U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge

Water Resource Inventory and Assessment (WRIA) Summary Report

March 2018

U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service Region 3 (Midwest Region) Division of Natural Resources and Conservation Planning; Bloomington, MN

The mission of the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service is working with others to conserve, protect, and enhance fish and wildlife and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people.

The mission of the National Wildlife Refuge System is to administer a national network of lands and waters for the conservation, management and, where appropriate, restoration of the fish, wildlife and plant resources and their habitats within the United States for the benefit of present and future generations of Americans.

Authors: Susan Gerlach and Linnea Thomas

Correspondence:

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 3 (Midwest) Division of Biological Resources 5600 American Blvd. West, Suite 990 Bloomington, MN 55437-1458 [email protected]

Author’s Note:

There are embedded links throughout this document within the table of contents and indicated by underlined text. A database of the presented data, additional data, documents and the referenced studies will be available as part of a digital document library housed on the Environmental Conservation Online System (ECOS). Geospatial data layers were obtained from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, USGS seamless server, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Missouri Spatial Data Information Services website.

Disclaimer:

All data is provided “as is.” There are no warranties, express or implied, including the warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, accompanying this document. Use for general planning and informational purposes only.

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Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary ...... 1 1.1 Findings ...... 3 1.2 Recommendations ...... 5 2. Introduction ...... 8 3. Natural Setting ...... 11 3.1 Hydrologic Unit Codes (HUCs) ...... 11 3.2 Topography ...... 13 3.3 Long Term Climate Trends ...... 15 Climate Conditions and Projected Changes ...... 15 PRISM, USHCN, and NCEI Datasets ...... 18 Hydroclimatic Data Network ...... 21 4. Water Resource Features ...... 23 4.1 Management Units and Infrastructure ...... 23 Little Creek ...... 28 Pigeon Creek ...... 28 Water Management ...... 29 Additional Management Activities ...... 30 High Hazard Dam Information ...... 31 Crab Orchard Dam ...... 31 Little Grassy Dam ...... 31 Devil’s Kitchen Dam ...... 32 4.2 National Wetlands Inventory ...... 33 4.3 National Hydrography Dataset ...... 36 5. Water Resource Monitoring ...... 39 5.1 Water Quality Criteria...... 39 5.2 Water Monitoring Stations and Sampling Sites ...... 42 5.3 Surface Water Quantity ...... 45 Crab Orchard Creek near Marion, IL ...... 45 Big Muddy River at RTE 127 at Murphysboro, IL ...... 50 Crab Orchard Lake, Little Grassy Lake, and Devil’s Kitchen Lake ...... 54 5.4 Groundwater Levels ...... 56 5.5 Surface Water Quality ...... 58 CERCLA Cleanup Activities ...... 58 Other Water Quality Concerns ...... 59 303(b) reporting, 303(d) assessments ...... 61 Contaminants Assessment Process ...... 64 Point sources and contaminant releases ...... 65 6. Water Law ...... 66 7. Geospatial Data Sources ...... 69 8. Literature Cited ...... 73 Appendix A: Climate Data ...... 75 Appendix B: Management Units and Infrastructure ...... 79 Appendix C: Relevant Water Monitoring Locations ...... 101 Appendix D: Water Monitoring Data ...... 106 Appendix E: Additional CERCLA Cleanup Information ...... 114 Appendix F: Point Sources and Toxic Release Inventory Information ...... 117

Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge – Water Resource Inventory and Assessment i Figures

Figure 2-1: Reference map of CONWR ...... 10 Figure 3-1: Hydrologic Unit Codes contributing or adjacent to CONWR properties ...... 12 Figure 3-2: LiDAR and bathymetry data for CONWR ...... 14 Figure 3-3: Warm season evaporation rates at Illinois State Climatologist Office site 11-2352 near Dixon Springs, IL ...... 15 Figure 3-4: Climate station information relevant to CONWR ...... 19 Figure 3-5: Average monthly discharge data for HCDN gage Rayse Creek near Waltonville, IL ...... 22 Figure 4-1: Historic and current drainage in the I-57 Wetland Unit area ...... 25 Figure 4-2: Beaver dams found at West Gate ...... 26 Figure 4-3: Wetland types found at CONWR ...... 34 Figure 4-4: Map of NHD flowlines at CONWR ...... 37 Figure 5-1: Locations of applicable surface water, groundwater, and climate monitoring stations ...... 44 Figure 5-2: Average annual discharge data for Crab Orchard Creek near Marion, IL...... 47 Figure 5-3: Mean daily discharge for Crab Orchard Creek near Marion, IL ...... 47 Figure 5-4: Peak annual streamflow data for Crab Orchard Creek near Marion, IL ...... 48 Figure 5-5: Mean and maximum daily average discharge data for Crab Orchard Creek near Marion, IL . 48 Figure 5-6: Average monthly discharge data for Crab Orchard Creek near Marion, IL ...... 49 Figure 5-7: Average annual discharge trends for the Big Muddy River at rte. 127 at Murphysboro, IL ..... 51 Figure 5-8: Peak annual streamflow trends for the Big Muddy River at rte. 127 at Murphysboro, IL ...... 52 Figure 5-9: Mean and maximum daily average discharge data for Big Muddy River at rte. 127 at Murphysboro, IL ...... 52 Figure 5-10: Average monthly discharge data for Big Muddy River at rte. 127 at Murphysboro, IL ...... 53 Figure 5-11: Stage levels at COL, LGL, and DKL ...... 55 Figure 5-12: ISWS Shallow Groundwater Monitoring Station no. 11 depth to groundwater at Carbondale, IL ...... 57 Figure 5-13: ISWS Shallow Groundwater Monitoring Station no. 11 average monthly depth to groundwater at Carbondale, IL ...... 57 Figure 5-14: Impaired waters within the Crab Orchard Creek HUC10 drainage ...... 62 Figure A-1: Average monthly temperatures from the PRISM dataset ...... 75 Figure A-2: Average monthly precipitation totals from the PRISM dataset ...... 76 Figure A-3: Average annual water year precipitation totals from the USHCN dataset ...... 76 Figure A-4: Average spring precipitation trends from the USHCN dataset ...... 77 Figure A-5: Average spring temperature trends from the USHCN dataset ...... 77 Figure A-6: Average cool-season temperatures compared to Pacific Decadal Oscillation Index averages ...... 78 Figure A-7: Average cool-season temperatures compared to Pacific/North American teleconnection pattern index averages ...... 78 Figure B-1: Management units and infrastructure at CONWR ...... 79 Figure B-2: Management units, structures, dikes, and ponds of CONWR ...... 85 Figure B-3: Management units, structures, dikes, and ponds of CONWR ...... 86 Figure B-4: Management units, structures, dikes, and ponds of CONWR ...... 87 Figure B-5: Management units, structures, dikes, and ponds of CONWR ...... 88 Figure B-6: Management units, structures, dikes, and ponds of CONWR ...... 89 Figure B-7: Management units, structures, dikes, and ponds of CONWR ...... 90 Figure B-8: Management units, structures, dikes, and ponds of CONWR ...... 91 Figure B-9: Structure elevations for the Little Creek Impoundment ...... 100 Figure D-1: Discharge exceedance probabilities for Crab Orchard Creek near Marion, IL 106 Figure D-2: Discharge exceedance probabilities for Big Muddy River at rte. 127 at Murphysboro, IL ..... 108 Figure D-3: Stage Graph for COL ...... 111 Figure D-4: Stage Graph for LGL ...... 112 Figure D-5: Stage Graph for DKL ...... 113 Figure E-1: CERCLA Superfund investigation sediment and water sampling locations ...... 114 Figure E-2: CONWR Operable Units and contaminants of concern ...... 115 Figure E-3: CERCLA sites and areas within the former Illinois Ordinance Plant Area of CONWR ...... 116 Figure F-1: Likely nutrient point sources near CONWR (including NPDES permit sites) ...... 117

Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge – Water Resource Inventory and Assessment ii Figure F-2: Toxic release inventory for CONWR ...... 119

Tables

Table 4-1: Water management units, acreages, and water sources ...... 27 Table 4-2: Wetland types and acreage at CONWR ...... 35 Table 4-3: NHD flowline types found at CONWR ...... 40 Table 4-4: Named NHD flowlines relevant to CONWR ...... 38 Table 4-5: NHD waterbody types found within CONWR ...... 38 Table 4-6: Named NHD waterbody types found within CONWR ...... 38 Table 5-1: Nutrient criteria for rivers/streams and lakes/reservoirs established for Southeastern Temperate Forested Plains and Hills ...... 39 Table 5-2: Water quality standards referenced to determine lake impairments ...... 40 Table 5-3: Water quality standards referenced to determine stream impairments ...... 40 Table 5-4: Flood-peak discharges for 2- to 500-year events ...... 50 Table 5-5: General hydrologic information for COL, LGL, and DKL ...... 54 Table 5-6: 303(d) listed streams and rivers with designated uses and causes of impairment ...... 63 Table 5-7: 303(d) listed lakes with designated uses and causes of impairment ...... 63 Table B-1: Management unit type and acreage ...... 80 Table B-2: MSU Benchmarks...... 80 Table B-3: Water control structures ...... 80 Table B-4: Dikes ...... 83 Table B-5: Ponds and impoundments within CONWR ...... 92 Table C-1: Water monitoring stations particularly relevant to CONWR management ...... 105 Table D-1: Discharge recurrence intervals for Crab Orchard Creek near Marion, IL ...... 107 Table D-2: Discharge recurrence intervals for Big Muddy River at rte. 127 at Murphysboro, IL ...... 109 Table D-3: Historic crests and low water levels records for Big Muddy River at rte. 127 at Murphysboro, IL ...... 110 Table F-1: Likely nutrient point sources near CONWR, and numeric nutrient thresholds where applicable ...... 118

Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge – Water Resource Inventory and Assessment iii Chapter 1: Executive Summary

1. Executive Summary

The Water Resource Inventory and Assessment (WRIA) is a reconnaissance-level effort, which provides:

• Descriptions of local topography, climate, and natural setting information • Historic, current, and projected climate information, including hydroclimate trends • An inventory of surface water and groundwater resource features • An inventory of relevant infrastructure and water control structures • Summaries of historical and current water resource monitoring, including descriptions of datasets for applicable monitoring sites • Brief water quality assessments for relevant water resources • A summary of state water laws • A compilation of main findings and recommendations for the future

The WRIA provides inventories and assessments of water rights, water quantity, water quality, water management, climate, and other water resource issues for each Refuge. The long-term goal of the National Wildlife Refuge System (NWRS) WRIA effort is to provide up-to-date, accurate data on Refuge System water quantity and quality in order to acquire, manage, and protect adequate supplies of water. Achieving a greater understanding of existing information related to Refuge water resources will help identify potential threats to those resources and provide a basis for recommendations to field and Regional Office staff. Through an examination of previous patterns of temperature and precipitation, and an evaluation of forward-looking climate models, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) aims to address the effects of global climate change and the potential implications on habitat and wildlife management goals for a specific Refuge.

WRIAs have been recognized as an important part of the NWRS Inventory and Monitoring (I&M) initiative and are identified as a need by the Strategic Plan for Inventories and Monitoring on National Wildlife Refuges: Adapting to Environmental Change (USFWS 2010a, b). I&M is one element of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s climate change strategic plan to address the potential changes and challenges associated with conserving fish, wildlife and their habitats (USFWS 2011). Water Resource Inventory and Assessments have been developed by a national team comprised of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service water resource professionals, environmental contaminants Biologists, and other Service employees.

The WRIA summary narrative supplements existing and scheduled planning documents, by describing current hydrologic related information and providing an assessment of water resource needs and issues of concern. The WRIA will be a useful tool for Refuge management and complement other Refuge assessments, such as a hydrogeomorphic analysis (HGM), and can be utilized as a planning tool for the Comprehensive Conservation Plan (CCP), Habitat Management Plan (HMP) and Inventory & Monitoring Plan (IMP). The CCP (USFWS 2007) is complete for Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge (CONWR), and the most recent Contaminates Assessment Process (CAP) was completed in 2001 by Michael Coffey (USFWS). A Habitat Management Plan (HMP) is currently under development. Many of the findings and

Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge – Water Resource Inventory and Assessment 1 Chapter 1: Executive Summary

recommendations from these assessments are applicable to water resources and are reiterated in the WRIA summary narrative.

This Water Resource Inventory and Assessment (WRIA) Summary Report for CONWR describes current hydrologic information, provides an assessment of water resource needs and issues of concern, and makes recommendations regarding Refuge water resources. As part of the WRIA effort for this Refuge, water resources staff in the Division of Natural Resources and Conservation Planning (NWRS) received review comments and edits from Mike Coffey and Daniel Wood.

This Summary Report synthesizes a compilation of water resource data contained in the national interactive online WRIA database (https://ecos.fws.gov/wria/). The information contained within this report and supporting documents will be entered into the national database for storage, online access, and consistency with future WRIAs. The database will facilitate the evaluation of water resources between regions and nationally. This report and the database are intended to be a reference for ongoing water resource management and strategy development. This is not meant to be an exhaustive nor a historical summary of water management activities at CONWR.

Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge – Water Resource Inventory and Assessment 2 Chapter 1: Executive Summary

1.1 Findings

There are water quality concerns at CONWR primarily related to the ongoing CERCLA remedial investigations, feasibility studies and clean-up activities, which are focused on PCBs, lead, cadmium, and explosive compounds (Coffey 2001). While these are significant problems that need remediation, there are many water quality issues stemming from non-point sources that are likely a much larger problem and more difficult to remedy compared to the more focused CERCLA issues. Overall conditions related to contaminants are improving as a result of ongoing cleanup activities on the Refuge (USFWS in prep; personal communication with CONWR staff, March 14, 2016).

Water quality, drainage modification, shoreline erosion and sedimentation are current water resource-related threats on CONWR. Refuge waters are impacted by agricultural runoff, wastewater treatment effluent, urban runoff, stream channelization, and industrial contaminants, in addition to the legacy CERCLA contaminants.

Several water resources on the Refuge are reported to be well above thresholds for total suspended solids, chloride, nitrogen, and phosphorus designated by the State (ILEPA 2008, personal communication with CONWR staff, March 14, 2016). Water quality threats may be more severe than these data indicate, since State standards may not protect aquatic life to the degree and extent to which the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service would prefer.

Energy and mineral production have affected some areas relevant to CONWR. More specifically, coal, iron, lead, zinc, fluorite, limestone, sand, and gravel have been mined in the area. Coal strip-mining has and continues to affect areas just upstream of CONWR. The disturbance of large areas of land, acid mine drainage, high total iron, and sediment-laden effluents are water quality concerns associated with these activities.

Over time, climate and land use changes may result in increased flooding. Extended summer droughts in the future may impact streams in this region, drying out sediments, which could have implications with regards to contaminant release and exposure. CONWR extends over a huge area and is surrounded by roads, highways, and other transportation routes. The road culverts for some of the smaller streams suffer from sedimentation, and increased frequencies of road washouts could result in higher sedimentation rates to the lakes (personal communication with CONWR staff, March 14, 2016).

CONWR struggles with both too much and too little water supply, depending on the area and time of year. The Refuge is largely surrounded by residential and agricultural areas, and increased flows from these areas creates flooding issues. This is especially an issue on agricultural fields adjacent to certain lakes and streams, which jeopardizes crops produced for the Refuge’s agriculture program (personal communication with CONWR staff, March 14, 2016). Dry conditions can result in springs ceasing flow, permanent streams and creeks drying up, and stages of the main channel dropping significantly, which in turn causes water quality issues such as low dissolved oxygen levels.

A large amount of current and historic water quality and quantity data exists related to CONWR’s CERCLA Superfund cleanup monitoring program. This includes data of various quality and sources housed in several different locations, which may be more useful to USFWS staff or other parties if it was housed in one repository. Because of the nature of the remediation work done at CONWR, much of this monitoring is also short term, and funding is often

Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge – Water Resource Inventory and Assessment 3 Chapter 1: Executive Summary

constrained by specific needs for enforcement cases (personal communication with Michael Coffey, 2016). Therefore, continuous or long-term trend monitoring datasets are limited, except for discharge data in some locations.

Water quality in Refuge lakes and wetlands has deteriorated due to sedimentation and eutrophication caused by runoff from the outside landscape. In addition to sedimentation problems, the Refuge has a long list of contaminant issues that also contribute to wetland quality issues including: nutrient loading, elevated levels of various contaminants and chemical compounds, high turbidity, low dissolved oxygen levels, limited benthic macroinvertebrate diversity, limited wetland plant diversity, phytoplankton blooms, and elevated levels of heavy metals. Many of these problems are caused by drainage tiles and ditches discharging into tributaries of the Refuge, creating pathways for excess sediment, nutrients, pesticides, and other chemicals to enter CONWR and its management units. Crab Orchard Lake is not a drinking water supply source. Rend Lake (USACE) is the primary water supply source for the area. The drainage contributing to COL has five impaired lakes within it (ILEPA 2008). COL is impaired for mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls, total suspended solids, and total phosphorus. Lead, cadmium, chromium, and toxic substances related to water treatment and distribution byproducts, have also been documented in exceedance of health guidelines near COL. In addition, Campus Lake is impaired for total phosphorus, Carbondale City Lake and Marion Reservoir are impaired for total phosphorus and manganese, and Herrin New Reservoir is impaired for manganese. Little Crab Orchard Creek is impaired for manganese and dissolved oxygen. Other impairments with numeric standards within the sub- watershed include pH, total fecal coliform, sulfates, and total dissolved solids (ILEPA 2008).

While water resource infrastructure is for the most part adequate for Refuge purposes, it is a deteriorating system that was built in the late 1930s and will need to be replaced. There is also a lot of stagnant water on the Refuge, which creates conditions for excess algal growth and low dissolved oxygen levels (personal communication with CONWR staff, March 14, 2016). The residential areas outside of Marion, near COL, are served by septic systems. It is estimated that 90 percent of them produce surface discharges and roughly 60-70 percent of those are not well- maintained (ILEPA 2008). Most of these septic systems produce surface discharges that contribute to water quality issues. Water resource infrastructure for refuge, water supply, and septic system management will need to be enhanced in the future to help the Refuge address the water quality and quantity issues threatening resources for habitat management and broader use by the community.

Because of observed increases in streamflow averages and peaks through Crab Orchard Creek, and because sediment infilling is already an issue within COL itself, there is concern that the Lake’s storage capacity may be limited in the future (personal communication with CONWR staff, March 14, 2016). While the Refuge has sufficient discharge data from the upstream Crab Orchard Creek gaging station to monitor some of these factors, more data throughout the COL Watershed would be useful for monitoring and management purposes related to these issues. Watershed protection programs are lacking in some areas, such as planning, land conservation, sediment control, septic and infrastructure improvement, and watershed stewardship; and monitoring data will be necessary to enhance these efforts.

Long term water quality monitoring in particular is lacking, and would be valuable as CERCLA activities transition from clean-up and remediation phases to a monitoring phase. More information related to ecological impacts, water quantity, and groundwater quality and flow is necessary.

Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge – Water Resource Inventory and Assessment 4 Chapter 1: Executive Summary

1.2 Recommendations

The WRIA provides a collection of recommendations related to the primary findings outlined above. Alternative opportunities to act on current or future threats may exist, and each water resource concern and recommendation should be thoroughly assessed prior to the implementation of management actions.

Several recommendations are associated with water resource threats and needs common to most refuges in the Midwest Region, and their implementation at all field stations would improve the collection, understanding, and application of water resource management. Many of these recommendations have already been implemented at CONWR, but periodic assessments of these strategies will be important to long-term management goals for the Refuge. These generalized recommendations include:

• Monitor water levels across the Refuge in mean sea level datum. • Develop water level management plans and monitor changes over time. • Use available Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data to evaluate how higher water levels could impact surrounding lands, and conduct more detailed surveys where necessary. • Conduct formal bathymetry surveys for relevant management units, as well as Crab Orchard Lake (COL), Little Grassy Lake (LGL), and Devil’s Kitchen Lake (DKL). • Continue efforts to evaluate the Refuge’s sediment budget, with a focus on sedimentation rates coupled with elevation information, to accomplish a better understanding of the dynamics between water storage, basin depths, and flood frequencies, and to help anticipate future changes to these processes.

Recommendations specific to CONWR are summarized below, and additional water resource management suggestions have been detailed in the CCP (USFWS 2007).

Initiate discharge and sedimentation monitoring efforts for the COL reservoir, as well as upstream gage sites for LGL and DKL, and use this information with upstream data from Crab Orchard Creek to compile more information about the Refuge’s sediment budget, water supply, and changes in hydrology of CONWR’s primary inputs. This information will help with understanding infilling rates, the reservoirs’ estimated lifespans, and capacities to withstand climate change threats.

Classify current inundation frequency for areas where water is managed at CONWR, and model and map expected future inundation distributions and frequencies to evaluate management capacities and expected impacts related to changes in hydroclimate. Frequency and inundation from CO, DK and LG is available in the 2017 and 2015 reports, respectively (H&H Report 2015 and 2017).

Information related to the volume, lifespan of the reservoirs, and sedimentation rates in COL, DKL, and LGL is outdated and should be reassessed using bathymetric surveys and/or sediment coring.

Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge – Water Resource Inventory and Assessment 5 Chapter 1: Executive Summary

Allocate funding and resources necessary to conduct inventory surveys and water quality and quantity monitoring of the Service’s conservation easement areas. These areas along floodplains and wetland habitats provide important functions to the ecosystem as a whole and opportunities for water quality improvement, but current threats in these areas are unknown and should specifically be assessed.

Consider management shifts for existing units and areas of the Refuge. Wetland areas across the Refuge should be surveyed and evaluated for their potential as future artificial impoundments, and extent and classification information for smaller wetlands that were not included in the NWI or WRIA inventory should be collected. Priority should be given to wetland areas that have a variety of input water sources to ensure water level manipulation would likely be possible under a variety of climate scenarios.

Flooding issues affecting agricultural management areas will likely only worsen with land use and climate change projections. These fields may be repurposed for wetland or moist soil unit management, and each should be individually surveyed for topography, water resource supply options, and infrastructure requirements to evaluate their potential to be repurposed.

Only about 75% of the water resource infrastructure inventory has been completed (personal communication with CONWR staff, 2016). Impoundments, water control structures, pumps, culverts, and staff gages across the Refuge should continue to be surveyed to create a complete list of current management structures. Ideally, this information should be placed in easily accessible and shareable GIS shapefiles.

