SUBJECT INDEX

a priori theory 201 bilingual discourse practices 211 absence of vision 170 bilingual education 8, 22, 39, 45, 75, 249 academic language 151 bilingual program 131 accountability 59, 217 bilingual socicties 127 acquisition planning 16 bilingual support 70 action research 74, 91, 141,203,227, bilingualism 4,38,43, 106, 150, 181 228, 231 birth of languages 112 adult language capabilities 101, 107 Black English 113, 116 aetiology 167 black ethnic minority students 200 African American community 137, 155 black students 212 African American scholarship 73 black womanist practice 73 African American Vernacular 61, 113 blind child's family 171 age 101-109 blind children 165-173 age differences 101 blitzkrieg ethnography 140 age norms 102 Bolivia 37,42 age of onset 167, 170 border work 189 age-related effects 106 borders 190 American Sign Language 106 boundaries of identity 189, 190 analysis technique for blind children 169 bounded system 145 anthropological research 49,72,91, 125, brain plasticity 102 135 anthropologists 153 Canada 69,73 anthropology 232 case studies 19,20,229 anti-racist education 208, 213 case study methods 145-152, 198 applied conversation analysis 218, 223 catalytic validity 202 applied linguistics 18 census language question 44 approaches 140 census-type surveys 39 aptitude-treatment interaction 86 child-child intcraction 190 assessment 212 child language acquisition 101, 105, 112, assimilationists 45 114, 117, 118 attitude scaling techniques 36 children 101, 103 attitude to language 39 Ciu1istet Yup'ik Teacher Leader group authority 67-77 232 availability of micro-computers 240 class 53, 207, 212 classroom communication 28 baselines 41 classroom conversation 218 behavioural theory 26 classroom discourse 250, 254 bench-marking 41 classroom ethnography 96,135-144 bilingual children 255 classroom interaction 192, 249 bilingual classroom communication 255 classroom norms 129 bilingual classroom discourse xv, classroom practice 212 249-258 classroom process research 92 bilingual classrooms 6, 136, 141, 192, classroom routines 255 250,256 codes witching 5, 6, 251-257 bilingual codeswitching 250 codes 30 bilingual community 5, 6, 160 cognitive deficit 168 bi1i ngual contexts 130 cognitive psychology 240 259 260 SUBJECT INDEX cognitive view of dialogue 31 credibility of teacher research 229 collaboration 231 creolization 112, 114, 115 colonialism 135 criteria of adequacy 219 colonization 114-116 critical action research 229 comembership 190 critical approach 139 common sense 199,200,219 critical case study 150, 151 communication between blind children critical diary study 72 and parents 166 critical discourse analysis 71, 72, 204 communication patterns 130, 131, 155 critical discourse research 207-216 communicative competence 1,53, 125, critical ethnography 69-71, 136,139, 129, 141, 153-154, 166, 191 197-206 communicative cycles of classroom life critical language awareness 21 I 256 critical linguistics 204 communicative event 126, 129 critical micro~ethnography 70, 71 communicative processes 27 critical pedagogy 67-77, 203, 208, 242 communities of practice 51 critical period hypothesis 102-108 community culture 137 critical practice 203 competency skills 179 critical~pragmatic theory 32 complementarity 190 critical~pragmatist hermeneutics 31, 32 components of analysis 126 critical reflexivity 200, 202, 203 comprehensive data treatment 140 criticisms 44 computer as site for social construction criticisms on surveys 43 of knowledge 242 cross~class sociolinguistic analysis computer~assisted research 91 156 computer culture 246 cross~cultural communication 190, 192, computer literacy 239 193 computer~mcdiated communication cross~cultural comparisons 161 (CMC) 243 cross~cu1tural contexts 159 computer~mediated educational sites 245 cross~cu1tural differences 47 computer technology 181 cross~cultural miscommunication 48, 49 computers xv cross~cultural sociolinguistic analysis 156 computers in literacy classrooms cross~sectional studies 84-86, 90, 92 239-248 culture xi, xiii conceptualization of cases 150 cultural capital 255 congruences 254 cultural categories 50 connection conversation cultural characteristics of technology 245 analysis/education 222 cultural congruence 191,250 conquest 3 cultural contexts 50 conservative hermeneutics 28, 29 cultural criticism 242 conservative theories 33 cultural differences 73, 74, 137, 159 constructions of gender 53 cultural knowledge 153 contact languages 112 cultural meaning 153 contaminating variables 80 cultural studies 51, 208 context analysis 187-189, 218 cultural transmission 135 contextualization cue 251, 252, 254 cultural values 158 contingency coefficients 81 culturally~based discourse strategies 191 contrastive analysis 89,91 cultural1y discontinuous interaction 154 conversation analysis 188,222, 250 cultural1y~specific style 254 conversation analysis methods 217-225 cyberspace 246 conversational~oriented approach 5 corpus 15-17 data analysis 79, 194- correlational techniques 79, 81, 82 data collection 95,127, 145 correlations 81, 82 data representation 220 SUBJECT INDEX 261 data sampling 140 emancipatoryethnography 197 deaf adults 106 emancipatory practice 199 deaf communities 175-184 ernie categories 136 deaf researchers 181 emic distinctions 161 deficit model 60 emic evidence 194 democratic research practices 202 emic perspective 128 democratic research strategies 201 emic processes 234 democratisation 200 empiricism 29 dependent variables 82, 84 empiricist hermeneutics 28, 29 describing 153 empowerment 68, 139,201,229 design of new approaches 171 encyclopedia text 67-77 developing nations 19 equality 68 development of blind children 165 equality of languages 62 development of teaching material 64 Erasmus project 20 development rate 103 error analysis 90, 91 diachronic sociolinguistic analysis 156 ethnic minorities 60 dialects 60-63, 118 ethnic praxis 203 diary studies 72, 89, 91 ethnic prejudices 64 dictionaries 181 ethnic revitalization 22 difference 213 ethnicity 199,207 difference hypothesis 60 ethnographic approaches 6, 51, 91 Digiti Lingua 177 ethnographic context III diglossia 2, 4, 5, 116 ethnographic inquiries 232 dilemmas 128 ethnographic interview methods 153- disabilities 167 164 discourse 32, 158,207-211,252,255 ethnographic methods 197 discourse analysis 71, 92,135, 136, 138, ethnographic microanalysis of interaction 139, 160, 161,218,250 187-196 discourse moves 219 ethnographic movement 198 discourse-oriented approach 5, 51 ethnographic research 51, 136 discourse-related code-switching 252 ethnographic study 52, 138,240 discovering 153 ethnographic tradition 197, 198 domain of use 126, 127 ethnography 69-72, 125-133, 136, 139, dominant ideological structures 53 140 dominant languages 117 ethnography of communication 125-133, dual-culture approach 49 135-137,154,155,187,203,253 dual language policy 161 ethnography of schooling 135 dynamic classroom environment 242 ethnolinguistic vitality 7 ethnomethodological features 92 Ebonies 113-115 ethnomethodology 128,217,218,250 early language development in blind ethnonationalism 21 children 169 ethnosemantics 128 eastern Europe 113 etic categories 136 education as an institution 223 European Community 20, 21 education of the deaf 176 European Union 41,42 educational reform 230 Europeanization 41 effective writing pedagogy 242 evaluations 21 electronic mail 244 experimental designs 79, 80, 95, 243 electronic technologies 239, 242, 244, experimental methods in research 79- 245 87 elicited imitation 91 explanatory adequacy 20 emancipatory dimension 229 extent of blindness 167 emancipatory effectiveness 202 external validity 94, 95 262 SUBJECT INDEX extra-linguistic aims 17 holistic analysis 135 holistic approach 127 face-to-face interaction 187-194 holistic examination 138 factor analysis 82-84 home school mismatch theories 159 factual surveys 39 Hong Kong 71 feminism 214 human agency 199 feminist analysis 47 human nature 27 feminist criticism 242 humanism 33 feminist ethnographic research 201 , 203 humanist conccptions 210 feminist linguistics 50 humanities 213 feminist pedagogy 208 hypertext 244, 245 feminist poststructuralism 209, 210 fieldnotes 220 identity 212 fingerspelling 176 ideological characteristics of technology first language acquisition 10 1, 102, 106 245 floor 191,218 ideological ramifications 21 foreign language 22, 42 ideological representations 54 formal educational settings 135 ideologies 50, 197 formal interviews 160 immersion classes 131 formal research 230 immersion programs 102, 107, 130 Frankfurt school of critical theory 197, immigrant language 2 229 immigrant minorities 42, 114, 117 frozen signs 177 implicational scaling 93 functional approach 9 independent variables 80, 82, 84, 92 functional equivalence of languages 59 indexical meaning 158 funding 233 indigenous communities 232 Funds of Knowledge Project 234 indigenous identities 232 indigenous languages 22, 115 gatckeeping 190 indigenous peoples 114, 116 gender 151,199,207,210,212 indigenous teacher study groups 232 gender bias 47 individual teacher research 230 gender differentiation 50-52 inequality 208 gender in isolation 53 influence of word processing 243 gender in language use 47-56 informal interviews 160 gender issues 242 information analyses 223 gender relations 48, 51, 53 Initiation-Response Evaluation (IRE) gender research 54 exchanges 254, 256 gender socialization 50 initiation-response-feedback sequences gender use 52 219 gendered identities 51 inquiry-guided research 158 generalizability 149,234 insider/outsider paradigms 159, 161 generative grammar 112 insider's language 153 global spread of English 21 institutional settings 192 goals of language planning 17 institutional structure 199 grammar-focused communication tasks interaction xi, 137 94,96 interaction between language and grammatical judgement tasks 91, 95, 105, education xi 106 interaction sociolinguistics 203 grounded-theory 158 interactional/interpretative model 5 interactional behaviour 189 hermeneutic ethnography 197 interactional competence 190 hermeneutic theory 25, 27, 31 interactional sociolinguistics 188, 250, hermeneutics 26 253 SUBJECT INDEX 263 interdisciplinary approaches 159 language questions 36 interethnic communication 188 language research methods 67-77 internal validity 94, 95, 150 language scales 40 international order 188 language shift 2, 6, 7 Internet 244 language socialization 159 interpretation 31 language socialization approach 141 interpretive case study methods 145-148 language socialization patterns 13 7 interpretive sociologies 221 language spread 3 interpretivist paradigm 229 language surveys 40, 41 inter-rater reliability 95 language vitality 42 intertextual discourse 50 languages of education 16 intertextuality 192 lateralization 102 interval scales 81 learner codes witching 252 intervention 145 legitimate forms of language use 255 intervention case studies 148, 149 liberal ideology 35 interview techniques 91 liberal theories 33 interviewer bias 9 lingua franca 18 interviewing 153-164 Lingua project 20 interviewing as a research tool 157 linguistic acceptability 62 item response theory 85 linguistic aims 17 linguistic approach 249 journalizing of speech use 160 linguistic barriers 118 justice 68 linguistic behaviour 103 linguistic competence 125 knowledge 67-77 linguistic determinism III knowledge systems 151 linguistic differences 73, 74 linguistic isolation 115 language and humanity 176 Linguistic Minorities Project 38, 43 language-as-problem 18 linguistic patterns of interaction 128 language-as-resource 18 linguistic relativity 111 language-as-right 18 linguistic turn 26, 27 language attitude 2 linguistic variation 156 language census questions 42 linguistic varieties 1, 15 language collection 181 lip reading 177 language conflict 10 LlSREL84 language contact 2,3,5 listening behavior 192 language development of blind children literacy 28,38, 191,211,219,229,232, 165-173 239 language differences 62 literacy education 233 language experience 106, 108 literacy events 126, 130, 131 language heterogeneity 64 literacy practices 192,239-248 language in cuilture 154 literary education 244 language-in-education planning 19 local-area networks (LANs) 243 language-in-education policies 20 local codes witching practices 254 language learning 28 local norms of communication 158 language maintenance 2, 6, 7, 40 longitudinal cross-sectional designs 166 language minority 36, 41 longitudinal studies 10,21,84-86,90-92 language minority children 159-161 language planning 2, 7, 15-24, 115 maintenance policies 45 language planning aims 17 manually-based languages 176, 177 language planning theory 15 marginalization 213 language policy 2, 7, 8, 113, 115, 117 Marxism 197 language profile 1 Marxist hermeneutics 29, 30 264 SUBJECT INDEX

Marxist theories 26, 27 neutrality of language 150 Marxist Theorists 30 nominal scales 81 mass media 63 non-mainstream populations 154 maximum likelihood procedures 84 nonstandard varieties 60-62, 64 meaning-making 30, 129,209 nonverbal behaviors 190 measurement model 84 nonverbal contextualisation cues 253 measures of central tendency 170 nonverbal cues 254 medium of instruction 62 norm-oriented research 105 member checking 202 norms and values 125 membership categorization 219 notation systems 179 Mercator project 20 metacommunicative competence 154, objectivity 234 159-161 observation 140 methodological approaches 16 observation schemes and inventories 92 methodological correlates 33, 34 observer's paradox 8 micro-ethnographic study 138, 253 official languages 16, 117 micro-ethnography 70, 71, 136, 137, ophthalmology 167 187-196,203,250,253 opinion surveys 39 migration 3 oracy 38 mimographie 176 oral languages 175, 179 minority children 129, 135, 189 oralism 177 minority education 234 ordinal scales 81 minority groups 50, 116 overextension 169 minority languages 19,37,44,45, 118 minority students 105 Pacific Rim 21 miscommunication 188 participant observation 127, 130 mode of sign language 175 participant-related switching 252 moderate hermeneutics 30, 31 participant structure 137 monolingual classrooms 250 participants 199 monolingual ideology 117 participation 127, 131 mother tongue I, 22 participation structures 191 multi competence 106 participatory action research 9 I multicultural environments 234 patterns of behavior 129 multilingual communities 126 patterns of codeswitching 254, 256 multilingual contexts 130 patterns of interaction 129 multilingual nations 7 patterns of langnage nse 129, 130 multilingual settings 21 1 pedagogy vs. teaching 68 multilingual societies 127 perception of sign langnages 181 multi-method approach 246 perceptive theorists 29 multiple regression 82 performance analysis 90, 91 multiple sites 145 Philadelphia Writing Project 231 pidginization 112, 115 narrative account 198 planning 7 narrative realism 198 policy planning 19, 42 narrators 202 political practice J99 national census 36, 37, 42 Portngal73 native-to-foreign approach 61 positivist conceptions 240 natural languages 177 possibility of critiqne 33 natural sign language 175-184 postmodern ethnography 201, 203 naturalism 140 postmodern hermeneutics 32, 33 neo-marxism 197, 199 postmodern researchers 213 networked-based communication 243 postmodcrnism 161,240 neural networks 97 post-structuralist 27 SUBJECT INDEX 265 post -structuralist theories of language researchers 212 208,209 resistance to technologies 246 power 47, 68, 71, 74,139,199,202, response bias 8 207-213, 229, 255 restricted code 60 power relations 202, 203 restructuring preservice teacher pragmatist view of language 32 education 231 praxis as practical theory 227, 229 retionopathy of prematurity (ROP) 167 prematurity 167 role 234 process-oriented writing instruction 212 role of ideology 202 product-moment correlation 81 Rough Rock English-Navajo Language public opinion 39 Arts Program (RRENLAP) 232-234 qualitative approaches 44, 91 rules of conversation 218 qualitative methods 239, 242 qualitative-quantitative paradigmatic Samoa 52 debate 234 sample selection 181 qualitative research 202, 234 samples of blind infants 170 qualitative research methods 136 sampling 40, 85 quality 140 Sapir-Whorf hypothesis 111 quality-focused studies 241 school-based research 243 quantitative analysis 145 school power structure 233 quantitative approaches 44, 89, 93, 135 school-university partnership 231 quantitative methods 239 second language acquisition research quantitative techniques 139, 141 89-99 quasi-experimental designs 79, 93 semi-formal educational settings 135 semi-linguistic aims 17 race 207,212 sequential structures of classroom race and language acquisition 111-121 discourse 254 racial differences 73, 74 sequentiality 251 racial minorities 118 severely visually impaired (SYI) 168, 170 racism 62,64,73,214 sexual orientation 207, 212 radical theories 33 sexist ideologies 48 rank-order correlations 81 sexist lexical choice 47 rate of acquisition 104 sighted control group 171 ratio scales 81 sign language acquisition studies 180 reading activities 219 sign language curricula 182 reality 199 sign language dictionaries 178 reciprocity 190 sign languages 175-184 recognizability 217 sign writing 180 reductionism 140 situated consoci ate perspective 221 referential meaning 158 situated nature of bilingual classroom reflexivity 200 talk 251 regional dialects 4 si tuatedness 251 reinforcement theory 112 situational character 188 relation conversation analysis/education situational ecologies 189 222 skills in word processing 242 relativistic theory 59 skills-oriented writing instructions 211 reliability 9, 10, 85, 90, 94, 96, 234 slave trade 115 reliance on non-object-focused small scale survey 40 information 171 social analysis 156 research problems 33 social class 199 research strategies 33 social class and language acquisition research variables 79, 82 111-121 266 SUBJECT INDEX social codes 60, 61 talk-in-interaction 194, 222, 223 social competence 189, 191 teacher as ethnographers 232 social contexts 194 teacher-as-scholar 229 social equality 64, 115 teacher research 234 social identity 51, 54 teacher research as sustained social interaction 189, 194 conversation 233 social network analysis 157 teacher research methods 227-237 social order 47 teacher/researcher collaboration 141 social problems 35 teacher-to-teacher collaboration 231 social relationships 207 teaching/learning events 256 social science theory 25-34 teaching vs. pedagogy 68 social structures 52, 199 technique-based criticisms of surveys social transaction 235 43 social variables 155 technological determinism 245 socialization in language 155 theoretical paradigms 9 societal multilingualism 2, 4 theory of action 202 society xi, xii, 199 theory of identity 208, 209 sociolinguistics 1 theory of inquiry 25 sociology of languages 1-13, 118 theory of interpretation 32 sociopolitical context 161 theory of language planning 20, 21 sociopragmatic competence 93 theory of meaning 25, 29 sound-based language 180 thick description 198, 201 South Africa 70, 71 total communication 179 SPEAKING 126, 130 transcription protocols 220 speech-act theory 138 transcription system 221 speech community 125, 129 translation 91 speech events 125, 126, 128, 129 treatment variables 80 speech perception 103, 108 triangulation 91, 202 speech repertoire 126 speech situations 126 underachieving children 155 spoken interaction 250 United States 1990 census 38 spontaneous switching 252 Sri Lanka 70 universal grammar 106 standard language 62 utilitarian ideology 35 START project 231 statistical analysis 79-87 validity 8, 10,85,90,92,94,96, 128, statistical methods 79-87 150,159,179,201,202,234 status 15, 16 validity of sign 180 stereotypes 48, 52, 59 value 137 stimulus-response paradigm 158 variability 8 structural equation models 84, 85 varieties of languages 60 structural linguistics 59 variationist sociolinguistics 59-66 structural-functional social theory 28, 29 variations in languages xi, xii, 59, 60 structuralist theory oflanguage 27, 208 verbal cues 254 subject 210 verbal reports 94 subjectivity 210,234 vernacular languages 16, 18,63 superposed variety 4 vernaculars 161 survey methods 35-46 video materials 181 surveying attitudcs 45 visibility 229 synchrony 251, 253 visual impairment J 67 synchrony in bilingual interactions 253 visual information 166 Systcm of Methodological Signs 176 visually based communicative strategies systemic linguistics 31 169 SUBJECT INDEX 267 wide-area networks (WAN) 243 word processing skills 241 within-group uniformity 140 word processing software 240 women's language 47-49 writing activities 219 word processing and writing quality 240 writing culture 72 word processing environment 241 NAME INDEX

Abbe de I Epee 176, 177 Baynham, 211 Agar, M. 127 Beaudrey, J.S. 86 Aggleton, P. 200 Beavis, 245 Ahlgren, I. 178 Bebian, A. 176, 177, 179 Albert, E. 129 Beck, I. 82 Alb6, X. 37 Becker, H.S. 136, 150 Allard, R. 7 Begay, S. 233,234 Allen, J.P.B. 92, 234 Behar, R. 72 Althuser, 209 Belfiore, M.E. 73 Alton-Lee, A. 139 BeUugi, U. 180 Alvarez-Pease, L. 146, 147, 159 Bern, D.47 Anderson, F. 138 Bern, S. 47 Anderson, G. 199-203 Benedict, R. 135 Anderson, L. 157, 158 Beniak, E. 63 Anderson, T. 219, 220 Bennett, A. 200, 209 Anglin, J .M. 169 Benson 151 Angus, L. 198-200 Bergman, B. 178 Anyon, J. 200 Bernstein, B. 30, 60, 139 Apple, M. 69, 73 Bialystok, E. 105 Arnot, G. 201 Bickerton, D. 112, 115 Aron, J. 187, 189, 191, 195 Bigelow, A.E. 166, 169 Arthur, 1. 71, 150,252 Bigum, C. 244 Atkins, B. 49 Birdsong, D. 104, 107 Atkinson, P. 234 Birdwhistle, R. 187 Atwell, N.M. 228, 229 Bissex, G. 148,228,230 Au, K. 129, 137, 191 Blom, J.P. 5, 126, 127, 156 Auer, P. 250, 252, 253 B1oome, D. 192, 194,212 Auerbach, E.R. 69, 91 Boas, F. III Austin, J.L. 221 Boggs, S.T. 137 Awbrey, M.J. 231 Bonvillain, N. 154 Borker, R. 49 Babbie, E. 35 Bortoni-Ricardo, S.M. xii, xiii, 62, 63, Bailey, K.M. 91, 139 111,114,118 Bailey, R.W. 3 Bos, H. 178 Baker, c.R. xii, 36, 39, 43, 219, 220 Bourdieu, P.40, 182,207,209,213 Bakhtin, M.M. 207, 209 Bourne, J. 209 Baldauf, R.B. 20 Boustagui, 107 Ball, P. 36 Bowen, J. 89 Bangert-Drowns, R.L. 240, 241 Bowles, S. 30 Bannerji, H. 213 Boyes Braem 178 Baratz, J.C. 61 Bradley, L. 81 Basso, K. 126 Branson, J. xiv, 22, 177, 181 Bates, E. 170 Brennan, M. 178,180 Bateson, G. 187 Bridwell, L.S. 240, 241 Batson, T. 243 Brien, D. 180 Baugh, J. xiii, 64, 112, 115, 116 Briggs, C. 73, 153, 157, 158 Bauman, R. 129 Britto, F. 5 269 270 NAME INDEX

Britton, J. 228 Cochran-Smith, M. 227, 229-231, 233, Brodie, F.H. 165 239, 240, 242 Brodke~ L. 201, 202 Cohen, A.D. 94 Brooke, R. 240,241 Cohen, S. 104 Brosnahan, L.F. 3 Coleman, I.A. 42 Brown, J.D. 90 Collier, R.M. 240, 241 Brown, R. 147 Collis, G.M. 168 Bryant, P.E. 81 Connell, R. 200, 213 Bryson, M. 243 Cook, H.M. 139 Bucholtz, M. 53 Cook, T.D. 79 Bull, T. 62 Cook, V. 106 Bullock, R.H. 228, 230 Cook-Gumperz, J. 137 Bulwer, J.B. 177 Cooper, R.L. 3, 7, 15, 16, 18,20,21 Burbules, N. 244 Cope, B. 211 Burlingham, D. 165 Corey, S.M. 228 Burstall, e. 104, 105 Corrigan, P. 139, 199 Burt, M. 90 Corson, D. 10, 15, 18,20,22,50,61, Button, G. 218 112, 118, 147,208,212 Byrne, B. 86 Coulmas, F. 20 Coulthard, M. 63,138,212,219,249 Caldas-Coulthard, R. 212 Coupland, N. 41 Calkins, L. 148 Crawford, J. 117, 244 Cameron, D. 50 Crookes, G. 74, 92, 94 Camilleri, A. 71 Crowell, e.G. 230 Campbell, D.T. 79 Cummins, J. 84,105,208 Canagarajah, S. 70, 252 Curtin, 245 Cancino, H. 90 Carr, W. 203, 228, 229 Daiute, e. 240, 241, 242 Carrasco, R. 254 Dale, P.S. 170 Casey, K 201 Darnell, R. 126 Casso H.D. 166 Das Gupta, J. 17 Castell, S. de 67 David, M. 201 Catano, J. 240 Davies, B. 210 Cavalcanti, M. 71 Davis, KA. 5 Cazden, e. 90, 137, l39, 147, 154,250, Defoe, D. 177 254 Dei, GJ.S. 213 Chambers, J.K. 1] 8 Dejean, Y. 4 Chaudron, e. 92 DeKeyser, R.M. 94 Chave 36 Delgado-Gaitan, e. 159 Chen, S. xii, 1, 111 Delpit, L. 212 Cherryholmes, C. 32 Derrida, 209 Cheshire, J. 61 Desmarais, e. 107 Chomsky, N. 112 Deuchar, M. 178 Christian, D. 62, 113 de Vaus, D.A. 35 Church, J. 165 de Vries, J. 39 Cicognani, E. 147 Dewey, J. 227 Cirello, v.J. 241 Diaz, S. 131 Clahsen, H. 92, 93 Dickinson, D.K 240, 242 Clark, E. 112 Diez Astete 37 Clark, R. 204 Dippo, D. 200 Clay, M. 148,228 Dittmar, N. 30 Clifford, J. 71, 72, 201 Dixon, C.N. 192 Cobarrubias, 1.17,20 Dlamini, N. 70 NAME INDEX 271

Dogan~ay-Aktuna, S. xii, 15, 17 Foley, D.E. 140 Dorr-Bremme, D. 190, 192 Foucault, M. 33, 207, 209, 213 Doughty, C. 92, 94 Fowler, R. 209, 212 Duckworth, E. 234 Fox, D. 235 Duff, P. 127, 131 Fraiberg, S. 165 Dulay, H. 90 Frake, C. 128, 129 Dundes, A. 129 Freebody, P. 219 Dun1ea, A. 166, 168 Freeman, R. xii, 53, 160, 161 Dunn, R. 86 Freire, P. 69, 207 Durkheim, E. 30 Freitas, v.L. 63 Durrant, C. 244 French, P. 218 Frieberg, J. 219 Eckert, P. 51,53 Frolich, M. 92 Edelsky, C. 130, 131, 208 Frota, S. 91, 92 Edwards, D. 29, Edwards, V. 62, 115 Gadamer, H.G. 30 Edwards, W. 112, 115 Gal, S. 5, 6,51, 156, 159,256 Egan-Robertson, A. 192, 194 Gallagher, S. 25, 30 Egbo 115 Garcez, P. xiv, 70, 136, 193,253 Ehri, L.C. 82 Garcia, E. 147 Eichen, E.B. 106 Gardner, R.C. 40, 41 Elliott, 1. 203 Garfinkle, H. 128,217,250 Ellsworth, E. 69, 212 Garwood, S. 170 Endberg-Pedersen, E. 180 Gass, S. 90, 92, 94 Erickson, F.D. 63, 70, 136, 138, 149, 153, Gauchat, L. 111 187~195, 228,250,253,254 Gee,J. 151,204,208,211,239 Erting, C. 180 Geer, B. 136 Ervin Tripp, S. 126, 127 Geertz, C. 198 Escamilla, K. 147 Geest, T. van der 243 Espinosa, P. 147 Gegeo, D.W. 139 Everhart, R. 200 Geoffrey, W. 198 Gever, M. 214 Faerch, G. 93 Giddens, A. 193, 194 Faig\ey, L.L. 241 Gilbert, P. 209 Fairclough, N. 50, 204, 208, 212 Giles, H. 7, 36, 41 Falodun, J. 92 Ginsburg, M. 200 Faltis, Chr. xiv, 149, 151 Gintis, H. 30 Farah, 1. xiii, 49, 130, 136 Giroux, H.A. 69, 73, 208 Farhady, H. 90 Gitlin, A. 200 Farrar, M.P. 219 Givon, H. 243 Fasold, R.w. 61, 62 Gleitman, H. 112 Fecho, B. 231 Gleitman, L.R. 102, 112 Fenson, L. 170 Gleich, U. 40 Ferguson, c.A. 2, 4, 5, 16, 17, 116,214 Gliksman, L. 40 Fettes 15, 16 Globerson, T. 243 Fiksdal, S. 192 Goffman, E. 188,250 Fine, M. 200 Goldstein, T. xii, 69, 70, 73, 111,211 Finn, J.D. 82 Gonzalez, N. 232, 235 Fischer, R. 176 Goodman, Y. 228 Fishman, J.A. 1,3,4,8, 10, 15~18, 21, Goodwin, C. 188,217,221 117,127 Goodwin, M.H. 52 Fishman, P. 48 Gordon, D. 72, 73 Florio, S. 138, 188, 190, 191 Gorlach, M. 3 272 NAME INDEX

GospodinotI, K. 187-189, 191,195 Hirsch, E.D. 28 Goswami, D. 228, 230 Hodge, B. 31, 209 Gould, J.D. 240, 241 Holland, K 212 Grabe, W 19,20 Hollingsworth, S. 233 Graddol, D. 48 Ho1ms, J. 115 Graves, D. H. 228 Honan, 244 Green, J. 29,192,211,220,244 Honey, J. 62 Guba, E.G. 234 Hornberger, N.H. xi, 1,6,8, 18,21, 127, Gumperz, J.J. 1,5,73, 112, 125-127, 128,130,137,160,203,253 129,137,154,156,188,190,194, Hubbard, R.S. 230 207,250,251 Huddy, L. 39 Gurney 151 Hudelson, S. 149 Guthrie, L.F. 130, 249 Hudges, C. 82 Guttman 36 Huebner, T. 91 Hughes, J. 198 Habermas, J. 32, 139,229 Hulstijn, J.H. 94 Hakuta, K 90, 105, 118, 147 Humphries, S. 200 Hall, K 53 Hunniford, R.M. 209 Halliday, M.A.K 138, 139,208,209 Hunter, I. 33 Ha1sall, N.D. 40 Hunter, J. 70 Hamel 111 Hustler, D. 218 Hammersley, M. 136, 139, 141, 198,201, Hymes, D. 2, 4, 59, 111, 125-127, 129, 202,234 137,154,208,253 Hansen, B. 178 Harbage, M. 227 Iiutsik, E. 232 Hardcastle, J. 209 loup, G. 107 Hargreaves, M. 104, 136 Harley, B. xiii, 104, 107 Jackson, P 136, 198 Harper, H. 210 Jacobson, R 149 Harre 26 Jamieson, M. 104 Harris, WA. 63 Janks, H. 211 Harris, Z. 112 Jansen, L. 91 Harrison, J. lSI Jefferson, G. 217, 218, 220, 250 Hart, D. 107 Jenkins, R 200 Hartung, 1. 170 Jennings, L. 192,242 Hasan, R. 138 Jernudd, B.B. 17 Hasker, J. 29 Joachim, G. 178 Hatch, E. 90 John, Y.P 137, 154 Haugen, E. 1, 7,15-17,20,21 Johnson,D.90,91, 145, 146 Hawisher, G.E. 240,241,244 Johnson, J.S. lOS, Heap,J.xv, 70,138,188,219,221 Johnson-Eilola, 245 Heath, S.B. 70, 126, 127, 129, 137,155 Johnston, J. 91, 180 Heller, M. 5, 70, 71, 73, 208, 209, 211, Jones, A. 137 250, 255 Jones, G.M. 20 Heltoft, A.M. 137 Jones, WR 36, 40 Henriques, J. 209 Jordan, C. 129, 137 Henry, A. 73, 74, 135 Jordan, S. 200, 202, 203 Heritage, J. 217, 221 Joreskog, KG. 84 Herrmann, A. 240, 242 Joyce, 244, 245 Hertzler, J. 1 Hewstone, M. 36 Kahn, J. 242 Heyman, RD. 219 Kalantzis, M. 211 Hill, C. 157, 158 Kanagy, R. 92 NAME INDEX 273

