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Big Muddy River Bottoms Habitat Improvement

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Big Muddy River Bottoms Habitat Improvement Environmental Assessment BIG MUDDY RIVER BOTTOMS HABITAT IMPROVEMENT United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service April 2005 The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. For Information Contact: National Environmental Policy Act Coordinator The Shawnee National Forest 50 Hwy 145 South, Harrisburg, IL 62946 (618) 253-7114 This document can be accessed on the Shawnee National Forest website at www.fs.fed.us/r9/forests/shawnee. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. SUMMARY…………………………………………………………….. ……. 4 II. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………… 5 Document Structure………………………………………………………………. 5 Purpose of and Need for Action………………………………………………….. 7 Proposed Action………………………………………………………………….. 8 Decision Framework……………………………………………………………… 8 Public Involvement……………………………………………………………….. 8 Issues and Scope of the Environmental Assessment……………………………… 12 III. ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION…………. 12 Alternative 1……………………………………………………………………….. 12 Alternative 2……………………………………………………………………….. 12 Alternative 3……………………………………………………………………….. 13 Alternatives Considered but Not Analyzed in Detail……………………………… 13 Comparison of Alternatives……………………………………………………….. 14 IV. AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES………………………………………………………………. 14 Water and Soils……………………………………………………………………. 15 Air…………………………………………………………………………………. 20 Vegetation…………………………………………………………………………. 23 Terrestrial Wildlife………………………………………………………………… 28 Aquatic Wildlife…………………………………………………………………… 39 Heritage Resources……………………………………………………………….... 42 Recreation………………………………………………………………………….. 42 V. REFERENCES………………………………………………………………. 43 3 I. SUMMARY The Shawnee National Forest (Forest) proposes to establish a series of shallow-water impoundments and additional greentree reservoir, and to perform timber-stand improvements, prescribed burning and selective planting to maintain oak-dominated bottomland forest and restore wetlands in the bottoms of the Big Muddy River. The project is located in the bottoms of the Big Muddy River approximately eight miles south of Murphysboro in Jackson County, Illinois. It is within the Jonesboro-Murphysboro Ranger District of the Forest. This action is needed because the hard-mast–producing forests in the project area and the area’s shallow wetlands have deteriorated to the point where they are no longer able to meet the objectives detailed in the Forest’s 1992 land and resource management plan (Plan). Without these improvements, the area’s wetlands would continue to diminish in both acreage and habitat value and bottomland oak- and hickory-dominated flatlands would continue to be replaced by elm-ash-maple forest. This would result in a reduction in hard mast and the production of a more closed (and, therefore, shade-producing) canopy which would, in turn, reduce the area’s biodiversity. The overall result would be diminished recreational, wildlife and overall forest management opportunities. In addition to the proposed action, the following alternatives were considered: • No action—continuing to manage the area under current plans without any of the proposed actions. • Proposed actions without thinning activities in Unit #17 • Clearcutting; • Additional (expanded) or less regeneration activities; • Single-tree selection/uneven age management; • Replanting as trees die naturally, and; • Proposed action without prescribed fire and without timber-stand improvement. The deciding official for this project will review information on the proposed action, its purpose and need and the action(s)’ potential beneficial and adverse effects and decide whether or not to implement the proposed action or one of its alternatives. 4 II. INTRODUCTION The Big Muddy River Bottoms Habitat Improvement project area is located in Jackson and Union Counties, Illinois on the Jonesboro-Murphysboro Ranger District of the Shawnee National Forest (Figure 1). The analysis area is about eight miles southwest of Murphysboro, Illinois: In Jackson County, T9S, R3W, Sections 17, 20, 29, 32, 33, 34 and 35 and T10S, R3W, Sections 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 27, 28, 29 and 33; and in Union County, T11S, R3W, Sections 4, 5 and 9. The subject of this environmental assessment is a project aimed at mitigating the loss of bottomland hardwoods and other wetland resources in the project area. These actions include establishment of shallow-water impoundments, application of management actions to restore the viability of pin oak forests, and establishment of additional bottomland hardwood areas to mitigate losses due to flooding. A. Document Structure The Forest Service has prepared this environmental assessment in compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and other relevant federal and state laws and regulations. This document describes direct, indirect and cumulative impacts that could occur if the proposed action or its alternatives were implemented. The document is organized into four sections: • Introduction: Describes the purpose of and need for the project and the agency’s proposal for achieving that purpose and need. It also describes the process through which the Forest Service informed the public of proposed actions and how the public responded. • Comparison of Alternatives, Including the Proposed Action: Provides a detailed description of the agency’s proposed action and alternatives to it. These alternatives were developed based on issues raised by the public and other agencies. The section also includes performance standards for the actions. • Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences: Describes the environmental effects of implementing the proposed action or its alternatives. The section is organized by resource area. For each resource area, the affected environment and the anticipated effects of the no-action alternative are described first to provide a baseline for analysis. The effects of the proposed action and other action alternatives are then compared to this baseline. • Agencies and Persons Consulted: This section lists the agencies and individuals consulted during preparation of this environmental assessment. Additional project documentation is included in the project record located at the Jonesboro- Murphysboro Ranger District Station, 521 N. Main St., Jonesboro, Illinois. 5 Figure 1. Big Muddy River Bottoms Habitat Improvement project area. 6 B. Purpose of and Need for Action The Big Muddy River Bottoms Habitat Improvement project area, shown on Figure 1, is an important component of both the Shawnee National Forest (Forest) and the Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV) flyway. The Big Muddy river bottomlands constitute one of the largest continuous bottomland hardwood tracts in southern Illinois. The presence of this plant association increases the diversity of floral and faunal habitats within the Forest. The 3,400-acre Oakwood Bottoms Greentree Reservoir was established in part of the project area during the 1960’s to provide habitat for migrating waterfowl as a functional part of the Mississippi River flyway (Reference 1). Vegetation in the project area has been heavily influenced by human activities. Dendrological and anthropological data and pollen and charcoal profile studies all indicate that fire played an important management role in the area in pre-historic times. During the late 1800’s and early 1900’s the area was ditched, drained, timbered, cleared, burned, farmed and grazed. Throughout the area, fire was frequently used to clear land and impede growth of vegetation considered undesirable for agricultural purposes. Fire was a major determinant of tree-species composition in the area. Growth of the shade-tolerant tree components of southern Illinois bottomland forests, such as elm, maple and ash, was suppressed by frequent fires that favored the growth of more fire-tolerant and shade-intolerant trees, such as oaks and hickories. Eventually, four primary forest community-types dominated the area: shagbark hickory, pin oak, pin oak- cherrybark oak and pin oak-red maple, with pin oak the dominant tree species over most of the area (References 1, 7, 12, 15). In Oakwood Bottoms, the forest has a mature and, in some cases, overmature, pin oak overstory with a maple-elm-ash midstory and thousands of pin oak seedlings (generally ranging from 2,000 to 300,000 per acre) on the forest floor. Since the Forest Service acquired the area, fire and other factors that favored the development of pin oak forest have been largely eliminated. The condition of the oak overstory is rapidly declining. In many areas 20 to 100 percent of the overstory trees have died of old age and stress from a combination of overcrowding, insects, disease and water damage from the extensive and long-duration floods of 1993 and 1995. In spite of the fact that, in many parts of the project area, sufficient seed source exists to produce
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