Assess, prioritize, and begin planning for major infrastructure enhancements in the future. Crab Orchard NWR has a large amount of aging infrastructure that is not adequate for refuge purposes. There are dikes that need repair and almost all water control structures are in need of repair or replacement. In addition, there is an estimated 3,000 plus culverts most of which are way beyond life expectancy and are causing collapsed roads, dikes, washouts, etc.. These issues need to be addressed and the accompanying infrastructure upgraded. This will help the Refuge adequately manage water supply in a time when climate, land use, and hydrology of the region may be drastically shifting.

Minimal management activities have occurred at the East Bay Impoundment in recent years. Currently solar pump management is being explored. The northern dike had been breached from past flooding. The east, west, and north dikes had become overgrown in the past decade. However, in 2017, the Refuge cleared almost all of the brush and trees off of those dikes and patched the breach. Options should be investigated to provide additional spillway capacity to reduce the frequency of overtopping the embankment and causing a failure. Additionally, a stoplog water control structure was discovered in 2016 on the east dike that hadn’t been previously documented. It was likely used in the distant past, however, it is in need of repairs to become functional.

Refuge management would benefit from the establishment of water quality and contaminant thresholds beyond what is established and recommended by the State of Illinois, especially for beneficial use impairments (personal communication with CONWR staff, March 14, 2016). An organized water resource monitoring program for waters with known impairments or water quality issues should be a long-term goal for CONWR.

Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge – Water Resource Inventory and Assessment 6 Chapter 1: Executive Summary

Because of the water and habitat quality issues present on CONWR, and because of the extensive areas downstream that could potentially be exposed to these issues, comprehensive assessments should be conducted to explore metrics related to climate change risks, hydroclimate changes, and risks of contaminant transport. Watershed vulnerability and exposure assessments, with an emphasis on potential contaminant exposure impacts, would be particularly valuable. Framework outlined by Momcilo et al. 2016 may additionally provide a model for evaluating risks and formulating adaptation action items in the context of environmental threats, water management systems, watershed planning, and infrastructure improvement.

Additional climate assessments and tools should be referenced for general refuge planning activities. For example, the Integrated Climate and Land Use Scenarios (ICLUS) tool provides insight related to the interactions between future land use and climate change in the context of water quality and aquatic ecosystems. The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) tool allows for the assessment of potential impacts of climate change on sediment loading. A Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) can be used in the context of potential climate change impacts to streamflow (see Chien et al. 2013). General temperature and precipitation projections have been downscaled spatially and temporally as well by the United States Geological Survey (Link), Maurer et al. (2007) (Link), and others, providing tools to examine potential hydrologic impacts on seasonal scales.

The climate change component of the WRIA analyzes hydro-climate shifts in the context of discharge rates, but climate change can alter aquatic ecosystems and water budgets countless other ways (e.g., changes in temperature, water quality, metabolism rates, evapotranspiration rates, groundwater levels, and invasive species distributions). Trends in the parameters listed above should also be investigated further where the data is available to achieve a better understanding of climate change risks and adaptation potential.

Studies and monitoring should continue to be conducted to determine the degree to which bioaccumulation of mercury may threaten the ecosystem. Specifically, there is concern whether mercury may threaten the federally-listed Indiana bat, which uses the Refuge habitat. Potential bioaccumulation of other contaminants along with their possible biological effects should also be investigated when applicable.

Continuous no-till farming is an effective strategy for combating climate change by encouraging carbon sequestration in the soil and limiting carbon releases to the atmosphere. It also improves water quality within a watershed, but currently, available incentives are relatively small and/or limited in duration (USFWS in prep). Barriers include Illinois farmers’ preference to till (at least every few years), limited funding for additional incentives, and equipment accessibility for some farmers (USFWS in prep). CONWR should work toward watershed-scale cooperative strategies to improve water quality within the Crab Orchard Creek Basin. Other onsite initiatives should also continue to limit sediment transport and water quality impairments into the reservoirs, such as restricted access and other management activities in the highly-erodible Crab Orchard Wilderness Area.

Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge – Water Resource Inventory and Assessment 7 Chapter 2: Introduction

2. Introduction

Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge (CONWR) is located in Williamson County of Illinois, with the two sizeable communities of Marion and Carbondale on either side (Figure 2-1). The Refuge was founded on August 5, 1947 under an act of Congress (PL80-361), which transferred the properties from the Department of War and Soil Conservation Service to USFWS. The 43,000- acre refuge is unique in that it was created not only for the purposes of recreation, agriculture, and benefits to wildlife, but also for industrial use (USFWS 2007). More specifically, the Refuge seeks to (usfws.gov/refuge/crab_orchard/about.html):

“…protect, enhance, and manage natural resources and the Refuge landscape through an ecosystem approach that sustains optimum populations of migratory waterfowl, native fish and wildlife species, and threatened and endangered wildlife.” “…provide opportunities for and encourage agricultural uses that help attain wildlife conservation goals, benefit the local economy, and are compatible with other Refuge purposes.” “…[manage] an industrial complex fully utilized by compatible tenants that conform to prescribed safety, health, environmental, and maintenance standards.” “…[provide] safe and equitable public use programs and facilities so that visitors have an enjoyable recreational experience and gain an appreciation for fish and wildlife resources, natural and cultural history, outdoor ethics, and environmental awareness.”

Nearly 30 years after the Refuge’s establishment, on October 19, 1976, the Crab Orchard Wilderness Area was designated south of Little Grassy and Devil’s Kitchen Lakes (PL94-557), and represents Illinois’ first established Wilderness Area. The primary goals for this 4,050-acre tract are to protect, preserve, and restore the ecological integrity and natural conditions of the region, and to provide primitive recreational opportunities (USFWS 2007).

The Refuge’s character, management, and goals today continue to tell an interesting story that began well before its establishment as a USFWS-managed property. The construction of CONWR’s namesake, Crab Orchard Lake (COL), as well as its two auxiliary reservoirs, Little Grassy Lake (LGL) and Devil’s Kitchen Lake (DKL), was authorized by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1936 in the Federal Resettlement Administration’s Division of Land Utilization’s “Crab Orchard Creek Project.” This was delegated to the USDA’s Soil Conservation Service shortly thereafter. This Works Progress Administration Project was originally proposed for conservation and recreational purposes, but in 1942, the Department of War adopted much of the acquired land and purchased additional tracts with different intentions. The Illinois Ordnance Plant was built on the east side of COL and was used for the manufacturing of high explosives, land mines, and bombs during WWII (USFWS 2007, Stall et al. 1954), forever changing the purpose and character of the resources in the area. Construction of COL and LGL was completed in 1940 and 1942, respectively, but DKL was not complete until 1959, well after the transfer of lands from the Department of War and the Soil Conservation Service to the Department of the Interior.

Today, military defense activities continue on the Refuge. In addition, buildings onsite are leased out to many tenants for various manufacturing purposes in conjunction with CONWR’s industrial program, and Refuge resources are retained for use by these vendors. As a result, soils and groundwater in certain areas of the Refuge have been contaminated with hazardous substances sourced from landfill waste associated with these activities, and the Refuge is on the US EPA’s National Priority List of hazardous waste sites under the Comprehensive

Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge – Water Resource Inventory and Assessment 8 Chapter 2: Introduction

Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) (USFWS 2007). Environmental Contaminants staff of USFWS’s Division of Refuges are located onsite and are responsible for the monitoring and remediation of these areas. Areas on the Refuge are in different phases of cleanup, including investigation, remediation, and monitoring.

Together, the COL, LGL, and DKL impoundments represent the primary features of the Refuge, and their condition controls the Refuge’s ability to fulfill its four founding purposes: Wildlife conservation, recreation, agriculture, and industry. Since these goals often conflict with each other, CONWR is a complex, non-traditional refuge with many natural resource management challenges.

Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge —Water Resource Inventory and Assessment 9 Chapter 2: Introduction

Figure 2-1: Reference map of CONWR

Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge – Water Resource Inventory and Assessment 10 Chapter 3: Natural Setting

3. Natural Setting

The natural setting section describes the abiotic resources associated with the refuge, including relevant watershed boundaries, topography, and climate. These underlying, non-living components of an ecosystem provide the context on which water resources are based and managed. Many of these elements are also described in the CCP (USFWS 2007).

3.1 Hydrologic Unit Codes (HUCs)

Hydrologic information can be described in the context of CONWR’s designated Region of Hydrologic Influence (RHI), which is the relevant region for the collection of water quality and quantity information. For the purposes of the WRIA, Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC) boundaries, part of the USGS Watershed Boundary Dataset, are often used as a general framework to designate RHIs. HUCs designate watersheds of various sizes and often represent the initial aggregate level of water quality and quantity information available from a variety of agencies. HUC boundaries are a successively smaller classification system based on drainage, adapted from Seaber et al. (1987). A list of relevant HUC-8s, HUC-10s, and the smaller HUC-12 boundaries are provided in the reference map below (Figure 3-1).

For the purpose of the WRIA, CONWR’s RHI is best represented using the 10-digit HUC (HUC- 10) boundaries. This boundary layer includes land draining into and adjacent to the Refuge boundary. Several water monitoring and climate sites outside of the RHI were considered relevant to Refuge resources if they housed particularly large, continuous, or long-term datasets.

Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge —Water Resource Inventory and Assessment 11 Chapter 3: Natural Setting

Figure 3-1: Hydrologic Unit Codes contributing or adjacent to CONWR properties

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3.2 Topography

High resolution (1-meter) bare-earth LiDAR is currently available for CONWR’s property units (NAVD88) from the Illinois Height Modernization Program (https://clearinghouse.isgs.illinois.edu/data/elevation/illinois-height-modernization-ilhmp-lidar- data) (Figure 3-2). Bathymetry information has been merged with the elevation data. Vince Capeder (USFWS) digitized this dataset based on maps obtained from the Southern University of Illinois Carbondale. Bathymetry is not available for Little Grassy and Devil’s Kitchen Lakes, however, so these areas appear hydro-flattened and represent surface elevations at the time of LiDAR data collection (2011). Historic sedimentation surveys for COL and LGL are discussed by Stall et al. (1954).

According to these surveys, COL’s storage capacity was reduced from 23,054 million gallons to 21,938 million gallons between 1940-1951, which equates to roughly 2.8 tons of soil per acre from the Watershed (Stall et al. 1954). Based on these findings, the expected life of the reservoir at the time was estimated to be approximately 230 years. Sedimentation surveys for Little Grassy Lake were also conducted around the same time, and storage there was reduced from 8,540 million gallons to 8,417 million gallons in a 9.3-year timespan, with an average of 3.7 tons of soil per acre from the Watershed (Stall et al. 1954).

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Figure 3-2: LiDAR and bathymetry data for CONWR

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3.3 Long Term Climate Trends

The WRIA provides a preliminary broad-based analysis of trends and patterns in precipitation and temperature. Climate is defined here as the typical precipitation and temperature conditions for a given location over years or decades. These types of trends and patterns affect groundwater levels, river runoff, and flooding regularity and extent. This section evaluates CONWR’s current and historical climate patterns by:

• discussing the current climate and changes already experienced in the region • briefly summarizing projections for the future from selected models • analyzing Parameter-elevation Relationships on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM), and datasets from the United States Historical Climatology Network (USHCN) and NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). • analyzing changes in the regional hydroclimate and identifying hydrologic implications by evaluating a relevant dataset from the Hydroclimatic Data Network (HCDN)

Climate Conditions and Projected Changes

The local climate relevant to CONWR can be characterized as humid subtropical, though this area also marks a transition zone from a humid continental climate to the north and northwest (Kottek et al. 2006). In general, southern Illinois has warmer minimum temperatures, receives more precipitation, and experiences less snowfall compared to northern and central Illinois. The CCP describes average temperatures and precipitation near the Refuge as typical of the Midwest, with hot summers, relatively mild winters, snowfall averages of roughly 10-15 inches annually, mean annual precipitation totals of 44 inches, and lake evaporation rates of approximately 36 inches per year ranging from 0.7-5.6 inches in December and July, respectively (USFWS 2007), though higher rates have been measured at a nearby evaporation pan site (Figure 3-3). The average frost-free dates in spring and fall for the area are April 15 and October 22 (USFWS in prep).

8 7.18 6.68 6.38 7 5.73 6 4.62 4.82 5 4 3 2.34 2 1 0 pan evaporation (inches) evaporation pan

Figure 3-3: Warm season evaporation rates at Illinois State Climatologist Office site 11- 2352 near Dixon Springs, IL (1983-2002).

The Refuge has a relatively long-term climate dataset (2002-present), collected onsite from a Remote Automated Weather Station (RAWs) in the Old Ordinance Plant area (Ogden Road East by the water tower). Parameters include solar radiation, wind direction and speed, air

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temperature, humidity, dew point, precipitation, and others. This dataset can be accessed on the RAWS website (http://raws.wrh.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/roman/meso_base.cgi?stn=COWI2). Average summer and winter temperatures, and average winter precipitation measures collected at this site were 78.9 degrees F, 40.3 degrees F, and 7.47 inches, respectively as of 2012 (USFWS 2012). While this station provides a valuable reference for Refuge resource management, other climate stations and resources housing longer continuous datasets are typically utilized in the WRIA process and were therefore the focus for this assessment.

The WRIA summarizes recent climate data and trends in the PRISM, USHCN, and NCEI datasets section below, but a more comprehensive description of the historical climate in Illinois is available in The Illinois Climate Atlas (Changnon et al., 2004). Historical information related to the frequency of distributions and hydroclimatic characteristics of precipitation events in the State is also provided by Huff and Angel (1989).

Many reports indicate that the Midwest in general has already been affected by climate change. For example, heavy precipitation events are currently much more frequent and intense in the region than they were a century ago (Hayhoe et al. 2009, Kunkel et al. 2013, Pryor 2014), and increases since the 1930s have been greatest in spring, summer, and fall (Winkler 2014). Average mean and minimum temperatures have also risen and continue to climb at an increasing rate, especially through the winter (Hayhoe et al. 2009). The growing season in Illinois as a whole has lengthened by roughly one week between 1906-1997, primarily as a result of earlier springs (Winkler 2014). However, climate data from the Carbondale Sewage Plant suggest a relatively stable growing season of roughly 186 days, generally beginning on April 11th and ending on October 13th.

Other projections for the future indicate that the Midwest climate may continue to shift to one of the extremes, with more frequent and intense downpours, especially through winter and spring months, and drier summers overall, especially in the southern part of the Midwest (Winkler 2014, Baylis et al. 2015). By 2040, Midwest annual mean temperatures may increase by roughly 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit (USGCRP 2009). In Illinois specifically, the projected number of days per year exceeding 95 degrees F by mid-century is expected to increase, possibly by 20 – 25 days, compared to observations from 1971-2000. This is based on the assumption of continued increases in emissions (Melillo et al. 2014).

Exact changes in precipitation due to climate change are less certain than changes to temperature as discussed above. Currentclimate change models show most relevant changes in precipitation will occur in southern Illinois during the summer months. It is anticipated that declines in the precipitation totals during the summer can be expected towards the end of the century. However these same models do not anticipate dramatic changes during the spring for southern Illinois (Milillo et al. 2014). On an annual scale the wettest 5-day-periods could increase in rainfall totals by 0.8-1 inch by mid-century, compared to conditions from 1970-2000. It has been estimated that the consecutive number of dry days could increase by roughly 2 days (Pryor et al. 2014). Furthermore, the State could see more precipitation in the form of rain rather than snow, indicating that as many as 10 fewer snow days will be recorded annually by the end of the century (Hayhoe et al. 2009).

These predictions mean that under a continued emission scenario, southern Illinois in particular will be at high risk of more extreme flood and drought conditions. The area’s ability to cope with such changes is reduced, because this region of the Midwest has lost a significantly large portion of its historic wetlands. It is estimated that as much as 90 percent of its historic wetland area has been lost in Illinois (Mitsch and Gosselink 2007). Therefore much of the region’s

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capacity to buffer such floods and minimize adverse effects has also been lost. Additional implications of more extreme flood-drought cycles include water quality impairments, long-term crop losses, public health risks, invasive species spread, declines in groundwater recharge, reduced drinking water availability, and higher risks to the State’s already-deteriorating infrastructure (Baylis et al. 2015, Pryor 2014). Adaptation to these climate shifts will be exceedingly challenging as water demands increase with population growth and irrigation needs, especially during drought conditions.

A detailed synthesis of climate change modeling efforts, findings, and predictions is provided in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s most recent report (IPCC 2014). This summary is produced every few years to incorporate the most current research available. There are also a number of models and studies that have evaluated current and anticipated trends in the Midwest specifically, providing supplementary information and a comprehensive analysis of large-scale climatic conditions (e.g. Kunkel et al. 2013, UCS 2009, Groisman et al. 2005, Hayhoe et al. 2009, ICFI 2010, Pryor et al. 2014).

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PRISM, USHCN, and NCEI Datasets

Weather information was obtained from the PRISM Climate Group at Oregon State University (http://prism.oregonstate.edu/). The PRISM interpolation method provides spatial climate information for the conterminous United States, partially based on data from approximately 13,000 precipitation and 10,000 temperature stations. The dataset for temperature and precipitation is interpolated from nearby weather stations and corrected for elevation enabling point estimation. This was completed at CONWR (37.7034, -89.0765) for comparison to data obtained from a site from the U.S. Historical Climatology Network ([USHCN]; http://cdiac.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/ushcn/ushcn.html; Menne et al. 2012). The USHCN is a network of sites listed by the National Weather Service (NWS), which maintains standards in quality and continuity of data collection.

The most relevant USHCN station is located at Du Quoin, IL roughly 25 miles northwest of the Refuge (station no. 112483) (Figure 3-4). Monthly temperature and precipitation data from the Du Quoin dataset exhibits similar values and peaks to those modeled in the PRISM interpolation, and is therefore considered a viable reference dataset for the Refuge. In addition to the USHCN station and PRISM data, an additional climate station from the NOAA National Center for Environmental Information (NCEI) was selected based on its proximity to CONWR. Data from station no. 705402 (Carbondale Sewage Plant, IL) was analyzed for regional trends and responses to global climate anomalies.

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Figure 3-4: Climate station information relevant to CONWR

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The main findings from a brief evaluation of these three datasets are summarized below. Relevant figures can be found in Appendix A: Climate Data.

• According to temperature data from the PRISM interpolation, average annual minimum, mean, and maximum temperatures are 45.1, 56.0, and 66.9 degrees F respectively (1950-2014). Temperatures typically peak in July and reach their lowest values in January. The greatest range (or variability) in average monthly temperatures occurred in the months of January, February, and December. • The PRISM interpolation showed that mean annual precipitation of 45.2 inches from 1950 to 2014. The top 5 wettest years since 1950, starting with the wettest, were 2011, 1950, 1990, 1957, and 2009 . The top 5 driest dry years, starting with the driest, occurred in 1953, 1963, 1976, 1980, and 2012. • Average monthly precipitation is highest in May, with wet months in March and April as well. The driest months are typically August, September, January, and February. Year-to-year variation in monthly totals is greatest through the spring months. • There has been a statistically significant increase in average water year precipitation (p=0.002) according to USHCN trends (1950-2015). These increases have been especially great through the spring months (p=0.013). In addition, a statistically significant increase has been found in the month of October (p=0.02), based on NCEI data from Carbondale, IL. • Similarly, the PRISM dataset indicates an increase in average annual temperatures since 1975 (p=0.003). This is due to an increase in average annual minimum temperatures through this period of record (p<0.001), rather than a significant change in maximum averages. While these findings do not apply to longer-term average annual records, mean cool season (October-March) temperatures have climbed since the 1950s (p=0.01), as have average spring minimum and mean temperatures (p<0.001 and p=0.007 respectively, USHCN dataset). The NCEI analysis also identified an increase in average minimum temperatures for the summer months over the same time period (p=0.04). This suggests that general warming trends are primarily the result of warmer nighttime temperatures through the spring and summer. • Temperature variability associated with changes in climate anomaly indices, such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) Index and the Pacific/North American Pattern (PNA) Index, was identified in this region based on the NCEI dataset. Typically, this area experiences cooler average October-March temperatures only in response to PDO neutral or PDO positive phases, while PDO negative phases have never resulted in average cool-season temperatures below 40 degrees F. Similarly, average cool-season temperatures are not typically high following PNA positive phases, though PNA negative phases can still result in particularly low average temperatures.

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Hydroclimatic Data Network

Reference hydrographs obtained from the Hydro-Climatic Data Network (HCDN) provide context for the assessment of surface water quantity patterns compared with regional climate trends. The HCDN is a network of USGS stream gages located within relatively undisturbed watersheds, which are appropriate for evaluating trends in hydrology and climate that are affecting flow conditions (Slack and Landwehr 1992). This network attempts to isolate hydrologic observations from confounding factors of direct water manipulation and land use changes. Rayse Creek near Waltonville, IL (USGS 05595730) and Lusk Creek near Eddyville, IL (USGS 03384450) are the closest sites that meet the criteria for the HCDN, and provide the most relevant comparison of surface water trends. Annual peak discharge and average annual discharge trends were compared for this analysis (1968-2015 for Lusk Creek, and 1980-2015 for Rayse Creek). Since this station houses a relatively short period of record, changes may not be as pronounced or recognizable as they would be if a more historic record was available.

Neither of these HCDN datasets indicates a statistically significant change in trends of peak or average annual streamflow seen over the period of record. Assuming these gages represent relatively natural flow regimes, the lack of significant changes in annual discharge patterns may indicate that climate change in this region has not resulted in major alterations to the region’s hydrology. This finding should be interpreted with caution, however, because altered hydrology may exist at other temporal scales. For example, changes to the rise and fall rates and timing of a stream’s hydrograph may exist even when changes on an annual-scale are not detected. Since this part of Illinois has reportedly experienced earlier spring snowmelt and may experience a decrease in total snowfall in the future, such conditions could result in higher flows through winter and early spring, while surface runoff through late spring and summer may be reduced. Monthly discharge statistics from the Rayse Creek gage indicate that such a shift may have already occurred to some degree, because there appears to be a slightly higher and earlier spring peak for recent records (2000-2016) compared to average conditions over the entire period of record (Figure 3-5).

