublic territorial level andfoster localinhabitants’participation. provisions ofinternationalagenciesare highly integratedona American SouthernConeregion. New conditionsresulting from intheLatin in coastalareas) onthebasisof fieldobservations respect tonaturalresource management(water, biodiversity current changesinpublicpolicymakingandimplementationwith programmeThe aimofthismultidisciplinary istocompare Models combining economicsand and Environmental risk Prospective studiesoflinks: meteorological information anduncertainty,inertia thevalue of principle, interactions between models andtheprecautionary settings. Sequential decision In ofthe official addition, itwaspart First AssessmentReport (FAR, 2007). The Center was alsoinvolvedinthe Climate Change(IPCC) since1992. of theIntergovernmental Panel on appraisal reports onclimatechange in CIRED hasbeenparticipating energy security). (WTO, negotiation andglobalgovernance local/global integration, climate Deliberation processes and competitiveness andemployment water, housing),taxation, regulation (electricity, transportation, development andinfrastructure Decision makingincontroversial Political economicsofnegotiation. Public economytools. Sustainable Contact: Pierre Valarié, [email protected] collaboration withCIRAD, INRAandIRDresearch teams. Sustainable Development, CNRS This programme ofseveral ispart projects (Agriculture and change settingwithhighly variedlocalmanifestations. action middlemen’ (scientists, experts, NGOs, inaglobal etc.) asmediatorsforserve hybrid reshaping andwhowe call ‘public mechanisms public actionmechanisms, provisions and ‘reasons toact’, of publicaction: multilevel transfers ofpublicmanagement on theemergenceanddevelopment ofstakeholders who on three ‘ trans ’ variablesthathighlighthybrid reshaping network. regional sustainabledevelopment first the Ile-de-France region allocateits priority. The Center hasalsohelped sustainable development’ isCIRED’s This ‘prospective modellingand energy inChina,India andthe World. 2030 projections foreconomyand Outlook, whichupdatesthe2005- (IEA, Paris) forthe World Energy the International Energy Agency It wascombinedwithamodelof worldwide and12economicsectors. was developedin12regions gas emissionreduction policies, and assesstheefficacyofgreenhouse energy systempatterns concerning scenarios simulate long-term The Imaclim-R model,whichcan government approval meetings. in theIPCC AssessmentReport French delegationparticipating trans Agroforestry systemsinLatinAmerica € 3.5 Mbudgetto 46teamsinthe -territoriality ofmanagement trans ••• Énergie -sectorality ofenvironmental , carried outin etc.) J. Imbernon©CIRAD 43 Societies and sustainable development 44 Societies and sustainable development public action governance and Sustainable development, environment, itslegal framework, its institutional andeconomic the legitimacy ofpublicaction, has prompted manychanges:in concept inthefieldofpublic action society. The introduction ofthis these resourcesdistributing within resource useefficiency, andfairly for future generations, enhancing reconciling resource preservation ofpoliticaltalks– and theformat the developmentofpublicpolicies is amajorparadigm underlying research. Sustainable development represents oneofitsfourlines public actiontheme, which development, governance and out manystudiesonthesustainable publique sur lestransformations del’action The they promote new functions–oreven new occupations–to contractors whoseinternalorganizationhasrecognised that environmental strategiesofindustrialoperatorsandother of CEPELaimstoassesstheimpactthesetrends onthe have ahighenvironmental impact. The infrastructure (harbours, dams)andindustrialprojects that currently underway intheimplementationoflarge-scale There isanoutstandingextent ofdemocraticengineering Centre d’étude etderecherche ( CERTAP , UPVD)carries Thio mine, New Caledonia Démocraties this approach andbroaden the Public policyanalysesenhance andpublicadministration).rights publiccommunity andinternational domestic,disciplines (particularly topic, especiallywithpublic rights on thesustainabledevelopment CERTAP isfocusingmanystudies levels.country national, European anddeveloping monographic applicationson implemented toassessrelevant was developedandisbeing organization, ananalysisframework approach toFrench administrative regulations. Based onarational highlighting changesinlegal approach tolegalresearch, provide researchers withanovel affected by thesechanges, which havebeenmarkedlypublic rights organization strategies. French methods andinpublicaction indecisionmakingpriorities, in drawing upitsobjectivesand programme Public goods, policies

G.Van Vliet © CIRAD and large technicalprojects Democratic engineering Contact: LauraMichel, [email protected] de Bordeaux oftheInstitutd’ (coordinated by thelaboratory objectives associatedwithsustainabledevelopment atthislevel of industrialstakeholders inthepolitical questtodefine of industriesonaEuropean level toassesstheposition be centred onaresearch programme concerningthegoverning focus ofmany studiesinFrance. This firstnationallevel should hightensionpowervery are linemanufacturing the industry andthe Cases concerningthecementmanufacturing industry substantial impactonpublicactioninthisarea. environment’, andnow ‘sustainable development’, andhave a private interest groups putforward themottos ‘industrial are unwillingjusttogo alongwiththeregulations. These how industrialoperators, astheirspokesmen oftenclaim, environment. However, theprogramme alsoshows ensure theinterfacewiththeir ecologicalandsocietal andsubmittedto ANR inMarch 2008).

and internationalregulations multidisciplinary researchmultidisciplinary contracts. appraisals expert andinternational are alsobeingpromoted through areasand ofprotected marine administration fisheries ofmaritime studied. Food health policies, the in theEUframework are alsobeing reforms underwaypublic service countries, privatizations, and the administration ofemerging of European administrations, countries, thecomparative rights The administration ofdeveloping focusofresearch.action isafurther in themanagementofpublic The increasing role ofcivilsociety deconcentration processes. and bureaucratic changesvia decentralization, statereforms in economicadministration, way toinvestigatetransformations science tools. Studies are under theme by includingsomepolitical scope oftheresearch onthis Études Politiques hypotheses: Its approach isbasedonthree climate change. natural resource degradation and development modelsprompted by key issues, includingchangesin findings. It focusesresearch on issues onthebasisofscientific on sustainabledevelopmentpolicy making. It provides effectiveadvice crossroads ofresearch anddecision independent instituteatthe internationales durable etdesrelations The making research anddecision At thecrossroads of nonsustainable human activities are ultimately Global changesinduced by Institut dudéveloppement ( IDDRI ) isan studies with the joint participation studies withthe jointparticipation IDDRI conducts research and placing theminaglobalperspective. shared insightintoproblems by network. This facilitatesgaining framework ofalarge international teams conductresearch within the and specifyingtheissues. Its involved, foreseeing future questions togetherthestakeholders bringing differ. The Institute fulfilsthistaskby stakeholders whoseinterests often coordinate discussionsbetween advice, identifyfuture issues, and provide and decisionsupport IDDRI’s missionisthreefold: to essential lifestylechanges. implemented toinducetimely if consistentglobalpoliciesare to becompletelyoverhauled This overhaul process ispossible Current developmentmodels need Agrimonde prospects:A b balancing globalfood and and agricultural systems grim b by 2050 a Agrimonde waslaunchedasajointCIRAD-INRAinitiativeA under theaegusofpublicinterest group under th pour la Recherche pour laRecherche Agronomique. Internationale pour la represents atoolfor collective assessmentofglobalfood represe grimon y 2 l and agriculturalissues, whichcanbesummedupasfollows: a How willitbepossibletofeed 9billionpeoplein2050while How nd preserving theecosystemsfrompreserving whichotherproducts and prese an services are expected(carbonstorage,services biodiversity, biofuels, servic biomaterials, etc.)? The prospective analysis alsoaimsto b pinpoint key issuesthatagriculturalresearch willhave to p deal withinthefuture. This initiative provides bothCIRAD d iom and INRAwithameanstocontributeinternational a inp discussions onfood andagriculturalissues, andalsoto dis ag eal nd prepare future research orientations. p a Contact: BrunoDorin, [email protected] C r w R ForF information: further r 0 d r e download/13296/165013/version/1/file/ d c c o n o e a Cirad-Inra-Agrimonde-GB.pdf worldwide. sustainable development concerning facts and tohighlightimportant on IDDRI’s activitiesandnews, to provide information further l'Iddri electronic versionofthe publishers. Since November 2007, an ideas, syntheses–andfrom other from IDDRIcollections–analyses, documents,information publications which provides accesstostudyand through itswebsite (www.iddri.org), workshops andseminars organizing conferences, symposiums, IDDRI promotes scientificresearch by ofallthesestakeholders.expertise approach fosterspoolingofthe and decisionmakers. This unique scientific community, companies of researchers, from the partners hasbeenpublishedregularly http://www.inra.fr/content/ (GIPIFRAI). It Initiative Française La lettreLa de 45 Societies and sustainable development 46 Societies and sustainable development R. Ducrot ©CIRAD Methods andtools tailored to adiverse range ofissues and biologicalsystems. represent ormodel interactionsbetween socioeconomic more formal approaches usingtoolsandinstruments that ranging from comparative comprehensive strategiesto researchThese teamsimplementcomplementary methods, conducted by Agropolis. research ofthemultidisciplinary science–is anintegralpart Social science–combinedwithbiologicalandengineering Larq’asninchej role playinggametoassistincanalmanagement with rural andurbanusersinCochabambaregion, Bolivia co-construction ofthePHYLOU model An exampleofasupportmodellingapproach: Flavie Cernesson, [email protected] Olivier Barreteau, [email protected] Contacts: discussions onthetopic. diffuse pollutionissuewithinanarea, andtostimulate collective be usedtoboostfarmersawareness ofthe ontheimportance propagation patternsfor eachtypeoflandscape. These could ‘ of landscape identifiedinthecatchmentbasin, suchasthe is considered asamodellingparameter, withdifferent types as well asfieldstakeholders. Bythisapproach, thelandscape a novel viewpoint onthekey issuestobenefitresearchers of five formal meetingsthatgave risetoamodelwhichprovides from viticulture. Co-constructionofthismodelinvolved aseries subcatchment (Taurou) andimpactsofdiffusepollutionderived management intheOrbcatchment(France), amodelof a combined-modellingapproach and potentialgroundwater qualityscenarios: Long-term prospective agricultural analysis terracette-plateau ’ landscape. The simulations revealed pollution institutions involved inwaterresource with representatives ofseveral jointly developed, incollaboration G-EAU andUMR TETIS researchers resource managementmodels, UMR of multiagent integratedwater which isfocused onthedevelopment Management with Agents project, Freshwater IntegratedResource Within theframework oftheEuropean integrated model Example ofan Example