Kanpol, B. 200 Lin, A.M.Y. 71, 150,252,255,256 Karam, F.X. 18 Lindsay, P.H. 243 Kasper, G. 93 Lipka,J.232 Keeler, W.R 167 Lively, S.E. 107 Keenan, E.O. 49 Llewellyn, K. 145 Keith, P. 198 Logan, lS. 107 Kellmer-Pringle 60 Long,M. 92, 94,104,106 Kemmis, S. 203, 228, 229 Lowenberg, H.P. 20 Kendon, A. 187 Lucas, C. 178, 180, 181 Keogh, J. 219 Luke,A.20,33,67,208,209,211 Kimball, S.T. 135 Luke, C. 67 Kincheloe, J. 229 Lukes 117 Klavas, A. 86 Lutz, F. 199 Klima, E. 180 Lyons, H. 148 Kloss, H. 2, 16 Lytle, S.L. 227, 229-231, 233 Knobel, 244 Kolb, A. 178 Mackey, VV.F. 7 Kramarae, C. 48, 242 Mackridge, P. 4 Krashen, S. 90,104 MacLure, M. 218 Kress, G. 208, 209, 212 MacPherson, J. 40, 200 Kriteva, 209 Mahmoud, Y. 4 Kroeber, A.L. 111 Malcolm, 1. 137 Kurath, H. 112 Maldonado-Guzman, A.A. 254 Kyle, J. 178, 179 Malinowski 198 Maltz, D. 49 Labov, VV. 2,59,61,62,63,64,112,114, Marcus, G. 72, 201 117, 155, 156 Marsh, C. 35 Lacan,209 Martin, E. 50 Lakoff, R. 47-49 Martin, J. 89 Lalonde, R.N. 40,103 Martin-Jones, M. xv, 38, 43, 70, 71, 209, Landau, B. 168, 169 211,249, 255 Landry, R 7 Martinet, A. 111 Lane, H. 176, 177 Martyna, W. 47 Lankshear, C. 244 Marx, K. 30, 197 Lantolf, J. 212 Masemann, V. 139, 199,200 Larsen-Freeman, D. 90 Mason, lM. 191 Lather, P. 199-202,229 May, S. xiv, xv, Ill, 136, 141, 204, 209 Lave,J.151 Mayberry, R.I. 106, 108 Lazaraton, A. 90 McCarty, T.L. xv, 141,231,232 Leach, J. 129 McConachie, H.R. 166, 167, 168 LeBlanc, P. 240, 241 McConnell, G.D. 3 Lemay, S. 20 McConnell-Ginet, S. 51, 53 Lemke, J.L. 50, 138, 150, 151,208,209 McConvell, P. 7 Lenneberg, E.H. 101-103, 107 McDavid, R 112 Leopold, w.F. 89 McDermott, RP. 139, 187-189, 191, 195 Lerner, G. 219, 221, 222 McElhenny, B. 53, 54 Levin, L. 89 McGinnis, A. 166 Lewin, K. 227-229 McHoul, A.w. 218, 219 Lewis, V. 168 McKay, S.L. xi, 1,210 Liddle, S. 180 McKennell, A. 170 Lightbown, P. 92, 94 McKernan, J. 227 Lightfoot, S.L. 140 McLaren, P. 68, 69, 139, 200, 203 Likert 36 Mead, M. 135 274 NAME INDEX

Mehan, H. 138, 139, 188,204,218,219, O'Barr, W. 49 221,250,253,254 Ochs,E. 49, 52, 155 Mcillct, A. 111 O'Connor, M.C. 192 Meisel, J. 92, 93 Ogbu, J.U. 139, 199 Merriam, S. 145, 146, 149 Okano, K 139 Merriman, W .E. 168 Olson, J. 243, 246 Messick, S. 85 Ong, W. 181 Mcycr, L. 220 O'Riagain, P. 40 Michaels, S. 129, 187, 191, 192 Oschner, R. 91 Milk, R. 249 Owston, R.D. 243 Millcr, D. x, 22, 181 Oyama, S. 105 Miller, G.A. 166 Ozkok, B. 129 Miller, L. 192, 243, 246 Ozog, A.e.K. 20 Mills, A. 166 Milroy, L. 5, 117, 156, J 57 Paaby, K 137 Minh-Ha, T. 214 Padden, e. 180 Mishler, E.G. 157, 158,201 Pagc, E. 234 Mitchell, C. 69, 211 Paiva, M. 64 Mohatt, G. 250 Palmquist, M.E. 243 Moll, L. 131, 250,253 Paris, 242 Mollica, M.e. 64 Patten, R. 91 Moorcroft, R. 40 Patterson, L. 230 Pauwels, A. 6 Moore, H. 71 Payne, G. 218 Moore, V. 167, 168 Peirce, B.N. 209, 210,212,213 Moran, C. 240, 241, 244 Penfield, W. 101-103 Morgan, B. 209, 212 Pennycook,A.68,209,211,213 Morgan, KP. 74,159 Perfetti, e.A. 82 Morgan, W. 244 Peters, A.M. 170 Moselle, M. 107 Philips, S.U. 129, 137 Mougeon, R. 63 Phillipson, R. 18,20,213 Mufwene, S. 115 Pica, T. xiii, 93 Mulford, R. 165 Pienemann, M. 91, 92, 93 Murphy, S. 243 Pintsuk, S. 60 Murray, J. 244 Pisoni, D.B. 107 Myers-Scotton, e. 5 Plomin, R. 171 Poplin, M. 68 Nahir, M. 17, 18 Potter, J. 29 Naro, AJ. 60 Powell, R. 41 Ndayifukamiye, L. 71 Power, B.M. 230 Nelde, P. 42 Poynton, e. 50 Neufeld, G. 107 Prcston, D. 112 Neustupny, J.v. 16 Price, E. 41 Newman, K 200 Prillwitz, S. 178, 179 Newport, E.L. 105, 106 Psathas, G. 219, 220 Nixon, J. 227 Noel, E. 228 Rabin, C. 17, 18 Norgate, S. xiv, 168, 169, 170 Ragin, C. 150 Norris. M. 165 Rampton, B. 71, 212 Norton, B. xiv, xv, Ill, 136,204, 211 Ravem, R. 90 Nunan, D. 90, 139 Reilly, J. 170 Nussbaum, L. 252 Remmers, T. 243 Nuthall, G. 139 Reynell, J. 166 NAME INDEX 275

Reznick, J.S. 170 Shultz, J.1. 138, 187-191, 193, 195,250, Ribeiro, B.T. 192,212 253 Ricento, T.K. 22, 113 Shuy, R.W. 61 Richards, J. 90 Silva, G.M. de O. 64 Richardson, V. 230 Simon, R. 68, 69, 200, 208 Rickford, J. 115 Sinclair, J.McH. 63, 138, 219, 249 Riester, J. 37 Singler, 1. 115 Rimmershaw 151 Singleton, D. 102, 104 Rist, R. 136, 198 Sipkes, F. 91 Rivera, J. 68 Sire, G. 240, 241 Roberts, H. 201 Siobin, D.l. 103, 112 Roberts, L. 101 Skinner, B.F. 112 Rodriguez-Gonzalez, M.A. 176 Skutnabb Kangas, T. 114 Rodseth 116 Sleeter, C. 203 Rorty, R. 33 Smit, 116 Rosaldo, R. 159 Smith, L.M. 145, 198,245 Rosansky, E. 90 Smyth, 1. 200, 203 Rosenbaum, Y. 3 Snyder, 1. xv, 244-246 Rubin, J. 15, 17,21 Sola, M. 200, 209 Rubio, O. xiv, 159 Solsken, J. 212 Ruiz, R. 18 Sommers, E.A. 240-242 Sonksen, P.M. 166 Sacks, H. 217-219,250 Sorbom, D. 84 Salomon, G. 243 Southall, J.E. 36 Sankoff, D. 59 Spada,N.92,93,94 Sapir, E. 111, 119 Spaulding, P.J. 165 Sato, C. 92 Spindler, G.D. 135, 137 Saussure, F. de 208 Spindler, L. 135, 137 Saville-Troike, M. 126, 128, 129 Spradley, J. 153 Saxena, M. 70, 71 Staberg, E.M. 242 Scarcella, R. 104 Stake, R. 145, 146 Schachter, J. 90 Stanley, L. 201 Schegloff, E.A. 217,218,220,250 Starfield, S. 71, 211 Schenke, A. 211 Stein, P. 212 Schermer, T. 178 Stenhouse,L. 228 Scherre, M.M. 64 Stern, H.H. 104 Schieffelin, B. 52, 155, 161 Stewart, w.A. 2, 18,61 Schiffman, H.F. 4 Stillman, P. 228, 230 Schmidt, R.W. 91, 92 Stockwell, R. 89 Schneidermann, E.l. 107 Stokoe, VV. 178, 180 Schoepfie,M.151 Stone, L.1. 165 Schroeder IS Streeck, J. 187,188, 190 Schultz, J. 63 Strickland, D.S. 234 Schumann J. 90 Stringer, E.T. 229 Scott, M.L. 104, 108 Strubell, M. 42 Sears, D.O. 39 Stubbs,M. 60, 61,140 Selfe, c.L. 240, 241, 244 Supalla, T. 180 Selinker, L. 90 Sutcliffe, D.E. 115 Shannon,S. 147, 150, 159 Swann, J. 48, 50 Sharp, D. 40 Sherzer, J. 49, 126, 129 Taba, H. 228 Shockley, B. 234 Tannen,D.48,49,188 Short, K.G. 234, 235 Tauli, V. 18, 20 276 NAME INDEX

Tees, R.C. 103 Weinreich, U. 3, 5, Ill, 116 Tervoort, B.T. 178 Weinstein, B. 3 Thomas, J. 197,200,202 Weiss, L. 69, 73, 200 Thompson, A 243 Wells, G. 102, 103 Thompson, 1. 105, 106 Wenger, E. 151 Thurstone 36 Werker, lK. 103 Tigi, M.E. 107 Werner, O. 153 Tobin, M. 170 West, C. 48, 214 Tomasello, M. 168 Wexler, P. 5 Toms, J. 177 White, L. 91, 92 Tollefson, J. 93, 213 Wideman, H.H. 243 Toohey, K. 61 Wilbur 179, 180 Treichler, P. 48 Wilce, L.S. 82 Tripp, D.H. 229 Wilcox, K. 198 Trudgill, P. 1 I 7 Wild,M.244 True, T. 209 Wiley 117 Trueba, H.T. 188, 193,253 Willett, J.B. 86 Tucker, G.R. 22 Williams, G. 42 Turner, G. 180 Williams, R. 114 Tuyay, s. 192 Willinsky, J. 209 Willis, P. 139, 199 Urwin, C. 165 Wilson, R.B. 166 Winer, B.J. 80 Valdes, G. 118 Winford, D. 115 Valli, C. 180 Winsler, A. 146 van Dijk, T. 210-212 Witte, S. 241 van Leeuwen, 212 Wittgenstein, L. 221 van Lier, L. 92, 139 Wodak, R. 212, 213 van Maanen, J. 198,201 Walck, w. 40 Vasquez, o. 159 Wolcott, H. 198 Veltman, c.J. 6 Wolfe, P. 151 Verhoeven, L. xiii, 83, 84 Wolfram, W. 62, 112 Vollhaber, T. 178 Wolfson, N. 60, 93 Volterra, V. 180 Woll, B. 178, 179 Von Eye, A 80 Wong, S.c. 210 Wong, L.Y.-F. 106 Wagner, R. 82 Wood, K. 230 Walker, E. 170 Woodruff, E. 243 Wallerstein, N. 69 Woods, P. 136, 141 Wallin, L. 178 Woodward, 1. 175 Walsh, C.A. 209 Wright, P.G. 188, 193,213,253 Wardhaugh, R. 3 Warren, D.H. 166, 168, 171 Yeomans, S. 200, 202, 203 Watson, D.R. 219 Young, R. xii, 25, 32, 139, 204 Watson-Gegeo, K.A xiii, xiv, 70, 91,93, 136, 139 Zani, B. 147 Weber, M. 221 Zellermayer, M. 243 Weedon, C. 208, 210 Zentella, AC. 6, 250 Wei, L. 5 Zienert, H. 179, 181 Weiler, K. 69, 201, 211 Zimmerman, D. 48, 217 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX

a priori theory 8 201 Academie Franyaise 1 100 A nation at risk 1 142 access 7 329 ability 7 243, 244, 250 ACCESS test 4144 ability descriptors 7 227,237 accessibility of language processing 7 ability to communicate 7 215 282 aboriginal bilingual education 5 3, 7, 8, accountability 7153,164,165,313-323, 12,63,209 325,326; 859,217 aboriginal children 3 76, 96, 97 achievement tests 4 142 aboriginal community 5 2, 4, 7 acoustic analysis 7 220 aboriginal control 5 6 acoustic signals 7 66 aboriginal culture 5 4 acquisition 6 7 aboriginal curriculum priorities 5 9 acquisition of writing 2 xi aboriginal education 1129 acquisition planning 1 14, 17; 8 16 aboriginal English 511, 12 across-the-curriculum policies 1 233 aboriginal identity 5 10 ACT theory 7 202 aboriginal language materials 5 62 ACTFL guidelines 4144 Aboriginal Language Centers 5 8, 10 action research 4 70; 874,91, 141,203, aboriginal languages 1129-131,133, 227,228,231 134, 149, 150, 155, 156,214; 5 action research paradigm 1 231; 3 185 57-59,62,63 active citizenship 3 105-113 Aboriginal languages in Australia 5 1-14 activity methods 4 208 aboriginal parents 5 58 activity theory 3 27; 6 145 aboriginal peoples 179,80,84, 128, 152, additive bilingualism 4 79,212,213,215; 155, 156; 6 237 5123 aboriginal schooling 5 5 additive multilingualism 1 172-176 aboriginal self-determination 5 9 administrative talk 3 46 aboriginal self-management 5 8, 11 adult education 1 223; 2 146, 148, Aboriginal teachers 5 5, 11 201-203; 6243,261-269 Aboriginalisation 5 9 Aboriginals 4 232, 234, 237 adult knowledge 4 11 absence of vision 8 170 adult language capabilities 8 10 1, 107 absolute decisions 7 264 Adult Learning Survey (ALUS) 1 118 academic achievement 5 274, 275 adult learners 4 14, 16,95-104,210 academic discourse 3 209; 6 207, 208 adult literacy 1160-169; 4 208, 217 academic discussion 3 214 Adult Literacy Basic Skills Unit 7316 academic language 4 81, 82; 8 151 Adult Literacy in Basque 5 102 academic language proficiency 4 79, 80 Adult Literacy Programmes 2 220 academic literacy 2 135, 138; 3 214; 4 adult mass-literacy programmes 5 26 212: 6223 adult population 5 102 academic register 6 198 adult primary language literacy 4 99, 100 academic research 4 68-72 adult time 6 4 academic setting 4 110 adult-adult interactions 4 15 academic support programmes 4 210 aetiology 8 167 academic testing 4 91 affective learning conditions 3 25; 4 27 academic writing 4 110; 6 195-203, 221, affirmative ethnicity 1 143 234 Africa 1160-163; 2 175; 525-32 Academic Development 4 213 African American children 3 96, 98 277 278 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX

African American community 2 50, 108, American Psychological Association 110; 8 137, 155 (APA) 7 306, 309, 310 African American English 3 80 American sign language 1 142; 4 12; 5 African American languages 1 142; 6 232-234,236,237;8106 198,231 Americanization 1 145 African American scholarship 8 73 Amharic 4 200 African American Vernacular 8 61, 113 analogy 2 208 African language teaching 4 214 analysis of test language 7 280 African languages 1163, 164, 175, 176, analysis of variance (ANOVA) 7 259 203,222; 5 26 analysis procedures 7 283 African linguistic policies 1 160 analysis technique for blind children 8 Afrikaans 1 169, 170; 4 207, 210 169 age 3 75; 8101-109 analytical approaches 4 64; 7 13,53 age and second language teaching 4 analytical style 4 201 43-50,95-104 analytical techniques 7 232 age differences 8 101 analytical activities 2 194 age norms 8 102 analytical format 7199 age of onset 8 167, 170 analytical framework 7 277, 281 age-level tasks 7 166 analytical phonics 2 12 age-related effects 8 106 analyzed knowledge 6110 agency 3142 ancestral language 1 154, 155; 4 159 aggressive behaviour 3 119, 120 anchoring device 3 176 air flow techniques 7219 Ancient Greeks 2 70 Alaska 551 Anglo-conformity 1 149 Alaska Native students 1 139 anglocentricism 2 xv Alaska Natives and bilingual education 5 anglophone majority in Canada 5 45-56 167-176 Albania 4 188-190 Angola 4 213 Algeria 1161; 4197 annexation 4 158 aliteracy 2 120 anthropological research 8 49,72,91, alphabet 3 2, 3 125, 135 alphabetic approaches 2 192 alphabetic literacy 2 62 anthropology 8 153,232 Alphabetic Method 2 9, 10 anti-racist education 1120; 8208,213 alphabetical order 2 66 anti-semitism 1 28 alphabetic principle 213-15; 659 APA Standards 7 330 alphabetic scripts 2 65 apartheid 1 37, 169, 170; 4 207 alphabetic systems 2 60 aphasia 7 211,215 alphabetic writing 2 62 aphasia tests 7 215 alphabetization 2 176 applied conversation analysis 8 218, 223 alternative assessment 487,99, 143; 7 applied language studies 6 139-149 132,165,166,170,263,268,318 applied linguistics 1 23-28, 30; 6 21; 8 18 alternative language aptitude tests 7 203 approaches to second language teaching alternative qualitative approaches 7 283 475, 76, 95, 96 alternative systems 3 159 appropriateness 1 105, 107,243; 6 222, American colonisation 4 221 233 American Council of the Teaching of appropriateness in writing 7 17 Foreign Languages (ACTFL) 4 appropriation 3 22, 173, 174 142, 144 apraxia 7211 American Educational Research aptitude research 7 206, 207 Association (AERA) 7 306, 309, aptitude-treatment interaction 8 86; 7 202 310 Arabic 4 197, 198,200-202; 5244, American Indians 1 139; 545-56 251-255,258 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX 279

Arabic as medium of communication 5 attention 7 220 259 attention deficit disorders (ADD) 2 40 Arabic as medium of education 5 244, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 259 (ADHD) 2 40,41 archival tradition 3 6 attitude scaling techniques 8 36 argument and critical thinking 6 35 attitude to language 8 39 argument and evidence 6 35 attitudes 4 25, 33-37, 223 argument and higher education 6 37 au fil des mots (as words go by) 2 194 argument as action 6 205 audiolingual approach 4 1,76,77,96 argument in education 6 31-39 audiolingualism 4 207, 208; 6 120 argument in learning 6 208 audio-lingual methodology 5 256 argument skills 6 35 audio-tape diary 7 284 argument vs. persuasion 6 210 audio-visual theories 6 13 argumentation 6 209 audist view of deaf people 5 231 argumentative discourse 6 207, 209, 210 auditory/aural methods 5 237 army method 4 177 augmentive and alternative art forms 1 212 communication (AAC) systems 3 articulateness of writing 7 17 159 articulation disorders 7 211 augmentive systems 3 159 Asian languages 1 130, 131, 203 Australia 180,83, 127; 4 231-237; 5 ASL competency 5 236 1-14,209-215; 6140 ASL discourse structure 5 237 Australian Aborigines 5 209 ASL linguistics 5 236, 237 Australian Adult Migrant Education ASL literature 5 236, 237 Program 7 268 aspects of teaching 2 9 Australian bilingual education 5 209-215 assessing argument 6 205-213 Australian children 3 97 assessing language 4 172 Australian English 1127 assessment 2130, 159,230; 3160, 161, Australian Indigenous Languages 1 130 192; 5277; 7 51, 52, 154; 8 212 Australian Language and Literacy Policy assessment of speech 7 211-223 (ALLP) 4 235 assessment policies 4 207 Australian Second Language Proficiency assessment practices 6 201; 7 168, 169 Rating Scale (ASLPR) 4142 assessment procedures 4141-149; 7 255 Australian Sign Language 1130 assessors 6 195, 197 Austric languages 5 69 assessors' awareness 6 198 Austronesian 5 87 assimilation 3 100; 5 69, 206 authentic assessment 7 35, 36 assimilation modelS 204 authentic listening 7 25 assimilation process 5 225 authentic teaching materials 4 99 assimilationist governmental policy 5 199 authenticity 4 184; 769,70, Ill, 115, assimilationists 1 142,172; 845 116, 122, 124 assisted performance 7 328 authentic language use 6 179 Associated Examining Board (AEB) 7 authoritative texts 3 6 123 authorial capabilities of children 2 71 Association for Supervision and authoritarian transmission styles 4 211 Curriculum Development 4 26 authority 3 120,255; 867-77 Association of Language Testers in authorship 2 69-76; 6207 Europa (ALTE) 7 299,308,316 autism 3 161, 162 Association of Southeast Asian Nations automatic knowledge 7 68 (ASEAN) 4 221,222,228 autonomous model of language 1 25, 74 asymmetries 3 37, 40; 4 110 autonomous model of literacy 2 63, 128, at risk status 4 91 133-139 Athabaskan children 3 78 autonomous texts 3 6 Attainment Targets 7153 autonomy 6 136 280 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX availability of micro-computers 8 240 bilingual approaches to the medium of awareness 1246; 6 7, 77, 131-138 instruction 5 283 awareness learning 6174 bilingual bicultural approaches 3 160 awareness of language 6 xi, xii bilingual bicultural education 5 236, 237 awareness of language policy 1 221 bilingual bicultural program 5 234, 235, awareness of linguistic inequality 6 155 238 awareness of linguistic structure 6 153 bilingual children 2 100; 8 255 awareness of non-standard varieties 6 bilingual classroom communication 8 229-240 255 awareness of phonological forms 3 3 bilingual classroom discourse 8 xv, awareness raising 6174,183-193 249-258 bilingual classrooms 3 99; 6 136; 8 6, back to basics 1 212 136,141,192,250,256 background information 2 211 bilingual codes witching 8 250 background knowledge 6 133 bilingual community 8 5, 6, 160 backwash effect 4 214,214 bilingual competence 5 302 Bahasa Indonesia 5181 bilingual concerns 1 37 ball point pens 2 10 1 bilingual contexts 6 132, 135; 8 130 band scores 7 76, 78,82, 159, 166 bilingual curriculum 5 136, 160 Bangladesh 1 179; 2 174 bilingual discourse formats 5 284 banking 7 249, 250 bilingual discourse practices 8 211 baselines 8 41 Bilingual Education Act (BEA) 1138, Basic Interpersonal Communication 140, 143 Skills (BICS) 4166; 5192; 7 164 bilingual education for Finnish minority basic language skills 4 177; 752 students 5217-229 basic literacy 2 128; 3 17 bilingual education for immigrant basic skills development 2 125 students 5 199-208 Basic Skills Movement 730,31,35 bilingual education for the Deaf 5 Basque 5 99-108 231-240 Basque Autonomous Community 5 99, bilingual education in Af11ca 5 25-32 101, 102, 104-106 bilingual education in Australia 5 Basque Country 5 99-108 209-215 Basque education 5 100 bilingual education in Brunei 5243-250 beginning readers 2 30, 31 bilingual education in Canada 557-65, behaviorism 7 269 167-176 behavioural theory 8 26 bilingual education in China 5157-165 behaviourist assumptions 4 96, 97 bilingual education in Friesland 5 behaviourist methods 6 12 117-125 Belarus 4 191 bilingual education in Germany 5 Belgium 2 207-213 J51-156 benchmark standards 7 316 bilingual education in Hong Kong 5 benchmarks 7 166; 8 41 281-289 beneficiaries 1 62 bilingual education in India 5 67-71 benefit maximization 7 324 bilingual education in Indonesia 5 benefits of language awareness 6 176 177-185 bias 7 329 bilingual education in Italy 5143-150 bias analysis 7 135 bilingual education in Lebanon 5 bicultural classrooms 6 136 251-259 bicultural education 1 79; 5 5, 6 bilingual education in Malaysia 5 biculturalism 1 113, 116 177-185 bidialectal approach 5 74 bilingual education in Singapore 5 bidialectalism 6 234 177-185 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX 281 bilingual education in Slovenia 5 bipolarity of gender 3 132 109-116 birth of languages 8 112 bilingual education in Sweden 5 217-229 black ethnic minority students 8 200 bilingual education in the Netherlands 5 black students 8 212 199-208 black teachers 3 100 bilingual education in the South Pacific 5 black womanist practice 873 87-95 Black British children 3 97 bilingual education in the United Black English 8113,116 Kingdom 5 127-141 Black English Vernacular 3 78; 6233 bilingual education in the United States 5 blind children 8 165-173 189-197 blind child's family 8 171 bilingual education models 5 104 blissymbolics 3 159 bilingual education practices 5 162 blitzkrieg ethnography 8 140 bilingual education programs 1 139, 142; Bolivia 8 37, 42 3 WI; 5 xii, 2, 8,18 book language 3 252 bilingual immersion 4 170 book sales 2 209 bilingual inheritance 3 250 books 252 bilingual instruction 1 9, 220, 222 border work 3 128; 8 189, 190 bilingual learning 1225; 4 207 both ways schooling 5 5 bilingual literacy development 5 59 Botswana 4 215 bilingual media 5 286 bottom-up language planning 5 53 bilingual oral mode 5 285 boundaries of identity 8 189, 190 bilingual policies 1 190; 5 179 bounded systems 8 145 bilingual programs 1142, 146, 154, 190; Bozen 5 145-149 247; 4 78, 165,233-235; 8 131 brain damage 2 40 bilingual schools 4 181, 232; 5 9, lO, 16 brain dysfunction 2 38, 40 bilingual sections 4 181 brain plasticity 8 102 bilingual societies 8 127 brain processing 2 41 bilingual speakers 6 131 Bridge Materials 4 212 bilingual structured immersion 6 99 bridging 4 210 bilingual students 1 220 Bristol Language Project 7 202 bilingual support 2 52; 8 70 British colonialism 4221 bilingual support model 4 89 British Columbia 5 60 bilingual teaching 1 223; 4 181 British council 1 204; 4 198, 210, 213 bilingual teaching of Saami language 5 British curriculum 5 133 82 British Mandate 4 198 bilingualism 1 78, 113, 114, 116, 118, British nationhood 1 114 119, 123, 124, 129, 132, 170, 182, broad-nibbed pen 2 100 220,223,232; 248,51, lO7, 108; 4 broadcasting 1 130 154, 155,211,216,225; 5 70, 77, broker language 5 179 80,93,123,129,145,158-162, Brown-Carlson listening test 7 22 184,195,202,222,251-256,258, Brunei 4 221, 227; 5 243-250 261,275; 7 165, 167, 182; 8 4, 38, Bulgaria 4 188 43, lO6, 150, 181 Bullock Report 1104,106,117,230, bilingualism in multilingual settings 5 231,235; 6230 184 Burkino Faso 1 164 bilingual's linguistic repertoire 5 178 Burundi 1 160, 161 biliteracy 1131; 2 51, 65, 109; 5 195 business education 6 263 biliterate children 2 81 business interpreters 4 143 biliterate development 2 48 bimonolingualism 5 245 C-test 7100 binary pattern of male-female 3 117 California Language Immersion biography 6 104 Programmes 5 50 282 CUM U LA T I V E SUB J E C TIN D E X