It is also important to keep in mind that hydrologic changes are sometimes masked or offset by anthropogenic responses to hydro-climate change in the form of increased management and infrastructure expansion. While this component of the WRIA only analyzes hydro-climate shifts in the context of discharge rates, climate change can alter aquatic ecosystems and water budgets countless other ways (e.g., changes in temperature, water quality, metabolism rates, evapotranspiration rates, groundwater levels, and invasive species distributions). Trends in the parameters listed above should also be investigated further where the data is available.

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Figure 3-5: Average monthly discharge data for HCDN gage Rayse Creek near Waltonville, IL (USGS 5595730)

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4. Water Resource Features

4.1 Management Units and Infrastructure

While CONWR administers many different, at times competing activities, it is largely focused on traditional habitat management. Manmade wetlands make up roughly 25% percent of the Refuge area, and are managed for the benefit of important waterfowl, amphibians, and reptiles (USFWS in prep). Much of the wetland acreages are lacustrine, however, there are substantial palustrine acreages associated with these (except Devil’s Kitchen). Typically water levels of moist soil units are lowered in the summer and raised again in the fall to provide feeding grounds and resources for waterbirds. Mowing, disking, planting, and invasive and exotic (plant and animal) control are necessary management activities at CONWR. The Refuge utilizes an extensive system of dikes, drainage ditches, water level control structures, and other infrastructure to facilitate effective habitat management. Crab Orchard, Little Grassy, and Devil’s Kitchen lakes are static and are not managed as water control structures. Water is not normally released to alleviate flooding, for habitat management, or any other purpose. However, there are circumstances that would cause the Refuge to release water. For example, routine maintenance operations of the outlet valves (in short durations; approximately 10-15 minutes), flood emergencies, potential dam/structural emergencies, and maintenance projects on the dams that require a lower pool (Kevin Reichert, personal communication, November 8, 2017).

Detailed unit-by-unit descriptions of each actively managed wetland impoundment’s history, management strategy, and hydrology is provided in the HMP (USFWS in prep), and a summary of this information is provided below. Relevant notes from the Refuge’s Moist Soil Unit field logs (last updated in April, 2016) have also been incorporated in these descriptions, including unit acreages and water source information (Table 4-1).

• Row crop fields are managed as part of the Refuge’s farming program, but some are also an important component of the CONWR’s habitat management. During fallow years between crop rotations, these areas are flooded to provide foraging resources and mudflats for waterfowl. Additionally, in some areas standing corn and harvested or failed soybean fields are flooded for the same purposes. • To assist the Farm Service Agency’s efforts to identify and protect wetland and floodplain resources on acquired properties, USFWS administers responsibilities of some of these areas through conservation easements. Currently, USFWS manages 24 easement areas on 490 acres of land within the 21-county Crab Orchard Management District in Southern Illinois. However, effective monitoring and surveys of these lands has not been feasible due to inadequate staffing. • The A-41 Complex provides valuable habitat for waterfowl, with a reliable water supply and some functionality. Water management capability has been reduced since 2016 following the findings and recommendations from a 2016 Dam Safety Inspection Checklist Report (2016 Annual Checklist Inspection prepared by David Hibbs, FWS, reviewed by Brad larossi, P.E., - July 27, 2016) (see the report for additional details). This Complex has a flooded area of 23 acres of Moist Soil Units (MSUs) and 83.3 acres of flooded rowcrop. Farm Units of this complex have had runoff issues in the past that have limited their crop yields, but recent management enhancements have adequately addressed these issues. There is potential for expansion at the A-41 complex.

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• The I-57 (Figure 4-1) Unit is unmanaged, but still poses a number of water resource issues for CONWR. The previously-farmed area was impounded by beavers, inadvertently drained by ILDOT, and a stoplog structure was installed at the culvert site by USFWS cooperatively with ILDOT. Over the following 35 years, the impoundment grew to 61 acres. In the future, USFWS may be able to work with ILDOT again to remove the beaver dams impounding the area (Dan Wood, personal communication, May 11, 2016). A natural gas pipeline runs through the unit, posing a contaminant risk. In addition, the area is infested with phragmites. • Similarly, beaver dam issues exist on both sides of Spillway Road along Grassy Creek. The area used to drain north into Grassy Bay of COL, but dams are staging seven feet of water from West Gate Road to Grassy Bay. Approximately 700-1,000 acres have been impacted and the hydrology of the area has completely changed. These impoundments have created unique wetlands, but washouts and repairs to West Gate Road have been problematic (Dan Wood, personal communication, May 11, 2016) (Figure 4-2). A spoil pile was placed on West Gate Road with the intent of raising the road. The project was never intiated and thus the pile acted as a dike, reducing sheet flow and causing extensive road damage as waters found their way through small channels in the pile, cutting deep channels through the road on an annual basis. The spoil pile was removed in 2017 to restore sheetflow, reduce the energy of overbank flows, and prevent further road damages. This area will be monitored closely to determine if the problem was solved. • In general, the Refuge struggles with both too much and too little water supply for the purpose of resource management. The Pigeon Creek and Heron Flats impoundments have water supply limitations, while East Bay, Little Creek, and many smaller impoundments more often experience excessive flooding (see sections below) (personal communication with CONWR staff, March 14, 2016).

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Figure 4-1: Historic and current drainage in the I-57 Wetland Unit area (figure courtesy of Dan Wood, USFWS)

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Figure 4-2: Beaver dams found at West Gate (figure courtesy of Dan Wood, USFWS)

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Management Unit: Acres Water Source Little Creek MSU 198.32 Runoff/Little Creek tributaries from Marion Sandpiper Slough 1.84 Runoff East Sandpiper Slough 1.99 Runoff West Pigeon Creek 16.59 Runoff/Pigeon Creek if water is high enough and flows into the unit East Bay 59.39 Runoff/ unnamed tributaries, Frog Pond, Blue Heron Pond Frog Pond/Lift 5.38 Runoff Station Heron Flats 67.09 Runoff Observation Pond 17.99 Runoff Powder Pond 12.20 Runoff A11 4.53 Runoff Turtle North 7.92 Runoff Turtle South 8.63 Runoff A41 22.80 A-41 Pond I57 82.6 Crab Orchard Creek/ Runoff A41 Pond 60.00 Runoff Visitor Pond 45.00 Runoff Wolf Creek Pond 2.00 Runoff (inbetween Turtle N & S) Field A-16-2 20.91 Blue Heron Pond Field A-27-S-1 36.20 Runoff Field A-27-S-2 34.90 Runoff Field A-41-1 20.42 A-41 Pond/runoff Field A-41-2 24.40 A-41 Pond/runoff Field A-41-3 46.40 Runoff, may be potential to get water from A-41 pond Field A-41-4 12.50 Runoff, may be potential to get water from A-41 pond Field A-24-A-4 27.53 Runoff, and some overflow from two creeks on on east and west side

Table 4-1: Water management units, acreages, and water sources (as summarized in April 2016 field notes by CONWR staff)

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Little Creek

The Little Creek Impoundment is fed by a drainage that is partially located outside of Refuge lands. Its drainage is controlled by outflows from one 30” outlet, or through an emergency spillway under high discharges (USFWS in prep). Its purpose has changed through the years, from a green tree reservoir, to bottomland hardwood with semi-permanent wetlands, to open water in some areas. There are several management constraints and ecological threats associated with this unit, and currently the impoundment and drainage does not meet Refuge habitat needs (personal communication with CONWR staff). Spillway and structure elevations for the Little Creek Impoundment are provided in Appendix B (courtesy of Clarida & Ziegler Engineering Co.)

Flooding upstream of this site on Old Hwy 13 and residential areas off-Refuge has been an issue for many years. A study in 2016 by Gannett-Fleming determined that the flooding is a result of undersized infrastructure on Old Hwy 13. Past management activities at this impoundment, infrastructure modifications, drainage issues related to beaver dams and log jams, upstream dams in tributaries to Little Creek, combined with surrounding land use change and regional climate change have contributed in the past to these flooding issues. The Unit is threatened by sedimentation and infilling.

Watershed modeling conducted by Dan Wood (USFWS) and by Gannett-Fleming, has provided time series flood models of contributing subbasins, time of concentration analyses, runoff models for subbasins, and preliminary data analysis for discharge curve and storage capacity calculations for this Unit. Relevant documentation of these efforts will be retained in the WRIA database (ecos.fws.gov/wria).

In addition, the Little Creek MSU suffers from phragmites and willow infestations, and dead tree stumps in the Unit limit Refuge staff’s ability to use equipment in the area. In some areas of the middle and north end of the Little Creek MSU, siltation issues are especially severe, with areas between 25-50 acres in size, and silt loads of 18-24 inches or more.

Pigeon Creek

This Unit, completely surrounded by dikes, may be developed in the future with a pump installation in the west side to draw water directly from Pigeon Creek. An existing stoplog structure allows the two units to be independently managed. After heavy rains, flow from Pigeon Creek tends to enter the Pigeon Creek management Unit. It typically does not fill quickly from runoff during precipitation.There were past releases of contaminants into the Pigeon Creek system from a former wastewater treatment plant that did not properly treat its industrial waste discharge. This source is known as Site 36. Site 36 has been cleaned up with complete removal of contaminated soils and sediments with no residual contamination to the groundwater. There are not any remaining CERCLA related contaminant risks in the Pigeon Creek system.

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Water Management

• Minimal management activities have occurred at the East Bay Impoundment in recent years. Currently solar pump management is being explored. The northern dike had been breached from past flooding. The east, west, and north dikes had become overgrown in the past decade. However, in 2017, the Refuge cleared almost all of the brush and trees off of those dikes and patched the breach. An emergency overflow should be created using riprap on that formerly breached section to prevent its recurrence. Additionally, a stoplog water control structure was discovered in 2016 on the east dike that hadn’t been previously documented. It was likely used in the distant past, however, it is in need of repairs to become functional. • The Frog Pond Unit holds water, but during the summer months there is a natural drawdown that is likely due to evaporation, and the Unit being extremely shallow and small in acreage. • Heron Flats is being managed at a lower-than-maximum capacity. Water can be pumped onto the crop fields to the south of the unit, but doing so excessively deepens the pool on Heron Flats. • A11 and Powder Pond have not been managed since the late 1990s. The Powder Pond dike had deterioriated, become overgrown, and had multiple breaches. The Powder Pond water control structure has been impacted by beaver dams, causing water levels to rise and timber die offs in some portions of the Unit. The dike was repaired in 2017 and the unit will be managed again starting in Fall of 2017. A11 dike has experienced the same issues and currently contains two breaches. However, the A11 pond will not be repaired or managed in the forseeable future due to CERCLA contamination concerns. • Infrastructure is rusted at the Turtle North Units. Discharges seep from where a metal culvert once was, though some water is still retained. The extreme topography in this unit makes it unsuitable for moist soil management. • There are a few units where water is actively pumped onto them, including A41. The A41 Pond supplies water to the A41 MSU and this has the greatest potential for expansion to adjacent crop units. Water has been pumped into Pigeon Creek MSU a few different times. Additionally, in the winter of 2017 water was pumped out of Wolf Creek into Heron Flats MSU for the first time. • Some of the farming units on the Refuge, such as A-41, have drainage issues that impact refuge cooperative farming operations upstream, caused by obstruction and sedimentation of the fields’ drainage ditches and in some cases limited infrastructure capacities. Flooding problems on CONWR’s farming units often cause crop failures, so alternative management purposes for some of these areas are being considered. • In addition to the actively managed units described above there are 19 grazing ponds, over 3,000 road culverts and over 180 ponds and lakes located at CONWR. Although these are all primarily managed passively, emergency situations arise that require management intervention on an annual basis (i.e. road culverts washout or collapse, beaver dams flood roads, farm fields, adjacent habitats, or cause dike breaches that must be repaired.

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Additional Management Activities

Besides managing for habitat, active water level control is necessary to facilitate contaminant remediation activities. In the mid-2000s, for example, a temporary dike was installed to isolate and drawdown Sangamo Bay within COL and remove PCB-contaminated sediments (USFWS in prep). The HMP also details other water resource-related management activities on the Refuge, that are not necessarily directly related to habitat management. The Refuge’s Wilderness Area, for example, is managed in accordance with the Wilderness Management Plan (USFWS 1985). CONWR’s Wilderness Area is primarily focused on the preservation and restoration of southern Illinois’ ecological integrity and natural conditions, and provides limited primitive recreational opportunities. Refuge staff implement the least-intrusive approaches for management and general use, in order to minimize the risk of alteration to natural processes (USFWS in prep). This is enforced because the region is made up of highly erodible soil that does not support heavy traffic or most sewage systems (USFWS 1979). Erosion control has been a big issue in the past due to the highly erodible soil, especially in winter and spring when the ground in the Wilderness Area is wet and vulnerable.

The Refuge keeps additional water resource infrastructure for the purpose of water supply for municipal and fire suppression purposes. CONWR’s drinking water distribution system is comprised of roughly 110 miles of pipeline, plus 75 miles of pipes smaller than 8 inches (personal communication with CONWR staff, March 14, 2016). While this infrastructure is currently adequate for Refuge purposes, it is a system that was built in the late 1930s and will need to be replaced. There is also a lot of stagnant water on the Refuge, which creates conditions for excess algal growth and low dissolved oxygen levels, and there is concern that the Refuge may not be able to meet current or future drinking water standards (personal communication with CONWR staff, March 14, 2016). Distribution system enhancements will help the Refuge adequately manage water resources while meeting these standards, among others for parameters that may be influenced by climate change (e.g., turbidity). For example, additional infrastructure to facilitate water aeration and reduce algal growth in areas where flow is poor could improve water quality within COL. As an aging system, it is vulnerable to physical weaknesses that will not likely withstand potential increases in storm frequency or intensity combined with potential changes in demand. Similarly, sewer system overflows are an issue within the Watershed, and upgrades to enhance its capacity to manage for current and future conditions might be necessary. Improving or elevating these systems, developing plans for reclaimed water, moving septic systems to high elevations, and creating water resource protection plans that account for low-flow conditions would improve the effectiveness of sanitary infrastructure. Additional measures may also be pursued to enhance COL’s quality as a drinking water source. For example, the Lake could be threatened by emerging contaminants that are not currently regulated or regularly monitored, but various methods exist to detect these threats (Link).

An inventory of existing water control structures and infrastructure used to facilitate all of CONWR’s management strategies is provided in Appendix B. This information may be based on outdated survey data and may require additional review. An updated infrastructure inventory should be collected in the future and added to the WRIA database.

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High Hazard Dam Information

In addition to CONWR’s extensive list of infrastructure, maintenance, and management requirements, there are additional responsibilities associated with the three high hazard dams impounding CONWR’s primary water features. Since COL, LGL, and DKL dams are classified as “high hazard,” they are required to have Emergency Action Plans (EAPs), which provide guidance for early detection and mitigation of failure threats, as well as protocols for downstream communication and evacuation in the event of a failure (USFWS 2015a). In addition, USFWS issues Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for operation, maintenance, monitoring, and inspection of these high/significant hazard dams. The EAPs and SOPs are periodically updataed and available at CONWR, the FWS Midwest Regional Office, and the Dam Safety Headquarters.

The USFWS Office of the Assistant Director for Business Management and Operation’s Division of Engineering includes the Dam, Bridge and Seismic Safety Branch. In accordance with the goals of this program, the design, operation, and maintenance of CONWR’s dams must continue in compliance with various state, federal, and USFWS-specific standards and policies to ensure they do not threaten human health and safety.

Crab Orchard Dam

Construction of the COL Dam was complete in 1940. At this time, flood control and municipal water supply were the two purposes for the lake. In the 1950s four to five municipalities were drawing water from the lake. Water supply at COL became unreliable so the USACE began planning Rend Lake reservoir in the late 1950s. Crab Orchard Lake has an average depth of 9.1 feet, and is maintained as close as possible to a stage of 405.0 feet, which is the elevation of the service spillway crest (USFWS 2013). There is currently no filling schedule for COL, and there are no minimum or maximum release requirements for the facility downstream.

Little Grassy Dam

Little Grassy Dam was built by the USDA Soil Conservation Service in 1942. Today the earthen embankment impounds a 1,200-acre reservoir in Little Grassy Creek, providing recreational opportunities and habitat for migratory birds and other wildlife. Its maximum width spans roughly 0.5 miles, and its maximum length is about four miles. The most recent SOP for Little Grassy Dam was completed in July 2015.

The reservoir is maintained as close to the 499.3 elevation as possible, and there are no minimum or maximum release requirements at the facility (USFWS 2015a). Withdrawals are made on a regular basis by the Illinois department of conservation to supply the Little Grassy fish hatchery, just downstream of the dam. Fish hatchery releases are made through separate supply pipes located about 900 feet west of the outlet works and operated by personnel from the hatchery. A memorandum of understanding between the Refuge and the Illinois Department of Conservation allows the Department to lower the reservoir by up to 1.5 feet between May and September and up to 3.0 feet the remainder of the year (USFWS 2015a).

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Devil’s Kitchen Dam

Devil’s Kitchen Dam impounds Grassy Creek to create a reservoir of roughly 810 acres, which is used for recreation and conservation. It is no longer used as a water supply source. In the 1950s it was designed for water supply, and along with Little Grassy, was constructed to recharge COL (where four to five municipalities drew water from) during droughts. Dam construction began in the late 1930s but was not officially complete until 1959. The Lake’s maximum length and width is roughly 4 miles and 0.25 miles, respectively. It has a maximum depth of roughly 90 feet, providing cold water habitat and making it one of few lakes in the State supporting stocked rainbow trout (Myers 2007).

Devil’s Kitchen Dam has a contributing drainage area of 19.3 square miles and consists of a 670-foot-long concrete gravity section that is abutted by a 122-footlong embankment section at the left dam abutment. The concrete gravity dam has a structural height of 120 feet and a hydraulic height of 103.2 feet. The crest elevation of the concrete dam is 516.5 feet, with a crest width of 7.2 feet, and a parapet wall on the upstream face of the dam with a crest elevation of 519.5 feet (2015 CR Report and 2017 H&H Report). In addition, there are piezometers present at the Dam to measure pressures.

Generally, the Refuge passively manages water from the dams, however during high flows there are specific management guidelines to follow outlined in the EAPs. There may be an increased risk of emergency situations because of observed increases in streamflow averages and peaks through Crab Orchard Creek, and due to a reduction in COL’s capacity from sedimentation within the Lake itself (personal communication with CONWR staff, March 14, 2016). The Refuge has sufficient discharge data from the upstream Crab Orchard Creek gaging station to monitor some of these risks, but additional monitoring of other COL tributaries as well as those of LGL and DKL may be necessary to accurately assess the reservoirs’ water budgets and lifespans.

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4.2 National Wetlands Inventory

CONWR’s wetland tracts can be described with the National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) (Figure 4-3, Table 4-4), which is an extensive, ongoing survey by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service of aquatic habitats across the United States. This is a national published dataset, however its overall accuracy is limited, especially with respect to the classifications and acreage values. The NWI has not necessarily been verified with ground truth surveys and may be limited by the quality of the imagery used to derive the dataset. For example, the NWI information collected for CONWR appears to overestimate total wetland acreage. According to the NWI classification within CONWR’s boundary, much of the non-lake habitat within the Refuge boundary is freshwater forested/shrub wetland.

A more comprehensive inventory of lakes is provided in Appendix B as part of the management and infrastructure inventory. According to this dataset, smaller impoundments on the refuge make up roughly 300 acres in total. They range from 0.5-100 acres in size, and all except a 42- acre oxbow lake along Crab Orchard Creek are manmade. The oxbow lake has been modified by drainage ditches and impoundments near COL (USFWS in prep). In addition to this inventory, there are 60-70 smaller ponds and wetlands for which no data exists (personal communication with CONWR staff, March 14, 2016), but may be of interest for management purposes.

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Figure 4-3: Wetland types found at CONWR

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Wetland Type Acres Percent Lake 9203.2 72.3 Freshwater Forested/Shrub Wetland 3137.1 24.7 Freshwater Pond 204.2 1.6 Freshwater Emergent Wetland 171.6 1.3 Riverine 8.4 0.1 Total 12724.5 100

Table 4-2: Wetland types and acreage at CONWR

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4.3 National Hydrography Dataset

The National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) is a vector geospatial dataset including information about the nation’s lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, and other water features, part of the USGS’s National Map. Within CONWR’s approved boundary, the flowpaths identified by the NHD can be broken down based on type. The majority of the flowpaths were considered intermittent stream or rivers, and included artificial paths, perennial streams, and connectors (Figure 4-4, Tables 4- 5 and 4-6). Many of these features, such as Little Creek in the northeast region of the Refuge, were too small to be named within the dataset, so this portion of the NHD is not necessarily all- inclusive, and some may be mis-categorized. While the NHD provides an approximate representation of general water flow, it does not necessarily reflect actual conditions, especially with regards to the dataset’s flow direction indicators. Named and unnamed waterbody types classified by the NHD are also available (Tables 4-7 and 4-8).

A more comprehensive inventory of relevant information, including unnamed features, will be available through the WRIA database (https://ecos.fws.gov/wria/). In addition, names, acreages, and other details pertaining to ponds, lakes, and reservoirs can be found along with the infrastructure information in Appendix B. Many of these features were not included in the NHD and NWI inventories.

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Figure 4-4: Map of NHD flowlines at CONWR

NHD Flowline Type Miles Percent Connector 0.2 0.1 Pipeline 0.1 0.0 Stream/River - Intermittent 127.9 52.9 Stream/River - Perennial 44.5 18.4 Artificial Path 69.2 28.6 Total 242.0 100

Table 4-3: NHD flowline types found at CONWR

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Name Miles Percent Caney Branch 3.3 1.4 Crab Orchard Creek 16.1 6.7 Drury Creek 0.2 0.1 Grassy Creek 14.1 5.8 Limb Branch 2.0 0.8 Little Grassy Creek 9.7 4.0 Little Wolf Creek 1.3 0.5 Lost Branch 3.9 1.6 Pigeon Creek 2.9 1.2 Sugar Creek 4.5 1.9 Wolf Creek 4.5 1.8 No Name Classified 179.5 74.2 Total 242.0 100

Table 4-4: Named NHD flowlines relevant to CONWR

NHD Area Type Acres Percent Lake/Pond 9894.5 98.6 Reservoir - aquaculture 62.0 0.6 Reservoir - Treatment 0.5 0.0 Swamp/Marsh 75.1 0.7 Total 10032.1 100

Table 4-5: NHD waterbody types found within CONWR

Name Acres Percent Crab Orchard Lake 7292.7 72.7 Devils Kitchen Lake 711.9 7.1 Little Grassy Lake 905.3 9.0 Marion Reservoir 110.9 1.1 Pond 17 39.1 0.4 Pond 38 23.7 0.2 Pond 60 21.1 0.2 Teal Lake 28.7 0.3 No Name Classified 898.7 9.0 Total 10032.1 100 Table 4-6: Named NHD waterbody types found within CONWR

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5. Water Resource Monitoring

The WRIA identified historical and ongoing water resource related monitoring on or near the Refuge. Ground and surface water stations were considered relevant if located within the Refuge’s HUC-10 and/or drainage areas adjacent to Refuge property. Relevant sites were evaluated for applicability based on location, period of record, extensiveness of data, sampling parameters, trends, and dates of monitoring. Water resource datasets collected on the Refuge can be categorized as water quantity or water quality monitoring of surface or groundwater.