From N.Graveline, BRGM F. Cernesson © Engref-AgroParisTech vines, grassland, forest, grassy strip, trail, ditch, hedge). The Nina Graveline, [email protected] Contacts: Jean-Daniel Rinaudo, [email protected] groundwater nitratelevels. models. The simulations indicatedanoverall decrease in models combinedwithnitrogen balanceandhydrogeological cropping patternsare simulated using linearprogramming the naturalenvironment. The impactsofthesechangeson policies, prices, energy agrofuel development andchangesin variations inagriculturalmarkets, European agricultural group.expert The scenariosare basedonhypothesised change scenarioswere developed through aFrench-German Valley (Switzerland, France, Germany). Different global and intheresulting groundwater qualityintheUpperRhine term variationsinagriculturalproduction, nitrateemissions hydrogeological moduleswasdeveloped tosimulate long- a modellingplatform combiningeconomic, agronomic and nitrates intheUpperRhine Valley, InterRegprogramme), project (Modellingofgroundwater contaminationby Within theframework oftheFrench-German MONIT coloured dotsrepresent twotypesofpollutionmolecule. W plots. The coloursindicatedifferent landuses(bare soil, landscape. The selectedspatialscaleisagroup of1ha Simulation ofpollutionpropagation over thistypeof S Photo ofa ‘terracette-plateau’ landscape 47 Societies and sustainable development Methods and tools tailored to a diverse range of issues M. Soulié © Agropolis International Agropolis Soulié © M. Highlighting through comparison

Comparative linguistics in social science research of the Pôle Agronomique a shared research and expertise field and network-based training

Many of the operations and studies presented in this transient concept—must be approached by going dossier include a comparative dimension that beyond inherited disciplinary nationalistic contrasts with the national restraints from cognitive frameworks, and reassessing which this methodological approach derives. In comparative methods and approaches this respect, such research contributes to and with respect to the relevance of participates in a global contemporary social choices of spatial scales and process science movement, whereby comparative monitoring/analysis temporality (dia- analyses are recast on a more global scale, chrony/synchrony, prospective analy- i.e. transnational and transdisciplinary. This sis, etc.). Because of its polysemic integration addresses several overlapping diversity, different common intercom- phenomena: municating guideline frameworks must Advances in processes and transnational be constructed on the basis of objects socioeconomic impacts associated with eco- and problems shared by the different nomic globalization and multilevel and transec- researchers. toral governance issues that they give rise Within the scope of the ‘Societies and sus- to in terms of observation and analysis, tainable development’ field at Agropolis and with respect to public policymaking International, the favourable conditions beyond national borders. foster the renewal and enhancement In response to these changes, the of the comparative analysis approach. It increased demand of research and knowl- represents a forum for discussion and edge sponsors leads to and promotes the a source of expertise that could be formation of international networks of tapped for unique critical assessments researchers from different geocultural on the transferability of mechanisms and areas and disciplines. action systems, collective initiatives and To be analysed with respect to its dif- public policies in this domain. ferent dimensions and impacts (economic, © M. Ferreira Ferreira © M.

Societies and sustainable developmentSocieties social, ecological, political, etc.), sustain- Contact: Pierre Valarié,

48 able development—a purely [email protected] the EVAD research project indicator co-construction practices: A guidetosustainabledevelopment all typesofaquaculture systems. checklists drawn upanddesignedtobegenericapplicable to groups pointfor theclassificationof canthusbethestarting practices ofstakeholders mobilised through surveys andfocus well asaquaculture areas andecosystems. Representations and functioning ofaquaculture production andregulation systems, as according toprinciplesandcriteriathataccountfor the The proposed approach enablesuserstodevelop indicators development. and thecontributionofaquaculture tosustainableterritorial jointly dealswiththequestionofaquaculture farmsustainability process are required for sustainabledevelopment towork. It assumption thatconcernedstakeholders andacollective learning researchco-construction schemeviapartnership basedonthe Cyprus, Cameroon, Indonesia, Philippines). The guideproposes a representative ofthediversity ofaquaculture systems(France, sector basedonfieldresearch conductedinfive countries of sustainabledevelopment indicatorsfor theaquaculture a genericguidetopracticesaimedatfacilitatingtheconstruction Development project), research amultidisciplinary teamdesigned systèmes aquacoles Within theframework ofthe Comprehensive social generations or ‘local state’authorities), andabroad a villagelandarea andtherelationship dynamics between of abroad interpretation (e.g. in cases ofrelationships between broader descriptionofmesoprocesses incorporatingaportion of intrafamiliallandrelationships orextrafamilialtransfers), a limited descriptionoflocalmicrointeractions (e.g. incases an example), theempiricaldatasetusedcanthuscombinea considered. Instudiesonland relationships (usedhere as and analysis scalesaccording to theresearch questions The results are interpreted from thesedifferent observation different interactionlevels, i.e. from nationaltolocalscales. process-based approach thusorientscontextualizedresearch at underlie theorganization. The choiceofacomprehensive relationships, andtheinstitutions(‘rulesofgame’)that to unravel thecomplexityofsocial, politicalandeconomic This process dimensionofcomprehensive approaches helps analysed asderived from processes. this perspective, they approach situations andfactsthatare motives, valuesandactionprinciplestowhichthey refer. From situations andoptionsopentothem, theirobjectives, logics, or collective), whileaccountingfor theirviews ontheir consider actionsandpracticesofsocialstakeholders (individual through different actionlogiccombinations. These approaches involving heterogeneous stakeholders whomeetandnegotiate modelsofcomplexchangingsituations,contextual explanatory but alsoonadatainputmethod. The scientificaimistodevelop Comprehensive socialscienceapproaches are basedontheory, (EVAD, ANR Agriculture andSustainable Évaluation deladurabilité des science approaches

I. Touzard © Montpellier SupAgro Jean-Paul Blancheton, [email protected] Marc Legendre, [email protected] Eduardo Chia, [email protected] Hélène Rey-Valette, [email protected] Contacts: JérômeLazard, [email protected] territorial implementationasrecommended inlocalagendas. sustainable development andgovernance associatedwithits in strengthening conditionsfor theprofessionalization of process through collective learning, and(iv)participates (iii) initiatesthesustainabledevelopment institutionalization development through theco-constructionofindicators, indicators, (ii)facilitatestheappropriation ofsustainable phases, (i)provides atoolfor managinginformation andexisting to decentralisedsustainabledevelopment implementation The proposed toolthat, guideisadecisionsupport according development. an intermediate ‘mediator’ feature tofacilitatesustainable development thusseemstorepresent areflexive actionand of thecollective learningprocess. Indicatorselectionand The focus isonorganizationalandinstitutionalconditions Jean-Pierre Chauveau, [email protected] Contacts: ÉricLéonard, [email protected] and identityissues). political economicsofagrarian changes, localownership policies inthelandand migration fields,interventions and thehistory environmental elements(e.g. thelegalsetup, publicpoliciesand interpretation ofmacroprocesses concerninginstitutional IInterviewing livestock farmer-herders n t e r v i e w i n g

