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Water and Land Resources of the Crab Orchard Lake Basin

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BULLETIN NO. 42 1954 STATE OF ILLINOIS WILLIAM G. STRATTON, Governor Wafer and Land Resources of the Crab Orchard Lake Basin J. B. Stall, J. B. Fehrenbacher, L J. Bartelli, G. O. Walker, E. L. Sauer and S. W. Melsted A Cooperative Study by Illinois State Water Survey Division; Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Illinois; Soil Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture; Southern Illinois University; and Fish and Wildlife Service, United States Department of Interior. DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION VERA M. BINKS, Director STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION A. M. BUSWELL, Chief (Printed by the authority of the State of Illinois) CONTENTS Page SUMMARY i GENERAL Introduction 1 Need for Data 1 Illinois Sedimentation Program 2 Need for This Report 2 Scope of Investigations 4 Crab Orchard Lake Survey. 4 Surveys of Tributary Lakes 4 Watershed Survey 4 Watershed Treatment Program 4 Sediment Samples 4 Water Samples 5 Acknowledgment 5 Fish and Wildlife Service 5 Southern Illinois University 5 State Water Survey Division 5 Soil Conservation Service 5 Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station 5 Others 6 CRAB ORCHARD LAKE History 6 Early Discussions 6 Project Proposal and Authorization 8 Auxiliary Lakes 9 Reservoir Construction 10 Administration of the Crab Orchard Project 10 General Information 11 Dam 11 Crab Orchard Lake 11 Methods of Survey 11 Range System 11 Measurement of Sediment 14 Bank Erosion Profiles 14 Survey Markers 18 Sedimentation in the Reservoir 18 Summary of Data 18 Typical Cross Sections 18 Bank Erosion 19 Bank Erosion Profiles 20 Distribution Sediment. 21 Sediment Characteristics 22 TRIBUTARY LAKES Little Grassy Lake 23 Description 23 Methods of Survey 23 Range System 23 Measurement of Sediment 23 Sedimentation In The Reservoir 23 Other Lake Surveys In The Region 23 WATER SUPPLY POTENTIALITIES OF THE CRAB ORCHARD LAKE SYSTEM Present Water Use 25 Desirability of Further Water Supply Development 25 Treatment Facilities 26 Mineral Quality 27 Evaporation 27 Water Use By Cities 28 Maximum Supply Available 29 Operating Principles of a Reservoir 29 Stream Flow Variability 29 Draft Studies 29 Supply Available 30 Future Use of the Lake 30 WATERSHED Physical Aspects 31 Introduction 31 Physiography 31 Slopes 31 Erosion 31 Soil Associations 31 Map 31 Soil Association A1 35 Soil Association A2 35 Soil Association B1 37 Soil Association B2 37 Soil Association C1 38 Soil Association C2 38 Soil Association D 39 Soil Association E 39 Land Use 39 Present 39 Capabilities 40 Sources of Sediment 40 General Indications 40 Gross Erosion 41 WATERSHED TREATMENT PROGRAM Scope of Program 45 Feasibility 45 Changes in Land Use 45 Conservation Measures 45 Probable Soil Loss Under This Program 47 Economics of Soil Conservation 48 Land Use History 48 Present and Recommended Land Use 49 Yields Production and Income 49 Before Conservation 49 After Conservation 49 Cost of Establishing Conservation 50 Increased Value of Crop Production 50 i SUMMARY 9. A water treatment plant having a capacity of two million gallons per day was constructed at Crab 1. Crab Orchard Lake is located in southern Orchard Lake during World War II to serve the needs Illinois in Williamson County. Construction was of the Illinois Ordnance Plant which was developed authorized in 1936 for the federal Resettlement in this area. This treatment plant now serves indus• Administration as part of the Crab Orchard Project tries in the former ordnance plant buildings. for Land Utilization. The lake was completed in 1940 and was constructed by the Works Progress 10. The total average annual evaporation in the Administration and the Soil Conservation Service for: Crab Orchard Lake area is estimated to be 40 inches. (1) work relief (2) recreational purposes (3) a mi• This average evaporation is expected to vary from gratory waterfowl refuge and (4) conservation of 0.9 inches in January to 6.3 inches in July. water, soil and forestry. 11. Mineral analysis of monthly water samples ob• 2. The 1951 sedimentation survey of this lake tained from Crab Orchard Lake in 1952 show median showed a capacity loss of 0.43 per cent per year. In values in parts per million for the following con• 11.2 years the lake had lost 4.84 per cent of the stituents: Iron, 1.6; manganese, 1.0; alkalinity, 34; original capacity. The original storage capacity of sulfate, 112; hardness, 120 and total mineral con• 23,054. million gallons had been reduced to 21,938 tent, 200. million gallons by 1951. (12/ Since the completion of Crab Orchard Lake 3. The lake has a contributing drainage area of the cities of Carbondale, Herrin and Marion have 171 square miles exclusive of smaller lakes and their found it necessary to construct pipe lines from their watersheds located within the basin. The sedimenta• respective municipal treatment facilities to Crab tion survey showed that the sediment deposited in the Orchard Lake. In 1953 these cities were using a total lake amounted to 2.8 tons per acre per year from of 42 million gallons per day of water from Crab the watershed. Orchard Lake in addition to supplies from their municipal reservoirs. 