Water quantity monitoring typically involves measurements of water level and/or volume in a surficial water body or subsurface aquifer. Water quality can include laboratory chemical analysis, deployed sensors or biotic sampling such as fish assemblages or invertebrate sampling. Biotic sampling is often used as an indicator of biological integrity, which is a measure of stream purpose attainment by state natural resources management organizations. Potential water quality threats may be identified by comparing monitoring data with recommended standards.

5.1 Water Quality Criteria

The Environmental Protection Agency developed technical guidance manuals and nutrient criteria for the protection of aquatic life in various types of waters specific to different ecoregions. Those developed for rivers/streams and lakes/reservoirs for ecoregion IX are summarized below (USEPA 2000; Table 5-1). These criteria are relevant to individual streams and lakes within CONWR’s Region of Hydrologic Influence (RHI), but do not necessarily apply to Refuge wetland units. They are intended to serve as a starting point as states identify more precise numeric levels for nutrient reductions necessary to enhance aquatic life, recreational, and other designated uses specific to each sub-region.

Additional information related to the application of federal water quality standards and regulations to wetlands is provided by the EPA’s Water Quality Standards Handbook (http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/guidance/wetlands/quality.cfm). Procedures outlined in this handbook are used when specific criteria for wetlands are developed.

Parameter Lakes and Reservoirs Rivers and Streams TP µg/L 20 36.56 TN mg/L 0.36 0.69 Chl a µg/L 4.93 0.93 Secchi (m) or Turb (FTU/NTU) 1.53 5.7

Table 5-1: Nutrient criteria for rivers/streams and lakes/reservoirs established for Southeastern Temperate Forested Plains and Hills (Ecoregion IX; Level III) (EPA 2000)

The Crab Orchard Creek Watershed has several 303(d) impairments associated with it (See Water Quality Section). Relevant designated uses in this drainage include “general use” (protection of wildlife, aquatic life, agricultural use, secondary contact use, most industrial uses, and aesthetic quality), and “public and food processing water supplies.” Each of these uses have associated state standards which were used to determine 303(d) listings (Tables 5-2 and 5-3, ILEPA 2008).

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Table 5-2: Water quality standards referenced to determine lake impairments (IEPA 2008)

Table 5-3: Water quality standards referenced to determine stream impairments (IEPA 2008)

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Aside from the ecoregion-specific recommendations and standards specific to Lake Michigan, the only other EPA-approved numeric nutrient criterion that exists for Clean Water Act purposes in the state of Illinois is a Total Phosphorus limit of 0.05 mg/L. This applies to any reservoir or lake with a surface area of 20 acres or more, or to any stream at the point where it enters any such reservoir or lake.

The EPA has compiled national recommended water quality criteria for roughly 150 pollutants (http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/standards/criteria/current/index.cfm) to provide guidance in developing state-specific standards. The development of state and federal water quality standards requires consideration for the existing and potential uses of water bodies. Different uses often require different levels of protection for specific pollutants. Water bodies may have several different uses associated with them, such as aquatic life and recreation, in which case criteria for each pollutant are determined based on the most vulnerable designated use (http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/#List).

The Illinois Pollution Control Board promulgates water quality standards in the state. Sections 302 and 303 of Illinois Administrative Code (IAC) include standards relevant to lakes and streams. Derived water quality criteria (last revised in 2013) are available from the Illinois EPA website (http://www.epa.state.il.us/water/water-quality-standards/water-quality-criteria-list.pdf).

Refuge management would benefit from the establishment of water quality and contaminant thresholds beyond what is established and recommended by the State, especially for beneficial use impairments (personal communication with CONWR staff, March 14, 2016). An organized water resource monitoring program for these areas should also be a long-term goal for CONWR.

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5.2 Water Monitoring Stations and Sampling Sites

Several resources offer water quality and quantity datasets relevant to the Refuge and were utilized or investigated in the creation of CONWR’s water monitoring site inventory. For example:

• Data for historical sampling locations can be retrieved through the EPA STORET (STOrage and RETrieval; http://www.epa.gov/storet) database. This data warehouse is a repository for water quality, biological, and physical data used by state environmental agencies, EPA and other federal agencies, universities, and private citizens. • Water quality data for active and inactive monitoring sites can also be accessed from the USGS National Water Information System (NWIS) database (http://www.waterqualitydata.us). • Datasets from three stage monitoring locations at CONWR, one at each main reservoir, are maintained by the USFWS and stored in the national water monitoring WISKI database. More information about these sites is detailed in the subsections below. • One of the Refuge’s relevant long-term discharge stations, Big Muddy River at Route 127 at Murphysboro, IL (USGS 05599490), is part of the Hydrometeorological Automated Data System (HADs), which NWS Weather Forecast Offices and River Forecast Centers incorporate in hydrologic models and informational displays on hydrologic prediction web pages. • As a USEPA Superfund site on the National Priorities List, CONWR has permanent staff through the USFWS Environmental Quality Program dedicated to monitoring contaminants and hazardous materials on the Refuge. A comprehensive GIS database with historical ground and surface water monitoring information relevant to remediation efforts has been developed. This data primarily includes contaminants of special concern (PCBs, lead, and cadmium), as well as major ions, pesticides, herbicides, explosives, water levels, pH, temperature, and countless other parameters of interest. Because of the large quantity and somewhat spotty-nature of these sampling efforts, the analysis, consolidation, and synthesis of this database is outside the scope of the WRIA. Technical reports, assessments, and other documents associated with this data also exist, many of which are under litigation hold. Requests to access the database or associated documents should be directed to the USFWS Division of Refuge’s CERCLA Office in Marion, IL. Maps of surface water and sediment sampling stations associated with these efforts can be found in Appendix D, but do not provide a comprehensive representation of sampling efforts. • ILEPA conducts water level and water quality sampling as part of the Ambient Lake Monitoring Program. Stage data is measured at many lakes across the State, including COL, LGL, and DKL, from April-October on a 5-year rotation schedule. Water quality, water chemistry, and nutrient data is also sampled on a rotational basis. The WRIA database houses these datasets for CONWR’s three main reservoirs (1994-2013). • The closest long-term groundwater level monitoring site is the Illinois State Water Survey’s (ISWS) Shallow Groundwater Monitoring Network Station #11 near Carbondale, IL (1997-present). Other groundwater quality datasets for private wells

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exist in the region, available through the the Illinois State Water Survey (ISWS) (Ken Hlinka, personal communication, 2016). • Detailed well data for the State of Illinois can be downloaded by area of interest through the Illinois State Geological Survey website (http://maps.isgs.illinois.edu/ILOIL/). Datasets include well logs, samples and cores, core analysis data, oil and gas field information, and other geologic reference parameters. Relevant well information for onsite stations was downloaded and included in the WRIA database, but few stations outside Refuge boundaries were inventoried. • Citizen volunteers, the Illinois EPA, and region-wide planning commissions have been monitoring the quality of Illinois’ lakes through the Illinois Volunteer Lake Monitoring Program, including climate conditions, gage height, secchi depth, total depth, and other parameters. Data for sites on Crab Orchard, Little Grassy, and Devil’s Kitchen Lakes were included in the WRIA inventory (1994-2011), but this data is qualitative in nature and the quality is unknown. Other lakes within CONWR may also have downloadable volunteer data associated with them (http://dataservices.epa.illinois.gov/waBowSurfaceWater/Default.aspx?id=1). • As mentioned in the climate section (see Natural Setting Section), CONWR’s RAWs weather station is located in the Old Ordinance Plant area (Ogden Road East by the water tower) and provides a comprehensive, onsite climate dataset (2002-present) (http://raws.wrh.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/roman/meso_base.cgi?stn=COWI2). The nearest pan evaporation site with extensive data is located at Dixon Springs, IL (Illinois State Climatologist Office site 11-2353), though data only exists from 1983-2002, and it is not continuous. • Various surface water monitoring efforts have been conducted for major streams relevant to CONWR, but these datasets are often seasonal and only conducted for a few consecutive years. Dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, temperature, fecal coliform, nitrate, phosphate, ammonia, secchi depth, and channel dimension datasets for Little Creek, Little Grassy Creek, Crab Orchard Creek, Grassy Creek, Pigeon Creek, Pin Oak Creek, and Wolf Creek were collected by USFWS Ecological Services Staff, in winter of 1999 and 2000, for example. These and similar datasets have been archived in the WRIA database.

Overall, the WRIA identified 30 monitoring sites that are considered applicable to the Refuge’s water resources, including 1 groundwater, 15 lake, and 14 stream/river monitoring stations (see Appendix D) (Figure 5-1). A list of 106 identified inactive sites that are relevant, but not directly applicable to the resources of concern, was also created and will be loaded into the ECOS WRIA application (https://ecos.fws.gov/wria). There are also CERCLA monitoring sites on the Refuge (see Appendix F for locations of monitoring sites). Addional information about these can be obtained from CERCLA staff.

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Figure 5-1: Locations of applicable surface water, groundwater, and climate monitoring stations

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5.3 Surface Water Quantity

Crab Orchard Creek near Marion, IL

The Crab Orchard Creek gage is located just east of Marion in Williamson County, IL, and roughly seven miles upstream of the Lake. It houses an extensive, continuous dataset and represents a major tributary to CONWR’s namesake and most prominent water feature, Crab Orchard Lake. The Creek has a history of flash flooding issues in this area. Large flows can result in closures of Route 148, Old Route 13, and other roads (GERPDC et al. 2008).

This stream is roughly 43 miles long with a drainage area of approximately 290 square miles (31.7 square mile drainage at the gaging station). From 886 feet (MSL) at its headwaters, the stream loses elevation at a rate of roughly 3.8 feet per mile, dropping to 164 feet (MSL) near its outlet (ILEPA 2008). It is comprised of two major branches, which are fed by several intermittent and permanent streams and creeks characterized by a typical dendritic drainage pattern. Major tributaries include Drury Creek, Grassy Creek, Little Grassy Creek, Wolf Creek, Prairie Creek, Pin Oak Creek, Pigeon Creek, and Rocky Comfort Creek (USFWS in prep).

Based on average daily discharge statistics, the highest flows recorded in late summer and fall have not been as high as discharges at other times of the year (Figure 5-2). Periods of no flow can occur at nearly any time of year, though typically there is at least some flow through the month of April. More water is being discharged at this gage location than what historical records have shown, evidenced by a significant increase in both average annual and peak annual discharge (p<0.001 for both datasets (Figure 5-3). This is partially the result of flood control developments in Marion that diverted and channelized portions of the Creek through the 1990s, thereby augmenting flows. The increase in total acreage of impervious surfaces due to the expansion and development of residential and commercial areas, along with the reduction of forests and grasslands, has likely impacted this as well. Average annual discharge increases are most obvious after the 1980s, and nine of the greatest-magnitude discharges on record at this location have occurred after 1995. Maximum, minimum, and mean daily flow records over the entire period of record reveal that extremely low or zero flow is possible any time of the year, except in April when even the lowest flows are still measurable. Average maximum daily flows can be roughly 1,000 cfs through most of the year, except between July and October Based on average monthly discharge data, most of the discharge increases have happened, when maximum flows are less likely to reach those levels (5-3). Based on average monthly discharge data, the average annual discharge increases over the period of record have primarily occurred in late fall, winter, and spring (Figure 5-4). Seasonal trends show that typically, discharges peak in March and are lowest from August through October at this location. Based on mean daily discharge data (Fig 5-3) there is a new peak of record that occurred on April 29th, 2017 (5,620 cfs). This is raw data and the numbers have not been worked up yet by USGS for this current water year, so these data could change slightly.

Flood frequencies derived by the USGS (Soong et al. 2004) using the Bulletin 17B of the Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data guidelines (1982) reveal discharges for the 1 to 500 year events at this site (Table 5-4). The flood frequency is the probability of reaching a particular maximum discharge for a given location on the River in any given year. For example, the 5-year return interval has a 1 out of 5 (20%) probability of occurring in a given year, and a 100-year return interval has a 1% chance of occurring in a given year. These calculated return intervals can be an underestimate, due to changing underlying flood pressures. Changing land

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use and climate are the primary drivers, which invalidate the typical methods of utilizing the entire period of record as a basis of flood elevation calculations.

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Figure 5-2: Average annual discharge (per day) data for Crab Orchard Creek near Marion, IL (USGS 05597500)

Figure 5-3: Mean daily discharge (1951-2017) for Crab Orchard Creek near Marion, IL (USGS 05597500)

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Figure 5-4: Peak annual streamflow data for Crab Orchard Creek near Marion, IL (USGS 05597500)

USGS 05597500 Crab Orchard Creek near Marion, IL (1951-2015) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 10000

1000

100

10

Discharge (cfs) 1

0.1

0.01 Max Min Mean

Figure 5-5: Mean and maximum daily average discharge data for Crab Orchard Creek near Marion, IL (USGS 05597500)

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Figure 5-6: Average monthly discharge data for Crab Orchard Creek near Marion, IL (USGS 05597500)

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Event (year): 2 5 10 25 50 100 500 Flood Peak Discharge (estimated from at- 1,650 2,910 3,900 5,310 6,480 7,740 11,100 site frequency curves) (cfs) Flood Peak Discharge (estimated from 1,710 2,910 3,810 5,020 5,980 6,970 9,420 regional regression equations) (cfs) Flood Peak Discharge (weighted from at-site 1,650 2,910 3,890 5,290 6,440 7,660 10,900 and regression estimates) (cfs)

Table 5-4: Flood-peak discharges for 2- to 500-year events (Soong et al. 2004)

Big Muddy River at RTE 127 at Murphysboro, IL

The Big Muddy Watershed encompasses most of Williamson County, and the River meets the Mississippi River near Grand Tower, IL (GERPDC et al. 2008). Major streams within the Big Muddy Watershed include the Big Muddy River, Crab Orchard, Grassy, Hurricane, and Pond Creek. There are several other major lakes and reservoirs in the drainage besides COL, LGL, and DKL, including Arrowhead, Johnston City, Herrin Old, Herrin New, and Marion Reservoir. In general, major riverine flooding in this region occurs in spring or summer and is the result of excessive rainfall and/or the combination of rainfall and snowmelt, while flash-flooding in low- lying areas can occur any time of year, though typically less-frequently between mid-summer and early winter. Flooding from Big Muddy River has been noted to affect communities just north of the Refuge, such as Johnston City, Freeman Spur, Herrin, Bush, and Hurst, IL (GERPDC et al. 2008). Large flood events can also cause highway closures, secondary road closures, and flooding on agricultural fields in the region.

Trends in the hydrology of the Big Muddy River may pose manangement limitations in the future for nearby CONWR. A potential problem may be the Refuge’s increasingly limited ability to hold waters back as the storage capacities of the reservoirs are diminished with time. Hydrologic connections created during flood events create pathways for rapid transport of contaminants and hazardous materials from the Crab Orchard Creek Watershed to the larger Big Muddy River drainage and receiving waters downstream, so flood management between the River and Crab Orchard Creek is especially sensitive.

USGS 05599490 (335.5 ft NGVD29, 357.5 ft flood stage) was referenced for interpreting hydrologic data of the Big Muddy River. This gaging station drains 2,159 square miles, and is part of the HAD System and NOAA’s Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service (http://water.weather.gov/ahps2/hydrograph.php?wfo=pah&gage=MURI2). The NWS page for Big Muddy River also incorporates the USFWS stations for COL, LGL, and DKL as tributaries to the Big Muddy River (discussed in more detail in the subsections below). The reported observations at this site for historic low water level records and crests are provided in Appendix E (NOAA 2016).

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Average annual flows at this station show relatively stable conditions since the beginning of the record in the 1970s (Figure 5-5). Two of the highest annual peak discharges have occurred since the mid-90s, but in general recent high-magnitude events have been of similar magnitudes as those observed earlier in the record since the 1930s (Figure 5-6). There is typically at least some flow in the River through the entire year, but extremely low flows have been recorded in June and July, and average daily maximum flows are lowest in late summer and early fall (Figure 5-7). According to records since the 1970s, average monthly flows have increased in May and June in the past couple of decades, causing a shift in the average monthly flows from April (1970-1990) to May (1990-2015). Monthly averages from other times of the year are relatively consistent for the entire dataset (Figure 5-8).

The exceedance probabilities and recurrence intervals were also tabulated for data collected at this streamgage and are provided in Appendix E. This data offers frame of reference in a time when the hydrology of the region may be changing due to climate or anthropogenic factors, likely a combination of the two.

Figure 5-7: Average annual discharge trends for the Big Muddy River at rte. 127 at Murphysboro, IL (2017 data only until mid-July).

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Figure 5-8: Peak annual streamflow trends for the Big Muddy River at rte. 127 at Murphysboro, IL

USGS 05599490 Big Muddy River at RTE 127 at Murphysboro, IL Max Min Mean Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 100000

10000

cfs ) 1000( Discharge 100

10

1 Figure 5-9: Mean and maximum daily average discharge data for Big Muddy River at rte. 127 at Murphysboro, IL

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Figure 5-10: Average monthly discharge data for Big Muddy River at rte. 127 at Murphysboro, IL

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Crab Orchard Lake, Little Grassy Lake, and Devil’s Kitchen Lake

CONWR’s primary water features are COL, LGL, and DKL. General hydrologic characteristics for these impoundments are summarized in Table 5-5. USFWS operates three continuous bubbler system stage sensors for each of the reservoirs (CODI2, LGLI2, and DKLI2). Real-time data is available from these sites through HADs and the NWS Hydrologic Prediction Service.

Stage data for all three sites is shown in Figure 5-10. Individual stage graphs for each of the lakes are also provided in Appendix E to provide a representation of stage variability at each impoundment. As might be expected, the lakes emulate each other in terms of peaks and troughs in stage.

Crab Orchard Devil's Kitchen Little Grassy Surface Area (acres) 6965 810 1200 Average/Max depth (feet) 9.1/25 36/90 68 Shore length (miles) 125 24 28 Little Grassy Main Tributary Crab Orchard Creek Grassy Creek Creek

Table 5-5: General hydrologic information for COL, LGL, and DKL

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Figure 5-11: Stage levels at COL, LGL, and DKL (2014-2017)

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5.4 Groundwater Levels

Few long-term groundwater monitoring stations were identified in the inventory process of the WRIA. There is a network of roughly 500 shallow water monitoring wells related to CERCLA Superfund activities, but the datasets are limited and some of this information may be under litigation hold.

The Illinois State Water Survey (ISWS) Shallow Groundwater Monitoring Station no. 11, located at the Southern Illinois University Agriculture Research Farm, provides the most comprehensive representation of water levels in the region. This well was drilled in May of 1997 to a depth of 25.5 ft in Pennsylvanian-aged shale, the underlying bedrock for much of Williamson County. More specifically, the Crab Orchard region is composed of the Shelburn, Carbondale, and Tradewater Formations (Nelson 2007). Datasets since the late 1990s show consistent seasonal trends with low groundwater levels through the summer and fall, and recharged levels by winter and spring (Figure 5-11, Ken Hlinka, ISWS 2016). Average monthly lows for the period of record can be over 11 feet deep from July through December, while average monthly highs have typically been between 1.3-2.0 feet from the surface from October through April (Figure 5-12, Ken Hlinka, ISWS 2016). October, November, and December therefore seem to be the most variable months in terms of groundwater fluctuations in this area. Compared to historic well records on the eastern end of COL, water levels from this dataset appear to be shallower than certain localized areas on the Refuge (ESE 1996). However, most other areas on the Refuge demonstrate water tables at or near the surface, with certain areas reaching 20 ft below the surface depending on the area and time of year (URS 2001).

There is evidence that groundwater levels in the Big Muddy River Basin respond to drought conditions with more severity in recent years, compared to historical conditions prior to the 1930s (Burr and Warren 1999). Dry conditions can result in springs ceasing flow, permanent streams and creeks drying up, and stages of the main channel dropping significantly, which in turn causes extreme oxygen depletions and fish kills in the watershed.

Groundwater resources in this region are noted to be poor in general, which is why surface waters are the primary source of water supply for municipalities and industry in the region. While some shallow drift wells in Crab Orchard Creek have been utilized for agricultural use, deeper wells are not a functional source of water supply because of high mineral content (ESE 1996). There are currently no active water supply wells located at the Refuge. Though several portions of CONWR are underlain by highly conductive aquifers, designated as potable (Class I) groundwater sources by the State of Illinois, yields are low and recharge rates are relatively slow (URS 2001). One of these Class I groundwater resources on the Refuge near the Sangamo Bay Electric Dump Site is contaminated with TCE and other chlorinated solvents (USEPA 2007). The installation of groundwater production wells is prohibited within the Illinois Ordinance Plant Area (USFWS 2008). Currently, contaminated groundwater plumes are being investigated and delineated. The plan is to further refine the prohibition on groundwater well installation later in the CERCLA process to only those areas with plumes (Mike Coffey, personal communication, November 8, 2017) .