Cameroon 1 161 chi1d-centredness 2 25 campaign-based literacy programmes 2 child-child interaction 8 190 204 child-child interactions 4 15 campaigns for literacy 2 166-168 child-tested methods of teaching 2 163 Canada 180,83, 149-158; 557-65, childhood 2 71 167-176,261-269; 6236; 7 309; 8 children 2 69, 77; 3148; 8 101, 103 69, 73 children with speech and language Canadian Charter of Rights and impairment 3 157-166 Freedoms 1152; 5167,169,170 children's attitudes 5 275 Canadian immersion programs 5 278, 292 children's authorial capabilities 2 71 Canadian Language Benchmarks children's collaborative talk 3197 Assessment 7316 children's education 2 219 Cantonese 5 281-289 children's experiences of the world 2 22 Cantonese-English bilingual oral mode 5 children's folklore 3 115 284,287 children's linguistic processing 6 49 capitalism 2148,215; 6251,252,258 children's literacy development 2 23, 24 capitalist countries 2 149 children's literacy skills 2 19,20,22 careful reading 7 45 children's play 3 115 Caribbean pupils 1114, 205 children's talk 3 217-227 Carleton Academic English Language China 2175; 5157-165; 7 304 Assessment (CAEL) 7 124 Chinese 5158,244,281-289 case history 7 216 Chinese across the curriculum 5 160 case studies 819,20,229 Chinese as medium of instruction 5 case study methods 8145-152, 198 281-289 Catalan 5 297-302 Chinese dialects 5 243 Catalan language policy 5 297, 298 Chinese literacy 2 51; 5 288 Catalonia 5 297-303 catalytic validity 8 202 choice oflanguage 2 130 category maintenance 3 128 Christian missionaries 2 200,201,205 CD-ROM 2184; 4133-135, 180 chunking 7 68 Celtic languages 1113; 5127-141 cipher knowledge 6 55 census language question 8 44 circumstantial bilinguals 7 163 census-type surveys 8 39 citizenship 3 105-113; 6208 Center for Applied Linguistics 4 167 Ciulistet Yup'ik Teacher Leader group 8 Central African Republic 1 164 232 Central Intelligence Agency (CTA) 7 76 civic education 3 107 Certificate in English for International civil service 7 304 Business and Trade (UCLES) 7 127 civil society-rationality 3 121 Certificates in the Communicative Skills civil rights 5 46, 190 in English (RSA) 7 122 Civil War in Lebanon 5 254, 255 certification 4 217; 7 59 class 2 150; 3 xiii, 65-85, 92, 110; 853, challenges 3 34-36, 38 207,212 changes in education 6 93 class correspondences 1 224 chants 3 116 class novel 3 253 Cheyenne 5 48 class prejudices 1 101 child centred approaches 3 182 class stratification 3 70 child centred development 3 125 classical languages 4 176 child centred education 3 172 classical test theory models 7 231 child centred ideology 3 133 classics 6 21 child language acquisition 1 35; 8 101, classification of writing systems 2 61 105, 112, 114, 117, 118 c1assism 2 65; 6 242 child-adult interaction 2 228 classroom 3 31-41, 187-195; 4147 child-centred system of education 6 88 classroom activities 2 78 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX 283 classroom assessment 7151, 152, 157, cognitive academic register 5 213 159 cognitive apprenticeship 3 24 classroom behaviour 3 98; 6 184 cognitive approach 4 77,225; 7 133, 134, classroom communication 318,31; 6 175, 195, 199 189; 8 28 cognitive code learning 4 97, 101 classroom conversation 8 218 cognitive codes 6 13, 114 classroom discourse 3 xii, 21-29,58, cognitive complexity 4 79 75-85,129,169-178,232,241;6 cognitive deficit 8 168 191,251-260; 8250,254 cognitive demands of tasks 7 207 classroom ethnography 4 67; 896, cognitive development 3 182; 5 147; 6 135-144 206,207; 7 220 classroom experience 6 222 cognitive factors 7 199 classroom genres 6 144, 145 cognitive factors in learners 3 25 classroom interaction 1 27; 3 46; 466; 5 cognitive learning conditions 4 27 275; 6 183-193; 8 192, 249 cognitive learning styles 6 73-76 classroom knowledge production 347,48 cognitive maturity 7 169 classroom language 3 240; 6 258 cognitive model 7 190, 191 classroom literacy 3 46 cognitive processes 647 classroom norms 8 129 cognitive psychology 4 134; 8 240 classroom observations 7 276 cognitive science 3 217; 4 217 classroom pedagogy 3 34 cognitive skills 6 206; 7 200, 207 classroom power 3 47 cognitive strategies 4 145 classroom practices 3 198; 6 256; 8212 cognitive tradition 7 21, 132 classroom process research 8 92 cognitive view of dialogue 8 31 classroom processes 6190, 191,235 Cognitive Abilities Measurement (CAM) classroom research 2 83; 6189,253 battery 7 204 classroom routines 8 255 Cognitive Academic Language classroom talk 3 11-20, 31-33, 35-39, Proficiency (CALP) 4 166, 210, 46,53-62,79,125-135,233; 6256, 216; 7 164 258 Cognitive Academic Language Learning classroom texts 6 246 Approach (CALLA) 4 167 classroom writing 2 78 Cognitive Assessment of Language classroom writing curriculum 2 82 Learning Ability (CALLA) battery classroom-oriented research 4 63-74 7204 classroom-related research 5247 cognitively demanding language use 7 clinical syndrome 2 38 164 closed multimedia systems 4 133 cognitively undemanding language use 7 closed programs 3 223 164 closed questions 3179, 180 cohesion 7 94 closed software 3 220 cohesive devices 4 202 cloze procedure program 3 222 collaboration 3 182, 242; 8 231 cloze tests 4 55,142; 71,40,68,100, collaborative activity 3182,183 121, 122, 142 collaborative discussion 3 189 co-construction of meaning 3 190 collaborative groups 3197 co-construction of understanding 3 192 collaborative learning 3 200,202,210 COBUILD grammar 6 14, 15, 18,26 collaborati ve norms 3 191 code switching 1 242; 390; 5 37, 106, collaborative problem-solving 3 243 284; 6 232, 254; 85,6,251-257 collaborative talk 3 xvi, 197-206 Code of Ethics 7 330 collective attitudes 1 6 Code of Practice 7 308, 310, 316 collective rights 1 62 codes 1 103, 242; 8 30 college classrooms 3 79 coding-system 3193 colleges of education 4 210 cognitive abilities 7199,201-203,205 colonial education 1 201 284 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX colonial English 5 130 communicative power 3 37 colonial languages 1 4, 36, 190, 192; 3 communicative practices 3 31 91; 4 75,158,207,208,215; 526, communicativc proccsses 3 14; 8 27 27,30,87; 6 165 communicative proficiency 4 182 colonial system of schools 5 178 communicative proficiency assessment 1 colonialism 1 2-4, 7, 36, 77, 149, 159, 108 162,180,189; 2 215; 5 25,28,34, communicative rationality 3 33, 38 35,67, 183; 6 252; 8135 communicative strategies 4 202; 5 295 colonisation 5 2, 17, 128; 8 114-116 communicative teaching 5 182 COLT465 communicative testing 7 69, III comembership 8 190 Communicative Use of English as a Committee on Assessment and Testing Foreign Language (UCLES) 7 122 (CAT) 7 31 communities 4 170 commodities 6 251-260 communities of practice 8 51 common sense 8199,200,219 community competence 3 31-41 common underlying proficiency 2 108 community culture 8 137 communication 4 97, 170; 625 Community Development 2 203 communication assessment 7 29 community language use 5 91 communication between blind children community languages 6 232 and parents 8 166 community Jiteracies 2 159 communication competence 7 29,31,69 community of discourse 3 183 Communication Competence Assessment community of interests 5 173 Instrument (CCAI) 7 31 community of knowers 3 242 communication functions 7 31 community of learners 3 25 communication impairment 3157-161, community of practice 3 23, 24 163, 164 Comoros 1 161 communication patterns 8130, 131, 155 comparisons 4 170 communication skills 3 187 compensatory educational programs 1 communication strategie 6 132 115 communication technology 1 3, 5 competence 3 147; 4 97; 6 18; 7 24, 25 communicative action 3 37 competence-based approach 2 130 communicative approaches 1 242; 4 2-4, competency skills 8 179 7,65,77,97-99,141,207,210;6 competition 6 34 120; 7 104, 155 competitiveness 3 83, 212 communicative codes 6253 complementarity 8 190 communicative competence 1241,242; 2 complexity 3 55, 242; 4 111-113 129; 3 xii, 31-41,157-166; 44,77, complexity of analysis 3 246; 8 126 142, 183,203; 5 257; 6134; 7 22, complexity of reading 2 121 26,80,82-93; 8 1,53, 125, 129, components of reading 7 43, 44, 47 141,153-154,166,191 composing processes 2 79,81 communicative cycles of classroom life 8 composition 2 70, 78, 107; 3 250 256 composition research 4 224 communicative development 3 11 composition theory 6 139 communicative discourses 6 254 composition writing 7 11, 12,51,52,55, communicative era 4 142 56 communicative event 8 126, 129 comprehensible input 4 166 communicative instruction 4 81 comprehensible output 4 166 communicative language ability 7 231 comprehension 7 5, 25, 46 communicative language teaching 4 142, comprehension strategies 2 2, 21 J, 212 143, 147, 178, 179 comprehensi ve data treatment 8 140 communicative language testing 4 143 compulsory education 2 225, 231 communicative methodology 6122 compulsory languages 4 184 communicative movement 7 93, 131 computer 2181-183, 186 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX 285 computer adaptive testing (CAT) 79, conquest 8 3 141, 143,319 conscientization 6 155 computer as site for social construction conscious awareness 647, 65,195,241 of knowledge 8 242 conscious knowledge 67 computer assisted language learning 4 conscious learning 6 2, 8 202 conscious monitoring 6 50 computer based programmes 4 210 conscious reflection on language 6 2 computer culture 8 246 conscious strategies 6 3 computer literacy 2 138; 8239 consciously learned knowledge 6 6 computer network links 6 106 consciousness 677,218 computer program 7 230, 259 consciousness-raising task 6 114--116 computer technologies 2 75; 7 60, 72, consensus 3 34; 6 34 115,147; 8181 consensus view 4 45 computer-aided testing 7 250 consequential validity 7 325 computer-assisted language learning 7 conservation analysis 7 277 146 conservative hermeneutics 8 28, 29 computer-assisted reading software 2 183 conservative theories 8 33 computer-assisted research 8 91 construct validation 7 227, 232, 237 computer-based testing 7 141-149 construct validity 7 55-57, 60, 82, 83, computer-mediated communication 8 243 87-90,179 computer-mediated educational sites 8 constructing meaning 2 2-6 245 construction offact 4 111, 112 computer-supported collaborative construction of gender 8 53 learning 3 201 construction of knowledge 4 111 computerised instructional approaches 3 constructionist view 4 134, 182 160 constructivism 3 32, 241; 5 194 computerized adaptive testing 7 228, 229, 248 constructivist approach 3176; 4224 computerized testing 4 147; 7 227 constructivist epistemology 3 242 computers 3 xvii, 15, 161,217-227,255; consulted teacher model 4 90 4202; 8xv contact languages 5 71; 8 112 computers in literacy classrooms 8 contact phenomenon 4 225 239-248 contaminating variables 8 80 concept of history 1 28 content authority 3 19 conceptual change 3 240, 241 content knowledge 7 111, 116, 123 conceptual understanding in science 3 content skills 4 172 239-248 content validation 7 276 conceptualization of cases 8 150 content-based assessment 7167-169 conceptualizations of writing 4 225 content-based cun-icula 5257 concordancing 4 180 content-based education 1134 conditions of life 3 67 content-based instruction 4 81, 165, 169; conference 4 208, 211 5257 conference reports 4 209 content-based language learning 4 165, confidence building 7 153 167, 170, 172 confirmatory factor analysis 7 234 content-based language teaching 4 80 conflict of norms 3 80 content-ESL 4167, 168 conflict resolution 6 37 context 3 45, 190,217; 4141; 7104, 105, conflicts 4 113 117,131 conformity 3 128 context analysis 8 187-189, 218 Congo 1166 context of assessment 7 169 congruences 8 254 context of language learning 4 222 connection conversation analysis 8 222 context of reading 2 5 connections 4 170 context-embedded communication 2 127 286 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX context-embedded language use 7 164, Cree 5 58, 61, 62 165 Cree teachers 5 60 contcxt-cmbcddedness 479 creole 5 71 context-reduced language use 7 164, 165 creole languages 5 200; 6 234 contextual complexities 3 193 Creole English 1 114 contextual use of language 4 147 creolization 8 112, 114, 115 contextualist view of science 3 241 criteria of adequacy 8 219 contextualization cue 8 251, 252, 254 criterion 7 133 contextualization of sentences 6 16 criterion-based assessment 7 268 contcxtualized practices 6 252 criterion-referenced decisions 7 255 contextualized testing 4 87 criterion-referenced language test contingency coefficients 8 81 development 7 268, 269 contraception 2 218,219 criterion-referenced measurement 7 263 contradiction 3 55 critcrion-rcferenced tests 7 6, 263-273 contrastive analysis 6 12; 8 89, 91 criterion-referencing 7 271, 305 contrastive rhetoric tradition 4 110 critical action research 8 229 control 1 45, 46, 50 critical age for language learning 4 convergence 7 232 11-19,43-50 convergent-divergent scripts continuum 2 critical agency 3 14, 15 65 critical applied linguistics 1 23-31 conversation 3 212 critical approaches 1215; 6146; 8 l39 conversation analysis 3 43, 174; 8 188, critical approaches to literacy 2143-151 222,250 critical awareness of varieties 6 232, 233, conversation analysis methods 8 217-225 237 conversational analysis 6 191 critical case study 8 150, 151 conversational interaction 3 213 critical classroom 3 18 conversational repair 6 186 cri tical diary study 8 72 conversational style 3 75 critical discourse 1 46 conversational-oriented approach 8 5 critical discourse analysis 6 217-227, cooperative learning 3198,217; 4168, 242,246; 871,72,204 216 critical discourse analysis paradigm 4 113 coordinated service model 4 89 critical discourse analysts 7 324 copying 2 70 critical discourse research 8 207-216 Coral Way bilingual program 5 189 critical ethnography 1 50; 8 69-71, 136, core French 4 168 l39, 197-206 corpus 1163; 815-17 critical hermeneutics 3 15-17 corpus linguistics 4 227; 625,26 critical knowledge about varieties 6 235, corpus planning 113, 15 236 corpus-driven grammars 6 18 critical language awareness 6 3, 5, 208, correctness 1 105-107; 6235,236 217,232,238,241-246;2148;8 con"elational 7 275 211 correlational techniques 8 79, 81, 82 critical linguistics 1 241; 6 218,219,242, correlations 8 81, 82 245; 8204 Council of Europe 1 206; 4 177, 179 critical literacy 1 241, 243-247; 2 133, Counseling-Learning 4 77 135, 137-l39, 145, 147, 148, 164, counter discourses 147, 48 205; 6223 course delivery 5 62 critical micro-ethnography 8 70, 71 coursebook project 4 191 critical model 1 216 court discourse 4 112 critical multiculturalism 1 237 court interpreters 4 143 critical oracy 3 xiv, 105-113 courtroom proceedings 4 109 critical pedagogy 1237, 244; 2 145, 146; creative writing 2 228 335, 38, 108, 110,204; 6 241-249, credibility of teacher research 8 229 267; 8 67-77, 203, 208, 242 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX 287 critical period hypothesis 8 102-108 cross-sectional studies 8 84-86, 90, 92 critical practice 8 203 Crow 548 critical readers 3 6 cryptographies 2 60 critical reading 2 144; 6218 cultural activity 7 314 critical realism 2 217; 6247 cultural analysis 3 255 critical reason 3 34 cultural aspects of literacy 2 208 critical reflection in language policy I cultural assimilation 2 156; 5 191 236 cultural background 3 75; 6 188; 7 232 critical reflexivity 8 200, 202, 203 cultural barriers I 121 cri tical teaching 3 18 cultural biases 7 15, 158 critical theory 3 13-15, 33, 35, 36, 38, 43 cultural capitall 102, 242; 3 90, 100; 6 critical theory of education 3 11-14 257; 8 255 critical theory of classroom 3 xi cultural categories 8 50 critical thinking 3 183; 637 cultural change 3 210 Critical Discourse Analysis I 27, 28, 50, cultural characteristics of technology 8 241 245 Critical Language Awareness 138,237, cultural competence 4 183; 6267 242,243,246,248 cultural congruence 8191,250 critical-pragmatic curriculum 317 cultural content 4 xv, 198, 203 critical-pragmatic theory 3 11-20; 832 cultural context 4 86, 90; 8 50 critical-pragmatism 3 12 cultural criticism 3 18; 8 242 critical-pragmatist hermeneutics 8 31, 32 cultural curriculum matcrials 5 60 criticisms 8 44 cultural demands 3 149 criticisms on surveys 843 cultural development 3 23 criticizing texts 3 7 cultural differences 2 100, 129; 3 17,68, critique 3 13-18, 242, 244; 6 241,259 77,90; 873,74, 137, 159 critique proper 3 17 cultural diversity 1 37, 50, 115, 116, 123, Croatia 4 193 190; 4113; 6211 cross-class sociolinguistic analysis 8 156 cultural forces 6 207 cross-cultural approaches 6 133 cultural handicaps 3 234 cross-cultural communication 3 95; 4 cultural hegemony 3 56 226; 8190,192,193 cultural heterogeneity 5 67 cross-cultural comparisons 4 110; 8 161 cultural identity 1142; 2147; 3244; 4 cross-cultural contexts 8 159 160,183 cross-cultural differences 8 47 cultural imperialism 1 203 cross-cultural dimension of language 3 cultural interference 6 133 251 cultural knowledge 3 26, 68; 8 153 cross-cultural miscommunication 8 48, cultural literacy 2 138 49 cultural maintenance 2119, 156; 5184 cross-cultural sociolinguistic analysis 8 cultural meaning 3 129; 8 153 156 cultural meaning systems I 103 cross-cultural views of learning styles 6 cultural minorities 2 144, 149; 3 211 76 cultural model of literacy 2 165 cross-curricular courses 4 214 cultural norms 3 89, 213 cross-curricular material 4 211 cultural orientation 4 127, 158 cross-curricular school I 237 cultural origin 1 77 cross-curricular themes I 234 cultural pluralism I 237; 5 111 cross-curricular work 4 208 cultural pluralist setting 1 231, 233 cross-linguistic approaches 6 133 cultural processes 2 135 cross-linguistic comparisons 4 58 cultural psychology 3 204 cross-national comparisons 2195, 196 cultural regeneration 5 139 cross-national schemes 6 165 cultural regionalism 5 73 cross-orthography studies 2 63 cultural reproduction 3 87, 90, 92; 5 139 288 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX cultural resources 1 131 Deaf bilingual bicultural education 5 cultural revitalization 5 72 231-240 cultural studies 1 216; 8 51, 208 Deaf bilingualism 5 237 cultural transmission 2 119; 8 135 Deaf children 192,95, 143 cultural values 1 212; 8 158 deaf community 1 90, 94, 95, 142, 143; 5 cultural variation 2135; 3171 xiii, 231-240; 8175-184 Cultural Revolution in China 5 158 Deaf culture 3 160 cultural-specific literacy practices 2 156 Deaf education 1 94; 5 231, 238 culturally discontinuous interaction 8 154 deaf education in Europe 5 231 culturally-based discourse strategies 8 Deafpeople 1 89-98, 129, 141, 145 191 deafresearchers 8 181 culturally-pluralist approach 1 238 deaf teachers 5 236 culturally-pluralist school 1 237 debates 3 106, 182 culturally-specific style 8 254 decision making processes 3 105, 106; 7 culture 2150; 365-73,213; 4112, 170, 58, 157 223; 6 211; 7310,327; 8 xi, xiii decision study (D-study) 7 258-260 culture analysis 3 15 Declaration on the Right to Development culture and identity 3 xiii 171 culture of literacy 3 1-9 declarative knowledge 6 82; 7 67 culture-producing processes 3 12 decoding 2 210; 3 78; 5 192; 7 23-25, 67, culture-specific criteria 7 15, 17,34, 183, 68 decoding competence 2 129, 130, 194, 185 196,211 cumulation of meaning 3 191 deconstruction 1 243-245; 2 147 cumulati ve talk 3 219 decorum 3 121 curriculum 1 231; 2 228; 340,202, 251; deducti ve consciousness-raising tasks 6 73,6,8, 17, 157 114, 115 curriculum area 3201 deep academic proficiency 7 170 curriculum change 3 31 Defence Language Aptitude Battery 7 curriculum construction 3 31, 33, 34 200 curriculum content 3 200 Defence Language Institute 7 76 curriculum development 1231,233; 4 deficit model 2 156; 860 168 deficit perspectivc 2 155 curriculum issues 5 170 deficit-driven approaches 2 157 curriculum materials 1119, 120; 5 264 deficits 3 88 curriculum planning 4 207 definitions of knowledge 4 147 curriculum plans 2 230 deleting phonemes 6 55 curriculum reform 4 213 delivery of instruction 4 xii curriculum resourcing 5 138 democracy 3 12, 105, 106; 5 100; 6 208 curriculum-based assessment 7 170 democracy in language policy 1 236 cursive writing 2 97,99 democratic research practices 8 202 cut -score 7 265 democratic research strategies 8 201 cyberspace 8 246 democratic society 3 13 Czechoslovakia 4 188 democratic theory 3 17 democratisation 8 200 data analysis 8 79, 194 demographic attrition 5 49 data collection 7 282,283; 895,127, 145 demographic literacy 2 130, 131 data loss 7 283 dependability 7 256, 259, 260,265, 266 data rcpresentation 8 220 dependent variables 8 82, 84 data sampling 8 140 depletion of language 5 78 de-skilling of the teacher 7 298 depth of word knowledge 7 102, 103 deaf 5 212 DES Circular 7/65 1 116 deaf adults 8 106 describing 8 153 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX 289 descriptive approaches 464 direct instructions 3 99 descriptive grammar 611,12, 14, 18 direct method 4 76,97 descriptive profiling 7 154 direct oral tests 4 145 design of new approaches 8 171 direct teaching 6 145 designs 7 232 directtesting 7 133 desire 3 143 Direct Method 6 120 developed countries 1 221 directionality 2 87 developing countries 1 163,212,213, disabled students 4 85 216; 2 166; 4 114, 115; 8 19 disabilities 2 44; 3 158, 159, 164; 8 167 development 1 207 disabled children 3 121 development bilingual programs 5 193 disadvantaged languages 1 175, 176 development of blind children 8 165 discipline-bound domains 3 176 development of materials 4 203 discontinuity between home and school 3 development of teaching material 8 64 78 development rate 8 103 discoursal features 6 222 developmental bilingualism 5 194 discourse 2 79, 143, 146, 147, 149; 3 12, developmental dyslexia 2 38 16,24,26,27,53,65,69,71,101, developmental features 4 7 107,110,111,140,142,172,174, developmental hypothesis 6 12 200,204,212-214,239-248; 6 15, developmental language disorders 7 211 217,218,231,242; 714,80,153; 8 developmental psychologists 2 20 32,158,207-211,252,255 diachronic sociolinguistic analysis 8 156 discourse analysis 2148; 3 217, 218; 4 diagnostic descriptors 7 238 145; 6219; 871,92, 135, 136, 138, diagnostic tests 7 6 139, 160, 161,218,250 dialect speakers 2 65, 130 discourse classroom 3 107 dialectal features 6 198, 201 discourse communities 4 106, 107, 110; 6 dialectical relationship 3 25 147 dialectology 3 65-67 discourse competence 2 129; 4 77 dialects 1 40; 248,207,227,229; 3 69; 5 discourse conventions 3 100 143; 6234; 8 60-63, 118 discourse formats 3 48, 112 dialogic activities 3 203 discourse in collaborative situations 3 dialogic pedagogical approach 2 145 243 dialogic small-group talk 3 193 discourse in science 3 239 dialogicality 3 203, 204 discourse level 4 202 dialogism 3 21 discourse moves 8219 dialogue 3 12, 14,26, 190,256 discourse norms 3 148; 6 37 dialogue journals 2 110-112 discourse patterns 3 210 diary studies 6 169; 7 157; 872,89,91 discourse practices 3 151; 6 217, 224 dichotomous approaches 1186; 5 74 discourse to conceptual understanding 3 dictation 7 68, 100, 121, 122 240 dictionaries 4133, 134; 8181 discourse tutors 3 211 didactic approaches 3 158 discourse-historical method 1 246 didactic grammar 6 13 discourse-orientated grammars 6 14 didactic principles 4 179 discourse-oriented approach 8 5, 51 didactic repair 6 186 discourse-process approach 6 6 difference hypothesis 8 60 discourse-related code-switching 8 252 differences 3 88; 8213 discourses of power 3 39, 56 different raters 7 232 discovery methods 4168; 8153 difficulty with research 4 39 discrete-point tcsts 4 141; 7 67,87,89, Digiti Lingua 8 177 100, 121-123, 131, 157, 158 diglossia 133,34; 4 201; 82,4,5,116 discriminating strategies 3 189 dilemmas 8128 discrimination 1 70, 101, 185; 370; 6 direct assessment 7 12 230, 265 290 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX discursive norms 1 43 dynamic classroom environment 8 242 discursive patterns 3 200 dynamic view of context 3 191 discursive practices 3 131 dysarthria 7 211,212 discursive psychology 3 204; 6 91 dyslexia 2 38, 40, 41, 43-45, 64, 182, discursive stratcgies 3129,131 212,227,229,231; 7 3, 4 discussion models 3 107-110, 182 disfluencies 7 66 e-maill 224; 3223,255; 4137, 161; 6 disorders of articulation 7 211, 213 144, 198; 8 244 disorders of phonology 7 213 early bilinguals 4 46 displaced populations 2 168 early intervention 3 160, 161 disputation 3 191 early language development in blind disputational talk 3 219 children 8 169 dissonance 3 101 early literacy 288; 637,89 distance education 4 216, 233-235 early starters 7 152 distance education courses 4 214 early writing 2 228 distance education materials 4 212 early-exit bilingual education 4 79 distance learning 4 137 early-exit immersion programs 1142 distance teaching materials 4 214 early-exit transitional bilingual program distribution oflanguage switches 6 131 5190-193 divergence 7 232 Eastern Europe 8 113 diversity 1 248; 4 111 Ebonics 134, 38; 6 xiv; 8113-115 Djibouti 1 161 EC Council Directive 1117,118 doctor-patient interaction 4 110 ecolinguistics 6 xii document design 4 106, 108 ecological approaches 1 20 document processing skills 2 128 ecological linguistics 6 xii documentary 1 214 ecology of languages 1 224 domain of use 8 126, 127 economic determinism 5 130 domain-referenced measurement 7 263, economic globalization 1 5 264 economic languages 4 106 domain-referenced testing 7 269 economic policies 2 221 dominance 3 88; 4 114 economic power 5129 dominance of English 6 165 economic rationalism 1132, 133; 5 8 dominant ideological structures 8 53 economic strategies 1 130 dominant languages 5 281; 6 235; 8 117 economic-technical setting 4 107 dominant literacy 1 244 education 1 xi; 6 21, 143 dominant modes of information 2 150 education as an institution 8 223 donor agencies 2 169 education cycles 2 191 dormant speakers 4 55 education departments 4 207 double voiced discourse 3 119 education for all 5 74 Draft Universal Declaration on Linguistic education in articulateness 3 16 Rights 1 62, 63 education in Australia 1 127 Dravidian language 5 69 education in the United States 1 137 drop-out rate 2 167 education of girls 2 221 dual competence model 6 15 education of the deaf 8 176 dual language policy 8 161 education on western models 6 164 dual language texts 2 52 education policy 5 35, 36, 40 dual culture approach 8 49 education rights 1 73 Dutch 2 207-213; 5 117, 118, 181, 183 educational administration 1 50 Dutch colonization 4 221 educational assessment 7 260 Dutch East India Company 4 207 educational change 6 217-227 Dutch educational policy 5118, 199 educational context 6 209 dutyholders 1 59, 62 educational disabled 1104 dynamic assessment 4 87 educational funding 1 35 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX 291 educational inequalities 5 174, 247 emancipation 1 246; 3 13, 101; 6 217, educational innovation 1 236; 7 297 221, 222, 247 educational language rights 1 56, 60; 5 emancipatory concerns 1 235 225 emancipatory dimension 8 229 educational linguistic human rights 1 63 emancipatory discourse 3 38, 39, 105 educational linguists 6 2, 163-172 emancipatory discursive practices 3 39 educational opportunities 1 35 emancipatory effectivencss 8 202 educational philosophy 6 243 emancipatory ethnography 8 197 educational policy 11-11, 35, 91, 99; 4 emancipatory practice 8 199 153-163,200; 6190; 7168,170 emergence 7 169 educational practice 5 122 emergent literacy 2 19-26, 209,227 educational reform 8 230 emic categories 8 136 educational relevance 7 58-60 emic distinctions 8161 educational rights for the deaf 1 93 emic evidence 8 194 educational selection process 1 102 emic perspective 8 128 educational settings 3 43-52, 91, 92 emic processes 8 234 educational standards 7 35 empiricism 8 29 educational system 4 xiii, 157 empiricist hermeneutics 8 28, 29 educational technology 4 131 employment prospects in the UK 5 132 educational theory and practice 6 36 empowered learners 6 90 Educational Testing Service 4144; 7128 empowered teachers 6 90 educative bilingual education 5 209 empowering education 5 239 educators 4 207 empowerment 2144, 167; 3 105,200; 6 edumetry 7 264 5,217,222,224; 868, 139,201, edutainment 1 216; 4 134 229 encyclopedias 4 133; 8 67-77 EEC/Bedfordshire Pilot Project 1118 endangered languages 4 xiv, 159, 160 effective discourse 3 236 endogenous norms 1 165 effecti ve educational talk 3 179-186 English 5181-183,243 effective methods 6 183 English as a Second Language 1 119 effective pedagogy 6 163 English as a second dialect 5 61 effective writing pedagogy 8 242 English as a world language 1201 effects of tests 7 291, 293 English as an additional language 7 95 efficient listening 7 22 English as medium of instruction 5 37, egalitarian educational discourses 3 126 41,251,253,282,284,285 Egypt 4198 English as mother tongue 6 22 elaborated codes 1 33, 34 English for academic purposes 1 28; 4 electronic devices 3 159 203; 7 121, 124, 125 electronic information 2 184 English for Business (LCCI) 7 127 electronic mail 3 224, 255 English for Commerce (LCCI) 7 127 electronic media 4 210 English for Specific Purposes 4 106, 197, electronic networking 1 224 199; 7122 electronic revolution 2 120 English immersion 5 191, 287 electronic technology 8 239, 242, 244, English in Central and Eastern Europe 4 245 188 electronic texts 2 182 English language teaching 1 201 -209 electronic writing 2 182 English Only movement 1 207 elementary classrooms 3 80 English vs. Arabic 5 244 elicitation techniques 7 80 English vs. Chinese 5 282 elicited imitation 8 91 English vs. French 5 251 elicited repetition tasks 7 68 English vs. Malay 5180, 181,244,246, elite 3 240 248,249 elite bilingualism 5 181, 183 English vs. Mandarin 5 178 292 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX

