John - )Architecture). Italian Renaissance architect based their theories and practices on Classical Roman example. The Renaissance revival of Classical Rome was as important in architecture as it was in literature. A pilgrimage to Rome to study the ancient buildings and ruins, especially the Coliseum and Pantheon, was considered essential to an an architect’s training. Classical orders and architectural elements such as columns, pilasters, pediments, entablatures, arches, and domes form the vocabulary of Renaissance buildings. Vitruvius’s writing on architecture also influenced the Renaissance definition of beauty in architecture. As a classical world, Renaissance architecture is characterized by harmonious form, mathematical proportion, and a unit of measurement based on the human scale. During the Renaissance, architects trained as humanist helped raised the statues of their profession from skilled labor to artist. They hope to create structures that would both appeal to both emotion and reason. Three key figures in Renaissance architecture were Filippo Brunelleschi, Leon Battista Alberti, and Andrea Palladio.
(Brunelleschi) Filippo Brunelleschi (1377–1446) is widely considered the first Renaissance architect. Trained as a goldsmith in his native city of Florence, Brunelleschi soon turned his interests to architecture, traveling to Rome to study ancient buildings. Among his greatest accomplishments is the engineering of the dome of Florence Cathedral (Santa Maria del Fiore also known as the Duomo). He was also the first since antiquity to use the classical orders Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian in a consistent and appropriate manner.
(Literature) In the early Renaissance, especially in Italy, much of the focus was on translating and studying classic works from Latin and Greek. Both the cultures were highly admired in the Renaissance, especially after the newly labeled Dark Ages. Renaissance authors were not content to rest on the laurels of ancient authors, however. Many authors attempted to integrate the methods and styles of the ancient greats into their own works. Among the most emulated Romans are Cicero, Horace, Sallust, and Virgil. Among the Greeks, Aristotle, Homer, Plato, and Socrates were also heavily emulated by Renaissance authors. The literature and poetry of the Renaissance was also largely influenced by the developing science and philosophy. The humanist Francesco Petrarch, a key figure in the renewed sense of scholarship, was also an accomplished poet, publishing several important works of poetry. He wrote poetry in Latin, notably the Punic War epic Africa, but is today remembered for his works in the Italian vernacular, especially the Canzoniere, a collection of love sonnets dedicated to his unrequited love Laura. He was the foremost writer of sonnets in Italian, and translations of his work into English by Thomas Wyatt established the sonnet form in that country, where it was employed by William Shakespeare and countless other poets. Petrarch's disciple, Giovanni Boccaccio, became a major author in his own right. His major work was the Decameron, a collection of one hundred stories told by ten storytellers who have fled to the outskirts of Florence to escape the black plague over ten nights. The Decameron in particular and Boccaccio's work in general were a major source of inspiration and plots for many English authors in the Renaissance, including William Shakespeare.
Aside from Christianity, classical antiquity, and scholarship, a fourth influence on Renaissance literature was politics. The political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli is an important Italian author. His most famous work is The Prince, which has become so well-known in Western society that the term "Machiavellian" has come into use, referring to the self-serving attitude advocated by the book. However, most experts agree that Machiavelli himself did not fully embrace the tactics in his book, making "Machiavellian" a slightly inaccurate term. Regardless, along with many other Renaissance works, The Prince remains a relevant and influential work of literature today. Additionally, many sixteenth-century authors such as Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, and William Shakespeare expressed spiritual conflict through their writing. Spenser's Faerie Queene, for example, depicts the struggle of a staunchly Protestant knight of Holiness against the forces of Roman Catholicism.
(Religion) Perhaps the most prominent religious moment in Renaissance history was the Protestant Reformation, launched by Martin Luther in Germany. Believing that the Roman Catholic Church of his day had turned from a Biblical understanding of faith and salvation, particularly in its practice of selling indulgences, Luther posted his historic Ninety-Five Theses on the door of the Wittenberg Castle Church in 1517 and thereby birthed religious revival across Europe. The Reformers (known as "Protestants") called Christians back to four main points:
(Cultural Events)
The dome was not built Dayantez - ( Materials for building ) until the early 15th century, when Filippo Brunelleschi, a goldsmith and sculptor, began to make statues for the cathedral. Gradually he became interested in the building itself and built some smaller parts of it. In about 1415 he prepared a design for the dome that he daringly proposed to build without the aid of formwork, which had been absolutely necessary in all previous Roman and Gothic construction. He built a 1:12 model of the dome in brick to demonstrate his method; the design was accepted and built under his supervision from 1420 to 1436. Brunelleschi was thus the first real architect to conceive the building’s form and the methods to execute it and to guarantee its performance; he pointedly refused membership in both the masons’ and carpenters’ guilds. Brunelleschi’s dome consists of two layers, an inner dome spanning the diameter and a parallel outer shell to protect it from the weather and give it a more pleasing external form. Both domes are supported by 24 stone half arches, or ribs, of circular form, 2.1 meters (7 feet) thick at the base and tapering to 1.5 metres (5 feet), which meet at an open stone compression ring at the top. To resist outward thrust, tie rings of stone held together with metal cramps run horizontally between the ribs. There are also tie rings of oak timbers joined by metal connectors. The spaces between the ribs and tie rings are spanned by the inner and outer shells, which are of stone for the first 7.1 metres (23 feet) and brick above http://www.erasofelegance.com/history/renaissancearts.html