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Carbondale, IL ICN depth to water (Corrected Data) 1998-09-30 2003-05-19 2003-09-11 2004-01-02 2004-04-26 2005-09-27 2006-01-18 2006-05-12 2006-09-22 2007-01-17 2007-05-13 2007-09-03 2008-01-08 2008-05-01 2008-08-23 2008-12-16 2009-04-08 2009-07-30 2009-11-21 2010-03-14 2010-07-05 2010-10-27 2011-02-17 2011-06-13 2011-10-04 2012-02-18 2012-06-11 2012-10-02 2013-01-23 2013-05-17 2013-09-07 2013-12-29 2014-04-22 2014-08-13 2014-12-04 2015-03-28 2015-07-19 2015-11-09 0

2

4

6

8

depth to water (feet) 10

12

14

Figure 5-12: ISWS Shallow Groundwater Monitoring Station no. 11 depth to groundwater at Carbondale, IL (figure courtesy of Ken Hlinka, ISWS).

Carbondale ICN Monthly Averages (feet)

1.54 1.42 1.34 1.60 1.72 1.87 2.03 2.20 2.17 2.49 2.91 2.83 3.30 3.07 3.30 3.92 4.07 5.14 4.93 4.94 5.53 5.91 6.39 6.86 6.95 7.81 8.44 8.67 9.23 9.61 11.03 12.21 11.93 12.66 12.34 13.14

MTH AVG MTH HIGH MTH LOW

Figure 5-13: ISWS Shallow Groundwater Monitoring Station no. 11 average monthly depth to groundwater at Carbondale, IL (figure courtesy of Ken Hlinka, ISWS).

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5.5 Surface Water Quality

CERCLA Cleanup Activities

CONWR and its contributing tributaries are threatened by countless water quality issues, but none quite compare to those associated with its long history as an industrial manufacturing and dump site. Landfills, bunkers, abandoned industrial areas, abandoned roads, in-use industrial areas, and other features are still present across the Refuge, serving as a constant reminder of these past and current threats to water resources and habitat in this part of Illinois. In response to the PCB contamination of CONWR, The Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration (NRDAR) Restoration Plan was approved on July 21, 1997, which offers proposals to compensate for resulting degradation or loss of resources. These activities included reforestation, shoreline and riparian restoration, grassland restoration, public education/outreach, and land acquisition (USFWS 1997). USFWS’s environmental quality program has fulltime staff dedicated to hazardous materials cleanup issues affecting resources on the Refuge. A suite of documents and reports related to these efforts will be retained in the WRIA database.

On-refuge contamination and remediation activities have spanned across the entire former Illinois Ordinance Plan Industrial Area, which operated from 1941-1945 (Coffey 2001). But the Sangamo Electric Company dumpsite, the former (1950s and 1960s) transformer manufacturing facility just east of Route 146 in the eastern region of COL, is the main reason the Refuge is on the National Priorities List today. This point source is a contributor of PCBs, cadmium, heavy metals, and hazardous materials to the Lake. As part of remedial investigation activities in 1988, specific areas of the Refuge were divided based on contaminants present, or “operable units” and include Metals Areas, PCBs Areas, Explosives-Munitions Manufacturing Areas, Miscellaneous Areas, Water Towers Removal Action, Crab Orchard Lake, and Uncharacterized Sites (see Appendix F for more details).

The contaminants cleanup program has existed for over 25 years and has leveraged cleanup projects totally about $100,000,000.00 (USFWS 2015b). Over this time, staff and external partners have compiled a GIS database that includes historic infrastructure information, company lease records, and environmental monitoring data (as mentioned in the water monitoring section above). This information is used together as a GIS decision making and risk assessment tool to help guide project cleanup activities. Currently, the last of the discovered contaminated sites is under investigation (USFWS 2015b). The GIS decision support tool is also being used to help with the HMP currently under development, and to help prepare wild fire response plans with CONWR’s fire program and the long term land use control plan. Models using the tool can illustrate conditions under various global climate change scenarios as well, to help predict environmental consequences of long-term attenuation or natural recovery periods (up to a century) of contaminated groundwater plumes that cannot be cleaned up (USFWS 2015b).

Cleanup activities are currently shifting from an investigations phase to more of an operations and maintenance status. Through this transition, CERCLA staff monitoring priorities are changing as well. Currently, CONWR staff is discussing new natural resource monitoring and biomonitoring activities to include groundwater, streams, amphibians, and small mammals (Mike Coffey, personal communication, May 11, 2016). But because of the nature of monitoring and remediation activities at CONWR, funding and field work priorities are somewhat constrained by

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needs for an enforcement case specific to historic problems at contaminated industrial sites (Mike Coffey, personal communication, May 11, 2016).

In general, cleanup activities have been effective and conditions have been improving over time (personal communication with CONWR staff, March 14, 2016). PCBs in particular are stable and long-lived, so contaminants concerns will continue well into the future, but the staff is hopeful that fish advisories on the Refuge may be removed in the future, and conditions will continue to improve. Additional information about CONWR CERCLA cleanup activities, including public documents, links, and maps, can be found at the Division of Refuge’s CERCLA Office website (https://www.fws.gov/refuge/crab_orchard/clean_up/environmental.html).

From a contaminants perspective, these issues are particularly concerning because their effects on the ecosystem are not entirely understood, especially with regards to bioaccumulation. Important species utilizing CONWR habitat are known to be contaminated or affected due to consumption of affected fish, aquatic plants, and water on the Refuge. Some of these include deer, tree swallow, eagle, and others (Maul et al. 2006, Kosma et al. 2004, Godfrey 2009). The Indiana Bat is a federally endangered species that utilizes habitat on the Refuge and may also be taking up contaminants through water (personal communication with CONWR staff, March 14, 2016). Depending on the contaminant and its prevalence, some of these threats may be alleviated to some degree because they are tightly bound to soil and sediments (Kohler et al. 1990). Serious risks exist, however, and will remain over the long term, especially for bottom- dwelling fish, macroinvertebrates, and other organisms that interact with these sediments directly and carry these threats up the food chain. In addition, disturbance of any contaminated areas that have not yet been remediated could result in releases into the water column, posing serious threats to the ecosystem. The impacts of many emerging contaminants, as well as some known legacy contaminants, and potential effects of mixtures of chemicals in a system are also important to note.

Other Water Quality Concerns

While these contaminant issues represent the primary threats to CONWR habitat quality, other more “typical” water quality concerns are prevalent in the region. CONWR’s primary water features, COL, LGL, and DKL, are on the receiving end of a very large watershed that includes a large proportion of agricultural and developed land, and the quality of the lakes has suffered as a result. After large rain events, COL can experience extreme turbidity. Tributaries to COL, DKL and LGL are in a more upstream position in the Watershed and are generally deeper, so therefore do not suffer from the same water quality threats as COL. DKL is classified as mesotrophic, and is one of the highest quality inland lakes of Illinois (ILDNR 1996). It’s cold, deep waters make it one of few lakes in the State supporting stocked rainbow trout (Myers 2007). DKL also has relatively low nutrient levels making it the clearest and least turbid of the three lakes (USFWS in prep). LGL is also relatively clear and has lower lake nutrient levels compared to COL, though it still has algal blooms at certain times of the year. These lakes stay warm through the winter and typically do not experience whole-lake ice, so mixing and thermal stratification only occur in the summer (Myers 2007).

Many of the lakes’ and Watershed’s water quality issues are described in the Illinois Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report. TMDLs are maximum amounts of certain pollutants a waterbody may receive while meeting water quality standards. Several TMDLs have been calculated for the Crab Orchard Creek Watershed (ILEPA 2008). Crab Orchard Creek has demonstrated water quality issues related to total fecal coliform, flow alterations, manganese,

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sulfates, pH, total suspended solids, sedimentation/siltation, and total dissolved solids (ILEPA 2008). These threats are most likely linked to municipal point sources, agriculture, urban runoff/storm sewers, hydromodifications, upstream impoundments, concentrated animal feeding operations, resource extraction, surface mining, and grazing. COL has impairments for total phosphorus, excess algal growth, and PCBs. These are attributed to municipal point sources, nonirrigated crop production, crop-related sources, land disposal, hazardous waste, habitat modification, bank/shoreline modification, chemical pollution, and other unknown sources (ILEPA 2008). Crab Orchard Creek has also historically suffered from the addition of treated and untreated sewage, creosols, silt, and garbage wastes. Fish kills, low pH, high phosphorus, ammonia, and chemical oxygen demand levels, and other water quality issues related to municipal sewage discharges were particularly common through the 1950s-1960s (Burr and Warren 1999). Shoreline erosion continues to impact the system today. Due to excessive nutrient loading (from municipal, agricultural, and other sources) and shallow depths, COL has been classified as hypereutrophic, has low dissolved oxygen levels, and supports moderate algal blooms in the warm season (USFWS in prep). ILEPA has indicated resources on the Refuge exceeding standards for total suspended solids, chloride, nitrogen, and phosphorus, from 3-28 times above the reporting limit (personal communication with CONWR staff, March 14, 2016). Impacts are evident to macroinvertebrates and other organisms, especially in Crab Orchard Creek downstream of the water treatment plant in Marion, IL (ILEP DWPC 1981).

Abandoned strip, drift, shaft, and slope mines can all be found in the Crab Orchard Lake region (Nelson 2007). Though mining for bituminous coal has occurred north of CONWR, no coal has been mined on Refuge land (USFWS in prep). In addition to the coal mines near Cambria and Carterville, IL, historic abandoned coal mine areas are present within the Little Grassy Creek drainage, and extensively in areas upstream of Marion, IL (ILEPA 2008). Only three NPDES permits for mining within the subbasin are currently active, all of which belong to mines upstream of Marion, but they are in reclamation or suspended. Iron, manganese, pH, sulfate, acid mine drainage, and other mine waste issues in Crab Orchard Creek are likely caused in part by these outfalls. There are also 20 inactive oil and gas wells at CONWR, as well as oil and gas pipelines, which may have impacted groundwater and habitat quality to some degree (GAO 2003). These oil and gas wells are visually displayed on the Illinois State Geological Survey website (http://maps.isgs.illinois.edu/iloil/). Oil wells explored on the Refuge in the past did not produce any oil (USFWS in prep), though there is an active oil and gas well field northeast of the Refuge in Energy, IL.

CONWR, in general, is a highly modified system. The three main impoundments making up the Refuge and nearly all the other lakes in the area were manmade, and the habitat and biota of the area continue to evolve away from the lotic system that it once was. Construction of the Refuge’s three major reservoirs effectively eliminated some of the highest quality streams in the Big Muddy Watershed, and contributed to the extirpation of at least 10 native fish species since the early 1900s (Burr and Warren 1999). Though the area supports a different composition of flora and fauna compared to its “natural” state, the habitat and other services it provides are irreplaceable. The lakes serve as sinks for some of the many water quality issues affecting the upstream water resources today, and improvements are apparent in the stream reaches downstream of the COL Dam. Differences in water quality and clarity are particularly noticable where the clear waters of Crab Orchard Creek meet the turbulent waters of Big Muddy River (IL DOA 2005). It is important to reduce contaminants entering Crab Orchard Creek because of the relatively short transport pathway to the Big Muddy River and ultimately the Mississippi River, which opens up the potential for impacting extensive areas and resources downstream all the way to the Gulf of Mexico.

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303(b) reporting, 303(d) assessments

Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act requires that each state identify water bodies where water quality standards are not met based on designated usage. The lack of impairment listings for other water features does not preclude issues of concern, because not all waterways have been assessed. Small creeks and wetlands do not have well-defined standards and are not typically assessed by state organizations.

Within the Crab Orchard Creek HUC10 drainage, 9 streams or creeks, and 6 lakes or reservoirs have been listed on the Illinois 2016 impaired waters list, totaling 98.7 miles and 9231.8 acres (Figure 5-13, Tables 5-6 and 5-7).

TMDLs have been completed for several of these waterbodies, including those within the Crab Orchard Creek (2004) and Upper Big Muddy River (2013) watersheds. Impairments addressed in the Crab Orchard Creek TMDLs include pH, low dissolved oxygen, fecal coliform, manganese, sulfates, total dissolved solids, and phosphorus.

There are fish advisories issued for Crab Orchard Lake, active since 1988. Restricted consumption of common carp, and channel catfish is recommended due to elevated levels of PCBs (http://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/environmental-health-protection/toxicology/fish- advisories/map). There are also active mercury advisories for Little Grassy Lake for largemouth bass, channel catfish, black crappie and white crappie, issued in 2005. Conditions at the Refuge are improving overall, and recent monitoring by USFWS in coordination with IL EPA and IL DNR has revealed that PCB concentrations in fish tissue have been declining (USFWS in prep).

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Figure 5-14: Impaired waters within the Crab Orchard Creek HUC10 drainage

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Water Feature Name Miles Designated Use Cause of Impairment Big Muddy River 0.005 Fish Consumption Mercury Crab Orchard Creek Fish Consumption/ Mercury/ Unknown/ (total from 3 impaired reaches) 36.8 Aquatic Life Sedimentation&Siltation Drury Creek (total from 2 impaired reaches) 20.8 Aquatic Life Oxygen, Dissolved Eek Creek 3.6 Aquatic Life Oxygen, Dissolved Indian Creek 11.2 Aquatic Life Oxygen, Dissolved Little Crab Orchard Creek-West 13.9 Aquatic Life Methoxychlor Little Grassy Creek 7.7 Aquatic Life Oxygen, Dissolved Piles Fork 7.2 Aquatic Life Methoxychlor Sycamore Creek 5.7 Aquatic Life Oxygen, Dissolved Total 106.9 Table 5-6: 303(d) listed streams and rivers with designated uses and causes of impairment

Water Feature Name Acres Designated Use Cause of Impairment Crab Orchard Lake 7289.2 Fish Consumption Mercury Little Grassy Lake 905.0 Fish Consumption Mercury Campus Lake 41.2 Fish Consumption Mercury Devils Kitchen Lake 711.7 Fish Consumption Mercury Carbondale Reservoir 132.6 Fish Consumption Mercury Marion Reservoir 221.8 Fish Consumption Mercury Total 9301.5

Table 5-7: 303(d) listed lakes with designated uses and causes of impairment

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Contaminants Assessment Process

Michael Coffey (USFWS) completed the most recent CAP for CONWR in 2001. This included the identification of contaminant sources and pathways into the Refuge, as well as recommendations for future water and sediment monitoring. The major hydrologically relevant points within the CAP were (Coffey 2001):

• The majority of contaminant threats documented by the CAP were related to the historic and ongoing generation, release, and storage of hazardous substances by military and industrial tenant activities. Marinas, campgrounds, the fish hatchery, and Refuge infrastructure also pose contaminant threats through storage and disposal activities. The most common contaminants of concern are heavy metals (cadmium and lead), explosive compounds, and PCBs. • Other threats within the Crab Orchard Creek Watershed included row crop production of corn and soybean, coal, gas, and oil recovery and production activities. • Agricultural pesticide runoff, nutrient enrichment, and sedimentation are primary causes of water quality impairment, and COL is consequently in a hypereutrophic condition. The Refuge’s agricultural program attempts to regulate some of these issues by limiting the use of insecticides and herbicides through an integrated pesticide management program. They also use vegetative buffers, field buffers, waterway buffers, and conservation tillage practices to address these issues. • Point source pollution threats exist in the municipalities surrounding the Refuge, including sewage or wastewater treatment plants discharging into several tributaries of CONWR. A wastewater treatment plant once operated on-site and may be a source of contaminants. In addition, the Marion Federal Prison still treats water and discharges effluent into the East Crab Orchard Bay. • Areas subject to spills include major highways and bridges that routinely transport hazardous substances in trucks, including Hwy 148 and Hwy 13. There is also an underground crude oil pipeline along Interstate 57, and various natural gas pipelines running through CONWR.

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Point sources and contaminant releases

The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit program is authorized by Section 402 of the Clean Water Act. Permits are required for the discharge of wastewater by industrial and publicly owned domestic sewage treatment facilities into navigable waters of the United States. Stormwater discharges from both municipal and industrial sources require such a permit as well, and the effluent must have reduced pollutant and nutrient concentrations to the “maximum extent practicable.” These permits are reissued every five years. For non-stormwater permits there are often numeric thresholds for specific pollutants, while stormwater permit holders are not required to regularly monitor their discharges or stay below determined pollutant thresholds.

Facilities that have NPDES and similar permits likely contribute nutrients and/or pollutants to surface waters. This is particularly important in the Crab Orchard Creek Watershed because COL is classified as hypereutrophic. Location information for NPDES permitted facilities on, near, or upstream of CONWR is provided in Appendix G, and a more comprehensive list including additional sites within the Crab Orchard drainage has been included in the WRIA database. Average daily flows and loadings for several of these sites are also listed in the Crab Orchard Creek TMDL (ILEPA 2008).

Certain industrial facilities which manufacture, process, or use significant amounts of toxic chemicals are required to report annually on their releases of these chemicals. The reports contain information about the types and amounts of toxic chemicals that are released each year to the air, water, land and by underground injection, as well as information on the quantities of toxic chemicals sent to other facilities for further waste management.

Facilities with ten or more full-time employees that process more than 25,000 pounds of TRI (Toxic Release Inventory) chemicals in aggregate, or use greater than 10,000 pounds of any one contaminant, are required to report releases annually. The USEPA maintains this information in the TRI, and recent TRI facility information is provided in Appendix G. There have been other recent releases north of the Refuge between West Frankfort and Johnson City (Styrene, Methyl methacrylate, Diisocyanates, and lead compounds), but these sites are within the Pond Creek Watershed which joins the Big Muddy River north of the Refuge and do not directly drain into the Refuge.

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6. Water Law

IDNR is the state agency with the most direct regulatory authority over wetlands in Illinois. The primary authority of this agency is established in the Interagency Wetlands Policy Act of 1989. This Act provides the Department with regulatory authority over state activities that affect wetlands. The Interagency Wetlands Policy Act established the goal of “no overall net loss of the state’s existing wetland acres or their functional values due to state supported activities.” Illinois is the second state to adopt a “no net loss goal” in legislation with the passage of this Act. Additional regulatory authority is in the Rivers, Lakes, and Streams Act, which provides the Department with regulatory authority over activities in floodplains. The regulatory program requires permits for construction in the floodway of any stream serving a tributary area of 640 acres in urban areas, or 6,400 acres in rural areas. Information on permitting requirements is available from the IDNR (http://www.dnr.illinois.gov/WaterResources/Pages/default.aspx). Permits may be necessary for construction activities that discharge into wetlands and for dredge and fill activities in floodplains of waterways which contain catchments of greater than 6,400 acres. However, routine maintenance typical of agricultural activities is excluded from these requirements (i.e. ditch maintenance, tile installation, etc.).

The Illinois EPA is the agency responsible for reporting to the USEPA on the status of surface water and groundwater under sections 305(b) and 303(d) of the Federal Clean Water Act (CWA). Additionally, the IL EPA is the permitting and enforcement authority for groundwater, drinking water, storm water runoff and pollution discharge permits. The Illinois EPA established the Groundwater Quality Standards (GWQS) (35.Ill.Adm.Code 620), detailed explanations and listings for which can be found through the Illinois Pollution Control Board’s webpage (http://www.ipcb.state.il.us/).

From the DOI Solicitor office:

In states that apply the riparian rights doctrine, landowners of property with naturally flowing surface water running through or adjacent to their property have rights to reasonable use of the surface water associated with the property itself. The “reasonable use” standard protects downstream users by ensuring that one landowner’s use does not unreasonably impair the equal riparian rights of others along the same watercourse. Additionally, the law limits riparian rights to those rights “intimately associated” with the water; uses falling outside of this definition are usually considered unreasonable uses.1

An important corollary to the riparian rights doctrine is that, generally, states classify their navigable2 surface waters as public, whether through statute or through the common law public trust doctrine.3 This is important because on public waters, the riparian landowners’ rights are subject to public rights of, at a minimum, navigation. For this reason, states regulate waters for

1 John W. Johnson, United States Water Law: An Introduction 38 (CRC Press, 2009). 2 “Navigable,” in this context, is a legal term of art that varies from state to state, separating public waters from those that are private. As a general notion, “navigable” means navigable in fact, which, historically, has been tested by whether or not a log or canoe could float on the water. See, e.g., Paul G. Kent & Tamara A. Dudiak, Wisconsin Water Law: A Guide to Water Rights and Regulations 4 (University of Wisconsin-Extension, 2d ed., 2001). 3 The public trust doctrine, in most states, refers to the concept that state, as trustee to the public, preserves navigable waters “for public use in navigation, fishing and recreation.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1232 (6th ed. 1990). This prohibits the state from selling the beds to private parties.

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the purpose of putting the water to “beneficial use,” a term defined differently amongst the states.

Illinois does not have a sophisticated means for claiming rights to water, especially for instream water rights. As a state that generally follows the traditional riparian rights doctrine,4 all landowners adjacent to a body of water have a right to reasonable use of the water, so long as it does not impact the same rights as other similarly situated landowners.5 The legislature codified surface and ground water into one system under the Water Use Act of 1983, which extended the common law reasonable-use rule to groundwater withdrawals.6

The statute specifically defined “reasonable use,” in keeping with the common law, as “the use of water to meet natural wants and a fair share for artificial wants. It does not include water used wastefully or maliciously.”7 In Illinois, “natural wants” refer to uses necessary to the land, mainly domestic uses.8 “Artificial wants,” on the other hand, refer to uses that would increase “comfort and prosperity.”9 In times of shortage, the state will prioritize natural wants over artificial wants, and once natural wants are satisfied, water users may consume their “just proportion” of artificial wants.10 Courts ultimately determine on a case-by-case basis whether a water user has consumed beyond his “just proportion,” looking at the relative needs of the water users and the water availability.11

With the reasonable-use rule as a foundation, Illinois allows communities to regulate groundwater consumption through the establishment of water authorities, in order to give communities the power to take control of their local resource. The Water Authority Act (WAA) sets out a detailed and extensive procedure for citizens to create a water authority, but once established, the local authority has broad powers.12

At least thirteen water authorities have been established since the law was enacted, mostly in the eastern-central part of the state.13 However, the WAA specifically excludes water used for agricultural purposes, irrigation, and small domestic wells for less than four families from the Authorities jurisdiction.14 The law does not provide any specific authority for water authorities to ensure minimum flows or instream uses, but at least provides a broad catchall, allowing authorities to “make such regulations as it deems necessary to protect public health, welfare and

4 Evans v. Merriweather, 4 Ill. 491 (1842); Knaus v. Dennler, 525 N.E.2d 207, 209 (Ill. App. Ct. 1988). 5 Gary R. Clark, Illinois Groundwater Law: The Rule of Reasonable Use 14–15 (State of Illinois, Department of Transportation and Division of Water Resources 1985). 6 Water Use Act of 1983, 525 Ill. Comp. Stat. 45/6 (2011). 7 525 Ill. Comp. Stat. 45/4. 8 Evans v. Merriweather, 4 Ill. 491, 495 (1842). 9 Id. 10 Bliss v. Kennedy, 43 Ill. 67, 74 (1867). 11 Id. at 76–77. 12 70 Ill. Comp. Stat. 3715/1 et seq. (2011). 13 See http://www.isws.illinois.edu/docs/wsfaq/wsmore.asp?id=q6; http://www.agr.state.il.us/marketing/IALD/organizations/IALDDirectory%2058.pdf. 14 70 Ill. Comp. Stat. 3715/8 (2011).

