RENAISSANCE –the 4 R’s of Architecture . – studied and tried to emulate Roman architecture . Rules – followed rules when planning and . Reason – they developed based on theories based on , math and engineering . ‘Rithmetic – used mathematical formulas to produce structures that had beauty and harmony Brunelleschi

Brunelleschi, Chapel, 1440-61 Interior of Brunelleschi, on the Cathedral, 1419-1436 Dome from the outside Brunelleschi’s dome interior Palladio

Palladio, Rotonda, 1550-1556 Palladio, Villa Rotonda , front angle Architectural drawing of Villa Rotonda Masaccio

Masaccio, Holy Trinity, 1425, , 21 feet 9 inches X 9 feet 4 inches, Florence Masaccio, The Tribute Money, 1427, fresco, Florence

Donatello

Donatello, David, 1430-40, Bronze, 5ft 2 1/2 inches , Florence. Polykeitos, Doryphoros (Spear Bearer), 450-440 BC

Andrea del Verrocchio

Andrea del Verroccio, David, 1470, bronze, 49 inches, Florence

Botticelli

Botticelli, Birth of Venus, 1482, Tempera on Canvas, Florence

Bottecelli, Primavera (Spring), 1481, Tempera on Wood, Florence.

Leonardo da Vinci, sketchbook page, c. 1510

Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper, 1495, fresco, . Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa, 1503-06,

Michelangelo, Pieta, 1498-150, Marble, 5 feet 8 ½ inches, Rome

Michelangelo

Michelangelo, David, 1501-04, Marble, 13 feet 5 inches , Florence

Michelangelo, Ceiling, 1508-12, Fresco, Rome. Michelangelo, Creation of Adam (Sistine Chapel), 1508-12, Fresco, Rome

Raphael, School of , 1510-11, Fresco, Rome Northern Renaissance

. These artists did not look to Classical Greek and Roman for inspiration, rather they looked to nature and representing it realistically . Their themes focused on religion and everyday scenes that included the everyday citizens, not only the rich and influential . Often used oil (easier to blend since the paint dried slower) Jan Van Eyck

Jan Van Eyck, Arnolfini Wedding, 1434, Oil on Wood, London

Hieronymous Bosch

Bosch, Garden of Earthly Delights, 1500, Oil on Wood,

German Renaissance

. Although the Germans lagged behind for a period of time, eventually they caught up to the rest of Europe in the Renaissance . Particularly known for their contributions to printmaking Albrecht Dürer

Albrecht Dürer, Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 1497-98, Woodcut, New York. Albrecht Dürer, Melencolia, 1514, Engraving

. Artists of the time abandoned the representation of realism rooted in nature . They exaggerated features and tried to represent instability rather than perfection . Figures twist oddly and bodies are distorted (usually elongated) Parmigianino

Parmigianino, Madonna With the Long Neck, 1535, Oil on Panel, Florence. Giambologna

Giambologna, Mercury, 1576, Bronze, 24 1/8 inches , Florence

. Sometimes argued that the Spanish Renaissance could be more Mannerist . Country was in the grips of a religious struggle (Inquisition was happening)

El Greco, Resurrection of Christ, 1597-1610, Oil on Canvas, Madrid