English vs. non-English languages 1 137 ethnicity 127,195; 2123, 129; 3 xiii, 60, enrichment bilingual education 5 209, 75-85,92,208,212,213; 8199, 213 207 enrichment of culture 6 136 ethnocultural radius 1 8 enrichment programmes 5 212 ethnographic account of multi ethnic enrichment types 5211 school I 232 enrichment-oriented language rights 1 62 ethnographic approach 5 31; 6189, 190, epilinguistic 6 47 208,245; 7165; 8 6,51,91 epilinguistic control 648, 49 ethnographic context 8 III epilinguistic speech 1 165 ethnographic inquiries 8 232 epiprocesses 647,48 ethnographic interview methods 8 epistemological development 3 II 153-164 equal opportunities 2 216 ethnographic methods 1108, 195; 8197 equal rights 3 125 ethnographic microanalysis of interaction equal treatment 7 324 8187-196 equality 167, 69, 74; 5111; 8 68 ethnographic movement 8 198 equality of languages 8 62 ethnographic perspective 3 153 equitable assessment 7 315 ethnographic relativity 1 38 equity 7 317, 318, 325-327 ethnographic research 2136, 154; 851, equity of access to communication 136 technologies 2 149 ethnographic study 8 52, 138, 240 Erasmus project 8 20 ethnographic tradition 3 69,89; 8 197, error analysis 612; 890,91 198 escapist reading 2 122, 125 ethnography 2 154; 4 145; 869-72, Eskimos 1 155 125-133, 13~ 139, 140 Esperanto 6151-159 ethnography of communication 3 75, Esperanto community 6 156 149,170; 8125-133,135-137, Esperanto educators 6 157 154, 155, 187,203,253 Esperanto instruction 6 152 ethnography of schooling 8 135 Esperanto pedagogy 6 154, 156 ethnolinguistic identity 5 52 Esperanto's regularity 6 153 ethnolinguistic minorities 545 Esperanto's survival 6 152 ethnolinguistic vitality 8 7 essentialism 1 49, 50 ethnomethodological analyses 3 44; 8 92 Estonia 4 188 ethnomethodological research 3 xii, ethical aspects of tests 4 146 43-52 ethical dimensions 3 110 ethnomethodological studies 3 234 ethics 7313,323 ethnomethodological studies of talk 3 ethnic communities 4 233; 5 110, 167 43-52 ethnic differences 1 230 ethnomethodology 6191; 8 128, 217, ethnic groups 1 99, 149; 5 180, 183 218, 250 ethnic identity 5 79, 168 ethnonationalism 8 21 ethnic languages 4 160; 5 164 ethnosemantics 8 128 ethnic literacy 2 174 etic categories 8 136 ethnic minorities 2 130, 208; 3 244; 5 etymology 2 208 213;860 Euro-centric position 2 60 ethnic minorities in the Netherlands 5 202 European Charter for Regional or ethnic minority children 1 232 Minority Languages 1 58, 62 ethnic minority languages 5 201, 202, European Community 8 20, 21 207 European immersion programs 5 295 cthnic praxis 8 203 European languages 1131, 137 ethnic prejudices 8 64 European Union 1 206, 225; 5 224; 841, ethnic revitalization 8 22 42 ethnic-minority mother tongues 64 Europeanization 5 137; 841 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX 293 evaluation 4 184; 7 58; 8 21 Fair Test (The National Center for Fair evaluation of language 1 8 and Open Testing) 7 325, 327 evaluation studies 2 230 fairness of testing 7 317, 325-328 evaluator tasks 7 155 falling standards 2134, 138, 195, 196 evangelism 4 207; 5 88 family literacy 1 142; 2 153-161 ex-colonial language 4 156 family literacy practices 2 153, 155, 158 examinations system 5 40; 7 296 family literacy programming 2 153, 154, exceptional second language learners 4 158, 159 85-93 family strengths 2 155 exclusion 3 244 Farmers Functional Literacy Project 2 exit criteria 1 139 203 exogenous school curricula 5 89 Farsi 4 197,202 exoglossia 1161; 5178 fast-track program 4 189, 190 expansion of English 1 201 females 3 125 expatriate teachers 5 248 female circumcision 2 218 expectations 3 193 female literacy 2 215-223 expeditious reading 7 45 femanomics 2 221 experiences of literacy 2 50, 78 feminism 2143, 146, 147,215-223; 3 experientallearning 6 243 53; 6 257; 8214 experimental designs 8 79, 80, 95, 243 feminist analysis 8 47 feminist criticism 3 38; 8242 experimental learning 6 6 feminist critique 3 59 experimental methods in research 8 feminist ethnographic research 8 201,203 79-87 feminist linguistics 8 50 experimentation 2 80 feminist pedagogy 1 27; 3 39; 8 208 expert judgements 2 168; 3 6, 7, 25; 7 feminist poststructuralism 8 209,210 275,276 feminist scholars 3 37 explanatory adequacy 8 20 feminist theorists 3 32, 35, 58 explanatory models 7 58 field level surveys 2 202 explicit grammar testing 7 90, 91, 94 field notes 8 220 explicit knowledge 6109-118 field-dependence styles 6 74 explicit language teaching 4 12, 13, 16, field-independence styles 674, 76 170,202 fighting boys 3 121 explicit learning 6 78 Fiji 1191; 4 233, 234 explicit teaching 6 146 film 1 211,213,214 explicit teaching of genre 6 145 fingerspelling 1 92; 8 176 exploratory factor analysis 7 233 Finland 5 291-296 exploratory talk 3 184,201,219,221, Finnish 5217,219-221,223,224, 223; 6163 291-296 export of languages 1 2 Finnish minority in Sweden 5 217-229 extent of blindness 8167 Finnish-medium transitional classes 5 external assessment procedures 4 148 219 external validity 8 94, 95 Finnish-speaking areas 5 218 extra-linguistic aims 8 17 first language 1 232; 4 225 first language acquisition 8 101, 102, 106 face-to-face interaction 8187-194 first language maintenance 6 100 facets 7 135, 246, 255, 260 first language vs. second language 6 136, FACETS (program) 7 246, 247 179 facilitating moves 3 243 first skills 3 118 factor analysis 7 201,233; 8 82-84 first-language acquisition 6 43-51 factual genres 6 141 flexibility in writing 7 17 factual media products 1 214 floor 3 210, 212, 213; 8 191,218 factual surveys 8 39 fluency of writing 7 17 294 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX focal awareness 6 77 French as medium of instruction 1 161; 5 FOCUS 4 65 251 folding back 3 232 French colonial policies 1 159 forced assimilation 5 45 French immersion programs in Canada 1 foreign language attrition 4 52 150,151; 5 261-269 foreign language classrooms 6 132, 168, French language minority education 5 169 167-176 foreign language education 4 170; 5 251, Friesl and 5 117-125 256-258 Frisian 5 117 foreign language instruction 1 8,9, 191 Friulan 5 143 foreign language learning 1 221; 6 122 frozen signs 1 91; 8 177 foreign language learning contexts 6131 full writing systems 2 59 foreign language planning 1 14 function orientation 4 109 foreign language standards 4 170 function-based approach 6 15 foreign language teaching 4175; 614, function-oriented grammars 6 14 199 functional approach 8 9 foreign languagcs 1 221-224, 232; 4 95, functional bilingualism 5 III 153, 172, 176; 64, 200; 8 22, 42 functional equivalence of languages 8 59 foreign languages as media of instruction Functional Grammar 4 3 528 functional linguistics 6 90 Foreign Service Institute 7 75-77, 131 functional literacy 2120, 127-132, 164 formal assessment procedures 7 170 functional multilingualism 1 172, 173, formal debate 6 31 176 formal discourse 3 211 functional pragmatic approach 3 159 formal education 1185; 2 165; 36, 13; 5 functional systemic grammar 6 241 26, 88,218; 6229,238; 8 135 formal instruction 6 17 functional theory of language 3 21 formal interviews 8 160 functional-notational approach 4 179, formal language policies 1 90, 162 202 formal learning conditions 4 28, 77 functionalism 2 203, 204 formal notion of arguments 6 205 functionally illiterate 2 165 formal research 8 230 functions oflanguage 6 14 formal rights 3 106 functions of language switches 6 131 formal schooling 2191 functions ofreading 2 122 formalized tests 7 1, 155 funding 8 233 formation of teachers 4121,125 Funds of Knowledge Project 8 234 formative assessment 7153,157,317 forms and functions of argument 6 33, Gabon 1161 36,210,211 Gaelic 5127-141 forms of semiosis 3 27 Gaelic medium schools 5133-135 formulating topics 3 48 Garden Path method 4 14 Framework Convention for the Protection garden variety group 2 38 of National Minoritics 1 58 gatekeeping 8 190 France 2 xii, 191-198 gender 1 26, 27, 34, 39,47,49,232; 2 Francophone minority in Canada 5 xvi, 143, 147, 150, 167,215,216; 3 167-176 xiii, 38, 55-60, 67, 68, 75-85, 92, Frankfurt school of critical theory 3 11; 8 108, 110, 116, 199,212-214,222; 197,229 4109; 579,247; 6211; 8151,199, freedom struggle 2 201, 204 207,210,212 Freirian approach 2 140, 175 gender and argument 6 37 Freirian literacy 2 164 gender bias 8 47 French 4 197, 231 gender composition 3 81 French Africa 1 159-163 gender difference 6 76; 3 115, 220 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX 295 gender differentiation 3 125,221; 8 genre studies 6 142, 145 50-52 genre theorists 2 73 gender identity formation 3 131 genre theory 1 244, 245; 6 140-142 gender in isolation 8 53 genre theory in Australia 6 140 gender in language use 8 47-56 geographical dialects 6 229 gender issues 8 242 geography 2 150 gender neutrality 3 126, 133 geopolitical measures 6 166 gender norms 3 213 German Democratic Republic 4 187 gender order 3 125 Germanization 5 155 gender patterns in classroom talk 3 128 Germany 5151-156 gender positionings 3 132 gestalt psychology 691 gender relations 3115; 848,51,53 glass theory 6 54 gender research 8 54 global approach 4 201 gender socialization 8 50 global education 6 157 gender talk 3 198 global method 2 192 gender use 8 52 global migration 1 221 Gender Equity in Curriculum Reform global politics 6 152 Project 3 142 global spread of English 8 21 gender-related styles 3 79, 80, 82 globalization 1 133,217,249; 2 174 gendered identities 8 51 glottophagie 1 7 gendered images 3 131 glottopolitique 1 165 gendered metaphors 3 131 goals of language planning 8 17 gendered narrators 3 131 good conduct in language testing 7 327 gendered practices 3 154 good practice 7 327 gendered subjectivity 3 140 governmental enforcement 1 3 gendered-identities 3 xiv, 115-135 governments 2 166 general learning strategies 2 27 graded learning conditions 4 25 General Certificate of Secondary Graded Objectives movement 7 268 Education (GCSE) 7 30, 32 grading 713 General Tests of English Language gradual transfer programs 4 78 Proficiency (GTELP) 7 265 grammar 2 77, 79, 82; 4 202; 612 generalisability 2 121, 123, 185; 7 70, 75, grammar as construct 7 94 78,80,82,118,125,127,250;8 grammar teaching 6 xiii 149, 234 grammar testing 787-97 generalizability coefficient 7 258 grammar translation 4 76, 96, 101, 176, generalizability study 7 257 207 generalizability theory 7 125, 135, 255, grammar use 791,91 256, 265 grammar-centred methodology 5 182 generally backward group 2 38 grammar-focused communication tasks 8 generation-related problems 5 79 94,96 generative grammar 4 1-3; 8 112 grammar-translation method 5 256; 6 2, generic male 3 126 113,114, 120, 122 genetic and environmental interactions 7 grammatical accuracy 4 202 201 grammatical competence 2 129; 44, 77; genetic approach 3 21 787-90 genetic law 3 22, 23 grammatical consciousness-raising 6 6 genetic method 3 23 grammatical judgement tasks 8 91, 95, genre 2 74,80,81, 109; 3 22,27; 4 107, 105,106 110; 6139-149,243,244,246 grammatical knowledge 6 168 genre approaches 2 147 grammatical sub-systems 6 14 genre as autonomous genres 6 142 grass roots literacy 5 93 genre as social process model 6 142 grass roots multilingualism 2 175; 575 genre in context 6 146 grass roots organizations 1 145, 186 296 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX grass roots reconstruction 2 200 history of writing systems 3 4 Greek 4 231 holistic analysis 8 135 ground rules 3 181, 184, 191, 193,202, holistic approaches 224; 4 115, 141; 7 222,223 13,53,54,58,76, 121; 8127 grounded-theory 8 158 holistic context 2 82 group composition 3 81, 200 holistic examination 8 138 group discussion 6 31 holistic materials 6 88 group interaction 3 80, 200 holistic pedagogy 6 87 group learning 3 189 holistic reading 2 6 group membership 3 152 holistic social programme 2 175 group task 3 198 holistic tests 6 89 group writing 2 229 holistic writing instruction 2 78 group-individual dynamic 3151 Hollywood 1213,214 group-talk 3 187 home community 3 96 group-work 3188-191,231 home language instruction 5 203, 220, guidebook 7 310 222 guidelines 7 303-309 home languages 4 75; 5 71 Guinea 1 161, 164 home learning 3 224 homc litcracy 2153, 154, 157-159 habitus names 1 101 home school connections 2 159 Hallidayan linguistics 4 97; 6141,242, home school mismatch theories 8 159 244 Home Office Circular 78/90 1 120, 121 Han nationality 5 157-165 Hong Kong 5 281-289; 871 handwriting 2103,229 Hong Kong Examination Authority 7126 handwriting problems 2 103 Hopi 5 46 handwriting skills 2 97 Hualapai 5 48 handwriting terminology 2 103 human agency 8 199 Hargreaves Report 1 119 human capital models 2 143 Hawaiian children 3 77 human nature 8 27 Hawaiian language and culture 5 51 human rights 1 55-65; 5 213 health related practices 2 218 human rights and language policy 1 55 Hebrew 4197, 198,200 humanism 8 33 heritage languages 1 155; 4159; 5 149 humanist conceptions 8210 hermeneutic ethnography 8 197 humanist approaches 7 40 hermeneutic theory 8 25,27,31 humanistic traditions 6 90 hermeneutics 3 170, 235; 8 26 humanitics 8 213 heterogeneity 2 174; 3 27; 5 224 Hungary 4188,190, 191 heterogeneous school population 5 93 hyper media 2183; 4 131-139, 180, 183 heterogeneous speech communities 5 70 hypertext 3 224; 4 131-139; 8 244, 245 heteroglossia 3 21,22 hypertext environment 7 144 heteropraxis 3 27 hypertext systems 2 183 hidden curriculum 3 32, 172 high input generators 6 187 ideal speech situation 3 38, 40 high-stakes examinations 7 295, 296 identity 2147, 150; 3 xv, 54, 137-145, high-stakes tests 7 291, 294, 299, 309, 255; 6 225; 8212 330 identity formation 3 55, 125, 128, Hindi 5 67, 70, 71, 75 131-133 Hindustani 2 173 identity issues 4 226 Hispanic societies 3 96 ideological characteristics of technology Historic Method 2 13 8245 historical retrospective of educational ideological decolonisation 5 225 policy I I ideological model of literacy 2 63, 128 history of writing instruction 2 78 ideological model of language 1 25 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX 297 ideological ramifications 8 21 implicit grammar testing 7 94 ideological representations 8 54 implicit knowledge 6 109-118 ideological policies 4 215 implicit language learning 4 14, 16 ideologies 1 246; 2 145, 148; 6219,220, implicit learning 6 78 238, 258; 8 50, 197 improper literacies 2 175 ideology 3 14-16, 112; 5218 in-built syllabus 6 13, 15 ideology of correctness 128, 100, 101, in-class support 1 119, 120 104 in-service programs 6173-181 ideology of education 1 179 in-service teacher education 1 247 ignorance 1 77 in-service training courses (INSET) 6 24, Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities 173-178 7214 in-service training workshops 5 257 illiteracy2120, 127, 131, 138, 167,199, inability to write arguments 6 32 203 inclusion 3160; 4 81, 90 illocutionary force 3 4 inclusive pedagogy 6 87 images 3133 income generating activities 2 218 imagination 3 123 income generating skills 2 169 imagined self 3 123 independence 2 200; 6 136 immersion 5 89, 245 independent Aboriginal community immersion approaches 528,261-269 schools 5 7 immersion classes 5 264; 8131 independent learners 4 215 immersion courses 4 234, 237 independent schools 5 7 immersion education 5 212, 245 independent variables 8 80, 82, 84, 92 immersion programs 1 142, 144, 156, Independent Examinations Board's (IEB) 170,190,223; 416, 45, 54,161, 4214 165, 168, 169, 177,233; 5 18,60, 63,193,266,267,273,297-303;6 indexical meaning 8158 135; 8 102, 107, 130 indexicality 3 46 immersion programs in Catalonia 5 India 1 179-187, 201, 204, 205; 2 xii, 297-303 173-176, 199 immersion research projects 5 292 Indian Adult Education Association 2 immersion schools 5 136, 286 202 immersion teachers 5 293, 295 Indian children 3 76 immersion training 5 295 Indian education 5 45, 46 immigrant children 1114; 5 223 Indian English 1 139 immigrant communities 2 168 Indian identities 5 46 immigrant languages 1119, 141; 5200; 8 Indian languages 1 83, 184; 5 178, 180 2 Indian Self-Determination 5 46 immigrant minorities 1 62, 63,142,144, Indians 1137, 155 152-154; 3 100; 842, 114, 117 indigenous assessment 7117, 137 immigrant minority education 5 219 indigenous bilingual education immigrant women 1 27, 154 programmes 5 18 immigrants 2 155; 391; 4 85, 159 indigenous children 3 97 immigrants in the workplace 6 265 indigenous communities 5 51-53,57-65; immigrant children 5 222 8232 immigration processes 5 199 indigenous diversity 6 157 immunization of children 2 218, 219 indigenous educators 5 53 impact 7295, 326 indigenous identities 8 232 impact in language testing 7 291-302 indigenous language education 5 27, 47, imperialism 3 213 48,52 impersonal rules 3 109 indigenous language varieties 5 200 implementation 1 xiii; 4 173 indigenous languages 1128, 130--132, imp1icational scaling 8 93 138, 141, 170, 190; 5 xii, 25, 26, 298 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX