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safety and to prevent pollution of its water supply.”15 This may be the only provision FWS could rely upon to protect instream flows within a local water authority region.

In addition to the local water authorities, the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (DNR) has jurisdiction over public waters, and the agency has a duty to document all navigable waters and “jealously guard the true and natural conditions” of state waters.16 Under this policy, DNR’s Office of Water Resources manages a permit system for construction projects in public water ways, i.e. navigable waters, and for public water developments that may impact public rights to use the water.17

In addition to the local water authorities, the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (DNR) has jurisdiction over public waters, and the agency has a duty to document all navigable waters and “jealously guard the true and natural conditions” of state waters.18 Under this policy, DNR’s Office of Water Resources manages a permit system for construction projects in public water ways, i.e. navigable waters, and for public water developments that may impact public rights to use the water.19

In Illinois, FWS has a right to the reasonable use of surface and ground water associated with the boundaries of the Refuges. While FWS cannot affirmatively assert its right to instream use, it may have a claim against other water users if a shortage occurs, even if that right consists of a just proportion of its natural wants.20 However, these issues have yet to be explored by the courts.

15 70 Ill. Comp. Stat. 3715/24 (2011). 16 615 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/5 (2011). 17 Ill. Admin. Code tit. 17 §§ 3700, 3704, 3708 (2010). 18 615 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/5 (2011). 19 Ill. Admin. Code tit. 17 §§ 3700, 3704, 3708 (2010). 20 Illinois courts have not spoken on whether instream uses for fish and wildlife purposes would constitute a natural want.

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7. Geospatial Data Sources

Andy Stetter (USFWS), provided hydrography datasets to supplement NHD and NWI inventories, including elevation-derived flowlines, lakes, ponds, management units, and infrastructure.

Multiple types of geospatial layers are available from the USGS National Atlas website (http://nationalatlas.gov/maplayers.html), the USGS Mineral Resources Program website (http://mrdata.usgs.gov/geology/state/state.php?state=IL), and the Illinois State Geological Survey website (http://crystal.isgs.uiuc.edu/nsdihome/).

Background aerials are from the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Agriculture Imagery Program.

HUC polygons are available from the EPA as part of the Watershed Boundary Dataset (WBD). These boundaries were delineated in cooperation with the USGS using methodology adapted from Seaber et al. (1987) .

The most recent high resolution LiDAR data (1 m cell size) was collected by the Illinois Height Modernization Program, Illinois State Geological Survey, and Illinois Department of Transportation, 2002–2013, Illinois LiDAR county database: Illinois State Geological Survey, http://www.isgs.uiuc.edu/nsdihome/webdocs/ilhmp/data.html

The National Wetland Inventory- USFWS. 1985-1986. National Wetlands Inventory website. U.S. Department of the Interior, USFWS, Washington, D.C. http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/

The National Hydrologic Dataset (NHD) is produced as a cooperative effort by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and other federal and state agencies.

Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge —Water Resource Inventory and Assessment 69 Chapter 8: Literature Cited

8. Literature Cited

Baylis, K., Deryugina, T., Fullerton, D., Konar, M., Reif, J. (2015). Preparing for climate change in Illinois: An overview of anticipated impacts. Institute of Government & Public Affairs. Climate Change Policy Initiative. Downloaded from < http://igpa.uillinois.edu/system/files/Preparing-for- Climate-Change-in-Illinois.pdf>

Burr, B.M. and Warren, M.L. (1999). Fishes of the Big Muddy Drainage with emphasis on historical changes. Southern Illinois University Department of Zoology. < http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/ja_burr002.pdf>

Changnon, Stanley A., James R. Angel, Kenneth E. Kunkel, and Christopher M. B. Lehmann (2004). ISWS IEM 2004-02.

Chien, H., Yeh, P.J.-F., Knouft, J.H. (2013). Modeling the potential impacts of climate change on streamflow in agricultural watersheds of the Midwestern United States. Journal of Hydrology 491 (2013) 73-88.

Coffey, M.J. (2001). An assessment of contaminant threats at Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge using the Contaminant Assessment Process (CAP) of the Biomonitoring Environmental Status and Trends Program (BEST). U.S. Fish and Widlife Service, Illinois and Iowa Ecological Services Field Office.

CR Report. (2015). Devil’s Kitchen Dam Comprehensive Review. Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge Williamson County, IL. US DOI Bureau of Reclamation an Fish and Wildlife Service.

Department of the Interior. (2016). DRAFT Environmental Assessment. Little Creek Wetland Impoundment Infrastructure on CONWR. Prepared by USFWS in February, 2016. Marion, IL.

Environmental Science and Engineering, Inc. (1996). Record of decision for Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge explosives/munitions manufacturing area (EMMA) operable unit (OU). Prepared for USACE. St. Louis, MO. ESE Project No. 592-1139-4300.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. Federal Guidelines for Dam Safety (1998): Hazard Potential Classification Systems for Dams [FEMA 333].

Ferguson, K.A. and Westmore R.A. Cast studies in dam safety innovation. (2000). GEI Consultants, Inc. for Hydrovision 2000.

GAO. (2003). National wildlife refuges: Opportunities to improve management and oversight of oil and gas activities on federal lands. U.S. GAO Report to Congressional Requesters. August 2003. GAO-03-517.

Godfrey, G.D. (2009). Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge Public Health Assessment. Prepared by the Illinois Department of Public Health. Center for Disease Control and Prevention

Greater Egypt Regional Planning and Development Comission, Southern Illinois University Department of Geology, and The Polis Center. (2008). Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan, Williamson

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Chapter 8: Literature Cited

County, Illinois. https://www.illinois.gov/iema/Mitigation/documents/CountyPlans/plan_WilliamsonCounty.pdf

Groisman, P.Y., Knight, R.W., Karly, T.R. (2012). Changes in intense precipitation over the central United States. Journal of Hydrometeorology, Volume 13.

Hayhoe, K, J VanDorn, V. Naik, and D. Wuebbles. 2009. “Climate Change in the Midwest: Projections of Future Temperature and Precipitation.” Technical Report on Midwest Climate Impacts for the Union of Concerned Scientists. Downloaded from http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science_and_impacts/impacts/climate-change- midwest.html#.VvK-OD-UmfA.

Huff, F.A. and Angel, J.R. (1989). Rainfall distributions and hydroclimatic characteristics of heavy rainstorms in Illinois, Illinois State Water Survey, Bulletin 70.

H&H Report. (2015). Hydrologic and hydraulic evaluations for Crab Orchard Dam. Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge, Marion, Illinois. Gannett Fleming.

H&H Report. (2015). Hydrologic and hydraulic evaluations for Devil’s Kitchen Dam. Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge, Marion, Illinois. Gannett Fleming.

H&H Report. (2015). Hydrologic and hydraulic evaluations for Little Grassy Dam. Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge, Marion, Illinois. Gannett Fleming.

H&H Report. (2017). Hydrologic and hydraulic evaluations for Crab Orchard Dam. Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge, Marion, Illinois. Gannett Fleming.

H&H Report. (2017). Hydrologic and hydraulic evaluations for Devil’s Kitchen Dam. Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge, Marion, Illinois. Gannett Fleming.

H&H Report. (2017). Hydrologic and hydraulic evaluations for Little Grassy Dam. Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge, Marion, Illinois. Gannett Fleming.

ICF International. (2010). Regional Climate Change Effects: Useful Information for Transportation Agencies. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. DOT Office of Planning, Environmenta and Realty, Office of Infrastructure. DTFH61-05-D-00019; TOPR No. EV0101

Illinois Department of Agriculture. (2005). Aerial assessment report for Big and Little Muddy Rivers.

Illinois Department of Natural Resources. (1996). Illinois Rivers and Lakes Fact Sheet. Springfield, IL.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. (2008). Crab Orchard Watershed TMDL Report.

Illinois Environmental Protection Division of Water Pollution Control. (1981). Biological and water quality survey of Crab Orchard Creek in vicinity of Marion Wastewater Treatment Plant, Marion, IL.

Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge – Water Resource Inventory and Assessment 71

Chapter 8: Literature Cited

Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data (IACWD), (1982). Guidelines for Determining Flood Flow Frequency, Bulletin 17B. U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, Office of Water Data Collection, Reston, VA.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L.White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1132 pp

Kohler, C.C., Heidinger, R.C., and Call, T. (1990). Levels of PCBs and trace metals in Crab Orchard Lake sediment, benthos, zooplankton and fish. Hazardous waste research and information center HWRIC RR-043.

Kosma, D.K., Long, J.A., and Ebbs, S.D. (2004). Cadmium bioaccumulation in yellow foxtail: Impact on seed head morphology. American Journal of Undergraduate Research. Vol. 3 No. 1.

Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel (2006). "World Map of the Köppen– Geiger climate classification updated" (PDF). Meteorol. Z. 15 (3): 259– 263. Bibcode:2006MetZe..15..259K. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130.

Kunkel, K.E., T.R. Karl, D.R. Easterling, K. Redmond, J. Young, X. Yin, and P. Hennon. (2013). Probable maximum precipitation and climate change. Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1402-1408.

Maul, J.D., Belden, J.B., Schwab, B.A., Whiles, M.R., Spears, B., Farris, J.L., Lydy, M.J. (2006). Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls by aquatic and terrestrial insects to tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol 25, Issue 4, pp 1017-1025.

Maurer, E. P., L. Brekke, T. Pruitt, and P. B. Duffy (2007), 'Fine-resolution climate projections enhance regional climate change impact studies', Eos Trans. AGU, 88(47), 504.

Melillo, Jerry M., Terese (T.C.) Richmond, and Gary W. Yohe, Eds. (2014). Highlights of Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC. Available at http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/.

Mitsch, W.J., and J.G. Gosselink, 2007. Wetlands (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc

Momcilo, M., Angel, J., Byard, G., Zhang, C., Zaloudek, Z., McConkey, S. (2016). Communicating the impacts of potential future climate change on the expected frequency of extreme rainfall events in Cook County, Illinois. Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, IL.

Myers, D.J. (2007). Devil’s Kitchen Lake Physical, Chemical, and Biological Analysis. < http://fishdata.siu.edu/dk07.pdf>.

Nelson, W.J., 2007, Bedrock Geology of Crab Orchard Quadrangle, Williamson County, Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey, Illinois Geologic Quadrangle Map, IGQ Crab Orchard-BG, 2 sheets, 1:24,000.

Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge —Water Resource Inventory and Assessment 72

Chapter 8: Literature Cited

NOAA. (2016). National Weather Service, Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service, Big Muddy River at Murphysboro, IL.

Pryor, S. C., D. Scavia, C. Downer, M. Gaden, L. Iverson, R. Nordstrom, J. Patz, and G. P. Robertson, 2014: Ch. 18: Midwest. Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment, J. M. Melillo, Terese (T.C.) Richmond, and G. W. Yohe, Eds., U.S. Global Change Research Program, 418-440. doi:10.7930/J0J1012N.

Seaber, P.R., Kapinos, F.P., George K.L. (1987). Hydrologic Unit Maps, Water Supply Paper, Series number 2294.

Slack, J.R. and Landwehr, J.M. (1992). Hydro-climatic data network (HCDN); a U.S. Geological Survey streamflow data set for the United States for the study of climate variations, 1874-1988. U.S. Geological Survey, Series number 92-129.

Soong, D.T., Ishii, A.L., Sharpe, J.B., and Avery, C.F. (2004). Estimating flood-peak discharge magnitudes and frequencies for rural streams in Illinois. United States Geological Survey, SIR2004-5103.

Stall, J.B., Fehrenbacher, J.B., Bartelli, L.J., Walker, G.O., Sauer, E.L., Melsted, S.W. (1954). Water and land resources of the Crab Orchard Lake basin, Illinois State Water Survey Division Bulletin No 42.

Union of Concerned Scientists. (2009). Confronting Climate Change in the U.S. Midwest: Illinois.

URS (2001). Final Preliminary Screening Analysis Report Lake Monitoring Operable Unit Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge Superfund Site, Marion, Illinois (Williamson County). Prepared by URS Corporation for the US Fish and Wildlife Service. April 2001.

USEPA. (2000). Ambient water quality criteria recommendations, rivers and streams in nutrient ecoregion IX.

USEPA. (2000). Ambient water quality criteria recommendations, lakes and reservoirs in nutrient ecoregion IX.

USEPA. (2007). Record of decision amendment PCB Areas Operable Unit Sangamo Electric Dump/CONWR Superfund Site. May 2007.

USFWS. (1979). Crab Orchard Wilderness Management Plan. 20pp.

United States Fish and Wildlife Service. (1994). Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge Annual Narrative Report, Calendar Year 1994.

United States Fish and Wildlife Service. (1997). Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge Environmental Assessment and Natural Resource Damage Assessment Restoration Plan.

United States Fish and Wildlife Service. (2008). Environmental Land Use Control Plan: Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge NPL Site Marion, Illinois.

Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge – Water Resource Inventory and Assessment 73

Chapter 8: Literature Cited

United States Fish and Wildlife Service (2012). Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge Report on Wilderness Character Monitoring. Prepared by Zweber, S. 61pp.

United States Fish and Wildlife Service. (2015a). The United States Department of the Interior Budget Justifications and Performance Information, Fiscal Year 2016. Section C: Construction.

United States Fish and Wildlife Service. (2015b). USFWS Field Notes Entry: Midwest Region, July 24, 2015. < https://www.fws.gov/fieldnotes/regmap.cfm?arskey=36260>

United States Fish and Wildlife Service. (2016). Field Notes Entry: More pollution cleanup completed at Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge. May 27, 2016. < https://www.fws.gov/FieldNotes/regmap.cfm?arskey=37067>

United States Global Change Research Program. (2009). Regional Climate Impacts: Midwest. https://downloads.globalchange.gov/usimpacts/pdfs/midwest.pdf

United States Global Change Research Program. (2014). Projected Mid-Century Temperature Changes in the Midwest. .

Water and Atmospheric Resources Monitoring Program. Shallow Groundwater Network. (2015). Illinois State Water Survey, 2204 Griffith Drive, Champaign, IL 61820- 7495.http://dx.doi.org/10.13012/J8CC0XMK.

Winkler, J.A., J.A. Andresen, J.A. Hatfield, D. Bidwell, D. Brown. (2014). Climate Change in the Midwest: A Synthesis Report for the National Climate Assessment. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

2016 Annual Checklist Inspection prepared by David Hibbs, FWS, reviewed by Brad larossi, P.E., - July 27, 2016

Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan: (USFWS 2007).

Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge Habitat Management Plan: (USFWS in prep).

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Appendix A : Climate Data

Appendix A: Climate Data

Figure A-1: Average monthly temperatures from the PRISM dataset (1975-2015) (Lat: 37.7034 Lon: -89.0765 Elev: 417ft)

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Appendix A : Climate Data

Figure A-2: Average monthly precipitation totals from the PRISM dataset (1975-2015) (Lat: 37.7034 Lon: -89.0765 Elev: 417ft)

Figure A-3: Average annual water year precipitation totals from the USHCN dataset (1950- 2015) (Du Quoin, IL, station no. 112483)

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Appendix A : Climate Data

Figure A-4: Average spring precipitation trends from the USHCN dataset (1950-2015) (Du Quoin, IL, station no. 112483)

Figure A-5: Average spring temperature trends from the USHCN dataset (1950-2015) (Du Quoin, IL, station no. 112483)

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Appendix A : Climate Data

Figure A-6: Average cool-season temperatures compared to Pacific Decadal Oscillation Index averages (1950-2010) (NCEI Station No. 705402)

Figure A-7: Average cool-season temperatures compared to Pacific/North American teleconnection pattern index averages (1950-2010) (NCEI Station No. 705402)

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Appendix B : Management Units and Infrastructure

Appendix B: Management Units and Infrastructure

Figure B-1: Management units and infrastructure at CONWR

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Appendix B : Management Units and Infrastructure

ID Name Acres Management Type D Little Creek 198.3 Managed Wetland Impoundment C Sandpiper Slough East 1.8 Moist Soil Unit B Sandpiper Slough West 2.0 Moist Soil Unit A Pigeon Creek 16.6 Moist Soil Unit F East Bay 59.4 Unmanaged Wetland Impoundment G Frog Pond 5.4 Moist Soil Unit I Heron Flats 67.1 Moist Soil Unit H Observation Pond 18.0 Moist Soil Unit M Powder Pond 12.2 Ponds with Water Level Control N A11 4.5 Ponds with Water Level Control J Turtle North 7.9 Moist Soil Unit K Turtle South 8.6 Moist Soil Unit L A41 22.8 Moist Soil Unit E I 57 82.6 Unmanaged Wetland Impoundment Total acres 507.2 Table B-1: Management unit type and acreage

Elevation Name (Ft) Description A-41 Weir #1 421.56 East Stoplog Structure, Top of North Headwall of Structure, Marker No Longer Present A-41 Weir #2 419.61 Middle Stoplog Structure, Metal Marker on North Headwall of Structure A-41 Weir #3 418.51 West Stoplog Structure, Metal Marker on North Headwall of Structure Heron Flats 412.4 North Headwall of Stoplog Structure, Marker No Longer Present Pigeon Creek 415.56 Circular Indentation in Concrete on North East Side of the Bridge Little Creek 415.05 Chiseled Square on Southwest Corner of Water Control Structure

Table B-2: MSU Benchmarks

ID Water Control Structure Type Name 1 Overflow CMP CMP A-13 Pasture 5 2 Overflow CMP CMP Visitor Center Pond 3 Overflow CMP CMP A-13 Pasture 5 4 Overflow CMP CMP Wildlife Pond A-13 Pasture 5 Overflow CMP CMP A-13 Pasture 6 Overflow CMP CMP A-13 Pasture S 7 Overflow CMP CMP A-13 Pasture 2 8 Stoplog CMP Sandpiper Slough West 9 Stoplog CMP Sandpiper Slough East 10 Overflow CMP CMP Harmony Trail 11 Overflow CMP CMP Pigeon Creek MSU N 12 Stoplog Concrete Pigeon Creek MSU S

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Appendix B : Management Units and Infrastructure

13 Stoplog CMP/Concrete Pigeon Creek MSU Interior Dike 14 Overflow CMP CMP Pigeon Creek W Pond 15 Overflow CMP Iron Pipe Honkers Corner E 16 Overflow CMP Iron Pipe/Gate Valve Honkers Corner E 17 Stoplog CMP Pigeon Creek Greentree Res 18 Overflow CMP CMP Railroad Yard 19 Overflow CMP CMP Wolf Creek Road North Hay 20 Overflow CMP CMP/Concrete Managers Pond 21 Overflow CMP CMP 6 IN X 60 FT Cville North Hunting Area Field J #1 22 Overflow CMP CMP/Concrete Greenbriar S 23 Stoplog CMP CRP Demo 24 Overflow CMP Mann Pond 25 Overflow CMP Iron Pipe North Prairie Pond 26 Overflow CMP CMP Piney Point 27 Iron Pipe Gate Valve A-32 W 28 Standpipe Concrete A-32 E 29 Standpipe Concrete Old Carterville Road 30 Iron Pipe Gate Valve Old Carterville Road 31 Overflow CMP CMP A-29 Pasture 32 Overflow CMP Iron Pipe A-33 E Pasture 33 Overflow CMP Iron Pipe A-33 Hay Field 34 Overflow CMP Iron Pipe A-33 Hay Field 35 Overflow CMP Iron Pipe A-33 E Pasture 36 Overflow CMP A-28 Pasture N 37 Overflow CMP Concrete W/Gate Valve TPIA N 38 Overflow CMP Concrete W/ Gate Valve TPIA 2 39 Overflow CMP Concrete W/ Gate Valve TPIA 1 40 Overflow CMP Iron W/ Gate Valve Wolf Creek/Westgate 41 Concrete Stoplog CMP Wolf Creek 795 42 Concrete Stoplog CMP Wolf Creek 2 43 Concrete Stoplog CMP Wolf Creek 727 Turtle Pond 44 Stoplog CMP Upper Turtle Pond 45 Overflow CMP Iron Pipe W/ Gate Valve A-13 734 46 Overflow CMP CMP 12 IN A-13 733 47 Overflow CMP CMP 12 IN A-13 733 48 CMP A-13 49 CMP A-13 50 Overflow CMP Standpipe CONC 48 IN/ CMP 48 IN X 60 FT A-41 Pond 51 Stoplog CMP A-41 MSU 52 Gate Valve Iron/Concrete A-41 MSU 53 Iron Gate Valve/ CMP 18 IN X 30 FT A-41 MSU 54 Stoplog Concrete/CMP 36 IN X 30 FT A-41 MSU 55 Iron Gate Valve 6 IN/ CMP 20 FT A-41 MSU

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Appendix B : Management Units and Infrastructure