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49 Societies and sustainable development 50 Societies and sustainable development to address social issues Collective expertise organizations (World Bank, etc.). local authorities (municipal, regional) ormultilateral authorities from France, elsewhere inEurope orabroad, different categories ofpublicstakeholders, including public range ofdifferent privatesectorstakeholders orfrom in agrifood sectors. This request comesfrom abroad economic dimensions–arisingasaresult ofrapid changes gain insightintosocietyissues–social, environmental and research teamsare tapped for collective appraisals to The socialscienceexperienceandskillsof Agropolis Le Monde Diplomatique http://mondediplo.com

agriculture. role offarmers’organizationsincurrent andfuture changesin collecting andsupplying materialtodraw upareportonthe UMR MOISA)facilitatedacollective appraisal process by Development, several CIRAD researchers (from UPR ARENA, de laPêche in the Partnership research onagricultural areas andactivities focused ontheway thestudywasadoptedby the partners researchA firstassessment ofthispartnership experience agricultural areas, etc. dynamics,territory viticulturaldiversity, landscape qualityof for inSCOT planswere highlighted, includingagricultural stakeholders andagriculturalareas thatshouldbeaccounted of current usesandchangedynamics. Key elementsconcerning the spatialdistributionofaround 20landscape unitsinterms physiognomic units, ledtoadescriptionandinterpretation of The analysis, whichwasbasedonthemapping ofagro- community territory’. of agriculturalareas thatcontributetothediversity ofthe and complieswiththeeconomiclandscape imperatives areas soastobeabledesignanurbanplantheintegrates changes inthelimitsbetween urban, agriculturalandnatural required ananalysis ofagriculturalareas to ‘assess potential decohérence territoriale Schéma Montpellier signed aconvention withthe and the Agrifood Sectorresearch team(UMRINNOVATION) In 2003, theInnovation andDevelopment inthe Agriculture étrangères eteuropéennes (MAP)andtheInternationalFundfor Agricultural (CAM) to carry outadiagnosticanalysis for the tocarry (CAM) Communauté d'Agglomération deMontpellier support oftheFrenchsupport upr fteFrench the of support (MAEE), Communauté d’Agglomération de (SCOT) urbanismplan. CAM writers, andwiththe writers, an Ministère et del’Agriculture for developmentf AgricultureA AgricultureAgricul for Development isthe D topic ofthe World t or Development Report D Ministère des Affaires Minist o 2008. year Every 2008 eve the World Bank the World t gr publishes areport pu pi h eve on adevelopment o domain orissue. d e The mostrecent Th n c previous report p o bl lo on agriculture on W d had been h r m l published in p o a t the Report’s t . request of the 1982! At Contact: DenisPesche, [email protected] agriculture asalever tocombatpoverty. are acrucialconstituentindevelopment strategiesutilizing strengthened thewriters’conviction thatfarmers’organizations for drawing upthe World Development Report. This work organizations through thisprocess provided key material The knowledge andevidence generatedonfarmers’ notes andtheworkshop deliverables. and Latin America. participants, includingheadagriculture stafffrom Africa, Asia illustrating innovative initiatives inthetargetdomain. public policies, andareview etc.) ofcasestudiesandexamples organizations andmarket access, farmers’organizationsand knowledge updateonaspecificaspectoftheissue(farmers’ Dutch specialistsfor two ofthem. These notesincludeda (heads offarmers’organizations). The CIRADteam: prepare andfacilitatediscussionswithconcernedstakeholders The initialrequest wastoreview knowledge onthisissue, Gwenaëlle Pariset, [email protected] Brigitte Nougaredes, [email protected] Françoise Jarrige, [email protected] [email protected] Pascal Thinon, Contacts: inthefirstphaseofSCOTparticipants development. governance arrangements limitedtheinvolvement ofprofessional organization tocopewithnew challengesandterritorial different agriculturalstakeholders, a lackofawareness and discussion andworking bodies. Conflictsofinterest between periurban agriculturalenvironment anditsrepresentation in This analysis revealed agap between thediversity ofthe favour ofhabitatdensification–amajortargetSCOT. ofagriculturalareasPreservation isaconsensualargumentin on conceptualdesignsinpreparation for theSCOT plan. were integratedby engineeringanddesignofficesworking areas) onurbanizationdocuments. The resulting maps classified simply as ‘white areas’ (i.e. naturalandagricultural typical urbanisticview by providing detailsonwhatare usually spatial planningapproach. The landscape unitsenhancedthe and implementedintheterritorial project, alongwiththe Wrote a summary ofthekeyWrote asummary ideascovered inthescoping Prepared andcoordinated a2-day workshop withsome40 Wrote sixscopingnotesonthetopic, incollaborationwith 51 Societies and sustainable development 52 Societies and sustainable development seeking alternativesforcollectiveEuropean action The ReformoftheCommonMarket Organization (CMO)forWine: structured. The outletfor winealcoholhasbeenadministered andcostly becauseofthewaycompartmentalised they are would benecessary. cost-effectivea voluntary policythatisbotheconomicandsocial more targeteduprooting (orgrubbing-up)programme guidedby 1980s whichpromoted thesystematiceliminationofvineyards. A to thesituation, especially thepolicyimplementedduring these studies, andthemainconclusions were asfollows: presentedThe Report totheEuropean Parliamentwasbasedon notes inreal timetoaddress requests asthey arrived. the European DeputyKatarinaBatzeliwithbriefingandanalysis addition tothisstudy, of thecoordinators suppliedtheservices Policy mechanismsandtheexperienceofotherCMOs. In MOISA focused onviticulture economics, Common Agricultural (England).Argentina) andamajorconsumercountry UMR Hungary), two non-European competitorcountries(Australia, main European wineproducing countries(France, Italy, Spain, This studyinvolved 17researchers from seven countries: the proposal, and(iv)wineCMOreform proposals. mechanisms, (iii)ananalysis oftheCommission’s reform ofthewineCMO (ii) anassessmentoftheshortcomings (i) areview ofthewinemarket inEuropean Union-25, on thereform proposed by theEuropean Commission, with: The European Parliamentasked UMRMOISAtoconductastudy competitiveness ofEuropean winesontheworld market. Commissionbodies are seeking alternatives toboostthe Professionals andEuropean inthevitiviniculture industry major advances in riskmanagement. Risk prevention andthe information and communications technologies shouldenable approaches have beendeveloped: Risk markets andtheirneedstherefore must beidentified. Three development ofinnovations that fulfilmarket needs. implement research anddevelopment projects topromote the The aimofthisclusteristolabel, and financially support associated withurbandevelopment. dealing withnaturalrisks, aswell asindustrialhazards andrisks d'Azur andLanguedoc-Roussilloninotherareas worldwide, conducted intheFrench regions ofProvence-Alpes-Côte institutions focused onriskrelated topics. The work is des territoires’ Distillation schemesshouldbereassessed. They are The policiesapplied for several decadesare nolongertailored A territorial approach.A territorial poolsresearch andtrainingcompanies Amphibious flood Current progress onsensorsandnew rescue vehicle