28,30,33-36,38,39,41,49,58;8 information revolution 2 128 22,115 information technology 2112, 181-188; indigenous languages as media of 3223; 4 180; 7 8, 9 instruction 5 42 informational aspects 2 9 indigenous learners 7 163 initial literacy 2 165 indigcnous litcracy tradition 5 2 initial teacher training 4 182 indigenous peoples 159-61,71,72,74, Initial Teacher Training courses (ITT) 6 77-87,134,156,189; 2149; 3 91; 24,28,173 515,17,45,79,90,243; 8114,116 Initial Teaching Alphabet 2 63 indigenous peoples in India 5 67-76 initiation-response-feedback sequences 8 indigenous peoples in Canada 5 57-65 219 indigenous peoples in the United States 5 Initiation-Response Evaluation 45 exchanges 8 254, 256 indigenous scripts 5 72 innate principles 4 48 indigenous teacher study groups 8 232 inner circle countries 475 indigenous teachers 5 46, 47 innovation theory 7 299 indigenous traditions 6 165 innovative language education programs indirect assessment 7 12 4 xii, xiv, 165-186 indirectivity 3 170 innovative language education 4 231 individual attitudes 1 6 innovative initiatives 4 209 individual desires 3 129 Innu 5 61,62,63 individual differences 4 24,33-42; 7 204 Innu Eimun as the language of individual identity 3 24 instruction 5 61 individual interface 3 117 inpersonal listening 7 22 individual learner characteristics 4 xii, input 6 185, 186 57,58 Input Model 42,7,66 individual rights 1 59, 60, 62 Input-interaction Model 4 2 individual teacher research 8 230 inquiry-guided research 8 158 individual tutoring treatments 242 in-service teacher training 4 ]21, 127, Indo-Aryan languages 569 182,190,203,209,211 indoctrinatory effect of a closed INSET system 4 213,214 communication structure 3 19 insider/outsider paradigms 8 159, 161 Indonesia 4 221,227; 5 177-185 insider's language 8 153 Indonesian 5 181-183 institutional completeness 5 167 inductive consciousness-raising tasks 6 institutional relations 3 47 114, 115 institutional setting 6 15; 8 192 inductivism 3 240 institutional structure 8 199 Industrial Language Training Service 6 institutionalised education 1 171 265 institutionality 3 47 industrialised countries 2 165 institutions 4 111, 113 inequality 8 208 instruction 2 73; 3 22 influenced lesson content 7 296 instructional conversation 3 24 influences of language 1 47 instructional domain 4 147 informal interviews 8 160 instructional interaction 3 173 informal language 3 230 instructional talk 3 220 informal learning conditions 4 28 instrumental measures 7 218 informal network approach 8 160 intake 6 112 informal talk 3 189 integrated bilingual special educational information age 3 19 mode1489 informatiun analyses 8 223 integrated language and content 4 information processing 2 66; 7 26 165-172 information processing ability 2 34 Integrated Learning Systems 2 185 information processing models 7 206 integrating language 4 165, 169 CUMULA TIVE SUBJECT INDEX 299 integration 1175; 5 184 internal assessment procedures 4 148 integration of skills 2 78 internal validity 8 94, 95, 150 integrative continuum 7 121, 122, 126 internalization 3 173, 174 integrative tasks 4141; 7121 international agencies 2 204 integrative tests 7 67, 69, 121, 124-126 international high school 6 99-107 integrity of literacy activities 2 10 international language testing 7 310 intelligence 7 22, 23, 26,199,201 international languages 1 191 intentional language switches 6 134 international law 1 67-76 inter-generational approaches 2 169 international learning 1 224 inter-individual relations 3 173 international minority languages 5 xiii inter-rater reliability 8 95 international order 8 188 interaction 3 235; 7 136; 8 xi, 137 International Association for the interaction and discourse 3172,209,210 Evaluation of Educational interaction between language and Achievement (IEA) 14, 16,307, education 8 xi 309 interaction sociolinguistics 8 203 International English Language Testing interactional authenticity 7 116 System 7 125,296,297 interactional behaviour 8 189 International Forum on Family Literacy 2 interactional competence 8 190 157 interactional/interpretative model 8 5 International High School at La Guardia interactional languages 7 65 Community College 6 99 interactional patterns 3 150,207-216 International Language Testing interactional sociolinguistics 8 188, 250, Association (lLTA) 7 299, 304, 305, 253 308,316 interactional use of langnage 4 147 International Reading Association (IRA) interactive discourse 7 34 22; 7 2 interactive language use 7 71 internationalization of schools 1 222, 224 interactive media 2 184 internationalization of teachers 1 225 interactive patterns 3 172 internet 2149, 185,186; 3 224, 255; 4 interacti ve skills 3 131 136, 180; 624; 8 244 interactive video 4 132, 137 interpersonal communication 3 110 Interagency Language Roundtable 7 77 interpersonal perception 7 23, 24, 26, 33 intercultural communication 1 50 interplay of verbal and non-verbal intercultural education 3 100; 5 207 elements 4 112 intercultural interaction 3 213 interpretations 746,284; 8 31 intercultural language study 5 207 interpretive case study methods 8 intercultural negotiations 4 113 145-148 interdependency 4 217 interpretive listening 7 24 interdisciplinary approaches 8 159 interpretive perspective 3 170 interdisciplinary programs 6 101, 103 interpretive sociologies 8221 interdisciplinary teams 6 10 1 interpretivist paradigm 8 229 interethnic communication 8 188 interrelated cognitive processes 7260 interethnic relations 5 115 interruption 3 210 interethnic representation 5 180 intersubjectivity 3 173, 174 interface hypothesis 6 7, 16 intertextual discourse 8 50 intergenerational cycle of illiteracy 2 154 intertextuality 3120; 4111; 8192 intergenerational language transmission 5 intertwinement of spoken and written 52 discourse 4 112, 115 intergroup communications 5 70 interval scales 8 81 interlanguage communication 6 132 intervention 2 227; 3161-163, 192,203; interlanguage development 4 200, 202 8145 interlocutor effects 7 134 intervention case studies 8 148, 149 intermental functioning 3 26 intervention prevention approach 2 155 300 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX interview techniques 3 242; 8 91 Kahnawake community 5 60 interviewer bias 8 9 Kamehameha Early Education Program interviewing 2 92; 7276,277,279; 8 (KEEP) 2 50 153-164 Kentucky Comprehensive Listening Test interviewing as a research tool 8 157 (KCLT) 7 23, 24 intra-individual functions 3172 Kenya 5 26, 33-43 intra-individual variations 7 34 Kieren and Pirie theory 3 232 intra-national communication 1173 kindergarten 2 88 introspection 7 277 Kingman Committee 6 220 introspective material 7 177 Kingman Report 1 104, 233 introspective methods 6 80 knowledge 2 72; 3 48, 139,204,209, intuitive awareness 6 7 210; 67; 867-77 intuitive linguistic sense 6 2 knowledge about language 6 xiii, 1-9,29 Inuit 1 83 knowledge creation 4 225 Inuktitut language programs 5 59 knowledge map 4 201 invented spelling 2 88-90, 91 knowledge systems 8151 invisibility 6 121 Koories 4 234 invisible culture 3171 KriolS 2, 7, 11, 12 involuntary minorities 3 J00 Iran 4197 lack of awareness 6 199 Iraq 4 198 lack of prior schooling 4 85-93 Ireland 5 127-141 lack of teachers 5 213 Irish 1113; 5 127-141 Ladin community 5143-150 Irish medium schools 5 135 language abilities 4 146; 7 175, 178,232 Israel 4 197, 198,200,201 Language Ability Assessment System Istria 5 112, 115 (LAAS) 7125 Italian American children 3 77 language access 1 232 italic handwriting 2 98 Language Across the Curriculum (LAC) Italy 5143-150 1 230, 233-237 item banking 7 245, 247, 248 language acquisition 15; 4182 Item Response Theory (IRT) 7 92, 144, language across the curriculum 4 80; 3 145,227-231,234,235,238, 251; 6 xii, 22, 25, 102, 184 244-246,249,265, 267; 8 85 language aims 1 237 Item-level Factor Analysis 7 234 Language Analysis Sessions (LAS) 7 124 Ivory Coast 1 161 language and culture 3 15; 5 53 language and humanity 8 176 Jazz 1 213 language and identity 4 222 Jesuit Order 7 304 language anxiety 4 33,37, 38 job analysis 7 133 language aptitude 4 33-35 joined writing 2 99 language arts instruction 2 77, 78 joint activity 3 27, 182 language as a process (energeia) 6 1, 8 joint meaning 3 192 language as a product (ergon) 61,8 joint utterance 3 192 language as a tool 6 6 Joint First Stage Achievement Test language as grammar 4 96, 97 (JFSAT) 7 315 language as resource 4 222 Jordan 4198,199,201,202 language as social practice 4 99-101 journal 4 208 language assessment 4141, 145-147; 7 journalizing of speech use 8 160 313-322 judging composition 712, 14, 15 language assimilation 5 70 Jules Ferry laws 2 191 language attitudes 1 1-11, 233; 82 jump-rope rhymes 657 language attitudes of teachers 6 169 justice 3 109; 8 68 language attrition 4 51-59 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX 301 language awareness 1 9, 28, 34, 175, 242, language for diplomatic purposes 7 113 243; 2 228; 4172; S 148,207; 6 language for educational purposes 7 113 xiii, 1-9, 21-30, 63, 66, 69, 70, Language for Life 6 89 73-84,99-107, 119-130, 151-159, language for occupational purposes 7 173-181,195-203,208,241-249; 112-114, 132 7158 language for placement purposes 7 112 language awareness bibliography 6 26 language for professional purposes 7 127 language awareness classroom 6 155 language for special purposes 1 8; 4 98, language awareness database 6 26 105-117; 7111-129,131 language awareness movement 6 196, language groups 1 59 200; 3 89 language guidelines 1 132 language behavior 1 221 language heterogeneity 8 64 language census questions 8 42 language immersion S 50 language choice 1 175; 3 87-94; 4 115; S language immersion programs 4 166 80; 6 133, 135,241 language impairment 3 xv, 157 language classrooms 1 26 language in culture 8 154 language co-existence S 152 language in education 6 163 language codes 6 231 language in education research S 36 language collection 8 181 language in education in Kenya S 33-43 language communities 1 59, 62, 221; 6 language in education policy S 34 229,236 language in the media 1 129 language comparison 6 4 Language In the National Curriculum language competence 6 2 (LINC) 6 6, 24 language competence model 4 143 language instruction 1 8; S 203 language comprehension 2 14,42 language knowledge 4141-143 language conflict 8 10 language learning 4 63-74; S 258, 265; 8 language contact 4 56; S 117; 8 2, 3, 5 28 language cultivation 1183, 184 language learning anxiety 6 188 language curriculum development 6165 language learning aptitude 7199-210 language curriculum materials S 60, 133 language legislation 1 149 language data 6 179 language loss 4 51,52, 160, 161; S 17,49 language death 1 128; 4 159, 160 language maintenance 1130,131; 4 155, language decline S 17 156; S 11,70, 139; 82,6,7,40 language deficits 1 114 language maintenance modelS 101,205 language development 1 33, 185; S 154 language maintenance policy S 106 language development of blind children 8 language majorities S 273 165-173 language methodology S 38 language difference 2 196; 6238; 862 language minorities 1 138, 139, 141, 143, language dimension S 192 152,220; 2 226; S 144, 272, 273; 8 language disorders 7 211-223 36,41 language distribution: 50-50 S 271-277 language minority children 8 159-161 language distribution: 90-10 S 271-277 language minority economy S 132 language diversity 1 106; S 182; 64, 5 language minority families 2 154 language education 113-22, 127-135; S language minority students 2 109; 3 80; 6 93; 6 106, 220, 242 99,100,106 language education and technology 6 xiv language of education 8 16 language education programmes 6 22 language of government 4 197 language experience 2 227; 8 106, 108 language of home 6 22 Language Experience Approach 2 10, 11, language of identity S 11, 12 47,71, 165 language of instruction 1 9, 165,219, language for academic purposes 7 112, 220,222-224; 4 157, 198; S 34, 39, 115, 121, 132, 133 235 language for diagnostic purposes 7 112 language of origin 1 220 302 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX language of power 1 248 language scales 8 40 language of wider communication 4 157; language shelter modelS 205 526,249 language shift 1131; 4155, 156, language outcomes 4 144 158-160; 5 8, 70, 93; 82,6,7 language pedagogy 1 242; 7 183 language skills 4 172, 226 language perception 4 54 language socialization 8 159 language performance 4 201; 7 231 language socialization approaches 8 141 language planning 1 xi, 13-22, 33, 36, language socialization patterns 8 137 145, 170, 171,232; 4 99,154, 156, language spread 8 3 157,226; 5 53,155, 177; 82,7, language standardization 6 237 15-24, 115; 817 language standards 1 154; 4 171 language planning research 1 15 language study 6 103 language planning theory 8 15 language surveys 8 40, 41 language policy 1 xi-xiii, 33, 55-56, 77, language switch 5113; 6 131-138 80,89,229; 2129; 4 154-158, 161, language switch in foreign languages 6 227; 5 35, 162; 8 2, 7,8,113, 115, 131-138 117 language system 6 178, 235 Languagc Policies Across the Curriculum language teachers 6 167, 173 1229 language teaching 1 117; 5 104 language policy for indigenous peoples 1 language teaching methods 4 64 77-87 language teaching policy 4 200 language policy in Australia 1127-135 language territories 1 182 language policy in Britain 1113-126 languagc testers 7 314, 319, 331 language policy in Canada 1 149-158 language testing 1107; 4 141, 146, 147; language policy in francophone countries 7323-333 1 159-167 language testing standards 7 303-311 language policy in New Zealand 1 language training for teachers 5 104 189-197 language transfer 4 202 language policy in South Africa 1 language use 1 242; 5 37, 93; 6 236, 169-178 261-269 language policy in teacher education 1 language use in education 5 118 219 language variation 1 13, 14,99, 103,242; language policy in the Indian 391; 5199; 65,229,232,241 subcontinent 1 179-187 language vitality 5 168; 842 language policy in the South Pacific 1 language vs. culturc 6 154, 180 189-197 language-as-problem 8 18 language policy in the United States 1 language-as-resource 8 18 137-148 language-as-right 8 18 language possession 1 6 language-hased theory of learning 3 23 language practice 5 41; 6207,208 language-content instruction 4 80 language processing 7 212 language-experience-hased model 4 208 language production 4 54, 57 language-in-education 114, 129, 130, language proficiency 4145; 5274; 6 177; 138, 169-176; 4217; 8 19 7122, 123, 164, 169,268 language-in-education policies 8 20 language proficiency testing 7 202 language-in-use 1 108; 3 150 language profile 8 1 language-learning process 6 15, 73 language questions 8 36 Lapp 5 217 language research 540; 8 67-77 large-scale assessments 7 33, 34, 315, language resources 1 156; 5 22 318 language revitalization 4 159, 160 large-scale language tests 7 330 language rights 1 25, 34, 55, 59, 62, 64, large-scale research 4 64, 66 79,143,159,172,175,204; 4161 large-scale standardized language tests 7 language samples 7 217 314 CUMULA TIVE SUBJECT INDEX 303 large-scale studies 1 195 Learning Potential Assessment Device large-scale test development 7 305 (LPAD)4 87 large-scale testing 7 51, 125, 179,326 learning-centred approaches 4213 large-scale testing programs 7 230 Lebanon 4197,198; 5251-259 late bilinguals 4 46 lecture 3 207-210 late-exit bilingual education 4 78 lecture listening 7 23, 24 late-exit education programs 1 142, 144 left-handedness 2 103 late-exit transitional programs 5 190, 191 legal languages 4 106, 108 late-immersion programs 5 262,263 legal settings 4 108 latent trait models 7 243-253 legislative languages 4 108 lateralization 8 102 legitimate forms of language use 8 255 Latin 4 231 legitimate languages 1 245 Latinization 5 158 legitimate peripheral participation 3 23 Lativa4187 leisure reading 2 122 Lau Remedies 1 139 leisure-time activities 2 122, 124 Lau v. Nichols 1139; 7 164 letter formation 2 100 laws 4108 letter-sound correspondence 655, 58 laws on bilingualism 5 163 lettershapes 2 98, 100, 102 leage tables 7153,317 level of language 6 45 learned skills 2 22 levels of expertise 7 192 levels of reading 2 121 learner autonomy 4 181; 7 176, 183 lexical bar 3 5, 70 learner codeswitching 8 252 lexical choice 4 202 learner development 7 154 lexical development 1 165 learner guidance 7 184 Lexical Frequency Profile (LFP) 7 103 learner language 6 179 lexical knowledge 7 100, 103, 104 learner participation 7 177 lexical maturity 6 197 learner talk 6 133, 134 lexical phrases 7 104 learner training 4 80; 6 136 lexical representations 6 68, 69 learner-centred assessment 7 176, 177 lexical richness 7 103, 105 learner-centred systems 4 211, 215, 216 lexical skills 4 56 learner-centred teaching 4181, 182 lexico-grammaticallevel 2 3 learners needs 4 98, 99 lexicon 6 12, 63 learners participation 6 187 liberal humanism 3137-139, 142 learning 3 200; 67,205-213 liberal ideology 8 35 learning community 3 25 liberal theories 8 33 learning conditions 4 23, 25; 7 207 library movement 2 200 learning disability 2 39, 40, 43 library resources 1 128, 129 learning disorders 4 85, 86 life changes 2 215 learning environments 1 27 LINe project 622,209,220,221,224 learning of argument 6 36 lined-paper use 2 101, 102 learning opportunities 4 25 lingua franca 1189; 2173; 5 35; 6151; 8 learning policy 1 231 18 learning problems 4 39 Lingua project 8 20 learning process 6 18 linguicism 1 7; 5 217 learning strategies 4 33, 38; 675, 134; 7 linguistic ability 5 257 202 linguistic acceptability 8 62 learning styles 6 25, 73-84, 187 linguistic accuracy 7 153 learning to read 2 63; 645, 46, 53-61 linguistic aims 8 17 learning to spell 2 91 linguistic analyses 1 33 learning to write 2 79, 80 linguistic approaches 8 249 Learning Abilities Measurement Program linguistic assimilation 5 170 (LAMP) 7 204 linguistic awareness 2 28; 7 7, 158 304 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX linguistic barriers 8 118 linguistic rights for the Deaf 1 93, 94 linguistic behaviour 8 103 linguistic schemes 6 165 linguistic boundaries 5 77 linguistic selection 6 11 linguistic capital 1 102; 3 90, 100; 6 233 linguistic sense 6 6 linguistic characteristics 6 223 linguistic skills 4 20 I; 6 48 linguistic choices 6 245 linguistic space 1 104 linguistic communities 1 59 linguistic standardization 1 3 linguistic competence 1164, 241; 3162; linguistic superiority 1 242 5124; 64, 122, 134,267; 8 125 linguistic theory 41-19; 6 16, 255; 7 315 linguistic confidence 6 154 linguistic tolerance 5 184 linguistic creativity 6 154 linguistic turn 312-15; 826,27 linguistic Darwinism 1 40 linguistic variation 8 156 linguistic deficit 1 IOJ; 3 67 linguistic varieties 8 1, 15 linguistic determinism 8 111 Linguistic Minorities Project 1 114, 118; linguistic differences 3 88; 8 73, 74 838,43 linguistic discrimination 1 33-42; 6 156 linguistics 6123, 139-149; 6 139-149 linguistic distances 5 295 lip reading 8 177 linguistic diversity 2 47,52, 107; 5157, LISREL884 200,201; 6156 listener judgment-inferential approach 7 linguistic genocide 1 55, 56, 60; 5 225 212 linguistic heritage 1 120 listening behavior 8 192 linguistic heterogeneity 5 67, 171 listening comprehension 2 32, 33; 7 linguistic homogenisation 5 218 65-74 linguistic human rights 1 55 56 60-62 64 '" listening proficiency 5 192 listening research 7 25 linguistic ideology 1 165 linguistic imperialism 1 7, 26, 203 listening skills 3 250; 721-27 linguistic input 4 11 listening tests 7 21-27, 65-74 linguistic insecurity 1 164; 6234 literacy 1141, 142, 145, 162, 165, 184; 2 linguistic interaction 6 163 xi, 1,71,74,77,83, 110, 127, 128, linguistic interference 6 133 173, 182, 184,204; 3 2, 4,6,97, linguistic isolation 8 115 188; 4 210,233; 5 73, 275; 655, linguistic issues 4 24 139,221,233,244,245; 7 3-5, 9, 315,316; 8 28, 38,191,211, 219, linguistic knowledge 6 50 229,232,239 linguistic learning conditions 4 27 linguistic minorities 1 58; 4 154, 155, literacy acquisition 1 8; 2 155 161; 567 literacy among tribals 5 72 linguistic misunderstanding 3 209 literacy as social practices 2 59 linguistic norms 1 33; 5 171 literacy behaviours 5 92 linguistic oppression 1 79 literacy campaigns 2 165,200 linguistic outcomes 4 24 literacy development 2 20, 23, 54 linguistic patterns of interaction 8 128 literacy difficulties 2 37-46 linguistic planning 1 163 literacy drives 1 184-186 linguistic pluralism 5 193 literacy education 2 146; 8 233 linguistic policy 1 163, 165 literacy event 2136; 3 77; 6 87; 8 126, linguistic prejudice 6 5 130, 131 linguistic processing 6 50 literacy for women 2 166 linguistic protection 5 170 literacy in Norway 2 225 linguistic relativity 8 III literacy in schools 2 144 linguistic reproduction 5 170 literacy instruction 2 225; 692 linguistic research 41-19 literacy levels 2 127 linguistic rights 1 40, 90, 93; 3 212; 6 literacy materials 2 177 156, 166 literacy myth 2167-169 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX 305 literacy practices 1 245; 248,54. 131, Macquarie Dictionary 1 128, 132 136,164; 8192,239-248 macro distinctions 1 50 literacy rate 2 199, 201; 5 73 macro level of analysis 1 49, 50 literacy research 2 220 macro-organizational level 6 11, 14, 16, literacy skills 2 168; 3 188 184 literacy studies 3 xvii Madagascar 1 160, 161 literacy tasks 3 77 Maghreb 1 160 literacy teaching 2 xii, 192 mainstream bilingual education 5 245 literacy teaching in France 2191-198 mainstream Iiteracies 2 176, 177 literacy teaching in India 2 199-206 mainstreaming 1 132; 4 90, 91 literacy teaching in the Low countries 2 maintenance bilingual education 549, 89, 207-213 90, 209 literary criticism 3 250 maintenance education 4 78 literary discourse 3 252, 255 maintenance of languages 1 55 literary education 8 244 maintenance policies 8 45 literary experience 3 253 maintenance types 5 211 literary genres 3 251 majority group language 6 261, 264, 266 literary questions 3 254 majority group students 5 xiii literary studies 3 249-257 majority languages 2131; 5 80, 103,204, literary texts 4 201 207 literary theories 3 252, 255 majority population 5 79 literate discourse 1 33 making of learning 3 169-178 literate norms 1 33 maktab literacy 2 50,51 literate practices 3 154 Malawi 4213 literate traditions 3 2 Malay 5178-181, 183,243,245-249 literateness 2 173 Malay as medium of instruction 5 244, literature 3249, 250 246 literature teaching 3 251 Malaysia 4 221,227; 5177-185 literature teaching by multimedia 4 135 male identity 3 121, 125, 129 literature-based instructions 5 259 Mali 1164 Lithuania 4 187 Mandarin 5 157, 159, 160, 179, 183 litigation 7 318 mandate 7 269 local codes witching practices 8 254 mandated testing 7 294 local independence assumption 7 250 manually-based languages 8 176, 177 local literacy 2173-179 many-facet model 7 247, 251 local norms of communication 8 158 Maori 4161,231-237; 5 16, 17, 19 Local Education Authorities 1 113, 115, Maori bilingual education 5 20 118-124 Maori children 3 99 local-area networks (LANs) 8 243 Maori community 5 20-22 logic and argument 6 205 Maori cultural identity 5 17, 18 Logo software 3 220,221,223 Maori education 517-19 logographic scripts 2 65 Maori identity 5 15; 5 22 London Chamber of Commerce and Maori language 181,82, 189-197; 5 16, Industry (LCCI) 7 127 17,20 longitudinal cross-sectional designs 8 166 Maori language immersion schools 5 20 longitudinal studies 2 24, 93; 8 10, 21, Maori-English bilingual education 5 84-86,90-92 15-23 Look and Say Method 2 9,10 marginalization 8 213 loss of language awareness 6 28 markedness 4 4-6 low input generators 6 187 Marxism 311,21,32,53; 8 197 low-prestige languages 6 135 Marxist hermeneutics 829,30 low-stakes testing 7 309 Marxist theories 8 26, 27 ludic reading 212 Marxist theorists 8 30 306 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX masculinity 3 121 media educators 1 215 mass communication theory 1 215 media products 1 216 mass culture 1 185 media studies 1213, 215, 216 mass media 1 78, 79, 212; 5100, 148; 6 media talk 3 255 233; 8 63 media theory 1 211, 214 mass media technology 3 208 mediation in court 4 III mastery decisions 7 266 medical discourse 4 109 mastery levels 7 263, 264 medical interaction 4 110 mastery testing 7 263 medical languages 4 106 material development 4180, 183,207, medical practices 3 164 209,213 medical-social setting 4 109 material preparation 4 200 medium education 1 56; 4 207 material production 2 202 medium of communication 3 I material tools 3 21 medium of expression 3 7 material writing 6 177 medium of instruction 1 171; 475, maternal culture 5 174 156-158,207; 5 58; 862 maternal languages 1 160, 161 meeting talk 3 46 math-anxiety 3 232 Melanesia 587,90-93 mathematical education 3 230 Melanesian Pidgin 5 93 mathematical language 3 235 member checking 8 202 mathematical literacy 3 230 membership categorization 8 219 mathematical meaning 3 229,231,233 memory 2 33, 34; 4 53; 7 22-24, 26, 220 mathematical register 3 229, 233, 235 mental age 2 21 mathematical street culture 3 234 mental lexicon 6 63, 64, 67, 68, 70; 7 mathematical talk 3 230 1m, 105 mathematical understanding 3 232, 235 mental processing 2 44 mathematics 3 229 mental representations 6 65 matric-orientated courses 4 214 mentalist views 6 12 Matriculation English Test (MET) 7 319 mentalistic approach 4 66 mature readers 2 63, 64 Mercator project 8 20 maximum likelihood procedures 8 84 message focussed criteria 7 95 meaning 2 194; 3172; 617,218,225 metacognition 643 meaning computation 6 68 metacognitive activities 6 46 meaning construction 2 xi, 2, 6 metacognitive approaches 2 14 meaning focussed grammar tests 7 92, 94 metacognitive language 6 133 meaning makers 2 72 metacommunicative competcnce 8 154, meaning negotiation 3 171, 173 159-161 meaning systems 1 102 metacommunicative language 6 133 meaning transmission 6 63 metadiscoursal awareness 3 191 meaning-making 2 71; 327, 132, 170, metalanguage 34; 6 43, 44, 110, III, J 33 197, 199,201-203,243; 8 30, 129, metalinguistic abilities 6 48, 82 209 metalinguistic activities 6 46 meaning-making systems 2 74 metalinguistic awareness 2 27, 211; 6 45, meaningful classroom events 6 189 48,53-61,69 meanings of words 3 4 metalinguistic competence 6 50 measurement 7 243 metalinguistic control 6 49 measurement cultures 7 308 metalinguistic development in measurement model 8 84 first-language acquisition 6 43-51 measurement of aptitude 7 200 metalinguistic knowledge 6 xi, xiii, xiv, measurement-driven instruction 7 292 113 measures of central tendency 8 170 metalinguistic skills 6 66 media 1 xiii, 78, 183,211-218 metalinguistic skills in reading 2 27-36 media education 1 211, 212, 216 metalinguistics 6 43, 44, 47, 104 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX 307 metaphonological activities 6 44 minority language education 1 67, 68, metaphonological knowledge 6 44 72-74; 5139 metaphors 3 133, 230, 235 minority language policies 1 151 metapragmatic activities 6 44 minority language rights 1 96 metapragmatic domains 6 44 minority languages 1 xii, 3, 58, 67-76, metaprocesses 647 141,214; 2113; 392,111,255; 4 metasemantic activities 644 95, 156, 158-160, 170; 553, 106, metasemantic knowledge 6 44 114, 136, 138, 159-163, 180,193, metasyntactic activities 6 44 204,205;819,37,44,45,118 metasyntactic knowledge 6 44 minority population 5 79 metatextual activities 6 44 minority rights 1 68, 71 metatextual domains 6 44 minority students 1 248; 8 105 method classroom 3 107 Minspeak 3 159 methodological approaches 8 16 miscommunication 4 110; 8 188 methodological authority 3 19 miscue analysis 249; 7 2 methodological correlates 8 33, 34 mission schools 4 231 methodology 475, 76; 7 206 missionaries 2 200,201,205; 4 207 methodology in schools 2 6 missionary education 1 170; 4 207 methods of teaching 2 163 missionary school 3 172; 5 252 Mexican American children 5 191 misunderstandings 4 113 Mexico 2175 mixed groups 3 81 Meyer v. Nebraska 1138 mixed languages settings 5 137 micro distinctions 1 50 mixed model 5 10 1, 283 micro level of analysis 149,50 mode of sign language 8 175 micro-ethnography 870,71, 136-138, model of handwriting 2 98 187-196,203,250,253 model-based system 2 98 micro-macro gap 6 259 moderate hermeneutics 8 30, 31 micro-organisation of grammar 6 11, 14, modern communication 3 255 16, 18, 185 modern languages 4 175-186 Micronesia 5 87, 90 modern technology 3 234 mid-immersion programs 5 262, 263 Modern Language Aptitude Test (MLAT) Middle East 4 197 7200 migrant groups in the Netherlands 5 117 Modern Standard Arabic 4 197, 200 migrant studies 7 180-181 modernisation 1185; 2 133; 5 184 migrants 2 149 modernist discourse 6 156 migration 1 3; 4 158; 83 modernist paradigm 1 14 mimographie 8 176 modernity 6 157 minimum brain damage 2 38 modes of reading 6 219 minimum competency testing 7 263 Mohawk immersion 5 60 minorities 1 xii, xiii, 36, 59, 62, 68, 69, MOLTENO 4 209,211,213 143, 183; 2 168; 3 68, 78, 89, 91; 6 monolithic groups 6 255 231,254,261-269; 7163-173 Monitor Model 6 111 minority backgrounds 4 87, 88 Monitor Model of second language minority children 3100; 7163-173; 8 acquisition 5 192 129, 135, 189 Monitor Theory 4 77 minority communities 5 111, 152 monitoring 6 112, 146 minority culture 2 52, 130; 3 172; 5 160 Monitoring Standards in Education 7 154 minority education 1 34, 39; 5 159, 165, monocentrism 1 130 167; 6236; 8 234 monocultural schooling 3 71 minority families 2 156 monolingual children 2 100 minority groups 1 40, 179, 232, 248; 3 monolingual classrooms 6 28; 8250 163, 171,212; 8 50, 116 monolingual criteria for second language minority issues 5 110 learners 1 117 308 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX monolingual habitus 1 221, 222 multi-component approach 7 212 monolingual ideology 8 117 multi-divisible view of reading 7 44, 47 monolingual mind set 1 6 multi-ethnic classrooms 3 95-103 monolingual oral education 5 233 multi-ethnic nature 1 232 monolingual population 1 220 multi-ethnic schools 1 229, 232, 237 monolingual programs 4 165 multi-ethnic society 5 201 monolingual pupils 1 123 multi-method approaches 7 78, 80,179; 8 monolingual settings 6 133, 135, 229, 246 230 multi-method work 7 284 monolingual sign systems 5 233 multiclassroom classrooms 1 143 monolingual vs. bilingual education 5 multicompetence 8 106 206 multicultural Britain1113 monolingualism 1127, 169, 171,221 multicultural countries 1 xiii; 2 174 monolithic approach 4 47 multicultural educationl116-118, 120, moral discourse 4 113 124; 6157 morality of assessment 7 327 multicultural environments 8 234 Morocco 1 161; 4197, 198,201 multicultural language education 1 124 morpheme-based learning strategies 6 65 multicultural nation 1 128 morphemes 664,65,68 multicultural societies 3 71 morphemic representations 6 64 multicultural student populations 3 208 morphological awareness 2 228; 663-71 multicultural workplaces 6 261-269 morphological criteria 4 202 multiculturalism 1 30, 130, 132, morphological relationships 6 65,67,69 153-155,232; 4159,221; 5203, morphological structure 6 63, 66 206,213 morphological transparency 6 153 multidimensional IRT (MIRT) 7 231 morphologically complex words 6 68 multidimensional language ability 4 143, morphology 4 202; 665, 67-69 144, 146, 147 morphosemantic relationships 6 66, 67, 69, 70 multilingual awareness 6 155 mother tongue 1 58, 59, 61, 114, 117, multilingual children 1 242 118, 181, 182; 475,225; 5 30; 6 multilingual classrooms 1143; 247-56, 122, 132, 168; 7 1-37; 8 1,22 107-115 Mother Tongue and Teaching Project multilingual coexistence 1 33 (MOTET) 1 118 multilingual communities 8 126 mother tongue teaching multilingual composition of Dutch mother tongue education 1 56, 60, society 5 199 117--119; 567,222 multilingual contexts 4 227; 6132, 135; mother tongue identity 1 182 8130 mother tongue image 1 182 multilingual countries 1 246; 2 174 mother tongue teachers 6 166 multilingual media 1 128 mother tongue teaching 1 152, 161; 5224 multilingual nations 8 7 Mother Tongue Teaching Directory multilingual practice 5 201, 203 (MTTD) 1118 multilingual repertoire 1 182, 183 motion 6103 multilingual settings 3 90; 4 153-163, motivation 4 33-37; 7 202 223; 8 211 motivational aspects 2 9 multilingual societies 1 183; 2130; 4 motivational factors 7 199,203 211,221,222; 8127 motor control 2 99 multilingual speakers 6 131 motor speech disorders 7 212 multilingual student populations 1 220, move level 6 184 242; 3 208 movement of writing 2 99 multilingual teaching 2 178 Mozambique 4 213 multilingual wordprocessing 2 112, 113, muddied measurements 7127 182 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX 309 multilingualism 1 127, 133, 160, 171, National Council on Measurement in 174, 175,223;4 153-155,211,21~ Education (US) 7306,309,310 225; 5 34, 178, 189,206,252,275; National Aboriginal Languages Program 6156 (US) 1 84, 85 multiliteracies 1 249; 2149 National Adult Education Programme multimedia 2 149, 183,212; 3224; 4 (US) 2 203 131-139, 180; 6 211 National Adult Literary Survey (US) 1 multiple literacies approaches 2 50, 129 142 multiple literacies perspective 2156 National Council of Teachers of English 2 multiple literacy models 2 176 National Curriculum 1123; 624,27,29 multiple marking 7 12 National Foundation for Educational multiple regression 8 82 Research (US) 1 114 multiple sites 8 145 National Literacy Mission (US) 2199, multiple-choice 7 266, 292, 294 203 multiple-choice completion 7 7, 8 nationalism 1 90 multiple-choice questions 7 40, 41 native American Indian languages groups multiple-choice vocabulary examination 5189 (SAT-V) 714 native languages 5 57-59, 191,256; 6 multiple-trait scales 7 53 103 multiplex methodology 4 115 native speaker comparison 7 180 multiplicity oflanguages 2 176 native speaker teachers 4 126, 127 multiplicity of meaning 3 55, 59, 60 native speech 1181 Native American children 3 76 multiracial nations 4 221 Native American Language act 1 138 multivariate G-theory 7 260 Native American languages 1137 Native Americans 3 96 Nagamese 5 71 Native Hawaiians and bilingual Namibia 4 215 education 5 45-56 narrative 7 13 native-language acquisition 6 2 narrative account 8 198 native-language education 6 3 narrative and argument 6 206 native-to-foreign approach 8 61 narrative genres 6 141 natural approaches 4 2, 3, 14,77,78,97, narrative realism 8 198 98, 101 narrative styles 3 77, 78 natural languages 8 177 narrative text comprehension 4 201 natural methods 2 192; 4 231 narrative writing 2 73 natural sign language 8175-184 narratives 3117, 137-145, 182; 4113 naturalism 8 140 narrators 8 202 naturalistic acquisition 7 158 national census 8 36, 37, 42 naturalistic exposure 4 44, 45 national curriculum 2 226 naturalistic-ethical approach 7 313, 325 national development 2168; 4 225 nature of abilities 7 202 national education policy 5 180 nature of argument 6 36 national ethnic minority 5 222 nature of genres 6 147 national identity 5 253, 255 nature vs. nurture 6 205 nationallanguage 4 154, 156 Navajo 5 46-50, 52 national language in education policy 5 Navajo children 3 98 38 Navajo immersion 5 50 national minorities 1 56, 59; 5 110, Ill, Navarre 5 99, 102, 106 157, 159, 160 needs 4180 national minority language 5 xiii needs analysis 7 122 national reconstruction 2 201 negative feedback 4 15-17 national sign languages 1 89-98 neglect hypothesis 2 43 national unity 5 180,253 negotiations 4 113 310 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX neo-behaviorism 2 2 non-verbal contextualisation cues S 253 neo-grammarian research 6 2 non-verbal cues S 254 neo-marxism 2143; S 197, 199 non-verbal means 4 112 Nepal1179 non-Western knowledge 2 59 Netherlands 2 207-213; 5117-125, non-Western writing systems 2 61 199-208 norm referencing 7 305, 309 network computer 2 I 86 norm-oriented research 8 105 networked-based communication S 243 norm-referenced decisions 7 255 networking 3 224; 4 112, 193 norm-referenced measurement 7 264, 265 neural networks S 97 norm-referenced testing 7 263-267 neuroscience 2 40 normal language development 3 158 neutralistic studies 2 94 normalisation 3 158 neutrality of language S 150 normative approaches 7 214 new contents 3 246 norms 1 46, 48, 50, 108; 3 150, 151; S new media 1224; 4147, 180, 181 125 new subjects 3 246 North Africa 4197 new technologies 2 148-150; 4 115, North-South development policies 1 204 131-139, 180,225; 6 144 North-South domination 1 203 New Caledonia 1 190 North-South relationship 1 205 New Hebrides 1 190 Norway 1 80; 2 xii New Literacy Studies 2133, 135-137, notation systems S 179 139, 164, 168 notc-taking 3 209 New Zealand 1 80, 82, 189-197; 212; 4 notionalism 6 17 231,232,234-237; 5 15-23 numeracy 2128,183; 317 New Zealand EAP Placement Test 7124 nursery rhymes 6 57 newcomers in classrooms 6 144 newly cultivated languages 1 183 object of measurement 7 257 newspapers 1 212 objectives specification 4 179 Nicaragua 2 174, 177 objectivity 8 234 Niger 1164 obligations 3 106 Nigeria 1 205; 2 xii; 5 29 observation 6 2; 7156-159, 166,277, noise tests 7 68 278; 8140 nominal scales S 81 observation schemes 465; 892 nominal styles 6 197 observer's paradox 8 8 non-bilingual schools 5 9 official knowledge 6 257 non-discrimination 1 67, 69, 74, 132 official language policies 1 15 non-discriminatory evaluation 3161 official language training 1 153, 154 non-dominant languages 1 207 official languages 4 154, 156, 159,223; 8 non-English languages 1 138 16,117 non-governmental organisation (NGOs) 2 Official Languagcs Act (Canada) 1 150, 165, 166, 170,201,204; 4 207,208 151, 153, 154, 156 non-Latin scripts 2 100 Oman 4 201, 202 non-mainstream populations S 154 onset-rhyme structure 6 53-61 non-national languages 6 155 Ontario Test of English as a Second non-native teachers 4 99,126,127; 6 177 Language (OTESL) 7 123,314 non-official languages 1 152-155 open multimedia systems 4133, 135 non-prioritized languages 1 130 open programs 3 223 non-standard varieties 1 99-109, 141, open software 3 220, 221 242; 6 229-240; 860-62, 64 open-enquiry classrooms 3 243 non-symbolic competence 3 159 Operation Blackboard 5 69 non-verbal behaviors 8 190 operational competence 3 162 non-verbal communication 4 114; 6 180; operational thought 6 45 724,25,33 operations in rcading 7 39 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX 311 ophthalmology 8167 Papua New Guinea 1193; 4 231, 232, opinion surveys 8 39 236 opportunity to learn 7 318 Papuan 5 87 oppressive gender relations 3 115 paradigm clash 7 317 optimal test design 7 260 parent-child interaction 2 156 optimal writing system 2 62 parent-teacher talk 3 49 oracy 2110, 127; 3 187, 188,254; 7 30; 8 parental involvement 2 53, 112 38 parental literacy 2 156 Oracy Project 3 254 parental roles in literacy development 2 oral 3 251 153, 155 oral culture 3 69; 570, 74 parenthood course 6 23 oral discourse 1 33; 3 xi, 5, 214, 229, parenting practices 2 156 235,239,249-257 parenting skills 2 156 oral exploration 3 252 parents 2 52, 53, 229 oral interviews 4145; 7 81 parents as language planners 5 179 oral language styles 3 xiv parents attitudes 5 276 oral languages 3 xvi, xvii, 65-73; 6 199, parochialism 6 5 231;8175,179 partial immersion programs 5 101, 262, oral literary discourse 3 252 263,274,287 oral narrative 3 256 Partial Credit model 7 245-248 oral participation 6 186 participant observation 8 127, 130 oral practices 3 234 participant structures 3151, 170, 171; 8 oral proficiency 4 55 137 oral proficiency interview 4 142; 7 77, participant-related switching 8 252 78,80, 115, 131, 132 participants 8 199 oral reading 2 47 participation 3 12, 13,24,79,80, oral story telling 3 252 105-1 J2, 150,173,174,209,244; oral tcsting 4 145; 7 76 8127, 131 oral tradition 3 2 participation in Adult Literary oral work 3 250 Programmes 2 220 oralism 1 89,93, 143, 185; 8 177 participation rights 3 210 orality 2 173 participation structures 3 77,81,96; 8 oratory 3 207 191 ordinal scales 8 81 participative approaches 4 213 organizational knowledge 4 143 participatory action research 8 91 organizational structure 4 112 participatory research 4 217 organizations 4 111 pathology approaches 7 214 orthography 2 59-68; 593 patois 5 71; 6 232 OSCE High Commissioner on National patterns of behavior 8129 Minorities 1 63 patterns of codeswitching 8 254, 256 outer circle countries 4 75 patterns of interaction 8 129 outlining 4 201 patterns of language use 8 129, 130 output 6 185, 186 patterns of life 3 153 Output Model 4 7 pedagogic awareness 6 177 overextension 8 169 pedagogic strategy 6 223 pedagogical approaches 4 200 Pacific Island children 3 97 pedagogical grammar 6 11-20, 124 Pacific Rim 8 21 pedagogical immersion programs 5 293 paired interviews 7 156 pedagogical translation 6 119, 120, 122 Pakistan 1 179, 182 pedagogy 127; 2 xiii, 137, 138, 140; 3 Palestine 4 198 100; 4 122, 125; 5 145,293; 6 139, pan-Baltic Professional Development 144 Programme 4 191 pedagogy for teaching languages 6 164 312 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX pedagogy vs. teaching 8 68 phonological awareness 2 27-30,32,33, pedographies 2 60 228; 653-61 peer culture 3 152 phonological awareness training 6 56 peer discussion 3 232 phonological coding 2 38 peer group talk 3 182 phonological criteria 4 202 peer groups 3 79 phonological hypothesis 2 40 peer interaction 3 80, 199 phonological knowledge 4 13 penholds 2 101 phonological modifications 7 66 penmanship 2 77-79,82 phonological processing 244, 45; 7 213 people's home ideology 5 218 phonological recoding ability 2 29,31-33 perception 6 73 phonological skills 6 45 perception of sign languages 8 181 phonologically-based program 2 227 perceptive theorists 8 29 phonology 2 88; 7 211 performance 6 18 piagetian influences 6 206 performance analysis 8 90,91 Piagetian perspective 2 87, 89 performance assessment 4 143; 7 227, Piagetian school 3 3 260,318 Picts 1 ll3 pcrformancc conditions in rcading 7 39 picture writing 2 182 performance level 7 303 pidgin 5 71 performance testing 7 131-139 pidginization 8 112, 114, 115 performance-based tasks 7 123 pilot examinations 4 214 personal computers 7 217 Pimsleur Language Aptitude Battery personal construction 3 242 (PLAB) 7 200 personal gender identity formation 3131 placement testing 7 59 personal language 6 91 plain language movement 4107, 108 Personal Construct Psychology 3 242 planned international language 6151 personality characteristics 7 201, 203 planning 8 7 personality factors 7 199 plateau level 7 170 personnel procedures 6 10 1 play 3 115-124 perspectives in medical interaction 4 110 playground violence 3 121 persuasive discourse 6 207 playgroups 5 119 phi coefficient 7 258 pleasure 1 214 Philadelphia Writing Project 8 231 pleasures of reading 2 120, 122 Philippines 4 221, 227 Plowden Report 1 114, 116,234 philosophy for children 3 203; 635, 208 plural societies 1 182 philosophy of consciousness 3 12 pluralism 1 141, 186; 5 206 phoneme dcletion 6 58 pluralist approach 1 215 phoneme substitution 6 58 pluralist view of reading 6 224 phoneme-grapheme correspondence 2 64 pluralistic model of literacy 5 74 phonemes 6 54, 55, 58 plurality and multilingualism 5 178 phonemic analyses 2 227 plurality of meaning 3 53, 59 phonemic awareness 2 38, 39,42, 90, plurilingual education 5 146 210; 646, 53-61 plurilingual milieu 5 70 phonemic segmentation 6 58 poetry 3 253 phonemic systems 2 89 Poland 4189, 190 phonetic spelling 2 89, 91 police encounters 4 109 phonetic strategies 2 91 police interrogation 4 109 phonetics 4 44, 45; 62 policy issues 4 207,213,216; 7145 phonic skills 2210 policy planning 8 19,42 Phonic Method 2 9-12 policy-making in schools 1 232 phonics 6 87 Polish 4 200 phonics approaches 6 xiv politeness 3 95, 99 phonics teaching 2 15 political autonomy 5 100 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX 313 political awareness 2 200 post-structuralist theories 1 243; 3 xii, political climate 2 54 53-62, 133, 138, 139, 141, 142; 7 political consequences of testing 7 323 327 political forces 1 15 post -structuralist theories oflanguage 8 political issues 2 xiv 208,209 political literacy 2 138 post-structuralist traditions 3 131 political practice 8 199 poverty 2 37, 44 politicalization oflanguages 1 181 power 128,43-52, 164, 165,241-251; 2 politically-correct issues 3 14 149, 150, 156, 167,221; 3117,119, politically-driven policies 4 215 123, 139, 170,209,211,213,232, politics of language teaching 1 201 256; 847,68,71,74,139,199,202, polymorphemic words 6 63-65, 68-70 207-213,229,255 Polynesia 5 87, 90 power and autonomy 3 119 Polynesian children 3 98, 99 power asymmetries 3 130 polytomous models 7 250 power dynamics 1 47, 50 poor readers 2 43 power of talk 3 202 popular arts 1 214 power relations 1 232; 3 200, 213, 214; 5 174,226; 6217,219-221,225,232, popular culture 2 147 233,238,242,247,254,258; 8 202, popular songs 1 211 203 populist approach 1 215 power structure 2 129, 140, 143, 145, portfolio assessment 6102; 716,59,318, 147,174; 336,54,68,70,7,90-92, 328 102, 106, 110, 111 portfolios 7 16,35,36,60, 157, 168 power tests 7 6 Portugal 8 73 practical classroom knowledge 6 233, positioning of self 3 132, 140 234 positive discrimination 5151,153, 154 practical criticism 3 250 positivism 2 63; 4 67 practical grammars 6 14 positivist approach 7 324 practical validation 4 122, 124 positivist conceptions 8 240 Practical Skills for Work and Study possibility of critique 8 33 (WASPS) 7 126, 127 post-colonial contexts 1 207 practice issues 4 216 post-colonial education systems 1 203 practice of argument 6 38 post-colonial states 1 201, 204 practice of teaching 3 232 post-colonialism 124, 30, 35, 204; 2 143, practice of writing 4 224 148 practitioners 4 114 post-literacy 2 165, 168 practitioners' research 4 69-72 post-metaphysical development 3 11 pragmatic competence 4 13, 143; 7214 post-modern concern 7 329 pragmatic dimensions of language 5 148 post-modern ethnography 8201,203 pragmatic skills 7214 post-modern hermeneutics 8 32, 33 pragmatic theory of meaning 3 14 post-modern idiom 3 246 pragmatism 5 217 post-modern researchers 8213 pragmatist view of language 8 32 post-modern sociology 6 157 praxis as practical theory 8 227, 229 post-modernism 2137; 31; 7 324; 8 161, praxis test 7 24 240 pre-conditions for small-group talk 3 post-modernist approaches 1 24, 30 187-195 post-pubertal language learning 4 44 pre-literate children 2 28, 30 post-structuralism 2 143, 146, 147; 6 pre-reading 7 7 156; 827 pre-reading children 3 3 post-structuralist approaches 1 24, 28 pre-school Aboriginal language post-structuralist discourse 3 59 immersion programs 5 63 post-structuralist studies 3 132 pre-school activities 2 228 314 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX pre-school experience 2 53 program development 4168; 5 277 prc-schoolliteracy activities 2 209 program implementation 4171 pre-school program 2 25 programme evaluation 7 158 pre-school settings 2 23, 24 progressivist pedagogy 6 207 pre-schoolers 2 88 project age 4 193, 209 pre-service teacher education 1 247 projectional features 4 7 pre-service teacher traiuing 4 121, 123, prolepsis 6 191 190,203 proof 3 231 predictions 2 49 propaedeutic value of Esperanto 6 153 prejudices 1104, 107; 6230,231,235 proper literacy 2 177 Prekmurje 5 113-115 protection of minorities 5 114 prematurity 8 167 provincial languages 5 182 preparation of teachers 1 141, 143; 4 171 pseudo-dialogue 3 14 prereferral procedures 4 86 pseudo-Freirean programmes 2 204 prescriptive approaches 2 71 pseudo-openness 3 14 prescriptive grammar 6 11, 14 psychiatric treatment 4 110 prescriptivism 2 71, 74; 6 13, 18 psychoanalysis 3 53 present oral discourse 3 254 psycho linguistics 2 1, 2; 4 24 presentation 6 17 psychological variables 7 185 preservation of languages 5 168 psychology of language education 6 205 primacy of oracy 2 59 psychometry 7 128, 264, 266, 267 primary education 7 154 public education 1 217 primary language 4 76 public libraries 2 208 primary schools 5 119 public opinion 8 39 Primary School Syllabus 5 38 public speaking 7 31 primary-trait scoring 7 54 published materials 6 176 primitive languages 3 1 publishing 2144,185, 186; 4 207, 208 principle of charity 3 15 punctuation 2 87-95; 794,95 print script 2 97-100 pupil language use 1 231; 3197 problem solving 3 230, 231; 7189 pupil-centred approaches 3 187 problems 4 39; 7 259 purpose knowledge 7 116 procedural knowledge 679,82; 7 67, 68 purpose vocabulary 7 117 procedural model 7 190 purposes of language 7 111-119 process approaches 2 72, 73 purposes of readers 7 46 proccss knowledge 6 79 Putonghua 5158-160, 162 process paradigm 4 224 process-based approach 4 225 qualitative approaches 3 218; 6 190; 8 process-oriented writing instruction 8 212 44, 91 processing strategies 4 45, 46 qualitative approaches to test validation 7 product-moment correlation 8 81 275-287 productive skills 4 54, 55 qualitative methodologies 3 223; 8 239, Productive Diversity policy 1 133 242 professional communication 4 105 qualitative research 1 49; 4 69-71; 8 136, professional discourse 4 105 202, 234 professional teacher standards 1 139 qualitative-quantitative paradigmatic professionals 4 113, 114, 143 debate 8 234 proficiency 4142; 615; 7243,266,315 quality issue 1 213; 8 140 proficiency descriptors 7 238 quality of argument 6 209 proficiency examinations 7 91 quality of life 3 159, 163 proficiency in argument 6 35 quali ty of research 5 162 proficiency scales 7 142, 152, 179 quality of teachers 5 163, 247 proficiency-type tests 4 142 quality-focused studies 8 241 profiling 7 46, 166, 167, 170, 171,214 quantitative analysis 8 145 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX 315 quantitative approaches 3 218,223; 6 reading and family size 2 124 189, 190; 844, 89,93, 135 reading and income level 2 124 quantitative learner assessment 7 153 reading and sex 2 124 quantitative methods 8 239 reading and spelling difficulties 2 227 quantitative research 4 70 reading approaches 4 176 quantitative techniques 8 139, 141 reading attitudes 2 119, 121, 123, 124 quantitative test analysis 7 227-241 reading behaviours 2 48, 49 quasi-experimental designs 8 79,93 reading comprehension 2 14,212; 7 44, question types 6 185 45 questioning and answering 3 47 reading construct 7 42---46 questioning techniques 3 98, 109 reading development 2 27-36; 4208 questionnaire 7 276,277,279 reading difficulty 7 3 reading disability 240,41,64 race 1 77,171; 3 56, 59, 76, 110,208, reading events 3 49 214; 8207,212 reading for meaning 2 211 race and language acquisition 8 111-121 reading for pleasure 2 123 racial differences 8 73, 74 readinghabits2119, 121, 122, 124, 125, racial minorities 8 118 208 racism 1 28, 77, 128, 170; 2 63, 65; 5 reading in a second language 2 65 226; 6242,265; 862,64,73,214 reading in multilingual classrooms 2 radical pedagogy 3 36 47-56 radical theories 8 33 reading instruction 2 193; 6 58 radio education 4 214 reading interest 2 121 range finders 7 13 reading materials 2 48, 123 rank-order correlations 8 81 reading methods 2 210,211 Rasch analysis 7 58, 78, 79, 125, 135 reading of literature 2 2 Rasch measurements 7 243-253 reading performance 2 210; 7 1, 3 Rasch model 7 230, 243 reading practices 2119, 121, 123, 124 rate of acquisition 8 104 reading problems 2 20 rater training 7 82, 83 reading process 2 xi, xiii, 1-7,39,47; 7 raters 7 12, 14,76,79, 134 8,9 rating procedures 7 134 reading proficiency 7 146 rating scales 4142,146; 753,76,78-83, reading program 2 79 135 reading rate 7 5, 6 Rating Scale model 7 245, 246 reading readiness 7 7 ratio scales 8 81 reading skills 2 19-26, 128 Ratio Studiorum 7 304 reading standards 2 195 rational representation 3 14 reading strategies 4 201, 203 rationalist approaches 7 40 reading styles 4 201 rationality 3 33, 34, 38 reading tests 7 1-10, 39---49 ratus 2 194 Reading Recovery model 2 44, 212 READ4209 real books approach 6 94 readability 4 106-108 real materials 2 164 reader 7 46 Real Literacies Movement 2 164 reader cycles 2 4 real-life language 7122, 127 reader response 3 252, 253 real-time processing 7 66 reader strategies 2 4 reality 8 199 readiness tests 2 21 receptive skills 4 54, 55 reading 2 119; 3 48; 4 224; 7 1 reciprocal learning 3 175 reading ability 2 49, 123, 124 reciprocal teaching 3 25, 173, 174, 183, reading achievement 2 32; 7 2 203; 4 87 reading activities 8 219 reciprocity 8 190 reading age 2124; 7 151 recitation teaching 6 191 316 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX recognition of sign languages 1 96 researchers 8 212 recognizability 8 217 resistance 316,90, 128, 130, 131 reconceptualization 3 173 resistance to technologies 8 246 reconstructive science 3 17 resource centres 4 214 recontextualization 3 173 resources 1 233 record keeping 7157-159, 166 respect for persons 7 324 reductionism 8 140 Responding-Aloud-Protocols 3253 reference grammar 6 13 responsibility 3121; 7 329 referential meaning 8 158 response bias 8 8 reflective practitioner 4 125 response-oriented curriculum 3 251 reflexivity 8 200 responsive teaching 6 191 reformed Chinese S 158 restricted code 1 33; 3 67; 8 60 reformist tradition 1 203 restructuring preservice teacher refugees 2 168 education 8 231 regional dialects 8 4 retained knowledge 4 54 regional languages 1 58; 3 255 retention 7 24 regional multilingualism 1 In registers 3 23, 27, 69; 4107 retionopathy of prematurity 8 167 regression hypothesis 4 52 retrieval of information 4 53, 56 rehearsal 2 III retrospection 7 277 reification 6 257, 258 reviewing 2 xii; 7189 reinforcement theory 8 112 revision 7189-198 relation conversation analysis/education revitalization of native languages S 58 8222 revitalization of Saami language S 82 relative decisions 7 264 revoicing 3 175 relativism 3 59, 60; 8 59 rhetorical approach 7 13, 15 relevance of research 4 69 rhetorical awareness 6 201 reliability 712-14, 16,29,33,34,40,45, rhetorical organisation 7 94 53,55,78,159, 170,267,308,318, rhetorical questions 3 181 328; 89, 10, 85, 90, 94, 96, 234 rhetorical turn 6 205 reliance on non-object-focused rhetorical patterns 4 no information 8 171 rhyme awareness 3 116; 656,59 religious schools 2 191; S 244 right of the mother tongue S 220 remedial approaches 237 right to an education 1 69, 73 remedial teaching 2 227 right to instruction S 220 remediation of dyslexia 2 43 right to speak 3 211 remediation programmes 2 43, 212 rights3106, 150, 151 rephrasing 3 175 rights of indigenous peoples 1 representation 2149, 150 n rights of the child 1 representativeness 7 271 n rights practice 1 89 reprioritization of languages 1 131 research contacts 4 114 rights to independent forms of education research designs 4 56 179 research methodology 6 223 rime-unit analogies 2 31 research methods 1 44, 50; 3 152 risk taking 2 III research on immersion programs S 294, ritual violence 3 122 295, 301 role of genres 6 147 research problems 4 39; 8 33 role of ideology 8 202 research strategies 8 33 role of teachers 3 210, 222 research theory 1 50 roles 3150,151; 8234 research variables 8 79, 82 RomaS 221 research vs. practice 2 158 Romania4189, 191, 192 research-based studies 6 143 romantic-racist segregation S 217 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX 317