56 Iron Gate Valve 6 IN/ CMP 20 FT A-41 MSU 57 Iron Gate Valve 6 IN/ CMP 20 FT A-41 MSU 58 Iron Gate Valve 6 IN/ CMP 20 FT A-41 MSU 59 Iron Gate Valve 6 IN/ CMP 20 FT A-41 MSU 60 Stoplog Concrete A-41 MSU 61 Stoplog Concrete A-41 MSU 62 Stoplog Concrete A-41 MSU 63 Stoplog Concrete A-41 MSU 64 Overflow CMP Iron Pipe A-40 Pasture 65 Overflow CMP Iron Pipe Bluegill Pond 66 Overflow CMP Iron Pipe A-25 Pasture 729 67 Overflow CMP Stoplog Concrete IND Area 11 MSU Overflow CMP Stoplog Concrete 60 IN/ CMP 42 IN X 60 68 FT US Powder Pond 69 Overflow CMP Stoplog Concrete/CMP Heron Flats MSU 70 Overflow CMP Stoplog Concrete/CMP Observation Pond 71 Stoplog CMP Frog 72 Overflow CMP CMP Blue Heron Pond 73 12 IN CMP W/ Flap Gate East CO Bay MSU 74 Stoplog CONC 72 IN/ Culvert CONC 72 IN X 280 FT I-57 MSU 75 Overflow CMP CMP Diagraph SE A-22 76 Overflow CMP CMP Diagraph SW A-22 77 N/A Rocky Comfort Road 78 N/A Rocky Comfort Road 79 N/A Rocky Comfort Road 80 N/A Rocky Comfort Road 81 N/A Rocky Comfort Road 82 Gate Valve Sky Pond A-3 Pasture Glasco 83 Overflow CMP Concrete Wolf Creek Rd Waterfowl Display Pond 84 Spillway Concrete Spillway Little Creek Pond 85 Stoplog Concrete 5 FT/ CMP 4 FT X 40 FT Little Creek

Table B-3: Water control structures

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Appendix B : Management Units and Infrastructure

Id Dike Name Feet Road? Road Use 1 Heron Flats MSU 5874.3 yes service use only 2 Route 148 Observation Pond 386.3 yes service use only 3 A-28 Pasture Pond North 397.8 yes service use only 4 Wildlife Pond A-25 470.6 no N/A 5 A-29 East Pasture Pond 385.3 no N/A 6 A-29 West Pasture Pond 361.3 no N/A 7 A-32 East Impoundment 352.4 yes service use only 8 A-32 West Impoundment 224.9 no N/A 9 A-37 North Impoundment 421.4 yes service use only 10 A-37 Sourh Impoundment 321.4 yes service use only 11 A-40 Pasture Impoundment 521.7 no N/A 12 A-41 Impoundment 794.3 yes service use only 13 A-41 MSU 929.6 yes service use only 14 A-41 MSU 1224.2 yes service use only 15 A-41 MSU 3357.5 yes service use only 16 Ann Manns Impoundment 627.5 no N/A 17 North Prairie Impoundment 514.7 yes service use only 18 Bluegill Pond 443.2 no N/A 19 Blue Heron Pond 1043.0 yes service use only 20 C-13 Rocky Comfort Rd N Pond 183.1 no N/A 21 B-2 Carterville N Hunting 265.8 no N/A 22 A-22 Diagraph SW Pond 598.9 yes service use only 23 A-22 Diagraph SE Pond 401.5 yes service use only 24 East Crab Orchard Bay 3250.2 yes service use only 25 A-15 East Pasture Pond 342.8 no N/A 26 A-6 Pasture East Pond 190.9 yes service use only 27 A-11 Otter Pond 448.9 yes service use only 28 A-20 Frog Pond 397.7 yes service use only 29 B-2 Greenbriar CRP Demo Pond 350.9 yes service use only 30 B-2 Greenbriar South Pond 544.0 no N/A 31 B-3 Greenbriar Central Pond 264.5 no N/A 32 B-3 Greenbriar West Pond 346.2 no N/A 33 Honkers Corner East Pond 392.4 no N/A 34 Honkers Corner West Pond 239.7 no N/A 35 Little Creek Impoundment 1279.1 yes service use only 36 A-6 Pasture NW Pond 319.1 yes service use only 37 Pigeon Creek MSU N Cell 2101.3 yes service use only 38 Pigeon Creek MSU S Cell 852.2 yes public road S dike 39 Pigeon Creek West Pond 149.4 no N/A 40 Manager's Pond 278.1 no N/A 41 Sandpiper Slough MSU East 253.7 no N/A 42 Sandpiper Slough MSU West 315.1 no N/A

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Appendix B : Management Units and Infrastructure

43 Rocky Comfort Central Ponds 1061.8 no N/A 44 Rocky Comfort South Pond 533.1 no N/A 45 Sky Pond 417.1 no N/A 46 A-6 SE Interior Pond 228.3 yes service use only 47 A-6 South Pond 322.5 yes service use only 48 A-6 SW Pond 196.8 no N/A 49 TPIA Fish Rearing Pond 1 628.1 yes service use only 50 TPIA Fish Rearing Pond 2 491.7 yes service use only 51 TPIA Fish Rearing N Pond 747.4 yes service use only 52 US Powder Pond 611.6 yes service use only 53 A-16 Wildlife Pond 738.7 yes service use only 54 Turtle Pond South MSU 779.5 yes service use only 55 Wolf Creek Westgate Pond 571.4 yes service use only 56 Wolf Creek Waterfowl Display 198.9 no N/A 57 Wolf Creek N Hay Field Pond 224.4 no N/A 58 Turtle Pond North MSU 603.6 yes service use only Total length 40772.2 feet (7.7 miles)

Table B-4: Dikes

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Appendix B : Management Units and Infrastructure

Dikes WCSs

Figure B-2: Management units, structures, dikes, and ponds of CONWR

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Appendix B : Management Units and Infrastructure

Dikes WCSs

Figure B-3: Management units, structures, dikes, and ponds of CONWR

Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge —Water Resource Inventory and Assessment 86

Appendix B : Management Units and Infrastructure

Dikes WCSs

Figure B-4: Management units, structures, dikes, and ponds of CONWR

Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge – Water Resource Inventory and Assessment 87

Appendix B : Management Units and Infrastructure

Dikes WCSs

Figure B-5: Management units, structures, dikes, and ponds of CONWR

Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge —Water Resource Inventory and Assessment 88

Appendix B : Management Units and Infrastructure

Dikes WCSs

Figure B-6: Management units, structures, dikes, and ponds of CONWR

Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge – Water Resource Inventory and Assessment 89

Appendix B : Management Units and Infrastructure

Dikes WCSs

Figure B-7: Management units, structures, dikes, and ponds of CONWR

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Appendix B : Management Units and Infrastructure

Dikes WCSs

Figure B-8: Management units, structures, dikes, and ponds of CONWR

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Appendix B : Management Units and Infrastructure

Dike Dike Dike Pond/Reservoir Description Acres Outlet Pipe Township Range Section Quarter Length Height Width CRAB ORCHARD LAKE CAMBRIA NECK 6.13 0 0 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A WILDLIFE POND B- 0.08 0 0 0 N/A 9S 1E 8 SE NW WILDLIFE POND B- 0.05 0 0 0 N/A 9S 1E 7 SW SE CRAB ORCHARD LAKE WEST OF SPILLWAY ROAD 0.46 0 0 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A WILDLIFE POND A-3 HONKERS CORNER HAY FIELD WEST 0.83 210 6 12 N/A 9S 2E 18 NW SW WILDLIFE POND A-3 HONKERS CORNER HAY FIELD EAST 5.76 300 12 12 N/A 9S 2E 18 SE SW WILDLIFE POND B- 0.15 0 0 0 N/A 9S 1E 24 SE NE POND AT WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT 0.25 0 0 0 N/A 9S 2E 19 SW NW WILDLIFE POND A-12 0.14 240 4 6 N/A 9S 2E 22 SE NW NW WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT LAGOONS 5.27 2500 10 12 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 CONC DLS; 24 PIGEON CREEK MSU 16.22 3030 7 14 IN X 50 FT CMP 9S 2E 19 NE SW WILDLIFE POND A-12 PASTURE 1.56 260 8 12 SPILLWAY 9S 2E 22 SW NE WILDLIFE POND A-7 GATE VALVE HARMONY TRAIL 0.45 200 6 10 IRON 6 IN X 20 FT 9S 2E 19 SW NE VISITOR CENTER POND 40.25 800 18 12 N/A 9S 2E 20 SW CRAB ORCHARD CREEK WEST OF DAM 0.32 0 0 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A WILDLIFE POND A-6 PIGEON CREEK WEST 1.98 230 12 12 N/A 9S 2E 19 NW NE SW WILDLIFE POND A-13 PASTURE 0.22 175 4 10 N/A 9S 2E 21 NE SW WILDLIFE POND A-9 0.07 0 0 0 NONE 9S 2E 20 SE NE SE WASHED AWAY ISLAND NEAR DUCK ISLAND 0.03 0 0 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A WILDLIFE POND A-15 LITTLE 217.61 1320 5 160 N/A 9S 2E 27 + 22 N/A

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Appendix B : Management Units and Infrastructure

CREEK POND DITCH BELOW CRAB ORCHARD SPILLWAY 1.06 0 0 0 N/A 9S 1E 30 NW NW WILDLIFE POND A-11 0.34 200 10 10 N/A 9S 2E 28 NW NW NW WILDLIFE POND A-13 PASTURE 0.08 100 0 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A WILDLIFE POND A-15 0.10 150 6 10 N/A 9S 2E 27 NW NE NE WILDLIFE POND A-13 PASTURE 1.20 300 6 10 N/A 9S 2E 28 NE NW WILDLIFE POND IN FORMER PASTURE PINEY POINT 0.37 222 6 10 N/A 9S 1E 29 SE NE WILDLIFE POND A-13 PASTURE 0.24 210 4 16 N/A 9S 2E 28 NE NE WILDLIFE POND B- 0.08 140 8 10 N/A 9S 1E 30 SE NW WILDLIFE POND A-15 0.09 150 6 10 N/A 9S 2E 27 NW SE NE WASHED AWAY ISLAND IN CO LAKE W OF WOLF CREEK RD 0.55 0 0 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A WILDLIFE POND B-13 NORTH PRAIRIE POND 5.97 370 20 14 N/A 9S 1E 29 NW SW WASHED AWAY ISLAND IN CO LAKE E OF WOLF CREEK RD 0.16 0 0 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A WILDLIFE POND 0.05 0 0 0 N/A 9S 1E 30 NW SE WILDLIFE POND A-13 0.60 170 4 14 N/A 9S 2E 28 SE NE WILDLIFE POND A-13 0.64 600 4 16 N/A 9S 2E 28 NW SE WILDLIFE POND A-30 PASTURE 0.74 260 10 12 N/A 9S 1E 26 NE SW WILDLIFE POND A-32 0.22 200 5 10 N/A 9S 1E 34 NE NE NE WILDLIFE POND A-28 1.64 345 8 12 N/A 9S 1E 36 NE NW NW WILDLIFE POND A-33 6.63 400 16 14 N/A 9S 1E 35 W/2 NW/4 CRAB ORCHARD LAKE 4.65 0 0 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A WILDLIFE POND A-28 0.38 380 6 10 N/A 9S 1E 36 NE NW WILDLIFE POND A-33 0.02 100 8 10 N/A 9S 1E 35 NE SE NE WILDLIFE POND A-33 1.63 230 10 12 N/A 9S 1E 35 SW NE WILDLIFE POND A-33 0.33 150 8 10 N/A 9S 1E 35 NE SE NE WILDLIFE POND A-32 1.84 210 15 10 N/A 9S 1E 34 SE NW WILDLIFE POND A-28 3.46 800 10 12 N/A 9S 1E 36 SW NW

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Appendix B : Management Units and Infrastructure

WILDLIFE POND A-33 0.89 220 10 12 N/A 9S 1E 35 SE NW WILDLIFE POND A-32 3.48 230 15 12 N/A 9S 1E 34 NE SE WILDLIFE POND A-27 42 IN X 34 FT OBSERVATION POND 14.61 320 8 12 CMP; CONC DLS 9S 2E 31 N/2 SE/4 WILDLIFE POND A-28 5.31 420 10 12 N/A 9S 1E 36 NW SW CRAB ORCHARD LAKE 0.71 0 0 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A THE OXBOW 6.71 0 0 0 N/A 9S 2E 34 NE SW WILDLIFE POND A-34 0.29 280 8 12 N/A 9S 1E 35 NE SE WILDLIFE POND A-16 2.97 210 8 10 N/A 9S 2E 34 NE SW WILDLIFE POND A-16 BLUE HERON POND 22.64 700 18 14 N/A 9S 2E 34 SW SW WILDLIFE POND A-23 0.27 0 0 0 N/A 9S 2E 32 SW SW NATURAL POND/SLOUGH 0.70 0 0 0 N/A 9S 1E 35 SW SW CRAB ORCHARD LAKE MARSH 0.66 0 0 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A CRAB ORCHARD LAKE MARSH 2.00 0 0 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A WILDLIFE POND A-28 6.61 630 10 12 N/A 10S 1E 1 NW NW DITCH OR BORROW PIT W OF HERON FLATS MSU 0.41 0 0 0 N/A 10S 2E 6 NE NW WILDLIFE POND A-16 0.83 400 6 10 N/A 9S 2E 34 SE SE SW WILDLIFE POND 0.05 120 6 8 N/A 10S 1E 4 NWSW NW CRAB ORCHARD LAKE MARSH 2.00 0 0 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A CRAB ORCHARD LAKE MARSH 2.12 0 0 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A CITY OF MARION RESERVOIR 242.46 0 0 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A WILDLIFE POND A-28 2 OF 2 POLYGONS 0.19 0 0 0 N/A 10S 1E 1 NW NE WILDLIFE POND A-28 1 OF 2 POLYGONS 1.32 500 8 14 N/A 10S 1E 1 NW NE WILDLIFE POND A-37 0.07 0 0 0 N/A 10S 1E 2 SE NW NE WILDLIFE POND A-37 0.20 130 6 10 N/A 10S 1E 2 NW SE NW WILDLIFE POND A-28 6.98 600 12 12 N/A 10S 1E 1 SW NW WILDLIFE POND A-28 0.07 0 0 0 N/A 10S 1E 1 SW NW WILDLIFE POND A-34 1 OF 2 2.82 250 4 16 N/A 10S 1E 1 SW NW

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POLYGONS WILDLIFE POND 0.40 300 6 8 N/A 10S 1E 4 NE SW WILDLIFE POND A-28 0.02 0 0 0 N/A 10S 1E 1 SW NE BORROW PIT 0.12 0 0 0 N/A 10S 2E 6 SE NE WILDLIFE POND A-34 2 OF 2 POLYGONS 0.87 0 0 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A WILDLIFE POND A-37 3.23 330 10 16 N/A 10S 1E 2 NE SW WILDLIFE POND A-37 0.35 230 4 14 N/A 10S 1E 2 NE SE POOL IN SUGAR CREEK S OF OGDEN RD 0.14 0 0 0 N/A 10S 1E 1 NE SW WILDLIFE POND A-18A 0.66 240 12 10 N/A 10S 2E 4 NE SE WILDLIFE POND A-24 0.67 260 8 10 N/A 10S 2E 6 NW SW WILDLIFE POND A-37 0.22 250 5 14 N/A 10S 1E 2 NE SE WILDLIFE POND A-37 1 OF 2 POLYGONS 3.15 210 8 16 N/A 10S 1E 2 SW SE INDUSTRIAL AREA 11 ACID POND 0.77 900 10 10 N/A 10S 2E 6 SE SW WILDLIFE POND A-37 2 OF 2 POLYGONS 0.65 0 0 0 N/A 10S 1E 2 SW SE NUMEROUS GATE A-41 MSU 24.21 12300 5 10 VALVES/STOPLOG N/A N/A N/A N/A WILDLIFE POND 0.31 300 5 8 N/A 10S 1E 9 SE NW WILDLIFE POND A-41 1 OF 3 POLYGONS 52.03 520 25 20 N/A 10S 1E 11 E/2 WILDLIFE POND A-41 3 OF 3 POLYGONS 1.23 0 0 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A BORROW PIT A-38 0.10 0 0 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A BORROW PIT A-38 0.36 0 0 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A WILDLIFE POND A-22 2.09 350 6 14 N/A 10S 2E 8 NE NE WILDLIFE POND A-22 0.51 185 8 14 N/A 10S 2E 8 SW NE WILDLIFE POND A-41 2 OF 3 POLYGONS 2.98 0 0 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

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WILDLIFE POND A-25 US NW SW + SW POWDER POND 11.48 500 15 12 N/A 10S 2E 7 NW WILDLIFE POND A-22 0.03 0 0 0 N/A 10S 2E 8 SE NE WILDLIFE POND S OF SKYHAWK ROAD 0.33 200 6 10 N/A 10S 1E 8 SW SE WILDLIFE POND A-25 2.08 300 12 12 N/A 10S 2E 7 NW SW MARSH 0.33 0 0 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A WILDLIFE POND A-40 PASTURE 2.34 190 10 10 N/A 10S 1E 12 SW SW WILDLIFE POND A-39 BLUEGILL POND 6.39 370 12 12 N/A 10S 1E 12 SW SE WILDLIFE POND W OF CANEY BRANCH N OF GRASSY RD 0.33 0 0 0 N/A 10S 1E 14 NE NW NW CONCRETE SPILLWAY + LITTLE GRASSY LAKE 928.32 4600 50 30 EMERG SW 10S 1E N/A N/A WILDLIFE POND W OF CANEY BRANCH S OF GRASSY RD 0.08 0 0 0 N/A 10S 1E 15 NE SE CONCRETE SPILLWAY + DEVILS KITCHEN LAKE 720.03 1500 90 12 EMERG SW 10S 1E N/A N/A DEVILS KITCHEN LAKE SPILLWAY STILLING BASIN 0.17 0 0 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A WILDLIFE POND W OF ROCKY COMFORT RD 0.08 130 5 8 N/A 10S 1E 20 NE NE SE WILDLIFE POND W OF ROCKY COMFORT RD 0.20 222 10 8 N/A 10S 1E 20 NE SE GATE VALVE WILDLIFE POND C-16 1.41 110 12 12 IRON 12 IN 10S 1E 22 SW SE WILDLIFE POND W OF ROCKY COMFORT RD 0.18 150 4 6 N/A 10S 1E 29 NE NE WILDLIFE POND W OF DK LINE 6 0.83 300 8 8 N/A 10S 1E 27 SW NW WILDLIFE POND 0.04 140 6 6 N/A 10S 1E N/A NE SW SW WILDLIFE POND C-13 ROCKY 0.97 170 8 10 GATE VALVE 10S 1E 28 SW SW SW

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COMFORT ROAD IRON 12 IN WILDLIFE POND IN WILDERNESS 0.09 0 0 0 N/A 10S 1E 31 SE NE WILDLIFE POND IN WILDERNESS 0.27 0 0 0 N/A 10S 1E 31 SW SE WILDLIFE POND IN WILDERNESS 0.03 0 0 0 N/A 11S 1E 1 SE NE WILDLIFE POND IN WILDERNESS 0.03 0 0 0 N/A 11S 1E 2 NE NW CONCRETE SPILLWAY + CRAB ORCHARD LAKE 7309.14 5200 45 20 EMERG SW N/A N/A N/A N/A WILDLIFE POND A-1 MANAGER'S POND 2.24 180 12 10 N/A 9S 1E 14 NW SW WILDLIFE POND A-3 0.67 250 7 12 SPILLWAY 9s 1e 14 NE SE WILDLIFE POND A-4 JOB CORPS POND 0.92 230 0 0 N/A 9S 1E 23 NE NE WILDLIFE POND A-5 WATERFOWL DISPLAY POND 1.17 110 10 8 N/A 9S 1E 23 SE NE SE WILDLIFE POND A-6 0.97 200 8 14 N/A 9S 2E 30 NW NW WILDLIFE POND A-36 0.18 120 4 6 N/A 10S 1E 3 NE NW SE WILDLIFE POND A-35 0.62 230 10 10 N/A 10S 1E 2 SW SW NW WILDLIFE POND A-2 RAILROAD YARD 0.65 150 5 10 N/A 9S 1E 13 SW SE WILDLIFE POND A-6 WOLF CREEK ROAD EAST 0.22 150 5 10 N/A 9S 1E 24 SW NW SW WILDLIFE POND A-33 0.10 100 3 8 N/A 9S 1E 35 NE NE WILDLIFE POND A-1 0.09 190 4 8 N/A 9S 1E 14 NE SE WILDLIFE POND A-1 0.16 240 5 8 N/A 9S 1E 14 NW SE 10 IN X 70 FT CMP; HOOD WILDLIFE POND B-3 3.59 200 10 12 INLET 9S 1E 16 NE SE WILDLIFE POND B-3 0.51 0 0 0 N/A 9S 1E 16 SW NE

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GREENBRIAR DUGOUT POND WILDLIFE POND B-3 GREENBRIAR FIELD G POND #1 1.18 370 6 12 SPILLWAY 9S 1E 16 SE NW WILDLIFE POND B-12 LOST 40 0.24 70 8 10 N/A 9S 1E 31 SE NE WILDLIFE POND B-5 SCHAFLER POND DUGOUT 1.82 0 0 0 N/A 9S 1E 16 NW NW WILDLIFE POND C- SIU 2.28 550 10 12 N/A 11S 1E 5 NE NE WILDLIFE POND C- SIU 4.26 370 10 12 N/A 11S 1E 5 SW SE WILDLIFE POND C- SIU 1.30 330 8 10 N/A 11S 1E 5 NE SE WILDLIFE POND C- SIU 0.83 340 6 10 N/A 11S 1E 5 SW NE WILDLIFE POND C- SIU 0.34 250 6 10 N/A 11S 1E 5 SE SE WILDLIFE POND A-29 PASTURE 1.03 230 10 12 N/A 9S 1E 26 SW SE WILDLIFE POND A-30 0.36 90 4 8 N/A 9S 1E 26 SW SW SANDPIPER SLOUGH EAST 1.30 350 6 10 N/A 9S 2E 20 NE SE SE SANDPIPER SLOUGH WEST 0.88 440 5 10 N/A 9S 2E 20 SE SE 48 IN X 70 FT CMP; WCS 72 IN HERON FLATS MSU 71.82 5900 6 10 X 9S + 10S 2E 31 + 6 N/A WILDLIFE POND A-20 FROG POND 4.19 580 5 12 N/A 9S 2E 33 SW SW DIKE EAST CRAB ORCHARD 12 IN X 30 FT BAY 57.40 3210 6 16 CMP; FLAP GATE N/A N/A N/A N/A I-57 MSU 7.63 0 0 0 N/A 9S 2E 35 NW NW INDUSTRIAL AREA 11 MSU 5.19 410 6 12 N/A 10S 2E 7 W/2 NW WILDLIFE POND 1.39 400 10 12 N/A 10S 1E 1 NW NW ANN MANN POND 8.48 650 15 10 N/A 9S 1E 29 SW SW TAKE PRIDE IN AMERICA POND 1 8.20 700 8 12 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A TAKE PRIDE IN AMERICA POND 2 0.85 320 5 12 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A LAGOON CRAB ORCHARD CAMPGROUND 3.85 2400 3 8 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