4. The sediment has been deposited rather evenly in all parts of the lake; no significant deltas have 13. A study of stream flow variability indicates formed at the two major inlets. The average specif ic that Crab Orchard Lake could furnish a total con• weight of sediment deposited in the lake is 47.5 tinuous draft of 43 million gallons per day if it were pounds per cubic foot. permissible to draw the water level down 22 feet below the spillway crest, which would virtually 5. Erosion from the lake banks has contributed empty the lake. The water level may be drawn down 8.6 per cent of the total sediment in the lake. The two feet by evaporation losses alone. The study in• remaining 91.4 per cent of the sediment has entered dicates further that if it were permissible to draw the lake from watershed sources upstream. the water level in the lake down 10 feet below spill• way crest the lake could furnish a continuous draft 6. Physical and chemical characteristics of the of 26 million gallons per day. lake sediment indicate that sheet erosion in the watershed is the main source of sediment. Gully 14. Little Grassy Lake could furnish a total con• erosion is a secondary source. The lake sediment ran tinuous draft of about 8.5 million gallons per day if as high in pH as 6.1. The reaction of the upland it were permissible to draw the water level down 50 soils of the watershed in their natural state is medium feet below the spillway crest elevation. The proposed to strongly acid, pH 5.0 to 5.5. Devils Kitchen Lake could furnish a total draft of about 11 million gallons per day if it were permis• 7. Little Grassy Lake was constructed on a trib• sible to empty this lake at the end of an extreme utary to Crab Orchard Lake and was completed in dry period. March 1942. A reconnaissance sedimentation survey of this lake in 1951 showed that the storage capacity 15. If the present and future maximum drawdowns of the reservoir had been reduced from 8,540 million of Crab Orchard Lake were limited to 8 feet, the gallons to 8,417 million gallons or 1.44 per cent in lake could furnish approximately 20 million gallons 9.3 years. per day under continuous draft at the present time. This possible draft will be reduced to 14 million gallons by the year 2000 A. D. under the present rate 8. Reconnaissance sedimentation surveys of six of silting. smaller tributary reservoirs in the Crab Orchard Lake basin showed annual losses due to silting varying 16. The land area in the Crab Orchard Lake basin from 0.28 per cent per year to 1.3 per cent per year. amounts to 185 square miles. Two distinctive types ii of topography are present. The southern portion in tons per acre per year. The greatest soil loss occurs general has greater elevation and rougher topography in the 9,485 acres of soil association area C2. Here than the northern portion. Nearly half of the water• it is estimated that the soil loss averages 15 tons per shed area has a slope of less than four per cent while acre per year. nearly 20 per cent of the land in the watershed has a slope greater than 12 per cent. 25. The Little Grassy Lake watershed of 15 square miles in soil associations Al and A2 has a calculated 17. A detailed soil survey of Crab Orchard Lake average soil loss of 5.4 tons per acre per year. The watershed was made in 1951 and 1952. The pre• sediment deposited in this lake amounts to 3.7 tons dominant soils of the area have limited productivity per acre per year. potential as compared to other soils of the state. 26. The sediment in Crab Orchard Lake represents 18. A detailed soil association map is presented for about 48 per cent of the soil removed from the up• this watershed. The soils of the basin have been land by erosion. The other 52 per cent is deposited grouped into eight soil association areas based on the en route to the lake to form the bottomland soils. parent materials from which the soils developed, the Under the proposed conservation treatment program major type of vegetation influencing their develop• the sedimentation in the lake would be reduced from ment, and the slopes on which they occur. the present 2.8 tons per acre per year to from 0.3 to 0.5 tons per acre per year.
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