M. Soulié © Agropolis International vulnérabilités et risques ‘Gestion des cluster tiveness The competi- des territoires’ ‘Gestion desrisquesetvulnérabilités The competitivenesscluster Alfredo Manuel Coelho, [email protected] Contacts: ÉtienneMontaigne, [email protected] and meansbefore eliminatingany existinginstruments. countries. Itwould becrucialtosetandclassifytheobjectives competition trends withthedominationofnew wineproducing objectives orviticulturethe CAP policies, orofworld market especially ontheadaptation ofitsmechanisms, intermsof organizations andeconomiccommittees. offensive companiesviafarmers’ market by supporting strategy or production area. Governmental bodiesshouldfoster an governed by theemergenceofleadingcompaniesineachregion and dependencyofdownstreamstakeholders industry willbe bargaining power world market. The dominate the enterprises currently vitiviniculture consideration. aspectsinto energy ecological and the environmental, essential totake years. Itwould be review for over 20 without price Contact: Patrick Bisson, [email protected] also beasource ofeconomicdevelopment. required totake thisdimensionintoaccount, andthesecould respect torisks. Training–information–consultation initiatives are have highly variabledegrees ofacceptanceoraversion with psychosociological aspecttorisk. Societiesandindividuals innovations. regions toassessthecleanandsafe features oftechnological platforms thatareto usetechnology already setupinthetwo by opinionleadersandprimecontractors. The clusterproposes risks andtheenvironment, besocially acceptableandaccepted technologies now have tocomply withEuropean regulations on susceptible toseveral typesofrisk. sectoral andmultirisk managementsinceany given area canbe rise toterritorial riskmanagementsystems, enablingcross- government andlocalauthoritiesare involved. This hasgiven are mainly managed through apublicmarket inwhichthe major laws andsubstantialinvestment, whichmeansthatrisks protection ofproperty, life andheritageisnow thefocus of download/moisa2006_pdf/OCMvin_fr.pdf For information: further Assessment of the CMO shortcomings shouldbefocused Assessment oftheCMOshortcomings Some 40 A training andconsultationapproach. innovations. An approachassociatedwithindustrial Collective expertise ( ‘Risques’

© C. Maitre www.montpellier.inra.fr/moisa/bartoli/ research station, Bordeaux Couhins viticultural to address socialissues There is also an important There isalsoanimportant cluster) Innovative in Languedoc-Roussillonregion: Sustainable developmentandclimatechange 6.To enhancehighereducationandresearch by strengthening the 5.To allsubsectorsthatcouldgive support Languedoc-Roussillon 4.To ensure that, withinthescopeofallthesedevelopment 3.To instrumentstofacilitatemanagementof setupsupport 2.To inLanguedoc- create asustainabledevelopment observatory 1.To create acapacity for regional prospective assessment proposals: for drawing report. upasummary This gave risetonineinitiative pertopicwhowasresponsibleInternational assignedoneexpert outlined intheGrenelle Environment Forum. Agropolis covering around 20topicsrelated tokey areas ofconsideration in Languedoc-Roussillon. The methodhingedonsixthemes sustainable development andtheimpactofclimatechange oftheregionscientific expertise specialisedonissuesconcerning International tocoordinate astudythatbrought togetherall 2009-2011 period, thePrefecture oftheregion asked Agropolis implemented inLanguedoc-Roussillonregion (France)over the Within thescopeof the Q@LI-MEDiterranée cluster Contribution ofresearch tocompetitivenessclusters: coopératives agricoles Languedoc-Roussillon the implements thestrategy, by supported Agropolis International, manager, witha14memberoffice staff. An operationalunit The clusterismanagedby apresident, whoisalsoacompany and companiescollaborate: four generalwork areas inwhichresearchers The cluster'sactivitiesare structured within worldwide. Mediterranean region andotherareas and economicstakeholders research anddevelopment stakeholders training resources guiding principles: 2005. isbasedonthefollowing Itsstrategy vie enMéditerranée’ ‘Systèmes agroalimentaires durables etqualitéde The competitiveness clusterQ@LI-MEDiterranée territorial agrifood marketing. food, diet, nutrition andhealth fresh andprocessed product safety andtraceability breeding plant broadening thescopeto strengthening between partnerships pooling ofscientific, technicaland development ofcollective research platforms andpartnerships. gastronomy. a comparative advantage, e.g. andMediterranean solarenergy hosted andtheirlivingstandards safeguarded. the region (elderly people, students, willbeappropriately etc.) instruments, new peoplearriving for permanentresidence in crises associatedwithnatural, andanthropogenic risks. sanitary change aspectsandrisksspecifictotheregion. Roussillon focusing ongeneralindicatorsintegratingclimate integrated onnationalandEuropean levels. associated withinitiatives under way inneighbouringregions and Association régionale des industries agro-alimentairesAssociation régionale desindustries du wasfounded on20July (ARIA-LR), the (FRCA), Saint-Charles Internationaland Plan d’ActionStratégique del’État Fédération régionale des

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M. Soulié © Agropolis International Contact : DenisLacroix, [email protected] unison. thatisseldommobilisedin was obtainedby poolingexpertise complex issue. beneficialthatatangibleresult Itwasalsovery This collective studygeneratedoperationalresponses toa 9.To enhancetheimageofLanguedoc-Roussillon basedonthe 8.To develop integratedurbanismpolicies, includingtrainingin 7.To safeguard andpromote localbiologicalandheritagediversity. [email protected] Contact: Jean-Pierre Couderc, the Mediterranean region. common interest programmes provided by thecompetitiveness cluster strengthening internationalcooperation initiatives, mainly in strengthening inter-cluster cooperations soastogive riseto enabling membersandtheregion tobenefitfrom thelegibility European ‘solidarity-integration’ model. European ‘solidarity-integration’ recovery.energy public works andcivilengineering, saving energy andrenewable key factors, trends andrisks especially ontheregional economicimpact of collaborative structuringprojects, focusing Transferts-LR. The clusterisfundedmainly by the French government andlocalauthorities. setting upaprocess for thedevelopment the following areas: The maininitiatives plannedin2008are in Since September2005, 31collaborative projects have beensetupthrough Q@LI-MEDiterranée. Q@LI-MEDiterranée, involving over come withinthestrategicscopeof 100 partners. The totalfundingfor projects orcollective initiatives that million. These are collaborative R&D projects currently underway is and production: Thau lagoon Coastal lagoonpreservation € 17 53 Societies and sustainable development 54 Societies and sustainable development Martine Antona Martine (CIRAD) UR 47GREEN–Management ofRenewable Resources and Environment Geneviève Michon (IRD) UR 199-Dynamiquessocio-environnementales etgouvernance desressources Frédéric LeRoy (UM 1) EA ERFI-Équipederecherche surlafi Bernard Fallery (CIRAD) EA 731CREGOR-Centre derecherche engestiondesorganisations Patrick Sentis (UM1, UM2) EA 4189CR2M-Centre derecherche surlemanagementetlesmarchés Étienne Montaigne (Montpellier SupAgro, CIHEAM/IAM.M,CIRAD, INRA,IRD) UMR MOISA–Markets, Organizations, Institutions andOperators’ Strategies Frédéric Huynh (IRD) US ESPACE etspatialisationdesconnaissancesenenvironnement -Expertise Pascal Kosuth (CEMAGREF, CIRAD, ENGREF/AgroParisTech) UMR TETIS –Spatial Information andAnalysisfor Territories andEcosystems Didier Richard (CIRAD) UPR Livestock Systems andAnimalProduct Management Devautour Hubert (Montpellier SupAgro, INRA,CIRAD) UMR INNOVATION - Innovation andDevelopment intheAgriculture Sector andtheAgrifood Jean-Marie Miossec (UM 3) EA 3766GESTER-Gestiondessociétés, desterritoires etdesrisques Geneviève Cortès (CNRS, UM3,UPVD) FRE CNRS3027MTE-Mutations des Territoires enEurope appearance in thisdocument. R following inorder chart of are mentionedonthe esearch unitsandteams by theresearch teams rme etl‘industrie rme and stakeholderstrategies 2. Subsectors, standards, markets in production systems 1. Territorial dynamicsandchanges nt1234 3 2 1 Unit Topics covered international regulationsinternational 4. Public goods, policiesand resource management 3. Environment andnatural ••• ••• •••• •• •• • ••• •• •• (July 2008) (July • • • R. Ducrot ©CIRAD Laurence Tubiana IDDRI -Institut dudéveloppement durableetdesrelations internationales François Feral (UPVD) CERTAP Centre d’étude etderecherche del’action surlestransformations publique Jean-Charles Hourcade (EHESS, AgroParisTech-ENGREF, ENPC,CIRAD, CNRS UMR8568) UMR CIRED–Center forInternational Research onEnvironment andDevelopment Jacques Percebois (UM 1) -Laboratoire descienceséconomiquesRichter EA 2039LASER Denis Pesche (CIRAD) UPR ARENA–Collective Action, Policies andMarkets PeresHubert (CNRS, UM1) UMR 5112CEPEL -Centre d‘étudespolitiquesdel‘Europe latine Marc Willinger (Montpellier SupAgro, CNRS,INRA,UM1) UMR 5474LAMETA -Laboratoire etappliquée montpelliéraind‘économie théorique François Monicat (CIRAD) UPR 22AGIRS -AnimalandIntegrated RiskManagement Amadou Tamsir Diop&Bernard Toutain (CIRAD, ISRA,ENEA,UCAD, CSE) URP 68-Pastoralism Alain Billand (CIRAD) UPR 36–Forest Resources andPublic Policies Jean-Daniel Rinaudo (BRGM) UR Eau-RMD, Évaluation delaressource eneau, milieuxdiscontinus Patrice Garin (AgroParisTech/ENGREF, CEMAGREF, CIHEAM/IAM.M,CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro) UMR G-EAU – Water Resource Management, Actors andUses nt1234 3 2 1 Unit ffor acatchmentinBrazil rresource tool managementsupport AAgualoca o e g s r u o