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WILDLIFE POND A-3 PASTURE SKY POND 6.57 440 20 14 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A WILDLIFE POND A-33 0.42 210 6 10 N/A 9S 1E 35 SW SE NE WILDLIFE POND A-13 PASTURE 0.72 350 6 16 N/A 9S 2E 21 NE SW 36 IN X 70 FT N/A 0.00 0 11 14 CMP N/A N/A N/A N/A WILDLIFE POND B-8 NORTH 6 IN X 60 FT CMP; C'VILLE FIELD J POND #1 2.14 240 9 12 HOOD INLET 9S 1E 15 SW NE 12 IN X 30 FT CRP DEMO POND 0.43 440 6 12 CMP; STOPLOG N/A N/A N/A N/A DEVILS KITCHEN CAMPGROUND SEWAGE LAGOON 0.88 1000 3 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A WILDLIFE POND A-7 GATE VALVE HARMONY TRAIL 0.37 150 5 10 IRON 6 IN X 20 FT 9S 2E 19 NW SE WILDLIFE POND B-2 2.44 200 6 12 N/A 9S 1E 15 NE SE WILDLIFE POND C-12 SIU ROCKY COMFORT ROAD E 0.52 120 8 12 N/A 11S 1E 4 NW NW WILDLIFE POND A-16 0.02 0 0 0 N/A 9S 2E 34 SE SW WILDLIFE POND A-16 0.04 90 5 8 N/A 9S 2E 34 SE SW WILDLIFE POND A-16 0.04 100 5 10 N/A 9S 2E 34 SW SE SE WILDLIFE POND A-40 0.51 150 5 10 N/A 10S 1E 12 SW NW Total Acres 9950.54

Table B-5: Ponds and impoundments within CONWR

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Appendix B : Management Units and Infrastructure

Figure B-9: Structure elevations for the Little Creek Impoundment

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Appendix C : Relevant Water Monitoring Locations

Appendix C: Relevant Water Monitoring Locations

Description ID(s) and Link(s) Location Notes Owner Drainage Area: 792 square miles, Datum: 353.24 feet (NGVD29)/352.92 ft (NAVD 1988) Daily discharge data (1908-2016), water quality/ nutrient/ metals (1978-1980) Extremes: Prior to Rend Lake dam(Oct. 1970), Maximum USGS Illinois Big Muddy River at Latitude 37°53'29", Longitude USGS 05597000 discharge, 42,900 ft³/s, May 10, 1961; gage height, 34.67 ft, Water Science Plumfield, IL 89°01'10" NAD83 present datum, at site 0.8 mi upstream; no flow at times in 1908-9, Center 1914, 1936, 1940-41. Since Rend Lake dam, Maximum discharge, 14,200 ft³/s, May 1, 1996, gage height, 31.83 ft; maximum gage height, 34.68 ft, May 3, 2011, discharge, 12,400 ft³/s; minimum daily discharge, 6.8 ft³/s, Oct. 13, 1970. IL_EPA-N-11 Illinois Latitude 37.89145, Longitude - Extensive water quality/ water chemistry/ nutrient/ contaminant Big Muddy River Environmental 89.01973, NAD27 data (2003-2013) IL_EPA_WQX-N-11 Protection Agency USGS Illinois Big Muddy River near Latitude 37°59'38", Longitude Drainage Area: 502 square miles, Datum: 365.51 (NGVD29) USGS-05596000 Water Science Benton, IL 88°58'38" NAD83 Daily discharge data (1940-1970), Peak Streamflow (1946-2014) Center Illinois IL_EPA_WQX_N-06 Latitude 37.99383, Longitude - Water chemistry, water quality, nutrient samples (2003-2008/ Big Muddy River Environmental 88.9767, NAD27 2003-2013/ 2005) IL_EPA_N-06 Protection Agency Drainage Area: 31.7 square miles, Datum: 415.82 feet (NGVD29)/415.52 ft (NAVD 1988) Daily discharge data (1951-2016), water quality/ nutrient/ metals/ USGS Illinois Crab Orchard Creek near Latitude 37°43'52", Longitude USGS 05597500 water chemistry data (1974-1997) Water Science Marion, IL 88°53'21" NAD27 Extremes: Maximum discharge, 10,000 ft³/s, Mar. 19, 2008, from Center rating curve extended above 9,430 ft³/s, gage height, 13.74 ft; no flow for many days in most years. IL_EPA_WQX-ND- Illinois 04 Latitude 37.7318, Longitude - Extensive water quality/ water chemistry/ nutrient/ contaminant Crab Orchard Creek Environmental 88.88844, NAD27 data (2003-2013) IL_EPA-ND-04 Protection Agency

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USGS Illinois Water Science Drainage Area: 2,159 square miles, Datum: 335.50 feet Center, US Army (NGVD29)/ 335.2 ft (NAVD 1988) Corps of Big Muddy River at rte 127 at Latitude 37°45'30", Longitude USGS 05599490 Daily discharge data (1970-2015), Annual peak discharge (1916- Engineers St. Murphysboro, IL 89°19'40" NAD83 2014), Continuous temperature, sp. Conduct, DO, pH, nutrient, Louis District, turbidity data (2015-present) Illinois Environmental Protection Agency

USGS 05599490 is part of the National Weather Service's Big Muddy River at Latitude 37°45'30", Longitude MURI2 Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service NOAA Murphysboro 89°19'40" NAD83 Datum: 335.50 feet (NGVD29)/ 335.2 ft (NAVD 1988)

USGS Illinois Drainage Area: 2,169 square miles, Datum: 335.50 feet Water Science (NGVD29)/ 335.2 ft (NAVD 1988) Big Muddy River at Latitude 37°44'53", Longitude Center, US Army USGS 05599500 Daily discharge data (1916-2007), Cnotinuous sediment data Murphysboro, IL 89°20'48" NAD83 Corps of (1980-1997), nutrient, water chemistry, water quality, metals, Engineers St. contaminant data (1970-1982) Louis District Elevation: 132m. Hourly weather data is transmitted via GOES to assist land management agencies with air quality monitoring, fire Latitude: 37.679167; Longitude: - Crab Orchard, IL COWI2 (RAWS) risk assessment, and research applications. Precipitation, wind BLM/NOAA 89.002778 speed and direction, temperature, humidity, and other datasets are available from November 2002-present.

Elevation: 495 ft. USFWS-operated stage data (bubbler sensor). Devils Kitchen Lake near DKLI2 (HADS) Latitude: N 37°38'34", Longitude: W Additional data parameters available. Data in July 2015 is missing USFWS Marion 11WSW, IL 89°06'09" because of datalogger malfunctions.

Stage site

Little Grassy Lake near LGLI2 (HADS) Latitude: N N 37°38'35", Longitude: W Elevation: 495 ft. USFWS-operated stage data (bubbler sensor). USFWS Marion 13WSW, IL 89°08'27" Stage site

DKLI2 (HADS) Crab Orchard Lake near Latitude: N 37°42'51", Longitude: W Elevation: 450 ft. USFWS-operated stage data (bubbler sensor) USFWS Marion , IL Stage site 89°08'55"

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Part of the Hydro-Climatic Data Network. Drainage area: 88.0 square miles Datum: 412.00 feet (NGVD29)/ 411.64 ft (NAVD 1988) USGS Illinois Rayse Creek near Latitude 38°15'14", Longitude USGS 05595730 Daily discharge data (1979-2016), Water chemistry, Water quality Water Science Waltonville, IL 89°02'26" NAD83 data (1977-1997) Center Extremes: Maximum discharge, 21,200 ft³/s, Nov. 14, 1993, gage height, 17.73 ft; no flow at times in most years. Part of the Hydro-Climatic Data Network. Drainage area: 42.9 square miles Datum: 360.42 feet (NGVD29)/ 360.17 ft (NAVD 1988) Daily discharge data (1967-2016), Continuous sediment data (1980-1981), Nutrient data (1977-2013), Metals (1980-2013), Water quality, (1978-2013), Pesticides (2013). Maximum discharge, 16,100 ft³/s, Aug. 24, 1985, from rating curve USGS Illinois Latitude 37°28'21.3", Longitude Lusk Creek near Eddyville, IL USGS 03384450 extended above 23.5 ft, based on contracted-opening Water Science 88°32'51.7" NAD83 measurement, gage height, 27.78 ft; no flow for several days in Center most years. Suspended sediment concentrations: Maximum daily mean, 299 mg/L May 18, 1981; minimum daily mean, 0 mg/L on many days each year. Suspended sediment loads: Maximum daily, 2,340 tons May 18, 1981; minimum daily, 0 ton on many days each year. 25.5 feet deep, drilled in 1997. LS elevation: 450 feet. Drilled in ICN Shallow Groundwater Pennsylvanian shale. Depth to water data (1998-present). Illinois State Station No. 11 Network-Carbondale Site Associated climate station: Water Survey http://www.isws.illinois.edu/warm/climnet/stationmeta.asp?site=SIU 07709S01W31 (S.I.U Ag Research Farm) Long-term intermittent water level data (3-year rotations April-Oct, 1994-2013) and water quality, chemistry, and nutrient data (1999- Latitude 37.643892, Longitude - present retained in WRIA database. Data prior to 1999 accessible Little Grassy Site 1 RNK-1 Illinois EPA 89.137782, NAD27 through EPA STORET). Part of the IL EPA ambient Lake Monitoring Program. 5-year rotations, samples collected April- October. Long-term intermittent water level data (3-year rotations April-Oct, 1994-2013) and water quality, chemistry, and nutrient data (1999- Latitude 37.628615, Longitude - present retained in WRIA database. Data prior to 1999 accessible Little Grassy Site Site 2 RNK-2 Illinois EPA 89.144726, NAD27 through EPA STORET). Part of the IL EPA ambient Lake Monitoring Program. 5-year rotations, samples collected April- October.

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Long-term intermittent water level data (3-year rotations April-Oct, 1994-2013) and water quality, chemistry, and nutrient data (1999- Latitude 37.618615, Longitude - present retained in WRIA database. Data prior to 1999 accessible Little Grassy Site Site 3 RNK-3 Illinois EPA 89.131671, NAD27 through EPA STORET). Part of the IL EPA ambient Lake Monitoring Program. 5-year rotations, samples collected April- October. Long-term intermittent water level data (3-year rotations April-Oct, 1994-2013) and water quality, chemistry, and nutrient data (1999- Latitude 37.643892, Longitude - present retained in WRIA database. Data prior to 1999 accessible Little Grassy Site Site 4 RNK-4 Illinois EPA 89.137782, NAD27 through EPA STORET). Part of the IL EPA ambient Lake Monitoring Program. 5-year rotations, samples collected April- October. Long-term intermittent water level data (3-year rotations April-Oct, 1994-2013) and water quality, chemistry, and nutrient data (1999- Latitude 37.641948, Longitude - present retained in WRIA database. Data prior to 1999 accessible Devil's Kitchen Site 1 RNJ-1 Illinois EPA 89.10556, NAD27 through EPA STORET). Part of the IL EPA ambient Lake Monitoring Program. 5-year rotations, samples collected April- October. Long-term intermittent water level data (3-year rotations April-Oct, 1994-2013) and water quality, chemistry, and nutrient data (1999- Latitude 37.625837, Longitude - present retained in WRIA database. Data prior to 1999 accessible Devil's Kitchen Site 2 RNJ-2 Illinois EPA 89.092781, NAD27 through EPA STORET). Part of the IL EPA ambient Lake Monitoring Program. 5-year rotations, samples collected April- October. Long-term intermittent water level data (3-year rotations April-Oct, 1994-2013) and water quality, chemistry, and nutrient data (1999- Latitude 37.608892, Longitude - present retained in WRIA database. Data prior to 1999 accessible Devil's Kitchen Site 3 RNJ-3 Illinois EPA 89.081392, NAD27 through EPA STORET). Part of the IL EPA ambient Lake Monitoring Program. 5-year rotations, samples collected April- October. Long-term intermittent water level data (3-year rotations April-Oct, 1994-2013) and water quality, chemistry, and nutrient data (1999- Latitude 37.60667, Longitude - present retained in WRIA database. Data prior to 1999 accessible Devil's Kitchen Site 4 RNJ-4 Illinois EPA 89.081392, NAD27 through EPA STORET). Part of the IL EPA ambient Lake Monitoring Program. 5-year rotations, samples collected April- October.

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Long-term intermittent water level data (3-year rotations April-Oct, 1994-2013) and water quality, chemistry, and nutrient data (1999- Latitude 37.722226, Longitude - present retained in WRIA database. Data prior to 1999 accessible Crab Orchard Site 1 RNA-1 Illinois EPA 89.144448, NAD27 through EPA STORET). Part of the IL EPA ambient Lake Monitoring Program. 5-year rotations, samples collected April- October. Long-term intermittent water level data (3-year rotations April-Oct, 1994-2013) and water quality, chemistry, and nutrient data (1999- Latitude 37.719726, Longitude - present retained in WRIA database. Data prior to 1999 accessible Crab Orchard Site 2 RNA-2 Illinois EPA 89.088615, NAD27 through EPA STORET). Part of the IL EPA ambient Lake Monitoring Program. 5-year rotations, samples collected April- October. Long-term intermittent water level data (3-year rotations April-Oct, 1994-2013) and water quality, chemistry, and nutrient data (1999- Latitude 37.696392, Longitude - present retained in WRIA database. Data prior to 1999 accessible Crab Orchard Site 3 RNA-3 Illinois EPA 89.039449, NAD27 through EPA STORET). Part of the IL EPA ambient Lake Monitoring Program. 5-year rotations, samples collected April- October. Long-term intermittent water level data (3-year rotations April-Oct, 1994-2013) and water quality, chemistry, and nutrient data (1999- Latitude 37.701115, Longitude - present retained in WRIA database. Data prior to 1999 accessible Crab Orchard Site 4 RNA-4 Illinois EPA 89.009726, NAD27 through EPA STORET). Part of the IL EPA ambient Lake Monitoring Program. 5-year rotations, samples collected April- October. Interpolation by Northwest Alliance PRISM (37.7034, - Crab Orchard NWR- Representative of PRISM gridcell Point represents larger grid cell from PRISM interpolation for Computational 89.0765) larger grid cell from PRISM interpolation Science & Engineering Carbondale Sewage Plant, IL station no. 705402 Carbondale, IL NCEI Station. Elevation: 118.9m NOAA NCDC Du Quoin 4 SE, IL station no. 112483 Du Quoin, IL USHCN station. Elevation 128 Meters NOAA NCDC

Table C-1: Water monitoring stations particularly relevant to CONWR management

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Appendix D : Water Monitoring Data

Appendix D: Water Monitoring Data

USGS 05597500 Crab Orchard Creek near Marion, IL 2 10 20 50 100 500 100000 80000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000

10000 8000

6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 discharge(cfs) 1000 800 600 500 400 300 200

100 99.99 99.8 99 98 95 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 5 2 1 .5 .2 .1 .05 .01 Exceedance Probability plot position: Weibull recurrence interval = 100/probability

Figure D-1: Discharge exceedance probabilities for Crab Orchard Creek near Marion, IL (USGS 05597500)

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Appendix D : Water Monitoring Data

Recurrence Q Q5 Q95 (years) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs) 1000 23,185 36,925 16,277

500 19,245 29,747 13,807

200 14,808 21,957 10,945

100 11,963 17,161 9,054

50 9,505 13,168 7,373

25 7,388 9,866 5,878

20 6,772 8,933 5,433

10 5,040 6,393 4,151

5 3,551 4,329 2,996

3.333 2,773 3,307 2,364

2.5 2,252 2,652 1,926

2 1,859 2,176 1,587

1.667 1,538 1,799 1,304

1.429 1,260 1,479 1,054

1.250 1,002 1,188 821

1.111 733 889 580

1.053 570 706 436

1.020 432 550 318

1.010 361 467 258

Table D-1: Discharge recurrence intervals for Crab Orchard Creek near Marion, IL

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Appendix D : Water Monitoring Data

USGS 05599490 BIG MUDDY RIVER AT RTE 127 AT MURPHYSBORO, IL 2 10 20 50 100 500 100000 80000

60000 50000 40000

30000

20000

10000 8000 flow (cfs) 6000 5000 4000

3000

2000

1000

99.99 7.090 99.8 99 98 95 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 5 2 1 .5 .2 .1 .05 .01 exceedance probability plot position: Weibull recurrence interval = 100/probability

Figure D-2: Discharge exceedance probabilities for Big Muddy River at rte. 127 at Murphysboro, IL

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Appendix D : Water Monitoring Data

recurrence Q Q5 Q95 (years) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs) 1000 60,204 76,370 49,837 500 54,970 68,898 45,917 200 48,176 59,354 40,760 100 43,118 52,377 36,865 50 38,116 45,596 32,956 25 33,145 38,993 29,006 20 31,546 36,901 27,719 10 26,551 30,479 23,638 5 21,432 24,110 19,333 3.333 18,297 20,342 16,613 2.5 15,944 17,596 14,517 2 13,989 15,377 12,734 1.667 12,250 13,451 11,113 1.429 10,603 11,670 9,551 1.250 8,928 9,893 7,943 1.111 6,996 7,870 6,081 1.053 5,693 6,508 4,836 1.020 4,490 5,242 3,706 1.010 3,822 4,530 3,090 Table D-2: Discharge recurrence intervals for Big Muddy River at rte. 127 at Murphysboro, IL

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Appendix D : Water Monitoring Data

Rank Historic crests Low water level records 1 40.47 ft on 05/03/2011 1.80 ft on 08/01/1964 2 40.45 ft on 05/02/2011 3.09 ft on 08/30/2012 3 40.42 ft on 05/02/2011 3.15 ft on 07/25/2012 4 40.40 ft on 04/29/2011 3.15 ft on 09/15/2005 5 39.03 ft on 05/12/1961 3.17 ft on 08/14/2005 6 37.65 ft on 05/02/1996 3.18 ft on 11/01/2000 7 37.19 ft on 03/23/2008 3.19 ft on 01/02/2000 8 36.85 ft on 05/05/1983 3.58 ft on 06/30/2012 9 36.11 ft on 01/02/2016 3.78 ft on 10/16/2006 10 35.60 ft on 11/19/1993 3.90 ft on 06/11/2000

Table D-3: Historic crests and low water level records for Big Muddy River at rte. 127 at Murphysboro, IL (NOAA 2016)

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Appendix D : Water Monitoring Data

Figure D-3: Stage Graph for COL

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Appendix D : Water Monitoring Data

Figure D-4: Stage Graph for LGL

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Appendix D : Water Monitoring Data

Figure D-5: Stage graph for DKL (Figure courtesy of USFWS)

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Appendix E : Additional CERCLA Cleanup Information

Appendix E: Additional CERCLA Cleanup Information

Figure E-1: CERCLA Superfund investigation sediment and water sampling locations

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Appendix E : Additional CERCLA Cleanup Information

Figure E-2: CONWR Operable Units and contaminants of concern

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Appendix E : Additional CERCLA Cleanup Information

Figure E-3: CERCLA sites and areas within the former Illinois Ordinance Plant Area at CONWR

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Appendix F : Point Sources and Toxic Release Inventory Information

Appendix F: Point Sources and Toxic Release Inventory Information

Figure F-1: Likely nutrient point sources near CONWR (including NPDES permit sites)

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Appendix F : Point Sources and Toxic Release Inventory Information

Maximum Minimum Maximum total ammonia ammonia phosphorus Facility Name Facility Type Permit Type permit permit permit limits limits limits (kg/day) (kg/day) (kg/day) San Pat Apartments Non-Publicly Owned Treatment Works General Permit Covered Facility ------Verizon Communications- Marion Non-Publicly Owned Treatment Works NPDES Individual Permit 0.018 .14 -- Williamson County Airport Non-Publicly Owned Treatment Works General Permit Covered Facility ------John A Logan College Non-Publicly Owned Treatment Works NPDES Individual Permit ------M&M Rentals Mhp Non-Publicly Owned Treatment Works General Permit Covered Facility ------Reed Station Mhp Non-Publicly Owned Treatment Works General Permit Covered Facility ------Crainville Stp Publicly Owned Treatment Works General Permit Covered Facility ------Marion Southeast Stp Publicly Owned Treatment Works NPDES Individual Permit 61.22 163.27 40.82 Crab Orchard Grade & Hs #3-Stp Non-Publicly Owned Treatment Works NPDES Individual Permit .073 .18 -- Crab Orchard Estates-Hughes Non-Publicly Owned Treatment Works NPDES Individual Permit .027 .06 -- Doi-Little Grassy Campground Federal NPDES Individual Permit ------Il Dnr-Ltl Grassy Fish Hatchry Non-Publicly Owned Treatment Works NPDES Individual Permit ------Pittsburg Stp Publicly Owned Treatment Works General Permit Covered Facility ------Us Federal Penitentiary-Marion Non-Publicly Owned Treatment Works General Permit Covered Facility ------City of Carterville Publicly Owned Treatment Works NPDES Individual Permit 5.90 15.87 -- Country Village Apartments Non-Publicly Owned Treatment Works NPDES Individual Permit .086 .23 -- United Methodist Camp Non-Publicly Owned Treatment Works NPDES Individual Permit .086 .23 -- Carbondale Southeast Stp Publicly Owned Treatment Works NPDES Individual Permit 70.75 189.12 -- SI Bowling & Recreation Center Non-Publicly Owned Treatment Works NPDES Individual Permit 0.14 .32 -- Us Federal Penitentiary-Marion Federal NPDES Individual Permit 6.35 16.33 4.13 Crab Orchard Park Mhp Non-Publicly Owned Treatment Works General Permit Covered Facility ------Perma Treat Of Illinois Inc Non-Publicly Owned Treatment Works General Permit Covered Facility ------Marion Water Treatment Plant Non-Publicly Owned Treatment Works General Permit Covered Facility ------Table F-1: Likely nutrient point sources near CONWR, and numeric nutrient thresholds where applicable

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Appendix F : Point Sources and Toxic Release Inventory Information

Figure F-2: Toxic release inventory for CONWR

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Division of Natural Resources and Conservation Planning, Region 3 5600 American Blvd. West, Suite 990 Bloomington, MN 55437-1458

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service http://www.fws.gov

Region 3, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service http://www.fws.gov/midwest

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