Qiana - ( What sweet stuff they had? ) Gingerbread, cakes, pastries and honeyed fruits were deserts mostly ate at special events . Apple tart, Jam tart , Clove tart , Fresh fruit , Apple jelly, & Gohier waffles. They ate pears in mead too . Mead is an alcoholic drink of fermented honey and water. Daily life ; Women wore long gothic style dresses. Dresses gradually got rid of the long trains, & became long flowing skirts. Jousting was the main sport at the time(Men rode horses and tried to knock eachother off with long rods) Arts&Literature ; Science&Technology ;
Shakerra - ( How to start a sweet shop? What they needed to have a business? ) Whether it's jelly beans, chocolate or bubblegum, people young and old, in large metropolitan cities and small rural areas enjoy eating candy. Candy stores are a business that can be run in many ways, and it is a feasible venture to start for both new and experienced entrepreneurs. Running a candy store can be exciting and profitable, but to be successful, you must carefully plan the launch and growth of your business. Step 1 Select a niche for your candy store business. For instance, you can specialize in selling organic candy, gourmet chocolates, homemade confections, or old-fashioned and nostalgic candies. Step 2 Write a business plan to serve as a blueprint while growing your business – a thorough plan is also essential if you plan to get a loan. Your business plan should include a detailed explanation of your niche and target market, three-year expense budget and profit projections, marketing and public relations plans, analysis of competition and demand for your product. Step 3 Get the permits required in your state to start a retail business. Depending on where you live, this may include an Employer Identification Number, state Tax Identification Number, resale permit or fictitious name certificate. Step 4 Contact your state's health department to find out what licenses are needed to start a food business. If you are buying candy wholesale, you may not need to get anything, but if you plan to make your own candies, you may need food manager certification, rental of a commercial kitchen, a food handler permit or food enterprise license. Step 5 Open wholesale accounts with candy distributors, if you will not be making your own candy. Buying candy wholesale will save you money and allow you to mark up your selling prices. Buy ingredients, flavorings and packaging wholesale, if you will produce your own confections. Step 6 Lease or buy a storefront for your candy store. Alternatives include a shopping center or mall kiosk, e- commerce store or vending booth at a special event, fair, carnival or festival. Step 7 Develop services and products to attract customers, such as candy bouquets, delivery of custom candy gifts and candy-dipped fruits. Step 8 Market your candy store business. Send news releases to local newspapers, publications and media outlets, launch a promotional website and open social networking accounts to connect with existing and potential customers.
Antonio - ( Prices for products ) The standard unit of currency since medieval times has been the pound (£). A pound was 20 shillings (s), and a shilling was 12 pence d, for denarius or the Roman penny), so a pound also was equivalent to 240 pence. Because the early currency was not decimalized you had to add up each unit of currency separately in this format: £ 2.11.3 using
modern Arabic numbers--see below, which would be spoken two pounds, eleven shillings and threepence, or two-pounds-eleven- three. When adding, you would add each unit separately, then convert pence to shillings with leftover pence in the right position, convert the resulting total shillings to pounds with leftover shillings in the central position, and add up the total pounds. The British resisted decimalization one pound = 100 pence and that's that until 1971. That is the force of cultural tradition. English currency was medieval until after the Beatles broke up. Here is the currency in table form with some nicknames and three additional coins minted prior to the nineteenth century but now no longer produced. £ pound quid s shilling "bob" d pence copper m mark 2/3 £ or 13s 4d angel 10s or 1/2£ (Renaissance and later) guinea 1 £ . 1 s (Renaissance and later) six-pence "tanner" Renaissance and later four-pence groat.
Bryce - ( Price for building ) Ever since humanity started building edifices and great structures, mathematics and architecture have been inextricably intertwined. Obviously, improvements in surveying and applied mathematics aided engineers and helped them to build greater and bigger monuments, using mathematical techniques to add strength. The pyramids, the Parthenon and the Pantheon are great examples, using angles and numbers, as well as an understanding of centers of gravity and weight distribution to ensure that they endured for many years. In some circumstances, ancient architects used mathematics and astronomy to align buildings with astronomical phenomena or the cardinal points, as the Egyptians, Maya and Ancient Britons showed with pyramids, temples, and stone circles. However, mathematics had another effect on architecture, influencing the abstract ideals of proportion and beauty, with certain mathematical ratios believed to be aesthetically pleasing to the eye. It is unclear, in many cases, whether many of these ratios occurred by design or coincidence, but it seems that architects have always incorporated sophisticated mathematical ratios into their designs. This was certainly true during the Renaissance; not only did the Renaissance architects look back to the classics for the inspiration, recycling and refining Greek and Roman ideas, but they also devised their own techniques. The discovery of perspective in Renaissance art, by Van Eyck and Van der Weyden in the 15th century, influenced the architects by reviving interest in the Platonic solids, with simple spheres, tetrahedrons and cubes readily apparent in many architectural designs, as well as many more complex solids. Added to this was the idea of musical harmonies, which the Greeks and many Renaissance thinkers believed governed the universe. According to Pythagoras, strings of certain lengths vibrating together were harmonious: for example, a ratio of 2:1 in length gave a pleasant sound. This harmony, proposed by Pythagoras, further influenced the obsession of the Greeks and Renaissance scholars and artists with using ratios as aesthetically pleasing.