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•• •• ••• •• •••• ••• •• •• •• •• • • • 55 Societies and sustainable development 56 Societies and sustainable development Montpellier Social Sciencesand The French cityofMontpellier and itsregion have developed for globally-oriented learning for globally-orientedlearning uniqueness. By founding the advanced research iscarried mankind anddevelopment. and jointresearch tobenefit and HumanitiesResearch Institute a reputation asasitewhere Montpellier Social Sciences Montpellier SocialSciences and region, whichincludes almost 2,000professionals, general. Thesocialsciences community in Montpellier community inMontpellier researchers created aspace development issues, which researchers, personnel and Humanities Research Institute and Humanities Research agriculture and science in agriculture andsciencein out inthefieldsofhealth, [email protected] and humanitiesresearch Montpellier Social Sciences Montpellier SocialSciences forces to deal with major forces todealwithmajor PhD students, decidedto Institute (MSH-M), these underlie itsstrength and collaborate and pool its collaborate andpoolits Director: Gérard Ghersi, www.msh-m.fr Contact Merging forces insocialsciencesandhumanities Research Institute are asfollows: Social SciencesandHumanities The keyobjectivesoftheMontpellier and humanitiesresearch forsocialsciences platform of ‘know-how’ anda forthecreation A forum society andthe research community. a crossroads forencountersbetween humanities research, whilealsobeing the region forsocialsciencesand of universitiesinMontpellier and forcedriving withinthecomplex institutions. It isthusbecoming a CNRS, alongwithassociated PhD region, Agropolis International and units from universitiesinthe sciences andhumanitiesresearch togethersocial MSH-M brings networks. researchdevelop international of scientistsandstudents development research dissemination andpromotion tropical regions European, Mediterranean and from along withtheirpartners researchers from different disciplines topics oftheunitsinvolving collaborating on commonresearch sciences andhumanitiesresearch

to increase exchanges international to promote partnership to provide training through scientific, educationalandcultural teams to setupandsupport social multidisciplinary to support shape tomorrow’s world Current research issuesto building thisarea, by: to partners, fullyintendtocontribute European andMediterranean this project, incollaboration with Research in teamsparticipating stability inaglobalizationsetting. essential toensure and equilibrium Mediterranean region isnow development oftheEuropean- Sustainable andbalanced Mediterranean entities. between pluralistic European and for research, actionandinteraction network–is mainlyabreeding ground Maisons dessciencesdel’homme oftheFrenchMSH-M–as part programmes. The concerned programmes.concerned The research, training andcooperation the scopeofmultidisciplinary and creating synergies within complementarities, poolingexpertise are geared towards promoting and development’ research areas The two ‘cultures’ and ‘territories peace andshared prosperity’. towardsexpertise buildingan ‘area of who are activeinthefield withallstakeholders in partnership developed anddevelopingcountries sciences andhumanitiesfieldin researchers andteachersinthesocial collaborations between stakeholders,

contributing knowledgecontributing and initiating newresearch initiatives encouraging interdisciplinary

social sciences and humanities social sciences andhumanities support andmanagement obtain monitoring ‘knowledge and expertise’ capitalization anddissemination of thus: region andlinkedviaanetwork. It is throughout Languedoc-Roussillon campus, ofwhichare parts located (PRES). It asamultisite serves Recherche etd’Enseignement Supérieur Montpellier ofthe andispart MSH-M islocatedinthecentre of A multisitecampus how. and uniquelocalfeatures andknow- stakeholders’ willinginvolvement development onthebasisof world tomorrow’s globalized andpluralistic design andsustainablybuild dynamics’ soastobeablebetter ‘Euro-Mediterranean interaction the analysisandunderstandingof relative diversityisorganized: social sciencesandhumanities. This that isconventionallyoccupiedby disciplines encompassanarea

an area fortraining on(and via) an area where research teams a siteforthedevelopment, to promote sustainablelocal spatially, sinceitinvolvesfostering Pôle de Pôle de encountered and exchanges between The broad range ofsituations institutions. MSH-M isthusdevotedtoPhD and renewal. Aspecificarea within teams by promoting theirdynamics of young researchers inresearch two features. It fostersthepresence the training qualityby merging these toenhancing MSH-M contributes generation andPhD training sites. organization project linksknowledge The research and support on (andvia)research fortraining A platform initiatives from these could benefitparticularly schoolteachers society andsecondary issues andmultidisciplinarity. Civil and involvementinsociety-related research, whilepromoting innovation has aglobalscope. that iscloselylinkedtosocietyand modern ‘knowledge andexpertise’ humanities research andcivilsociety between socialsciencesand asaninterface serves This platform MSH-M merge andare implemented. ‘promotion’ by activitiesconfirmed