Rough Rock English-Navajo Language school language 5 71, 91 Arts Program (RRENLAP) 8 school language policies 1 229-240 232-234 school learning 3 224 Royal Society of Arts (RSA) 7 122 schoolleavers 2 130 Rudd Report 1 131 school management 1 234 rules of conversation 8 218 school mission 5 192 rules of genres 6 144 school models in Catalonia 5 398 rural population 2 203, 205; 3 163 school power structure 8 233 Russia 4 187 school structures 1 234 Russian 4187-189,200 school-aged learners 4 75-84 Rwanda 1 161 school-based approach 1 231 school-based assessment 7 152, 155, 156, Saami (Sami) 1 80, 85; 5 77, 78, 217, 220 168, 169 Saami as an auxiliary language 5 77 school-based curriculum 1 236 Saami bilingual education 5 77-85 school-based research 8 243 Saami education 5 77, 78 school-based teacher development Saami education system 5 83 programs 4 234 Saami language 5 77-82 school-university partnership 8 231 Saami language centres 5 82 schooled literacy 2 135, 136, 138, 159 Saami language in Norwegian schools 5 schooling culture 3 152 81 Schools Council 1 116, 119 Saami society 5 78 science 4 110 Saami speakers 5 84 science as culturally exclusive 3 244 Saami tcaching 5 82 science as metaphor 3 244 Saami-speaking areas 5 218 science as modelling 3 244 sacred languages 4 155 science as myth 3 244 Sadan 5 72 science as questioning 3 245 Salamanca Agreement 3 163 same-ethnicity teachers 3 99 science as rhetorical persuasion 3 244 Samoa 1190; 8 52 science curriculum 3 239 sample selection 8 181 science discourse 3 244 samples of blind infants 8 170 science education 3 xvii, 239, 240 sampling 7 214; 840, 85 science for all 3 239 Sanskrit 2174 science of planned languages 1 19 Sanskritising languages 2 175 scientific communication 4 111; 3 243 Sapir-Whorf hypothesis 8 111 scientific discourse 4 111; 6258 Saudi-Arabia 4 201 scientific foundations of whole language scaffolding 3 24, 25, 173, 174, 183,220, 690-92 223,231;6174,191 scientific knowledge 3240; 6 258 schema theory 2 2 scientific literacy 3 239 schemata 7 25, 26 scientific process 3 244 schematic listening 7 24 scientific purpose testing 7 111 scholarly language 3 69 scientific studies of bilingual education 5 school achievement 2 124 121 school assessment 7 308 scientific writing 6 257 school culture 6 190 scientists 3 6 school curriculum 6 190 scolarisation 1 164 school discourse 6 255 score variance 7 255 school drop-outs 2 169 Scotland 5 127-141 school education 6 45 scribbling 2 87,88 school experience 3 83 script 2 60, 61, 63, 173 school failure 6 4 second language 1232; 4 225; 7 39-107, school grammar 6 13 121-130,151-161,175-187 318 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX second language acquisition 5 192, 194; self-conceptualization of tribals 5 68 699,133 self-construction 3 139 second language acquisition research 8 self-determination 1 67, 74; 3 163 89-99 self-directed learners 6 90 second language classrooms 6 67 self-directed switches 6 134 second language competence 1 108 self-expression 2 70 second language contexts 4 226 self-instruction 6 14 second language education in Africa 4 self-learning contexts 6 135 197-205 self-marks 7 178 second language education in Central and self-monitoring 6 47 Eastern Europe 4187-196 self-observation 6 2 second language education in North self-perception 2 219 Africa 4 197-205 self-rating techniques 7 181 second language education in self-regulation 3 24 North-America 4 165-174 self-report 7 175, 176 second language education in the South self-testing 7 175-187 Pacific 4 231-239 semantic features 6 67 second language education in Southeast scmantic level 2 3 Asia 4 221-230 semantic relationships 6 68 second language education in Southern semantic transparancy 6 68-70 Africa 4 207-219 semantics 3 67, 70; 4 5, 13 second language education in the Middle semi-direct oral tests 4 145 East 4 197-205 semi-formal educational settings 8135 second language education in Western semi-linguistic aims 8 17 Europe 4175-186 semi-lingualism 5220 second language educational policies 4 153-163 seminar 3209,210 second language illiteracy 4 188 semiosis 6 225 second language instruction 4 210 semiotic mediation 3 169, 173 second language learner 1 117, 120, 123, semiotic systems 2 75, 138, 148 124; 2 Ill; 663-71 semiotic tools 3 21 second language learning conditions 4 semiotic view 3 172 24-31 Senegal1164 second language literacy instruction 5 sentence level accuracy 7 94 114 Sentence Method 2 10 second language math learning 3 233 sentence-lists tests 7 7 second language pedagogy 6 109--118 sequential structures of elassroom second language teaching 1115, 120, discourse 8 254 121, 123; 41-9,96 sequentiality 8 251 second language testing for adults 4 sets of beliefs 3 244 95-104 severely visually impaired 8168,170 second script learning 2 100 sex 2123 secondary education 5 119 sexism 3 110; 6 242 Section 11 budget 1 121 sexist ideologies 8 48 Section 11 funding 1 122, 124 sexist lexical choice 8 47 secular scripture 3 1, 7 sexual orientation 8 207, 212 segmentation ability 6 59 sheltered instructions 4 78, 80, 169 segmentation skills 6 59 short answer questions 7 40,41 segregation model 5 204 short-term listening 7 23, 24 self 3 139, 140 shortage of experts 5 162 self evaluation 6 103; 7 329 sight word knowledge 2 31 self-assertion 3 119 sighted control group 8 171 self-assessment 7175-187 sign language acquisition studies 8 180 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX 319 sign language as the language of social attitudes 3 82 instruction 5 235 social awareness 2 201 sign language curricula 8 182 social change 6 221 sign language dictionaries 8 178 social change approach 2 155 sign language lexicons 1 91 social change paradigm 2 156 sign language literature 5 236 social class 3 58, 59, 65-67, 70, 75; 7 sign languages 1 89-98; 3 160; 8 202; 8199 175-184 social class and language acquisition 8 sign systems 6 225 111-121 sign writing 8 180 social codes 8 60, 61 signal level 2 3 social communication 3 197 signal-noise ratio 7 258 social compctencc 3 xv, 147-156, 162; 8 silent reading 7 39 189, 191 Silent Way 4 77, 97 social consequences of testing 7 323 simulated oral proficiency tests 7 81 social construction 3 242 simulation program 3 220 social construction of knowledge 2 22 Singapore 4 221,227; 5177-185 social constructivism 3191,217 Single Regeneration Budget (SRB) 1 122 social constructivist approaches 3 202; 4 single-definition CRT's 7 270 111 single-sentence level 7 153 social context 2 92, 128; 3 153; 4227; 6 sissies 3 121 232; 717,95; 8194 si tuated consociate perspective 8 221 social contract 3 153 situated discourse 3 22 social dialects 6 229 situated learning 6 145 social differences 3 67,70,87,88 situated nature of bilingual classroom social diversity 4 113 talk 8 251 social education 2 203 situatedness 8 251 social emancipation of languages 5 118 situational authenticity 7 116 social enforcement 1 3 situational character 8 188 social equality 1 30; 8 64, 115 situational ecologies 8 189 social equity 1 129 skill-based exercises 270 social factors in learning 3 25 skills 2 71,119, 120; 3193 social forces 6 207 skill s and drills 6 59 social groups 6 253-255 skills in word processing 8 242 social identity 8 51, 54 skills of argument 6 33 social inequalities 5 174 skills-based core curriculum model 1 237 social institutionalisation 3 14 skills-oriented writing instructions 8 211 social interaction 3 22; 8 189, 194 slave trade 8 115 social interactional perspective 3 149 Slavonic nations 5 151 social issues 1 33 Slovakia 4 191 social justice 7 323 Slovenia 5109-116, 143 social justice issues 1 232 slow learners 2 44 social language 3 21; 6 91 small group discourse analyses 3 193 social literacy 2 133-141 small group discussion 3 213, 253 social meaning 6 223 small group seminar 3 209 social mobility 5 129 small group talk innovation 3 193 social network analysis 8 157 small group work 380,212,230,251 social order 8 47 small scale survey 8 40 social orientations 3 130 social action 6 208 social problems 8 35 social analysis 8 156 social psychology of reading 2 119-126 social aspects of tests 4 146 social psychology of writing 2 229 social aspects of literacy 2 xii, 208 social relationships 8 207 social aspects of reading 2 122 social reproduction 3 87, 88, 90, 92 320 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX social role valorisation 3 158 South Asian children 3 97 social science theory 8 25-34 South Pacific bilingual education 5 87-95 social semiotic process 2 74 Soviet Union 4 188, 193 social semiotics 3 21, 164 Spain 5297-303 social skills 3 119 Spanish 5 297-302 social status 6 224 Speak Mandarin campaign 5 178 social stratification 365, 87 speaking in public 6 31 social structures 3 xiv; 6223; 8 52, 199 speaking proficiency 5 192; 7 179 social succes 3 148 speaking skills 7 29-37, 75-85 social theory 6 219, 251, 252 speaking styles 6 255 social transaction 8 235 speaking tests 7 75-85 social values 3 xiv, 105 SPEAKING 8 126, 130 social variables 8 155 special education 2195,231; 4 85, 86, social work discourse 4 113 90; 5119 social world 3 123 special language instruction 5 190 socialist movement and Esperanto 6 152 spccial rights for minorities 5 110, 111, socialization 3 55,65,148,170,171 145 socialization in language 8 155 specialized language programs 1 146 socially dominant language 5 103 specific purpose testing 7 117 socially minorized language 5 103 specifically objecti ve 7 250 socially-situated second language specificity 7 117 acquisition 5 194 speech 616 societal multilingualism 1 173; 8 2, 4 speech acts 3 5, 34, 96, 219; 6 87 socio-cultural approach to learning 3 203 speech act theory 8 138 socio-cultural background 1 102; 6230 speech assessment 7 29, 78 socio-cultural perspective 3 21-29, 149 speech assessment programs 7 33 socio-cultural transformation 4 222 speech communities 3 65; 8 125, 129 socio-dramatic play 3 120 speech competencies 3 1 socio-economic class or ethnicity 3 130 speech controls 2 186 socio-metric perspectives 3 148, 149 speech events 8 125, 126, 128, 129 socio-political context 4 25, 67, 88; 8 161 speech impairment 3 157 socio-pragmatic competence 8 93 speech pathology 7 213 sociolinguistic competence 2 129; 4 77 speech perception 8 103, 108 sociolinguistic knowledge 6 168 speech recognition 2 186 sociolinguistic mcthods 3 243 speech repertoire 3 71; 8 126 sociolinguistics 3 75, 170, 239; 4 3, 112; speech situations 3 16; 8 126 8 I speech variation across dialects 5 75 sociological development 3 11 Speech Act Theory 4 3 sociology 3 87 Speech Communication Association sociology of inquiry 3 12 (SCA) 7 31 sociology of language 11-13,102, ll8; speech-language pathology 7 211 365 spelling 2 72, 77-79, 82, 87-95, 229; 6 sociology of reading 2 119 57; 7 94, 95 software 2183; 7 284 spelling accuracy 2 90 SorbS 151-165 spelling errors 2 91; 4 202 Sorb ethnicity 5 151 spelling features 2 89 sound structure of words 6 54, 55 spelling knowledge 2 90 sound-based language 8 180 spelling mistakes 2 229 sound-letter correspondences 2 226 spelling problems 2 38 sound-symbol correspondences 2 196, spelling reformers 2 64 207,210 spelling research 2 90 South Africa 1207; 6 221-223; 870,71 spelling stages 2 90 South African Sign Language 1 95 spelling strategies 2 92 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX 321 spelling talk 2 92 structural equation modeling 7 235, 237; spoken communication 2 127 884,85 spoken competence 3 192 structural linguistics 4 1,96; 7 219; 859 spoken discourse 4 107, 112, 114 structural-functional social theory 8 28, spoken interaction 8 250 29 spoken language 3 197; 6 18; 7 66, 71 structuralism 3 59,137-139; 6 12, 17 spoken texts 6 225,241 structuralist approaches 7 155 spontaneous capacities 6 2 structuralist theory of language 8 27, 208 spontaneous switching 8 252 structure of classroom discourse 3 171 Sri Lanka 1 179, 205; 2 174; 870 student exchange 1 224 staff development 5 277 student participation 6 187, 188 stakeholders 7 318,319,325,330,331 student talk 3 xvi, 32 standard dialect 1 37 student-centred approach 2 144 standard English 1114, 116, 117; 627 student-centred language participation 1 standard language 1 186; 574; 8 62 231 standard language varieties 1 107; 5 105; student-centredness 6243 6 229-240, 253 student-teacher interactions 6 231 standardised assessment 7 153, 168 student-writer's ethnicity 6 198 standardised tests 7 164, 165, 181,294 stu dial capacities 6 2 standardised writing tests 2 83 study abroad effects 4 57 standardization 2173, 174,207; 369; 6 study of meaning 3 17 252, 257, 258 study skills 7 5 standardized Basque 5 105 style conflicts 6 80 standardized classroom discourse 6 255, stylistic stratification 3 65, 66 256 sub-cultural diversity 3 69 standardized knowledge 6256 Sub-Saharan Africa 2215,216,220,221 standards 4 170-172; 735, 166, 167, sub-skills 2 69, 109 309,323,330 sub-varieties of English 4 223 Standards for Educational and subject based teaching 1 234; 8 210 Psychological testing 7 275 subject-based curriculum development START project 8 231 projects 1 233 statistical analysis 8 79-87 subjectivity 3 53-55; 8210,234 statistical methods 8 79-87 sublanguages 4 105, 106 status 1163; 3 211,213; 815,16 submersion 4 79; 5 89; 7 163 status of language 5 17 submersion education 5 91 status of translators 6 122 submersion model 5 204 status planning 1 13, 16 submersion programmcs 5 219 stenographies 2 60 subtitles 4 132 stereotypes 1 104; 3 118,213; 6 230, subtituting phonemes 6 55 231,237; 848,52,59 subtractive bilingualism 1 172; 4 79; 5 stimulus-response paradigm 8 158 179 stories 3 137 sudden transfer programs 4 79 story grammar 4 201 Suggestopedia 4 77, 188 Story Method 2 10 summative assessment 7153,157,317 storylines 3 138, 140 superposed variety 8 4 storytelling 3 68, 139, 172, 181,254 supervision 1 43, 44, 47 strategic competence 2 129; 3 162; 477, supervision conferences 1 43, 46 202; 7 203 supervisory discourse 1 46 strategic knowledge 4 142 supportive environments 7 185 strategic planning 2 177 survey methods 8 35-46 strategies 4 180 surveying attitudes 8 45 streaming pupils 1 123 sustainability 4 70, 71, 192-193 streamlining approach 1 19,20 Swann Report 1118, 119,230,232 322 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX

Sweden 5 217-229,291-296 Tanzania 1 205; 5 27 Swedish 5 217,219-221,223-225, target languages 5 277, 278; 6177 287-296 task characteristics 7 277 Swedish immersion programs 5 291-296 task choise 7 134 Swedish-Finnish 5 222 task definition 7 190 Switzerland 5143-150 task dependency 7 127 syllabic scripts 2 65 task type 7 79, 80 syllabic systems 2 60 Task Force on Testing Standards (TFTS) syllables 2 192; 6 55 7304,305, 307-309 syllabus design 4 6 task-based systems 4 211,215 symbolic capital 6 255 task-specific scores 7 15, ]6, 17, 177 symbolic language of mathematics 3 234 tasks 4 145 symbolic tools 3 169 teachability hypothesis 4 7; 612,16 symbolic violence 3 122 teacher 143; 2167; 4114,202,214 symbolisation 3 250 teacher as educational linguist 6 163-172 synchronous communication 2 185 teacher as ethnographers 8 232 synchrony 8 251, 253 teacher as practitioner 4 123, 124 synchrony in bilingual interactions 8 253 teacher awareness of language 6 164, 169 syntactic awareness 2 27, 30-33; 646 teacher behaviour 2 50; 3 98; 6 188; 7 syntactic awareness training 2 33 296 syntactic criteria 4 202 teacher classroom practices 5 193 syntactic knowledge 4 13 teacher cognition 6 169, 170 syntactic maturity 6 20 I teacher discourse 1 43 synthetic approach 7 199 teacher education 1 219-227, 247; 4 81, synthetic style 4 201 121-129,213; 5 30; 6164,166, Syria 4 197 190,237,238 system focussed criteria 7 95 teacher education strategies 5 11 System of Methodological Signs 8 176 teacher effectiviness 4 64 system-wide assessment 7 318 teacher exchange 1 224 systematic observation 3 179 teacher feedback 6 186 systemic functional grammar 2 148; 4 3 teacher intervention 2 49 systemic functional model of genre teacher knowledge 3 245 theory 6 140, 142 teacher materials 6 141 systemic linguistics 8 31 teacher practices 5 170 systems theory 6 82 teacher preparation 4 xii; 5 170 teacher pupil interaction 6 189 Tachi 5 48 teacher questions 6 185 taken-as-shared meanings 3 233 teacher research 4 102; 8 234 talk 3 147-156, 188, 197 teacher research as sustained talk and social structure 3 50 conversation 8 233 talk as social activity 3 45, 50 teacher research methods 8 227-237 talk as the work 3 50 teacher resistance 145, 48 talk events 3 193 teacher self-assertion 4 126 talk in maths 3 xvii, 229-238 teacher strategies 6 134 talk opportunities 3 188 teacher supply 4 236 talk processes 3 192 teacher talk 3 xvi; 6 133, 134, 188 talk structures 3 19 teacher training 2 202; 4 200, 203, 207; 5 talk-in-interaction 3 43,44; 8 194, 222, 21,38, 120,293 223 teacher-administrator discourse 1 43-52 talking and listening 2186 teacher-as-scholar 8 229 talking books 2 183 teacher-centred approachcs 4 213 talking word processors 2 183 teacher-conducted tasks 7 155 Tamil 5 178-180' teacher-learning materials 5 39 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX 323 teacher-led discourse 3 176 test formats 7 39-42 teacher-led lesson 3 171 test manuals 7 90, 91 teacher-parent dialogue 2 156 test score pollution 7 298 teacher-pupil talk 3 95-103 test specification 7 267, 268, 271 teacher-researcher collaboration 8 141 test takers 7158,313-316,318,325,330 teacher-supervisor conference 1 44 test tasks 7 216 teacher-to-teacher collaboration 8 231 Test of English as a Foreign Language teachers' beliefs 6 163, 166, 167, 191 (TOEFL) 4144; 7 128, 314 teachers' culture 1 45 Test of English for Educational Purposes teachers' knowledge 6 166, 167 (TEEP) 7123 teachers' practicers 6 167, 168,230 Test of Written English 7 54, 59 teachers' understanding of language 6 test-users 7 2-7 163 testlets 7 144, 230, 250 teachers' questions 3 179, 180, 184 Teton Dakota S 46 teaching 6 205-213 text 3 1-9, 23 teaching approaches 2 225; 475-84 text analytic approach 2147, 148 teaching events 8 256 text characteristics 7 57 teaching languages 1 223, 240-251 text comprehension 7 39 teaching materialS 161; 6242 text evaluation 7 189-198 teaching methodology S 161 text levels 2 3 teaching methods 2 226; 4 179 text linguistic tradition 4 110 teaching of argument 6 35-37 text organization features 4 202 teaching of handwriting 2 97 text processing 7 66 teaching of mathematics 3 229, 232 text publishers 6 89 teaching ofreading 2 9-17, 209 text selection 7 42 teaching of writing 2 77-85 text strata 2 3 teaching practices 7 155 text transformation 7 192, 195 teaching process 4 126 text-based approach 4 201 teaching role 4121,125, 184 text-based literacy 3 69 teaching time S 294 text-types 6 139 teaching vs. pedagogy 8 68 textbook languages 1 182 team-teaching S 4 textbook survey 7 152 technical languages 4 106 textbooks 2 144; 4 179,208; 6 141, 176, technical model of literacy 2 165 177,179,256-258 technique 4 95 textbooks writing 4 6 technique-based criticisms of surveys 8 texts 2 72,73, 146, 147, 184; 4 105-107, 43 109, Ill; 6218 technological determinism 2 134; 8 245 texts of life 3 150 technological literacy 2 138 textual cohesion 2 49 technologies of the self 3 139 textual factors 6 196 technology 2145, 182; 3 164, 208; 4 147; textual prototypes 6 210 6 225, 256-258; 7 17, 35 Thailand 4 221 telecommunications technology 2 181 theoretical assumptions 4 xii television 1 212-214; 2 120, 123,208; 4 theoretical dimensions of teacher 210 education 4 124 territorial attrition S 49 theoretical models 2 xiii; 8 9 tertiary education 3 208, 210, 213 theoretical validity 4 122-124 tertiary level 3 211, 212, 214 theorising oral discourse 3 xi tertiary teaching 3 xvi theory and practice of argument 6 31,34 test across cultures 7 217 theory of action 8 202 test construction 4 143; 7 268 theory of genre 6 140 test design 7 145 theory of identity 8 208, 209 test discourse 7 81 theory of inquiry 8 25 324 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX theory of interpretation 8 32 transitional bilingual education 5190, theory oflanguage planning 8 20,21 191 theory of language 4 96 transitional bilingual programs 5 192, theory of learning 3 23 193; 6 99 theory of meaning 8 25, 29 transitional bilingualism 1 169-171; 5 theory of reading 2 124 161 theory vs. practice 2 xiii, 139; 4 xiii, 72, transitional education 479; 5 89, 90, 160 73, 125 transitional modelS 205 theory-driven paradigm 7 206 transitional trilingualism 1 172 theory-method relationships 3 152 transitional vernacular literacy program 5 therapeutic discourse 4 110 91 thick description 8 198,201 translatability 6 154 think-aloud protocols 3 231; 7 2 translation 4 108, 115; 6119-130; 891 thinking skills 6 35 translation competence 6 122 Three Language Formula (India) 1 184 translation criticism 6 123 threshold level 4 178, 179 translation pedagogy 6119,122 Thurstone paired comparison data 7247 translation practice 6 122 Tibeto-Burman language 569 translation studies 6 120, 123, 124 TOEFL Reading Test 7 294, 295 translator competence 6 119, 125 Tonga 1193 translator training 6 119, 123 topic associating style 2 110; 3 96 translator training programmes 120 transmission-teaching styles 4 215 topic-centred style 2 110; 3 96 transmissional styles of teaching 3 187 topical talk 3 175, 203 treatment variables 8 80 topicality 4 184 Trent 5 146-149 Topically Related Sets (TRS) 3171 triadic dialogue 3 26 topological 3 27 triangulation 8 91, 202 Toronto Benchmark Program 7 316 tribal awareness 5 68 Torres Strait Islander languages 1 84; 4 tribal children 5 71 234, 237 tribal consciousness 5 68 total communication 5 232, 237; 8179 tribal languages 5 73 total immersion programs 5 263, 299, 300 tribal populations 1 183 Total Physical Response 4 78 tribal vernaculars 5 72 traditional approaches 7 13 tribals 5 67 traditional assessment 4 91 trilingualism 5 258 traditional language 1 233 Tunisia 4 197 trained teachers 4 96 Turkey 4197 training of teachers in Central and Turkish 4197,201 Eastern Europe 4 189 turn-taking behaviour 6 186 training support 4 208 turn-taking rules 3 98, 210 trajectoire 2 99 tutoring 3 173, 174 transaction 6 73 two-tier bilingual system 5 251 transactional functionalism 6 74 two-way approaches to bilingual transactional language 7 65, 71 education 5 192 transactional model of reading 2 2 two-way bilingual education 5 5, 193, transactional theory of learning 6 74 271-280 transcription 2 107 two-way bilingual programs 4 78 transcription protocols 8 220 two-way immersion programs 4 78, 170 transcription system 8 221 two-way movement 4 29 transferability of conceptual knowledge 1 types of bilingual education 5 160 144 types of reading 2 124 transformation of participation 3 24 types of writing systems 2 60,61 transformative awareness 6 155 typical learning conditions 4 25 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX 325 typological 3 27 utterances 3 22 typology 6 141 Tyrol 5 143-145 validity 2 185; 7 145, 146, 158, 164, 167, 171,177-180,217,271,275,308, UN Human Rights Committee 1 63, 64 317,318,327,328; 8 8,10,85,90, unconscious acquisition 6 2, 8 92,94,96,128,150,159,179,201, unconscious knowledge 6 7 202, 234 unconscious metaprocesses 647 validity of sign 8 179 unconsciously used knowledge 6 6 validity theory 7 324, 325 underachievement 6 4; 8 155 values3 106, 142; 8137 underlying traits 7 233 values education 6 35 underperformers 3 100 Vanuatu 4 232 underqualified teachers 5 92 variability 8 8 underschooled learners 4 88 variance components 7 257,259,260 UNESCO 1 59, 63, 70, 224; 3 163; 7 variational features 4 7 307,309 variationist sociolinguistics 8 59-66 UNESCO Convention Against variations in languages 8 xi, xii, 59, 60 Discrimination in Education 1 70 varieties of languages 8 60 unevenness 3 55 verbal communication 6 63, 264 unilingual language pedagogy 6 7 verbal cues 8 254 unintentional language switches 6 134 verbal explanation 3 231 unitary view of reading 7 44, 47 verbal interaction 3169,200,212,214 Unitary Competence Hypothesis 7 122 verbal intercourse 3 207 United Kingdom 6 21-30 verbal protocol 7 277 United Stated 5 189-197, 271-280; 6 142 verbal protocol analysis 7 283 United States 1990 census 8 38 verbal reporting 4 145; 7 277; 894 United States Information Service 4 210 verbal styles 6 197 universal grammar 4 48; 8 106 verbal thinking 3 27 universal literacy 2 163; 5 69 verbalisation 3 231 universal primary education 3 163 verbaliser-imager style 6 76 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1 vernacular culture 3 66, 67 56,57,68 vernacular dialect 5 92 Universal Declaration of Linguistic vernacular education 3 71; 5 90 Rights 159 vernacular languages 1 2, 3, 34, 103, 180, uni versalism 6 17 192,194,203; 4 237; 588,91; 6 universalizability 3 2 II; 8 16, 18,63, 161 universe of admissible observations 7 256 vernacular literacy 5 58 universe of generalization 7 256 vernacular programs 4 232, 234, 236 universe score 7 256 vernacular schools 5 244 university education 3 207-216; 4210 versatility 6 81 university teaching 4 143 video conferencing 3 224 University of Cambridge Local video games 3 122 Examinations Syndicate (UCLES) video materials 8 181 7122 Vietnam 4 221 unorthodox language 3 230, 231 views of science 3 240 unqualified teachers 4 189, 190,214 virtual classroom 4 137 Upgrading 4 209 virtual worlds 3 122 Urban Priority Areas (UPAs) 1 122 visibility 8 229 use of language 6 15 visual component 2 91 use of media 4207,216 visual discrimination 2 27 use of oral discourse 3 249-257 visual impairment 8 167 use of talk in mathematics 3 229-238 visual information 290; 8 166 utilitarian ideology 8 35 visual language 1 214 326 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX visual literacy 2 102, 138 whole language oriented curriculum 4 visual strategies 2 91; 8 169 236 vocabulary 4 166; 6 197,230; 7 5, 44, whole language research 6 90 99-107 whole language teachers 6 91 vocabulary assessment 7 101, 105 whole language theory 5 194 vocabulary diversity 6 197 whole language views 2 2 vocabulary knowledge 7 99, 101, whole school policy 1 229, 236 103-105 wholist-analytic style 6 76 Vocabulary Knowledge Scale 7 102 wide-area networks (WAN) 8 243 Vocabulary Level Test 7 101, 103 wimps 3121 vocabulary size 7 101, 103, 105 within-group uniformity 8 140 vocabulary testing 7 100 women 2149,221; 3 211 voice of medicine 4 110 women's education 2 216,217 women-centred learning environment 1 Wales 5127-141 27 war of tongues 1 7 women's language 8 47-49 Warnock Report 1 119 women's speech 3 68 warrior narratives 3 121 word associates test 7 102 washback 7 295,298,309,314,326 word identification 2 11, 12,32 washback effects 4 146; 7 30, 32, 33, word lists 7 7, 8 265,269,296,297,318,329 word perception 6 64 Washback Hypotheses 7 294, 319 word picture matching 7 7 washback in language testing 7 291-302 word processing 2181-183; 3 220, 221, 223; 8 243 washback validity 7 293, 294 word processing and writing quality 8 Watson-Barker listening test 723,24 240 waystage 4 178 word processing environment 8 241 weak-interface model 6 111 word processing skills 8 241 welfare 105 word processing software 8 240 Welsh 1 114; 5127-141 word recognition 2 xi, 2, 3, 6, 33 Welsh medium schools 5 133 word recognition skills 7 5, 9 Welsh speakers 1 113 work 3251 Wends 5151-156 work sample tests 7132, 133 West African School Certificate (WASC) work-based learning 2 169 7314 work-place 4 111 West Indian dialects 1 115 work-place genres 6 145 Western culture 4 202 work-place language 6 261-269 Western education 5 34 work-place literacy 1 142; 2137, 140 Western Europe 4 175-186 work-place reform 6 263, 264 Western values 4 203 work-place requirements 6211 whole child approach 7 157 working languages 4 223 whole class 6 116 workshops 2 72; 5 93 whole class contexts 5 264 world literacy 2 185 whole class formats 3 75 World Bank 1 207 whole curriculum approach 7 157 World Wide Web (WWW)2 185; 4 136, whole language 6 xiv, 57, 59, 87-97 180 whole language approaches 2 10-12; 4 worldliness of English 1 26 78,81,233 writers 2 181 whole language classrooms 6 91 writing 2 69-85, 181,227-229; 655,92, whole language literacy instruction 6 92, 197 93 writing abilities 6 206 whole language movement 1 231, 234, writing activities 8 219 247 writing and culture 2 109 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX 327 writing and spelling 2 229 writing tests 7 51-63 writing assessment 6 201; 711-19, written communication 2 127; 3 229 189-198 written culture 1 185 writing competence 7 51-63, 195 written discourse 4 107, 112, 114 writing conditions 7 12 written language 287; 6 16, 199 writing culture 8 72 written mode of communication 2 176 writing development 2 110 written symbols 3 3 writing evaluation 7 189-198 written texts 3 1; 6225,241 writing in context 2 80 writing in multilingual classrooms 2 107 Yiddish 4 200 writing in second language 2 65 York Language Aptitude Test 7200 writing in the community 2 109, 111 young children as authors 2 69-76 writing instructors 6 199 young learners 7 151 writing instruments 2 100 young writers 7193, 194 writing performance 7 15 Yugoslavia 4 188 writing problems 2 38 Yuman language 5 48 writing process 4 110,224,225; 6221 writing proficiency 7 58 Zaire 1161 writing skills 2 107, 128,226 Zambia 4215; 5 26, 27 writing strategies 7 191 Zaner-Bloser system 2 98, 100 writing system 2 59-68; 34; 4 157 zone of proximal development 3 24, 173, writing teachers 6 196 221; 6191 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX

Aarnoutse, C. 2211,212 Aizpurua, X. 5 105 Abagi, J.O. 5 37, 38, 40 Akinasso, F.N. 1 20 Abbott,C. 2 xii, xv, 112, 128, 138, 149, Akoha, J. 7299 183, 185,212; 7 9 Akiinal, Z. 4 201 Abbs, J.A. 7 212 AI-Amin, A. 5 254 Abdan, A.A. 4 201 AI-Arishi, A.Y. 4 202 Abdulaziz, M.H. 527,33 AI-Buanain, H. 4 202 Abe, H. 45 AI-Haik, A. 7 200 Abele, A. 3 233 AI-Quadi, N.s. 4 202 Abou, S. 5 253 Alabi, R. 5 42 Abouzeid, M. 2 90 Alatis, J.E. 4 124 Abraham, R.G. 7101, 113 Alatorre, J. 3 183 Abraham, S.A. 4 225 Albert, E. 8 129 Abrams, E. 3 245 Albertson, L.R. 7 195 Abu Absi S. 4 xii, xiv, xv Alb6, X. 8 37 Ackerman, J. 6144 Alcott, B. 6 90 Aclan, Z. 5 276 Alderson, C. 4 146 Ada, A. 2 156 Alderson, J.C. 6 xiv, 113; 7 32, 41, 42, Adam, C. 6 144, 145 44,45,82, 89,91,95, 112, 116, Adams, A. 1195; 3 223 122, 141, 143, 146, 152,269,271, Adams, C. 3131; 7 214 275-279,282,283,291,294,295, Adams, M. 22 297,305,308,309,315,319 Adams, M.L. 7 77 Alegria, J. 3 4 Adaskou, K. 4 199 Alexander, L. G. 4 3 Addison 3 249 Alexander, A. 3 198 Adelman, C. 6 189 Alexander, E.E. 7 205 Adelsword, V. 4 109 Alexander, E.R. 7 23, 34 Adema, J.J. 7 249 Alexander, N. 1 170, 171, 176 Adger, C.T. 3 xiii, 80, 180 Algina, J. 7 82 Adorno, T. 1211; 311, 12; 6 251, 252, Alisjahbana, S.T. 5 181 255-258 Alladina, S. 1113, 114 Afolayan, A. 5 29 AlIal, L. 7 257 Agar, D. 4 221 Allan, A.I.C.G. 7 283 Agar, M. 8 127 Allard, R. 5 168; 87 Aggleton, P. 8 200 Allen, J. 2 156 Agnihotri, R.K. 2 xii, xv, xvi, 130, 165, Allen, I.P.B. 4 65, 123; 7 323; 8 92, 234 167, 174, 175,205; 573 Allen, K. 7 293,315 Ahern, T.C. 3 201 Allen, N.L. 7 238 Ahlawat, K.S. 7 234 Allen, P. 5 264; 7 57 Ahlgren, I. 1 93, 94; 8 178 Allington, R. 2 49 Ahlgren, L. 5 235 Alloway, N. 3 xii, 58, 59, 111, 117, 122, Aiken, L. 3 230 123, 141, 246 Aikio, M. 5 79, 80 Allwright, D. 4 xii-xiv, 66, 125; 6 179, Ainsworth, S. 3 200 184, 186, 187 Airasian, P.w. 7 294 Almanza, E. 4 85, 86, 88-90 Aitchison, J. 4 210 Almy, M. 3149 Aitken, M. 7 234 Alsina, A. 5 299 329 330 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX

Alston, 1. 297,98, 103 Archer, C.A. 2 140 Althusser, L. 1 214; 6 221; 8 209 Archer, D. 2 164 Alton-Lee, A. 3 152; 8 139 Arden-Clse, C. 4201 Altwerger, B. 5 192 Argyris, C. 6 175 Alvarez-Pease, C. 4159 Arias, M.B. 1141 Amadiume,1. 2215 Ariew, R. 4 132 Aman, M.G. 243 Aristotle 3 2, 241; 6 31 Ambady, N. 7 33 Arnau, J. 5 302 Ambert, A. 4 89 Arnaud, P.J.L. 7 103 Amer, A.A. 4 201 Arneson, P. 7 35 Amery, R. 5 11 Arnold, G.W 5 48 Ames, A. If. 674 Arnold, H. 7 2 Amidon, E. 1 43 Arnold, L. 4 208 Ammerlaan, T. 455, 56 Arnold, M. 1 211; 3 250 Ammon, U. 1 8, 100; 4 161 Arnold, R. 6 166 Amudong, N. 5158 Arnot, G. 8201 Anastasi, A. 7 275 Amove, R.F. 2 163, 168 Ancess, J. 6 102; 7 59 Arntzen, O. 2 229 Andersen, E.B. 7 246 Aron, J. 8187,189,191, 195 Andersen, R. 4 52 Aronowitz, S. 3 35 Anderson, B. 1 90 Aronson, A.R. 7 212 Anderson, C.A. 2133; 37,141,220,223 Aronsson, K. 4 109 Anderson, F. 8 138 Arrastfa, M. 2 157 Anderson, G. 8199-203 Arsenian, S. 4 35 Anderson, 1. 6 25 Artemeva, N. 6 145 Anderson, J.R. 7 202 Arthur, J. 871, 150,252 Anderson, L. 8 157, 158 Artigal, 1.M. 5 294, 299, 302 Anderson, N. 2 59, 76 Aschbacher, P.R. 7 35 Anderson, R. 2 122 Ashton-Warner, S. 248 Anderson, S. 5 175 Ashworth, M. 1 154, 155 Anderson, T. 8219,220 Asiah Abu Samah 4 223 Andersson, L.-G. 6 233 Askov, E.N. 2 97 Andresen, B.B. 2 184 Askov, W 2 97 Andrews, R. 3 254; 6 31-33, 206, 208, Asmah Haji Omar 4 223; 5180, 181 211 Aspin,5 19 Andrews, S.l. 6 168; 7294,296 Assink, E.M.H. 2 208 Andrich, D. 7 245, 247, 248 Astigarraga, L. 5 100 Andriessen 6 209 Astington, J. 3 5 Andrysek, O. 161 Aston, G. 6 132 Angelis, P. 7 88 Atal, Y. 568 Anglin, 1.M. 8 169 Athreya, VB. 2205 Angoff, WH. 7 266, 275 Atkins, B. 849 Angus, L. 8 198-200 Atkins, J.D.C. 545 Ansre, G. 5 25, 28 Atkinson, D. 6 132 Anthony, B. 5 62 Atkinson, J.M. 4 109; 6 168 Anthony, E.M. 476,95 Atkinson, P. 3 169; 8 234 Anyon, 1. 8 200 Attwood, J. 5 247 Aplin, R. 6 24,26 Atwell, N.M. 6 93; 8 228, 229 Appel, G. 3 27 Au, K. 3 77, 89; 8129,137,191 Appel, R. 5 193,205 Auer, P. 8250, 252, 253 Apple, M. 6 241,243,256,257; 869,73 Auerbach, E.R. 1 26; 4 99; 5 194; 699, Applebee, A.N. 3139 135,243,263; 869,91 Aquinas, Th. 4 121 August, D. 4169; 5190, 191 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX 331

Auld, W. 6 154, 156 Baldauf, R.B. 1190, 194; 4 232; 7 180, Aurelius, G. 5 219 183; 8 20 Austin, J.L. 3 5, 230, 233; 4 3, 77; 8 221 Balester, VM. 6 198 Ausubel, D.P. 6 77 Ball, E.W. 2 13, 29 Auwarter, M. 3 116 Ball, P. 8 36 Avery, P. 3 108 Balla, J. 5 286 Avila, D. 7 34 Ballara, M. 2 167 Avis, P. 2 185 Ballard, P. 7 5 Awbrey, M.l. 8231 Balto, A. 1 81; 579 Awoniyi, 5 25 Bamford, R. 7 318 Ayers, D.A. 7 7 Bamgbose, A. 116; 4208; 5 25, 26, 27, 31 Babbie, E. 8 35 Banerjee, J. 7 xv, xvi, 42,81,135, 175, Baca, L. 4 85, 86, 88-90 232,283 Bangert-Drowns, R.L. 8 240, 241 Bachman, L.F. 2 129; 44, 142, 143, 146, 147; 7 xiii, xv, xvi, 60, 78, 80, 81, Bank-Mikkelsen, N. 3 158 89,92,111,115,116, ]22, 125, Bannerji, H. 8 213 128,135, 136, 142, 144, 168, 169, Baratz, J.e. 861 179,228,231,232,234,238,250, Barber, Ch. 4 106 255,257,265,275,277,282,308, Bardovi-Harlig, K. 4 5; 7 57 325,326,328 Baril. P.A. 5 170 Backlund, p.A. 7 31, 32, 33 Barker, L.L. 7 22-24 Baddeley, A.D. 7 202 Barkin, F. 5 192 Barlow, S.M. 7212 Bader, Y. 4 201 Barnes, D. 1 104, 229-231; 3 108, 179, Baecher, R.E. 5 273 180, 182, 187,190-193, 197,200, Baetens Beardsmore, H. 1223; 4 161, 230,251; 6 184, 185,206 181; 5 248 Barnes, W.G.w. 2 89 Baez, A. 3 239 Barnwell, D. 7 77, 78 Baggioni, D. 1 165 Baron, J. 665,66,69 Baghban, M. 2 88 Barrett, H. 2216 Bahan, B. 5 236, 237 Barro, A. 6245 Bahrick, H. 4 52, 54 Barrs, M. 6 89; 7151,153,154,166,171 Bailey, K.M. 4125-127; 6 l79, 186, 187, Barth, F. 5 168 189-191; 7294,297,329; 891,139 Barthed, R. 1 214 Bailey, RW. 8 3 Barthes, R. 3 138, 244 Bain, B.A. 7 217 Bartlett, E. 7 194 Bain, R. 6 24, 105, 166 Bartolini-Bussi, M.G. 3229, 231, 233 Baker, e.D. 15, 143, 144; 2 147; 3 xii, Barton, D. 222, 129, 136, 148, 158, 164, 32,47-49,56,110,125,131;4 165, l73; 6 245 181; 5 36,131,132,134,245; 7165 Barton, L. 4 88 Baker, C.R. 8 xii, 36, 39, 43, 219, 220 Barton, M.A. 7 228 Baker, E. 7 xv, 29, 327 Bashiruddin, A. 3211 Baker, K. 5191 Bashshur, M. 5 253 Baker, M. 6 126, 127 Bassett, R.E. 7 31 Baker, R 4144; 7 247 Bassich, C.J. 7 220 Baker, S. 5 276 Basso, K.H. 259; 8 126 Baker, w.J. 6 69 Bates, E. 447; 644; 8 12; 170 Bakhtin, M.M. 1247; 3 xii, 21-23, 26, Bateson, G. 8187 27,191, 203, 249, 254, 256; 4110; Bathia, K. 6 132 6139, 140, 143; 8207,209 Batson, T. 8 243 Baladier, L. 2 194 Batstone, R 7 88, 93, 94 Balboni, P.E. 5 146, 147; 6 200 Battiste, M. 5 59 332 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX

Battle, D.E. 3 161 Belyaeva,4189 Baudin, F. 2 102 Bern, D. 847 Baudrillard, J. 3 123 Bern, S. 847 Baugh, J. 1 xii. 33; 8 xiii, 64, 112, 115, Benedict, R. 8 135 116 Benesch, S. 1 29; 6 217 Bauman, R. 3 95; 8 129 Benhabib, S. 3 34 Bauman, Z. 6 157 Beniak, E. 5 170; 8 64 Baylis, P. 6 264 Beniamino, M. 1163 Baynham, M. 2 169; 4 99; 8 211 Bcnjamin, W. 3 17 Bazalgette, C. 1212 Bennet, N. 1 231 Bazerman, C. 4107, 111; 6 143-145, 257 Bennett, A. 8 200, 209 Bazin, A. 1214 Bennett, N. 3182,189,190,192,198, Beach, R. 7 189 199,218,220,221 Beal, c.R. 7 194 Bennion, J.L. 4 132 Bean, R. 6 265 Bcnson 8151 Beard, R. 2 134; 7 45 Bensoussan, 4 145 Beason, L. 7 196 Bentler, P.M. 7 234, 260 Beaton, A.E. 7 238 Benton, L. 2 165, 166, 169 Beaton, L. 1 235 Benton, N. 1 189 Beaty, S. 1150, 151 Benton, RA 1 190, 192, 193; 4159, Beaudrey, J.S. 8 86 160,231,232; 516,17 Beaugrande, R. de 6 126 Benveniste, E. 6 43 Bcaujot, R. 1 155 Berberich, F. 7 147 Beauvois, M.H. 4 137 Bereiter, C. 3 88,201,223,252; 7190, Beavis, 8 245 195 B€bian, A. 8 176,177,179 Berelson, B. 2121 B€chennec, D. 2 xii, xiv, xv, 19,29, 138, Berge, K.L. 2 230 145,197,212,226 Bergentoft, R. 118 Beck, I. 8 82 Bergman, B. 194; 8 178 Becker, H.S. 722; 8136,150 Bergman, I. 1 213 Beebe, V. 5189,272 Bergman, P. 5 223 Beer, A. 6 145 Berkenkotter, C. 4 110; 6 144, 145 Beers, J.w. 2 88, 89 Berko, J. 6 110 Beevers, R. 5 89 Berlitz, 4 176 Begay, S. 5 50; 8 233, 234 Berman, E.H. 1 202 Behar, R. 8 72 Berman, P. 6 100 Behnke, R.R. 7 23 Bernacrt, Y. 1 222 Behr, A.L. 4 207 Bernal, M. 2 63 Beier, E. 7 22 Bernardi, R. 5 148 Bejerano, Y. 4 142; 780 Bernhardt, E.B. 5 24S, 263; 7 41, 42 Bel, A. 5 301, 302 Bernstein, B. 1 xii, 33-35, 50, 101-103, Beland, A. 7 232 242,244; 3 xiii, 65-70, 169; 6241, Belardi, W. 5 143 253-255; 830,60, 139 Belfiore, M.E. 6 262; 8 73 Berrill, D. 632, 206 Bell, A. 1 237 Berry, V. 7 280, 327 Bell, B. 3 242 Bertelson, P. 6 54 Bell, G. 119 Berthold, M. 4233; 5 212, 213 Bell, J. 6 263 Bertocci, T. 3 110 Bell, L. 4 6 Berwick, R. 4145; 7 277, 281 Bell, R. 6 127 Besnier, N. 2136, 145 BeHack, A.A. 4 65; 6 184 Besse, H. 1162 Bellugi, U. 4 12; 5234; 8 180 Best, R. 3 128, 129 Belsey, C. 3 141 Bettelheim, B. 2121 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX 333

Beverton, S. 3190, 191 Boas, F. 8 III Bhal, P. de 5 135 Bock, R.D. 7 228, 230, 234 Bhaskar, R. 2 217; 6 247; 7 324 Bodding, 5 73 Bhatia, v.K. 4 108 Boden, D. 349 Bhatt, A. 2 109 Bod6czky, C. 4 190 Bhattachrya, 5 73 Boelens, K. 5 117 Bialostosky, D. 3 254 Bofman, T. 7 57 Bialystok, E. 6 50, 79, 109-111, 132; 8 Boggs, S.T. 3 77,181; 8137 105 Bogucka, M. 4190 Bickerton, D. 8 112, 115 Boixaderas, R. 5 301 Bieri, I. 6 75 Bolitho, R. 4191;. 6 xiii, xv, 174, 178, Biesta, G. 312 180 Bigelow, A.E. 8 166, 169 Bollen, K.A. 7235, 236 Biggs, A. 3 97 Bolter, J.D. 2 182 Biggs, B. 516 Bolus, R.E. 7 255 Bigum, C. 6257; 8 244 Bond, G. 2 21 Biklin, D. 3 162 Bongaerts, T. 445,46; 6 134 Bill, v.L. 3 175 Bonvillain, N. 8 154 Bilton, L. 4 202 Booij, G.E. 2 207 Bird, K. 3 108 Boomer, G. 6 88 Bird, L. 355 Boone, E. 3 2 Birdsong, D. 8104,107 Borchardt, F.L. 4 134 Birdwhistle, R. 8 187 Bord na Gaeilge, 5 135 Birenbaum, M. 7 238 Bordia, A. 2 203 Birkbichler, D.W. 6 75 Bordo, S. 3 59 Birkerts, S. 2 120 Borg, S. 6 178 Bishop, A. 3 229, 231, 244 Borges, J.L. 2 119 Bishop, D.V.M. 2 103 Borker, R.A. 3 79; 8 49 Bissex, G. 2 22, 72, 108; 8 148,228,230 Bormuth, J.R. 76 Bitzer, L. 6 143 Borras, 1. 4 133 Bjerrum Nielsen, H. 3126,128-130 Bortoni, S. 1 39 Bjorklund, S. 5 295 Bortoni-Ricardo, S.M. 1 100; 8 xii, xiii, Blachman, B.A. 2 13, 29 62,63, 111, 114, 118 Black, B. 3119 Bos, H. 8 178 Black, L. 7 16 Bosch, I.H. van den 6 3 Blair, H. 1 104; 6 237 Boscolo, P. 7 193 Blanche, P. 7 181 Bose 2 201 Blaye, A. 7 195 Boshoff, 4 207 Blicq, R. 6 199 Bostrom, R.N. 7 xviii, 23, 26, 34 Bligh, D.A. 3 208, 209 Botha, W. 4 208, 210, 214, 216 Bloch, M. 2 J36 Boud, D.J. 7 176, 178 Blom, J.P. 1 39; 8 5,126, 127, 156 Boulter, C. 3 xvii, 241, 244, 245; 6 209 Bloom, D. 4223 Bourdieu, P. 1 xii, 43,61, 100-103, 105, Bloom, L. 7214,228 245; 3 xiii, 66, 67, 69-71, 87, 88, Bloom, W. 2 81 100,209,211; 5171,284; 6 vii, Bloomberg, K. 3159 146,235,242,251-255,258; 840, Bloome, D. 22; 3 53,152; 7 315; 8192, 182,207,209,213 194,212 Bourhis, R.Y. 5 168 Bloomfield, L. 2 61; 4 96 Bourke, S.F. 3 197 Bloor, T. 6 168 Bourne, J. 129; 2 52; 8 209 Blue, G.M. 7180 Boustagui, 8 107 Blumberg, A. 143, 49 Bouvet, D. 1 94 Blumberg, R.L. 2 216 Bouziane, A. 4 201 334 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX

Bowen, J. 8 89 Brinton, D.M. 4 166, 168 Bowen, M. 6 35 Britsch-Dcvany, S. 548 Bowers, C. 3 110 Britten, D. 4 199 Bowey, J. 6 53 Britto, F. 8 5 Bowey, J.A. 2 31-33 Britton, B.K. 7 195 Bowles, S. 8 30 Britton, 1. 1 104, 230; 2 79; 3 108, 179, Bowman, S. 1156 187,230,251,252; 6 89, 184,206, Bowman, M. 2 133 207; 713,30; 8 228 Bowman Selkirk, S. 1 83 Broadfoot, P. 7154, 182,317 Bown, L. 2 168 Broca 7 215 Boyce, C. 7 54, 58 Brock-Utne, B. 1 205 Boyes Braem 8 178 Brod, R. 1140 Boyle, E. 1 115 Brodie, EH. 8 165 Boyle, J. 7 294 Brodkey, L. 8 201,202 Bracewell, R.J. 7 25 Bronckart, J.P. 6 206 Braddock, R. 7 12 Brooke, R. 8240,241 Bradley, L. 229,30,32,228; 6 55-58; 8 Brooks, T. 6263 81 Brookuis, K. 7 202 Bradshaw, F. 2 121 Brophy, J. 3 126, 127, 130 Bradshaw, J. 7 277, 279 Brosh, H. 4201 Brady, S.A. 655 Brosnahan, L.F. 8 3 Braid, P. 3 220, 221 Brosnan, D. 6 265 Braine, M.D.S. 415 Brown, A. 7 92, 126, 133, 135, 146,279, Branson, 1. 1 xiii, 90, 93,94,97; 8 xiv, 281 22,177,181 Brown, A.L. 3 173, 183, 184,200, 203 Brassart, D.O. 6 206 Brown, A.S. 3 25, 26 Braten, I. 2 229 Brown, B. 4 156 Bray, M. 5 247 Brown, C.S. 7 2,21,22 Brazil, 6 18 Brown, D. 1 176 Brecht, B. 1214 Brown, O. 3181; 7 65-67 Brecht, R. 4 57 Brown, H.D. 423,27-29,217 Breen, M. 2158 Brown, J.D. 7 265, 266, 268, 269, 329; 8 Breen, M.P. 4 67 90 Breier, M. 2 136, 137, 139 Brown, J.L. 6 145 Breland, H.M. 7 14 Brown, 1.R. 7 212 Brennan, M. 8 178, 180 Brown, P. 3 95 Brennan, R.L. 7135,255,258,259,265, Brown, R. 4 15; 8 147 266 Browne, A. 2 216 Bretherton, 1. 3 119 Brubaker, M. 3 188 Breton, R. 5 167 Bruce, B.C. 22 Breuker, Ph.H. 5 117 Bruce, D.J. 6 55 Brewer, W.F. 2 2 Bruck, M. 4 86; 5 263 Bridgeford, N. 7 33 Bruffee, K.A. 3 210 Bridgeman, B. 7 52 Brumfit, C.J. 4 178; 6 xiii, xv, 23, 168, Bridwell, L.S. 8240,241 179,199,200; 7152 Brien, D. 8180 Bnmeau, C. 1 219 Briggs, C. 873, 153, 157, 158 Bruner, 1.S. 1 230; 2 21; 3 3, 24, 138, Briggs, J. 4137 173,182,187,204,239; 691,174, Briggs, K. 6 75 191 Bright, W. 1 185 Bruun, K. 5 221 Brindley, O. 6 113; 7 78, 136, 154, 167, Bryant, P. 6 46, 55-58 268,271,317,323 Bryant, P.E. 2 29, 30, 32, 33, 228; 8 81 Brinsley, J. 269, 70 Bryk, A.S. 5173 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX 335