a site for the development of a siteforthedevelopmentof wherea platform ‘restoration’ and development. stakeholder andfocusofsustainable the centre ofthesestrategies, asakey ofplacingmankindat importance of ourfuture, ithighlightsthe which we live. In theconstruction crossovers thatbuildthesocietiesin of exchange, andcultural heritage to developessentialmechanisms networking awareness andhelps thinking’).way polarised It boosts ‘ ‘geostrategic bipolarisation’ or of unwantedcultural partitioning: aimstooffsetthepossibility sharing This commitmenttoexchange and complex real situations. to exchange viewsonmultipleand countries, whileencouraging them regions, developedanddeveloping other European andMediterranean researchers andtheircolleaguesin collaborations between MSH-M toclose hasgivenrise the horizons this approach. This aimtobroaden the identity, wealth andstrength of different disciplinesepitomizes pensée unique Organization oftheMontpellierOrganization ’ (neoliberal ‘one- MSH scientificcommunity 57 Societies and sustainable development 58 Societies and sustainable development as vocationaltraining institutions). schools(aswell and engineering member institutions, universities programme provided through its A Bac +5 Bac +3 ee ereTitle Degree Level in thefieldofSocietiesandSustainable Development training-education proposes acomplete gropolis International, Master européen (European MSc) professionnelle Science (MSc) (Engineering) professionnel professional professional d‘Université (University Agropolis International (MSc with Ingénieur (BSc with Master of diploma) Diplôme training andeducation Licence Master scope) scope) Focused entirely ontheSocietiesandSustainableDevelopmenttheme Territories andsocieties, planninganddevelopment -Specialization Territories andsocieties, planninganddevelopment -Specialization Territories andsocieties, planninganddevelopment-Specialization Territories andsocieties, planninganddevelopment-Specialization Territories andsocieties, planninganddevelopment-Specialization Agricultural engineering –SpecializationAgricultural engineering ‘Territories and resources: Production systemsandsustainabledevelopment–Specialization ‘Information systemsandgeographical forterritorial information Sustainable developmentinagriculture / Agricultural engineering –SpecializationAgricultural engineering ‘Management ofwater, Social sciencesandhumanities, Category ‘Mankind, landscape, Environment - risk -SpecializationEnvironment -risk ‘Law andenvironment and ‘Management ofrural areas, local planninganddevelopment’ utial adadrsuc lnigaddvlpet UPVD Sustainable landandresource planninganddevelopment territories’ -Specialization ‘Urbanism, habitat,planning’ ‘Environmental andsustainable territorial engineering ertra aaeetadssanbedvlpet UM1 Territorial managementandsustainabledevelopment ‘Tourism development’ andsustainable territorial giutr n odpbi oiisadcocs CIHEAM/IAM.M Agriculture andfoodpublicpolicieschoices ‘Rural development stakeholdersinhotregions’ giodsbetr n tkhle taeisCIHEAM/IAM.M subsectorsandstakeholder strategies Agrifood developed uponrequest). training modules(existingor Master’s, PhD), aswell asvocational degree,technician, engineering courses (from BAC +2toBAC +8: includes more than80diploma The training-education programme sustainable developmentmanagement’ cropping areas andtheenvironment’ ‘Rural strategies’ enterprise agrifood public policiesandstakeholders’) management andgovernance’ durable Training-education ua eeomn CIHEAM/IAM.M Rural development development’ (AGRIS MUNDUS) Développement agricole the training isprovided. training andtheinstitutionswhere diploma levels, ofthe adescription to thisdomain. They specifythe training-education coursesrelated The tablesbelow outlinethe programme Montpellier SupAgro / Montpellier SupAgro Montpellier SupAgro Montpellier SupAgro ENGREF, UM2,UM3 et IRC, 5European AgroParisTech/ universities Institution IRC, UM3 UPVD UM1 UM3 UM3 UM1 UM3 I.Touzard ©MontpellierSupAgro Bac +8 Bac +6 Bac +5 ee ereTitle Degree Level Master recherche (Research MSc) d'application (Applications Engineering) (Specialized Ingénieur spécialisé Doctorat Mastère (PhD) MSc) Territories andsocieties, planninganddevelopment-Specialization Engineering, tropical agricultureEngineering, specialization-Option ‘Development Engineering, tropical agricultureEngineering, specialization-Option ‘Economics of Tropical agricultural development (DAT) -Option ‘Development of Production systemsandsustainabledevelopment-Specialization Production systemsandsustainabledevelopment-Specialization Territories andsocieties, planninganddevelopment-Specialization Tropical agricultural development(DAT) –Option ‘Economics of public policies, organizations and agricultural markets’ (ECODEV) public policies, organizations andagricultural markets’ (ECODEV) Engineering, tropical agricultureEngineering, specialization-Option ‘Social Mankind, landscape, -Specialization territories ‘Combined ertr,tm,sceisaddvlpet-E 0TS UM3,UPVD Territory, time, societiesanddevelopment - ED60 TTSD Rural economics-Specialization andagrifood ‘Agrifood public policies, organizations and agricultural markets’ ‘Stakeholders, developmentandnewterritorialities’ ‘Agriculture, food,sustainablerural development’ of production, markets, organizations, quality’ ‘Economics andgeography ofdevelopment’ production, markets, organizations, quality’ ‘Innovation development’ andrural territorial development economicsandmanagement’ Economy andmanagement -ED231EDEG a n oilsine D41DS UM1 Law andsocialsciences-ED461 DSS landscape and territorial dynamics’landscape andterritorial water management’ Montpellier SupAgro / Montpellier SupAgro/ Montpellier SupAgro/ Montpellier SupAgro/ Montpellier SupAgro/ Montpellier SupAgro/ Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier SupAgro, Formulating afarmers’ training CIHEAM/IAM.M, UM1, UM2 Institution IRC,UM3 UPVD UM3 UM1 UM1 UM1 IRC IRC IRC IRC IRC request, Benin 59 Societies and sustainable development 60 Societies and sustainable development Bac +3 Bac +5 Bac +4 Bac +6 ee ereTitle Degree Level CIHEAM /IAM.M with themaincomponentsfocusedonSocietiesandSustainableDevelopmenttheme Institution CIRAD professionnelle (Engineering) d'application (Applications professionnel (Professional Engineering) professional (Specialized d‘Université (University Ingénieur Ingénieur spécialisé (BSc with diploma) Diplôme Mastère Licence Licence Master scope) (BSc) MSc) MSc)

Territories andsocieties, planninganddevelopment-Specialization Engineering, tropical agricultureEngineering, specialization-Option ‘Agriculture Agriculture, science-Specialization agronomy andagrifood ‘Innovative ‘Environmental managementoftropical ecosystemsandforests’ Environment - risk -SpecializationEnvironment -risk ‘Management ofcoastaland Biology, geosciences, agroresources, environment –Category Biology, geosciences, agroresources, environment -Category systems and techniques for sustainable agricultural development’ systems andtechniquesforsustainableagricultural development’ Tropical agricultural development-Option ‘Agriculture and Agriculture, science-Specialization agronomy andagrifood Agriculture, science-Specialization agronomy andagrifood Tropical environmental development-Option ‘Social water ‘Tropical systemsanddevelopment management’ farming Political science-Specialization ‘Cooperation agentsand Environmental preservation -Specialization ‘Agricultural Short training-education SO niern nentoa goeeomn ISTOM ISTOM –International Engineering agrodevelopment ‘Management ofcoastalandoffshore oceanicareas’ ‘Management ofcoastalandoffshore oceanicareas’ ‘Integrated developmentandplanning’ territorial niomn ik-Seilzto Rs cec’UM1,UM2,UM3,EMA -SpecializationEnvironment -risk ‘Risk science’ Local information systems and territorial planning planning systemsandterritorial Local information Training-education programmes specializedonotherthemes Management of life and agrifood enterprises Management enterprises oflifeandagrifood and innovations inrural environments’ ua a n giutrletrrss UM1 Rural lawandagricultural enterprises management ofnatural rural areas’ innovations inrural environments’ Prediagnosis ofarural area anddataanalysis (2weeks) egah n lnig UM3 UPVD Geography andplanning Geography andplanning international solidarity’ international offshore oceanicareas’ aaeetsineUM1 Management science Pastoralism: (2weeks) societiesandterritories Diagnostic analysisofarural area (4weeks) cnmcsineUM1 Economic science Economics ofrural development(1 week) management’ Wildlife anddevelopment(2weeks) Analysis offood systems (3weeks) Title Short training modules programmes Montpellier SupAgro/ Montpellier SupAgro/ Montpellier SupAgro/ Montpellier SupAgro/ Montpellier SupAgro/ Montpellier SupAgro, ENGREF, Montpellier ENGREF, Montpellier Montpellier SupAgro UM1, UM2,UM3 UM1, UM2,UM3 UM1, UM2,UM3 AgroParisTech/ AgroParisTech/ EPLEA Lozère, Institution EM Lyon SupAgro SupAgro UM3 UM1 UM2 IRC IRC IRC IRC Montpellier SupAgro /IRC CIHEAM /IAM.M Institution Conducting comprehensive andprocessing the results surveys fordevelopmentinitiatives Land issues in developing countries: specifi Land issuesindevelopingcountries: Technical changesandsocialdynamics:roles andfunctionsofextensionagents(4weeks) Societies, andnatural resource territories managementinMediterranean areas (4weeks) Multi-stakeholder approach andlocalnatural resource management(4weeks) Rural developmentproject assessment:conceptsandmethods(2weeks) Social system(4weeks) watermanagement:analysisofanirrigated Rural developmentproject assessment:monitoring-assessment Environmental impactassessment:methodsandtools(1week) Heritage approach tonatural resources and mediation(1week) Understanding familyagriculture: systemsapproach (4weeks) Stakeholder strategies anddevelopmentstrategies (4weeks) Sustainable developmentandrural development(2weeks) Agricultural fundingandfarmers’ organizations (4 weeks) Social construction of farmer trainingSocial offarmer demand (3weeks) construction Markets, bargaining (4weeks) policies andinternational Markets, bargaining (4weeks) policiesandinternational Water policiesand environment management(4weeks) Government, (1week) publicchoicesandfoodsecurity Operational planningandrural development(2weeks) Microfi Local developmentdynamicsandplanning(4weeks) Societies, (2weeks) stakeholdersandrural territories Public relations policiesandinternational (4weeks) Stakeholders andresource management(4weeks) Farm (4weeks) counsellinganddecisionsupport Globalization andfoodgeostrategies (4weeks) Sustainable developmentindicators(2weeks) Modelling andagricultural policies(4weeks) Integrated resource management(2weeks) of alocaldevelopmentinitiative(2weeks) Water andenvironment policies(2weeks) Modelling (4weeks) anddecisionsupport nance tobenefi Analysis of agrifood subsectors(1week) Analysis ofagrifood Farm management(4weeks) enterprise Water issuesandchallenges(2weeks) Mediterranean agricultures (2weeks) Marketing andworldtrade (4weeks) Distribution management(4weeks)Distribution Management (3weeks) instruments Rural fi Farmers’ organizations (4weeks) Economic assessment(4weeks) Financial assessment(4weeks) Food policies(4weeks) nance instruments (4weeks) nance instruments t therural community(4weeks) (4 weeks) Title cities, politicalissuesandregulation (4weeks) Short training modules 61 Societies and sustainable development 62 Societies and sustainable development professional future. students andhelpthemprepare their scientific educationofthePhD of thesemodulesistoimprove the throughout the3years. The purpose 2) toprovide additionaltraining forPhD students; scientific support mission istwofold:1)toensure direct working on majorthemes. Their research unitsandlaboratories institution. PhD institutionshost are defactoattachedtoaPhD A www.univ-montp1.fr/recherche/ecoles_doctora- les/ecole_doctorale_droit_et_sciences_sociales php?option=com_content&task=view&id=167 PhD school PhD school ‘ http://recherche.univ-montp3.fr/index. PhD school (UM1, UPVD, Univ. Avignon, Univ. Toulon) développement’ [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] (UM1, UM2, MontpellierSupAgro) [email protected] research. PhD students after 3years oflaboratory PhD diplomaisobtained www.edeg.univ-montp1.fr [email protected] Daniel Mainguy, UM1, Pascal Moliner, UM3, Daniel Serra, UM1, (ED 231EDEG) Contacts (ED 461DSS) ‘Territoire, temps, sociétés, &Itemid=290 Droit etsciencessociales (UM3, UPVD) ‘Économie etgestion’ (ED60 TTSD) Agropolis International training andeducation PhD institutionsworking ontheSocieties

’ and Sustainable Development theme UM2 andMontpellier SupAgro. It and management sciences, i.e. UM1, Montpellier involvedineconomics higher educationinstitutions in but alsogroups themainpublic management) isattachedto UM1, ‘Économie etgestion’ The Montpellier PhD school ‘Économie etgestion’ PhD school Sciences sociales’ scope, thePhD school present theirresearch). In itsregional workshops’ (where PhD candidates professionals, andfinally ‘PhD school week involvingmeetingswithlegal figure, ofahistorical trial aPhD competition basedonamock pleading combined withacourt seminar rhetorical an important penal law, administrative law, etc.), topics (contract law, corporate law, updating seminarsonpositivelaw philosophy oflaw, history, etc., on themessuchaslawtheory, the education: conferences andseminars offers PhD leveltraining and sociales’ The PhD school ‘Droit etsciencessociales’ PhD school Development’ theme: the ‘Societies andSustainable Three PhD schoolsfocuson related tolawtheory. candidates provides openingsindisciplines organizes professional meetings offers professional training toPhD (lawandsocialsciences) ‘Droit et Sciences : (economy and ‘Droit et students. directors, with atotalof500PhD accredited, ordeemedtobe, research researchers, 140ofwhomare there are 300researchers orteacher- science, andsociology. Overall, andcommunication information science, managementscience, economic science, educational history,contemporary psychology, ethnology, geography, and modern anthropology, archaeology, ecology, are represented: management, PhD school. disciplines Thirteen teams are alsoassociatedwiththis (sociology ofreligions). Two UPVD Théologie Protestante deMontpellier Montpellier from the sciences. It alsoincludesresearchers are from UM3specialized insocial a totalof19teams, 13ofwhich time, society, development)groups société, développement’ The PhD school développement’ ‘Territoire, temps, sociétés, PhD school PhD students. directors, around 200 supervising 80 ofwhomare accredited research 170 seniorscientistsontheseteams, school. Overall, there are almost G-EAU) are alsoassociatedwiththe from two otherUMRs(INNOVATION, CR2M). Social scienceresearchers CREGOR, host teams(ERFI,LASER, and MOISA)fouruniversity research teams:twoUMRs(LAMETA consists ofsixnationallyaccredited École d’architecture de andthe ‘Territoire, temps, Institut de (territory,

RAD © CI lon Tal H. project involves two trainees)are agriculturally based, and the traineesareFourteen hosted. Halfofthe13projects (one integrated ruralmultiactivity initiatives. is tofacilitatethecreation anddevelopment ofterritorially its It isfundedby Languedoc-Roussillonregion (France)under ‘Expérimentation/Recherche/Innovation’ 4 multiactivity andterritorial needs. tailoring support initiativestailoring support to Training onrural a research project on the framework of is carried outwithin multiactivity companies programme. The aimprogramme. The full-scale experiment region, France). This This multiactivity Bédarieux (Hérault training/support and GRETA in initiative isoffered by UMR TETIS 1 Hélène Tallon, [email protected] Contacts: Élodie Valette, [email protected] also strengthening theirskillsandknow-how. toeachprojectsupport leaderattheirchosenpace, while The secondphaseisfocused more onoffering individual to work togetherandshare theirexperience. enable structures thatcurrently provide sector-based support structures,support bothindividually andcollectively. This will so astoprepare thesupport, whichisprovided by territorial formulation andwrite-up(from the concepttotheproject) The firstphaseofthetraining(6weeks) isfocused onproject suitable). shift toanothermultiactivity whenonesectorseemsmore if theconstraintsbecomeoverwhelming (or, conversely, progress ofhis/herproject, realign orreframe his/heractivity crafts.and art Eachproject leader, can, dependingonthe other fieldsinvolved are mainly linked withtourism, services 4. trees inFontfroide Cherry Valley (Aude region, France). 2. (Pardailhan), Solongofarm combininghorserearing, 1. Cravirola farm, nearMinerve (Aude region, France). horseback riding and wilderness camping.horseback ridingandwilderness 3. intheCatharregion. Avalley 3 2

63 H. Tallon © CIRAD Societies and sustainable development Agropolis International training and education, PhD institutions ...

Contribution to the digital resources of the Environment and Sustainable Development Virtual University

In 2007, the Environment and Sustainable Development Virtual University, or ‘Université Virtuelle Environnement et Développement Durable’ (UVED) developed an unprecedented digital document that represents a relevant introduction to environment and sustainable development sciences. It was written by around 80 scientific specialists in this field from research organizations and French and international higher educational institutions. The BSc-level contents are accessible to students and any informed people interested in these fascinating complex fields. The aim is to provide students, teachers, researchers and citizens with an opportunity to discover and think about–in a reader-friendly way–complex processes, on different time scales, and the many driving forces (recently including humans) of changes in the Earth’s biophysical environment. This document also offers websurfers an overview of the potential of ‘new information and communication technologies’ for mediating knowledge in these fields and for educational applications. From an academic standpoint, this digital document is meant to fulfil the needs of BSc students. CIRAD scientists contributed to the introductory module ‘Mankind, societies, institutions, stakeholders of sustainable development’, and especially the chapter ‘Agriculture and sustainable development: a historical approach and prospects’.

© P.Y. Le Gal Agriculture in South Africa Contact Sylvain Perret, [email protected] For further information: www.uved.fr

DEFIS (Development, expertise, training and engineering for developing countries)

The service DEFIS (development, expertise, training and engineering In the training engineering field, the team has developed an original for developing countries, or ‘Développement, expertise, formation et approach, called ‘building stakeholder training demand’, which ingénierie pour le Sud’) is responsible for coordinating extended involves integrating features from the systems approach, the education, engineering training, expertise and university cooperation sociology of practices and the economics of training. This approach is activities that make effective use–in a development cooperation implemented in sub-Saharan African countries during the process of framework–of knowledge acquired through educational courses drawing up agricultural and rural training policies. and research initially provided by Montpellier SupAgro. The team is hosted at the Institut des régions chaudes (IRC) and works in close DEFIS is also devoted to promoting the professionalization of collaboration with teacher-researchers, students and trainees at this training and agricultural and agrifood training institutions. This is institution. The team implements a transversally-oriented systems based on a new approach to the notion of skills and know-how of approach. It is aimed at boosting the awareness of trainers, extension individuals and organizations. agents and researchers, and is also tapped to carry out studies (impact assessments, appraisals, diagnostic analyses, etc.). In addition to training, DEFIS contributes to all services that provide support to the agricultural and agrifood community (microfinance, Product quality, enterprise performance and subsector management counselling, supporting farmers’ organizations) by mobilising are focuses of audit and support-consultancy engagements with expertise developed within the framework of the ‘Stakeholders and enterprises and professional organizations in developing countries. rural development’ Master’s programme. DEFIS strives to fulfil the increasing demand for assistance in setting up and implementing diploma training on food quality and security. Contact: Isabelle Touzard, [email protected]

For further information:

Societies and sustainable developmentSocieties http://irc.supagro.inra.fr/ingenierie/defis-structure-162.html

64 R. Ducrot ©CIRAD in periurbanareas inBrazil management between manyusers game–a toolto facilitatewater ‘ Teraguas’ computerrole playing 65 Societies and sustainable development 66 Societies and sustainable development List ofacronyms AgroParisTech/ Montpellier CEMAGREF DOM-ROM SEAPRISE CIHEAM / ECOWAS EM Lyon ENGREF SupAgro ISTOM EHESS CIRAD IAM.M BRGM UCAD OECD UPVD MAEE ENPC CNRS ENEA LEAD UICN IGAD INRA IPCC UMR COM IFAD WTO ISRA UM3 UM2 UM1 PICS NGO MAP R&D EMA URP UPR SME ANR CAP FAO FRE CSE IRD IRC UR EU World TradeOrganization Cooperative research unit / Research unit/ Université dePerpignan Via Domitia Internal research unit/ Joint research unit/ Université Montpellier 3 Université Montpellier 2 Université Montpellier 1 World ConservationUnion / Université CheikhAnta Diop Small andmedium-sized fi Social andEnvironmental Accountability ofthePrivate Sector Research anddevelopment International Scientifi Organisation forEconomic Co-operation andDevelopment Non-governmental organization Centre internationald’études supérieures ensciencesagronomiques French forAgriculture Ministry andFisheries French forEuropean Ministry andForeign Affairs/ Livestock, Environment andDevelopment Institut d’Agro Développement International Institut sénégalaisderecherches agricoles Institut deRecherche pourleDéveloppement Institut desRégionsChaudes Intergovernmental Panel onClimateChange Agronomique National Institute forAgricultural Research (France) / Intergovernmental Authority onDevelopment International Fund forAgricultural Development Formation derecherche enévolution Food andAgriculture Organization oftheUnited Nations European Union École Nationale desPonts etChaussées École nationaled’économie appliquée École Nationale Supérieure desTechniques Industrielles desMines d’Alès EMLYON Business School/ École desHautes Études enSciencesSociales Economic Community of West States African d’outre-merDépartement –Régiond’outre-mer Centre desuiviécologique Collectivité d’outre-mer National Center forScientifi internationale enrecherche agronomique pourledéveloppement Agricultural Research Centre forInternational Development (France) / Méditerranéennes /Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen deMontpellier Agricultural Institue ofMontpellier (France) / International Center forAdvanced Mediterranean Agricultural Studies /Mediterranean l’agriculture etdel’environnement Agricultural research andenvironmental engineering (France) / Common Agricultural Policy (France)Geoscience forasustainableEarth / National Research Agency(France) / des EauxetForêts (France) Institut duvivant etdel’environnement dessciencesetindustries / Unité derecherche Unité mixtederecherche c Cooperation Projects / Unité propre derecherche (France) (France) (France) (France) (Senegal) rms c Research (France) / Unité derecherche enpartenariat École deManagement deLyon (Senegal) (France) Union Internationale pourlaConservationdeNature (France) Agence Nationale delaRecherche and abbreviations (Senegal) (France) (Senegal) (France) (France) (France) Géosciences pouruneterre durable / Ministère del’Agriculture etdelaPêche Centre International desHautes étudesAgronomiques (France) Projet International deCoopération Scientifi Centre National delaRecherche Scientifi Ministère desAffaires étrangères eteuropéennes Institut National delaRecherche La recherche La pourl’ingéniériede (France) École Nationale duGénieRural, (France) Centre decoopération que que

Pierre-Marie Bosc, Nicolas Bricas, Nicole Bunel, Flavie Cernesson, Sylvain Perret, Denis Pesche, CécilePoussard, Jean-Louis Rastoin, Isabelle Touzard, Laurence Tubiana, Pierre Valarié, Élodie Valette, Lisa Dacosta, Marc Dedeire, Hubert Devautour, Amadou Tamsir Alfredo Manuel Coelho, GenevièveCortès, Jean-Pierre Couderc, Technical editors: Fabrice Lorente, Bruno Losch,Géraud Magrin, Jacques Maillet, Marie Mazalto, Pierre Merle, Laura Michel, GenevièveMichon, Didier Babin, Olivier Barreteau, OmarBessaoud, AlainBilland, Guillaume Barou &Bruno Lombard Hélène Rey-Valette, Didier Richard, Audrey Richard-Ferroudji, Pascal Kosuth, Denis Lacroix, JérômeLazard, Tristan LeCotty, Participated inthisissue: Frédéric LeRoy, Daniel Lebègue, Marc Legendre, Maya Leroy, Member ofAgropolis organizationsandpartners Jean-Charles Hourcade, Frédéric Huynh, Jacques Imbernon, Patrick Sentis, Daniel Serra, Youba Sokona, Ludovic Sposito, This document was published with the support This documentwaspublishedwiththesupport International), (Agropolis International), ChantalDorthe Éric Léonard,Éric Robert Lifran, Denis Loeillet,Maud Loireau, Florence Palpacuer, Gwenaëlle Pariset, Michel Passouant, Jean-Daniel Rinaudo, Isabelle Romestan, Sales, Christian Etienne Montaigne, Marielle Montginoul, José Muchnik, Other illustrations: Daniel Mainguy, DominiqueMalergue, Jacques Marzin, Hélène Tallon,Leïla Temri, Daniel Thery, Pascal Thinon, Stefano Farolfi, Guy Faure, François Feral, Patrice Garin, Corrections: Guillaume Duteurtre, Fatima ElHadad, Bernard Fallery, Patrick Bisson, Jean-Paul Blancheton, Philippe Bonnal, Pierre-Marie Bosc (CIRAD),Fabien Boulier (Agropolis Jean-Marie Miossec, Pascal Moliner, François Monicat, Jean-Pierre Chauveau, Pascal Chevalier, Eduardo Chia, Jean-Yves Jamin, Françoise Jarrige, Anne-Marie Jouve, Diop, Raphaèle Bruno Dorin, Ducrot, Patrick Dugué, Jean-Philippe Tonneau,Ibra Touré, Bernard Toutain, Bernard Pecqueur, Jacques Percebois, Hubert Peres, Scientific coordinator: Printing: Martine Antona,Pierre Arragon, Stéphanie Aulong, Nathalie (AgropolisVilleméjeanne International) Mary Bergin-CartwrightMary (Oxford University Press) François Valette, van Geert Vliet, Marc Willinger. Gérald Naro, Myriam Niel, Brigitte Nougaredes, Gérard Ghersi, Nina Graveline, Michel Havard, ISSN: Christine Rawski,Christine MélanieRequier-Desjardins, International involved inthis Isabelle Amsallem(Agropolis Productions), and Languedoc-Roussillon Region. Michel Chauvet(Agropolis International)

1628-4240• The information contained in this issue containedinthis issue The information Les Petites Affiches Olivier Piau(Agropolis Productions) is validas from 31December, 2008. Director inChief: we thank Christine Rawski (CIRAD), Rawskiwe thank Christine (CIRAD), Véronique Alary, Véronique Ancey, and all contributors tothis and allcontributors Layout andcomputergraphics: [email protected] AgroParisTech/ENGREF of theFrench government Translations: Copyright: Pierre-Marie Bosc (CIRAD) Montpellier SupAgro (Le Monde Diplomatique) (Montpellier, France) CIHEAM/IAM.M December 2008 Henri Carsalade CEMAGREF David Manley MSH-M CIRAD BRGM IDDRI UPVD CNRS INRA Dossier UM3 UM2 UM1 Dossier IRD , Already publishedinthesamecollection development ofscientificandtechnicalcooperation andexchange. potential available withinourscientificcommunity, butalsotofacilitatecontactsfor the This seriesismeanttoboosttheawareness and ofourdifferent ontheexpertise partners conducting research on thetargettheme. ready reference for alllaboratoriesandteamsassociatedwith Agropolis Internationalthatare Each Dossierisdevoted toabroad scientifictheme, andincludesaclear overview thatisa produced withinthescopeofitsmissiontopromote ofthescientificcommunity. expertise The ‘ Cover photos(back):J.Imbernon ©CIRAD, B. Toutain ©CIRAD, P. Arragon ©IAM.M and©CIRAD Cover photos(front): ©P. Jouve, N. Bricas ©CIRAD, J.-Y. Jamin ©CIRADand G.Napolitano ©FAO French /English 60 pages March 2007 French /English 24 pages May 2001 Dossiers d’AgropolisDossiers International Les dossiersd’Agropolis International French /English 60 pages September 2005 French /English 64 pages November 2007 ’ seriesisadeliverable of Agropolis Internationalthatis French /English 56 pages November 2005 French /English 68 pages November 2007 b 67 Societies and sustainable development