Bryson, M. 8243 Byers Brwon, B. 7214 Bubb, P. 55 Bygate, M. 7 82, 93 Bucak, S. 1 79 Byng, S. 7 215 Buchek, P. 2 155 Byram, M. 4 183 Buchmann, M. 6 32 Byrne, B. 2 13, 29; 8 86 Bucholtz, M. 8 53 Byrnes, H. 4 26 Buck, G. 4144; 7 xiii, xvi, xviii, 22, 34, 40,66,100,143,283,315 Cadierno, T. 4 8 Buckingham, D. 1216; 2147 Cairney, T.H. 2 22 Bucknall, J. 5 7, 10 Calculator, S. 3 162 Buddha 4121 Caldas-Coulthard, R. 8212 Buder, E.H. 7 220 Calderon, M. 5 277 Buerkel, R. 7 31 Caldwell, J. 2216 Bull, T. 862 Calkins, L. 2 72, 79, 93, 108; 8 148 Bullock, A. 1104, 106, 117,230,231, Callaghan, M. 6 141 233; 2 81; 3 251,252; 621,89, Callaway, H. 2215 230, 237 Callender, e. 3 99, 101 Bullock, R.H. 8 228, 230 Calvet, L.-J. 1 3, 7, 8 Bulwer, J.B. 8177 Cam, P. 6 35 Bunderson, e.v. 79 Cambourne, B. 6 88 Bunton, D. 7 126 Cameron, D. 2 139; 8 50 Bunyi, G. 5 26, 37-41 Camilleri, A. 8 71 Burbules, N. 8 244 Camitta 2 136 Burgess, T. 1118; 3 250; 7 13 Campbell, D.T. 7 78; 879 Burgoon, J. 7 22, 24 Campbell, J.O. 7 30 Burke, C.L. 274, 80, 87 Campbell, l.R. 6 93,94 Burke, J. 1 232, 235 Campbell, L.R. 3 138, 163 Burlingham, D. 8 165 Campbell, R.N. 5 273, 274 Burnaby, B. 116, 101, 153, 155,204; 2 Campione, J.e. 3 25, 26, 200, 203 xi, xii, xv, 3,9, 13, 100; 4 xii, 100; Canagarajah, S. 870,252 562; 6 262,264; 7 171 Canagarajah, A.S. 1 26, 205 Burney, E. 5 281 Canal, I. 5 301 Burnhill, P 2 102 Canale, M. 2129; 44,77,97,142; 5 168, Burns, K. 7 22 170; 6132; 7 52, 80, 145, 169,246, Buros, O. 7 310 313,325 Burrell, K. 6 105 Cancino, H. 8 90 Burrill, L.E. 7 249 Candelier, M. 16,9; 6 1, 200 Burroughs, E. 4 209, 211,216 Candlin, C.E. 1 xii, 24; 3 214 Burrows, A.T. 278; 7 296 Candlin, C.N. 4111,124 Burstall, e. 444,45,47, 183; 7151; 8 Cantoni, G. 5 53 104,105 Cantril, H. 6 73 Burstein, J. 4144,147; 7145-147 Caplan, D. 7 215 Burt, C. 7 5 Capo torti, F. 1 57, 61, 67, 69 Burt, M. 4 3; 8 90 Caput, J.P. 1 2 Bus, A.G. 2209 Carbin, C.F. 5 231, 232, 235 Bush, G. 1141 Carby, H. 1114 Bush, T. 6 100 Cardinet, J. 7257 Bussey, J. 7 23 Carey, L. 7 190, 193 Butler-Nalin, K. 7 189 Carey, PA. 7 235 Butterfield, E.e. 7 195 Carey, R.F. 7 4--6, 8 Button, G. 8218 Carey, W. 5 72 Butzkamm, W. 6 7 Carigiet, W. 5 143 Buxton, B. 7 101 Carlevaro, T. 6 152 336 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX

Carlisle, R. 7 57 43; 8 90, 137, 139, 147, 154,250, Carlson, S. 7 52 254 Carlton, S.T. 6195 Ceci, S. 6 78 Carmichael, P. 3 241 Cenoz, J. 5 103 Carney, A.E. 7 218 Ceol, T. 5 146 Carpenter, K. 7 152 Cervantes, H. 4 86 Carpenter, R. 3 159 Chafe, W 1 33, 35 Carpentier, A.L. de 1 96 Chafe, WL. 7 66 Carr, E.M. 214 Cha1houb-Deville, M. 7 80, 137, 143 Carr, W 1231, 237; 3 3; 8 203,228,229 Chall, J. 253 Carraher, D.W. 3 234 Chambers, J.K. 136; 8 118 Carrasco, R. 8 254 Chamot, A.U. 4 24,80, 167 Carrell, P. 7 56 Champion, T. 2 110; 3 96 Carrier, J.O. 243 Chan, e. 3243 Carroll, B. 7 52, 54 Chan, RM.L. 5 283, 285 Carroll, B.J. 7 323 Chana, U. 2 112, 113 Carroll, J.B. 4 34,35; 7 52,56,69,77, Chancerel, J. 1 221 87,94,112, 121, 122,200,201, Chandler, D. 2 182 203,234 Chandler, P. 6 168, 198 Carroll, S. 4 16 Chang, 0.3 188, 190 Carson, J. 7 56 Chang-Wells, O.L. 325,26 Carter, R. 6 4, 6, 18, 21, 24, 55, 102, 244 Chapelle, e.A. 4135; 7101, 105, 147 Cartier, EA. 7 264 Chapey, R 7 216, 217 Carton, A.S. 3148; 7142 Chapman, J.W 2 12,14 Caruso, 1. 7 55 Charlemagne 2 191 Charrow, RP. 4 109 Caruso, M. 7201 Charrow, VR 4 109 Carver, R.P. 214; 76,44 Chartier, A.M. 2 192 Casalis, S. 2 197 Chastain, K. 4 37 Casanova, U. 1 141 Chaturvedi, M.O. 5 69 Cascallar, E.C. 7 xvii, 203, 204, 205 Chaudenson, R. 1 163, 164 Casey, K. 8 201 Chaudron, e. 4 15,66,67; 6 185; 7 66; 8 Casiano, RR. 7 219 92 Casmir, M.H. 7 33 Chave 8 36 Cason, N.D. 6 198 Cheema, I. 6 75, 76, 82 Cass, A. 3189, 190,218,220,221 Chen, I.y. 5 211 Cass, H.D. 8 166 Chen, S. 8 xii, 1, III Cassirer 3 250 Chen, X. 5 160 Casteilla 2 98, 10 I Chenery, H.J. 7 xvii, 29, 219 Castell, S. de 8 67 Cheng, L. 7 295, 296, 326 Castle, I.M. 229; 655,57,58 Cheng, N.L. 5 282 Castonguay, e. 5 169 Cheng, T.e. 5 281 Cataeh, N. 2 196 Cherchalli-Fadel, S. 4 202 Cataldi, L. 5 10 Cherry holmes, C. 8 32 Catano, J. 8 240 Cheshire, J. 3 81; 6 169; 730,32; 8 61 Cattell, R.B. 7 235 Chevalier, J.e. 6 14 Cava, O. 5276 Cheydleur, F.D. 7 199 Cavalcanti, M. 871 Childs, 6 90 Cawood, O. 7114 Chisman, EP. 1 140; 4 99, 100; 6265, Cazabon, M. 5273-275 267 Cazden, e.B. 1 249; 249,92, 110; 3 25, Chit-Batelli, A. 6 156 69, 75, 78, 96, 99, 149, 150, Chitravelu, N. 4 224 170-173,199,217,231; 4 233; 6 Chodorow, N. 3128 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX 337

Choi, I.-C. 7 234, 257 Cobarrubias, 1.113; 8 17, 20 Chomsky, N. 1 35; 41-4,8,11,77,96, Cobb, L. 3 161 97; 6 6, 73; 8 112 Cobb, P. 3 232, 233 Choppin, B.H. 7 247 Cochran, PS. 3 161 Choquette, R 5 168 Cochran-Smith, M. 8 227, 229-231, 233, Christ, H. 1 xii, 9, 227; 4 127 239,240,242 Christian, D. 1 39; 4 xii-xiv, 167, 170; 5 Cochrane, S. 2 216,219 193,273-275,277; 6236; 862, 113 Cockburn, A. 3 198 Christian-Smith, L. 3 141 Cockroft, W.H. 3 230 Christie, F. 1 244; 6 140, 141 Coe, R. 6147 Christie, MJ. 5 10 Coffman, W.E. 713 Chritchfield, 5 73 Coggins, T. 3 159 Chunkath, S.R 2 205 Cohen, A 7 57, 68, 277, 278, 279, 282, Church, l. 3 149, 150; 8 165 283,313,315,323,330 Churchill, S.117, 151, 156 Cohen, AD. 428,55,66, 147; 680; 894 Cicognani, E. 8 147 Cohen, E.G. 3 210 Cicourel, A 345, 148; 4 109, 110 Cohen, S. 444; 8 104 Cirello, V.l. 8 241 Coirier, P. 6 206, 210 Claessen, 1.F.M. 1 221, 225 Cok, L. 5112 Clafee, R 7 16 Cokanasiga, I.1. 5 88 Clahsen, H. 8 92, 93 Cole, M. 2 62; 3 26, 173, 176 Clair, N. 6 99 Cole, S. 3 173, 174 Clair, R. St. 1 16 Coleman, A 4 176 Clapham, C. 4145; 6 xiv, 113; 742,82, Coleman, H. 7 126 111,112,116,117,267,271,279, Coleman, 1.A. 842 282, 305, 308 Coletti, C.D. 5 273 Clarence, 1. 6 223 Colhoun, E.R 1 204 Clark, E.V. 6 45; 8 112 Coil, C. 3 184 Clark, 1.L.D. 464, 142; 7131,132,135, Collier, J. 546, 190,275; 6257 179,277,279 Collier, RM. 8240,241 Clark, M.M. 2 103 Collier, v.P. 479,86, 166; 7169, 170 Clark, R 1 xii, 28, 239, 245; 6 xv,S, 25, Collins, 1. 378, 89; 6254-256 154, 220-223, 232, 242, 244; 8204 Collis, G.M. 8168 Clarke, L.K. 2 91 Coltheart, M. 7 215 Clarke, M.L. 3 197 Comber, B. 1 246; 2 147; 6 223, 246 Clarke, S. 1156; 6 32, 37 Comenius, 1.A. 4 176; 6 90 Clarkson, D.W. 3 234 Comings, J. 2 216 Clarricoates, K. 3127, 131 Comrie, B. 45 Claxton, C.S. 6 74, 82 Condorcet 3 1 Clay, M.M. 2 xi, xiii, xiv, 19,22,24, 87, Condravy, J.C. 3 212 138, 145, 195,212; 4 233; 6 89; 7 Confucius 4 121 7; 8 148, 228 Conklin, N.F. 1137 Cleghorn, A. 537,38,40 Connell, RW. 3 128, 129, 130; 8200, Clement, R. 4 36-38 213 Clerc, L. 5 232 Connelly 2 12 Clifford, 1. 871,72,201 Connor, U. 4 III Clifford, RT. 7131,132, 135 Connor-Linton, 1. 757 Cloran, C. 3 68, 70 Conrad, AW. 1205 Cloud, N. 4 85, 88-91 Constantinou, C. 6 221 Cluver, AD. 4157 Content, A 2 196; 34 Clyne, M. 1 xiii, 129; 4 232,235; 5 211; Conti-Ramsden, G. 7 214 6263 Cook, G. 1 202; 7 266, 328 Coates, 1. 3 76 Cook, H.M. 8139 338 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX

Cook, L.L. 7 234, 235 Coulthard, M. 6184,191,255; 8 63,138, Cook, T.D. 879 212,219,249 Cook, V. 8 106 Coulthard, R.M. 3171,199,219; 4 65 Cook-Oumperz, 1. 2 138; 3 77; 8 137 Counts 6 90 Cool, J. 6 154 Coupland, N. 841 Coombe, e. 7181,183 Conrcy, M. de 5212 Coombs, P.H. 1 202 Court, F 3 249 Cooper, C. 7 13 Courtney, R. 7 66 Cooper, F 2 28 Cowan, A. 3119-121 Cooper, FS. 6 54 Cowie, H. 1 231; 3 200, 209, 210 Cooper, H. 3 191 Cox, C.B. 3 253; 624,27,222 Cooper, R.L. 114-18; 83,7,15,16, 18, Cox, R. 2 99 20,21 Coyle, D. 19 Cooper, T.J. 3232 Craen, van de 5 147 Cope, B. 1 245, 249; 2 73,74, 148; 6 Craft, A. 3 183 141,265; 7 31; 8 211 Craik, FLM. 6 77 Cope, J. 4 37, 38; 6 188 Crain, 5.5. 3 162 Corbel, C. 7 xviii, 9, 60, 72, 141, 146, Cram, B. 7 181 181,227,228,249,319 Crandall, J. 7 69 Corcoran, B. 3 253 Crandall, J.A. 4 xii-xiv, 80, 82, 95, 97, Cordeiro, P. 2 92 101, 166, 167, 169, 171 Corden, R. 3189-192 Cranny-Francis, A. 3 141 Corder, S.P. 4 123; 6 13 Crawford, J. 1137, 139, 144; 548; 8117, Corey, S.M. 8228 244 Corfield, PJ. 3 69 Crawford, R. 3 249 Cornwell, S. 4 125 Crawhall, N.T. 4 211 Corrigan, P. 8 139, 199 Crawshaw, R. 6 199 Corsaro, WA. 3117-119,148 Crick, I.E. 7 259 Corsetti, R. 6 153, 156 Criper, e. 5 27 Corson, D. 1 xi, 18,34,38,47,48,50, Cripps, e. 2 99 78,79,81-83,94,96,99-101,103, Crisp, J. 3141 106, 108, 152, 155, 193, 194,214, Crocker, L. 7 82 229,230,232-237,242; 2 23, 217; Croll, P. 3 126, 198, 239 35,39,70,76,78,79,99, 102, 127, Cronbach, L.J. 7 255 132,147,197,204,212,214;4 Crook, e. 3 218; 6 xiv 228; 5 xiv, 71, 167; 6 Xiii-xv, 37, Crookes, O. 4 28, 37; 874,92,94 63,69,91,146,197,229-231,233, Crooks, L.A. 30 234,236,238,247,253; 7 171, Crooks, T.J. 7 292 324; 8 10, 15, 18,20,22,50,61, Crossland, J. 657 112, 118, 147,208,212 Crossley, R. 3 162 Cossu, O. 2196 Crowell, e.O. 8230 Costello, P'J.M. 3254; 6 xv, 31, 32, 34, Crowhnrst, M. 1 229, 230, 232 35,37,207-209 Crowley, T. 5 87,91,93 Costi, R. 5 6 Crystal, D. 7 211,214,218 Costin, F 3 208 Cuban, L. 6 xv Cottey, A. 6 221 Cuevas, J. 5 276 Cottingham, S. 2 140, 164 Cuff, E.e. 3 45 Cotton, P. 2 99 Culioli, A. 647 Cottrell, D.S. 215 Cumming, A. 1204; 4182; 7 xiii-xvi, Coughlan, P.J. 3 27 13,35,57-59,76, 171,281,284, Coulmas, F 1 xii, 6, 15, 17; 259,60,62, 314,316 127; 8 20 Cummings, R. 3 222 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX 339

Cummins, J. 117, 18,25,36,78, 144, Dasgupta, P. 119, 205; 6 154 155; 248, 108, 112, 127; 3 100, Daugherty, R. 7154 102; 479, 80, 85, 87, 159, 166; 5 Davenport, T.R.H. 1 170 xi, xiv, 3, 28, 41, 59,147, 192,213, David, M. 8 201 219,220,237,248,264,265,301;6 Davidson, D. 3 15; 4 57 100,235; 757, 163, 164, 165,313; Davidson, E 7 xv, xvi, 6, 72, 234, 235, 8 84, 105, 208 257,268,269,270,299,303,308, Cunningham, A.E. 2 29 309,313,316,317,330 Cunningham, D. 4 234 Davies, A. 7 87, 88, 90, 116, 122,266, Cunningham, J. 2 155 267,292,293,323,327 Cunningham, P. 2 49 Davies, B. 3 xiv, 32, 37-39, 53-56, 59, Cunningsworth, A. 4 211 60, 110, 117, 120, 121, 123, 125, Cuq, J.P. 1 162 128,130-132, 140,141, 147, 152, Curran, T. 4 14,77 169, 170, 199; 8 210 Currie, P. 6 144 Davies, e. 6 168 Curry, L. 675, 76 Davies, E. 6 265 Curtin, 8 245 Davies, F.I. 6 18 Curtius, G. 6 12 Davies, G. 4 133 Curzon, L.B. 3 209 Davies, L. 5 18 Cushing-Weigle, S. 7 55, 58,89,90,91, Davies, S. 5 235 277,278 Davies, W.J.E 2 9, 10, 13 Cutler, A. 4 47 Davis, B. 3 235 Cyrus, P. 1 100 Davis, D.E 3 197 Cziko, G.A. 5213; 7 264 Davis, G.A. 7 215 Davis, K.A. 8 5 Daes, E.I. 1 60, 71 Dawe, L. 3 234 Dai, Q. 5158 Dawes, L. 3 223 Dailey, B. 7 57 Dawkins, J. 1 130 Daiute, e. 274,92, 182; 7195; 8 Day, E. 5 263-265 240-242 de Bot, K. 4 xii, 52; 7 202, 204 Dakin, J. 1180 de Castell, S. 3 90 Dale, P.S. 8 170 de Gisors, H. 2 195 Dalle Fratte, G. 5 146 de Jong, J. 7 328 Dam van Isselt, van, H.R. 1 36 de Jong, IH.A.L. 7 90, 205,251 Damico, J.S. 4 87 de Keyser, R. 415-17 Dandonoli, P. 7 81, 142 de Klerk, G. 4 215 Daneman, M. 7 194 de Klerk, v.A. 3 xvi, 211, 213 Danesi, M. 1 155; 4 159; 5 147,237 de la Mare, M. 7 5 Danet, B. 4 108 de Natos, N. 5 25 Daniels, J.e. 7 5 de Paul, R. 7212 Daniels, P.T. 2 60, 62, 66 de Saussure, E 3 1, 135 Dannequin, e. 1100; 6 198,230 de Vaus, D.A. 8 35 Daoust, D. 1 xi de Vitis, J.L. 3 83 Dardjowidjojo, S. 5 182 de Vries, J. 8 39 Darley, EL. 7 212,215,216 Deans, H. 5 6 Darling 2 155 Debayle, J. 2194 Darling-Hammond, L. 6102; 7 59, 317, DeCarrico, J.S. 7 104 318,325 DeCastell, S. 6 257 Darnell, E 5 79 Dechert, H. 443 Darnell, R. 8 126 DeCillia, R. 1 xiii, 100 Darwin, C. 261 Decoo, W. 4134 Das, S.K. 2 201; 5 73 Decroly, O. 2 192 Das Gupta, J. 4154; 8 17 Deeny, K. 6 57 340 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX

Defoe, D. 8 177 Dippo, D. 8 200 DeFrancis, J. 259,61 Diringer, D. 2 62 DeGarcia, R. 6 166 Dirven, R. 7 67 Degenhart, R.E. 714 Dissanayake, W. 1 212, 215 Dei, G.J.S. 8 213 Dittmar, N. 8 30 Dejean, Y. 8 4 Dixon, C.N. 3 xv, 151, 152; 8192 DeKeyser, R.M. 8 94 Dixon, J. 2 78; 3 249, 251,252; 6 31,32, Delarnont, S. 3126, 169 207 Delbridge, A. 1 127 Djite, P.G. 5 31 Delgado-Gaitan, C. 2 155, 157; 8 159 Dixon, R.M.W. 1 85, 127, 128; 6 18 Delisle, J. 6 126, 127 Djite, P. 4 235, 236 Delpit, L. 1 245; 3 90; 8 212 Dlarnini, N. 870 Dembo, M. 3 199 Dodd, B. 7 214 Demont, E. 6 46 Dodd, N. 5 27 Dendrinos, B. 1 28 Dodson, c.J. 1223; 5245 Deng Xiaoping, 5 159 Doff, A. 6122 Denzin, N. 3 147, 148 Dogan9ay-Aktuna, S. 8 xii, 15, 17 Derewianka, B. 6141 Doise, W. 3 148 Derrida, 1. 2 146; 3 2; 8 209 Dokka, H.J. 2 226 Derwing, B.L. 6 69 Dole, J.A. 214 Des-Fountain, J. 3 189, 192 Dollerup, C. 7 278 Desberg, P. 2 91 Dolson, D. 5 274, 277 Desforges, C. 3 198 Dolz, J. 6206,209 Desmarais, C. 8107 Donalo, R. 5 194 Deth, J. van 1 225 Dongen, D. van 2 210 Deuchar, M. 8 178 Donitsa-Schmidt, S. 7 269,295 Devanagari 2 101 Donmall, B.G. 6 xiii, xiv, xv, 21-23, 29, Devlin, B. 178,84, 100, 131; 5 4, 9 195,224 Dew, N. 489 Donnelly, J. 7154, 316 Dewes, K. 5 16 Dorais, L.-J. 1 80 Dewey, 1.277; 3 xi, 11, 12; 6 88, 90, 91, Dorans, N.J. 7 142, 145,234 243; 8 227 Dornyci, Z. 4 28, 36 Dewitz, P. 2 14 Dorr-Bremme, D. 8 190, 192 Dews, P. 313 Dorsey-Gaines, C. 2 154 Dey 2 203 Doughty, C. 4 16; 6 xiv, 4, 21, 187; 8 92, Deyhle, D. 7 313,314 94 De'ath, P.R.T. 4 233 Douglas, D. 7 xvi, 42, 75, 111, 115, 116, Di Persio, R. 7 194 123,277,281 Di Sessa, A. 3 241 Douglas, E. 5 18 Diack, H. 7 5 Douglas, R. 5 18 Dias, P. 3 253; 6 144 Downes, P. 6 25 Diaz, S. 8 131 Downing, A. 6 15 Dick, G.S. 5 47, 49 Downing, B. 7 57 Dickenson, c.c. 2 39 Downing, J.A. 211, 13, 14,28,64,65; 7 Dickinson, D.K. 8 240, 242 7 Dickinson, G. 3208, 209 Doyle, B. 3 249 Dickinson, L. 7 176 Drach, E. 6 3 Dickson, P. 4 182; 7 54, 58 Draper, J.B. 1140 Diederich, P.B. 6195,196,200 Drenova, K. 4 190 Diephuis, R. 6 7 Drew, P. 4 109 Dfez Astete 8 37 Dreyer, L.G. 2 39 Dijk, H. van 1 222 Drezner, Z. 7 260 Dillon, 1.1.3180,181,245 Driessen, C. 4 55 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX 341

Driessen, G. 2 210 Echevarriarza, M. 7 59 Driscoll, M.E. 5 173 Eckert, P. 851,53 Dri ver, R. 3 240 Eckes, M. 7 165, 170 Dronkers, N. 412 Eckman, P.R. 4 6 Duan, L. 5 159 Eckstein, M.A. 7 291 Dube, S.C. 5 68 Edelenbos, P. 7 155 DuBois, P.H. 7 304 Edelsky, C. 293,144; 5192; 8 130, 131, Duchan, J.P. 3 158; 7214,217 208 Duckworth, E. 8 234 Eden, G.P. 241 Duff, A 6 122 Edge, J. 4 126; 6 173, 179 Duff, P. 8 127, 131 Edmondson, W 6 13 Duffy, G.G. 2 14 Edmundson, A. 7 215 Duipmans, D. 5119 Edwards, AD. 3 xiii, 66, 180, 184, 185, Duit, R. 3241 243 Dular, J. 5 113, 115 Edwards, D. 3 176, 180, 181, 198,200, Dulay, H. 4 3; 8 90 202,204,217,240; 8 29 Dumazedier, J. 2 195 Edwards, H. 7 201 Dumont, P. 1 162-164 Edwards, J.R. 2 xii, xvi, 120, 121,208; 3 Duncan, K. 7 315 67; 6 156,231 Dundes, A 8 129 Edwards, M. 7 214, 220 Dunkel, P. 3 209; 766, 72, 143, 144, 146, Edwards, y.K. 137,90, 113, 114; 2 xi, 147 48,49,52,65,81, 100, 107, 110, Dunlea, A 8 166, 168 112, 113, 130, 144, 164, 178; 3 xiv, Dunn, R. 8 86 69,97,180; 6231,232; 8 62, 115 Dunne, E. 1231; 3182, 189, 192 Edwards, W 8 112, 115 Duran, R.P. 3 80; 7 326 Edwards, WH. 5 3, 6 Durant, W 7 305 Egan, K. 3 139 Duranti, A. 3 172 Egan-Robertson, A. 3 151; 8 192, 194 Durie, AE. 1 81; 5 18 Egbo, B. 2 xii, xvi, 167, 175,217; 8115 Durie, M.H. 5 20 Eggington, WG. 1 129; 5 5 Durkheim, E. 8 30 Eglin, P. 3 49 Durkin, K. 3 231, 232 Eguren, J.M. 5 100 Durlak, J.A. 4 40 Ehri, L.C. 212,31,38,90,91; 658; 8 82 Durrant, C. 8 244 Ehrman, M.E. 4 27; 7 204 Dusen, L.y. 7 195 Eichen, E.B. 8106 Dustan 5 26 Eide, A.164 Dutto, M.G. 5 145 Eidheim, H. 5 79 Dweck, C. 3 127 Eido, R. 5 258 Dyson, A.H. 274, 79, 80; 3 139, 141, Eigen, E.B. 4 12 143; 692 Eignor, DR 4 143; 7 xv, 92, 142, 145, Dysthe, O. 2 229 229,230,231,234,250,265,275 D' andrea, D. 4 55 Einarsson, J. 3 126 d' Anglejan, A. 1 155 Einstein 3 241 Eisemon, T.O. 5 37; 7299 Eades, D. 5 12 Eisokovits, E. 5 212 Eagleton, T. 6 247 Elamin, Y. 1 162 Earl, L.M. 7 317 Elder, C. 7 328 Eastin, D. 2 6 Elbers, E. 3 148 Eastment, D. 4 136 Elder, P. 3 162 Eaton, S. 7 189 Elgas, P. 3148,149 Ebbinghaus, H. 4 51 Elkonin, D.B. 213,39; 6 54,56 Ebe17291 Eller, W 2 10, II Eberenz, J. 1 I Elley, WB. 2195,230; 4 233; 591; 6 88 342 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX

Elliot, J.L. 1155, 231; 8203 Everhart, R. 8 200 Elliott, p.c. 3 231, 235 Ewen, D. 6265,267 Ellis, A.W. 6 58 Ewen, D.T 1 140 Ellis, N.C. 4 17; 628,77 Ewoldt, C. 3160; 5 233, 237, 238 Ellis, R. 4 26, 215; 6 xiv, xv, 6,15,16, 18, Ewy, C. 7167 28, 111, 113, 114, 145; 7 92,202 Extra, G. 5117,199,200 Ellsworth, E. 1244; 3 37,38; 8 69,212 Ezzaki, A. 4 197 Ellsworth, R. 2 123 Elomaa, M. 5 295 Faber, S. 5 6 Els, T van 118 Fabre, C. 7 192 Elsness, T.E 2 228 Factor, J. 3 115, 116; 657 Elson, N. 7 314 Faerch, C. 6 132; 7 40 Elster, C. 2 24 Faerch, G. 8 93 Elugbe, B.O. 5 29 Fahmi, J.J. 4 202 Emananjo, E.N. 5 29 Faidherbe 1 160 Emerson, J. 7 217 Faigley 7 192 Emig, J. 279 Faigley, L.L. 8 241 Emihovich, C. 3 223 Fairbairn, E. 6 32 Emmings, B. 7 123 Fairchild, H.H. 5 273 Endberg-Pedersen, E. 8 180 Fairchild, S.H. 297 Enderby, P. 7 217 Fairclough, N. 1 xii, 16,28,34,38,50, Endt, E. 1 223 105,214,237,243,249; 2 148; 3 Engber, C.A. 7 105 102, 151; 63, 135, 154, 180, Engel, S. 3 139, 141 217-222, 224, 225, 232, 233, 242, Engelmann, S. 3 88 244, 256, 259; 7 324; 850, 204, Engestrom, Y. 3 24 208,212 Enright, D. 2 110 Fakhri, A. 4 202 Enright, S. 4 165 FaJchikov, N. 7 176, 178 Entwistle, N. 3 209, 214; 674 Falk, B. 6 102; 7 59 Entzinger, H. 5 206 Falodun, J. 8 92 Epee, Abbe de l' 5231,232; 8176, 177 Faltis, Chr. 5193,223; 8 xiv, 149, 151 Erben, T. 5 213 Fang, Z. 6 166 Erickson, ED. 3 77,82,89,90,99, 150; 6 Fauselow, J.F. 4 65, 66 231; 863,70,136,138,149,153, Fanshel, D. 4 110 187-194,228,250,253,254 Fantini, A. 6152,153, 156 Erickson, G. 7181 Farah, I. 8 xiii, 49, 130, 136 Eriksen, KE. 5 218 Farella, M. 547 Eriksson, R. 5 223 Farghal, M. 4202 Erting, C. 194; 5234,237; 8 180 Farhady, H. 8 90 Ervin-Tripp, S. 4 44; 8126, 127 Faries, E. 5 58 Escamilla, K 5194; 8147 Farioli, E 7 195 Esoavelomandroso 1 159 Farnham-Diggory, S. 242 Esperet, E. 7 192 Farnie, TC. 2 9, 10 Espi, M.J. 5103 Farr, R. 7 4, 5, 6, 8 Espinosa, P. 8 147 Farrar, M.P. 8219 Esquivel, R. 5 273 Farrell, K 5 12 Essen, A. van 6 xiii-xv, 4 Fase, W. 4 160 Etta, EE. 2 217,221 Faski, B. 4 199 Etxeberria, E 5 103 Fasold, R.W. 1107; 368,70; 6 229, 231; Evans, C. 6 168, 170 861, 62 Evans, E. 3 253 Fawcett, R.P. 5 42 Evans, M. 4 134, 135 Fazio, A. de 6 xv Evensen, L.S. 2 229 Featherstone, 1. 2 79-81 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX 343

Fecho, B. 8 231 177,178; 81,3,4,8,10,15-18,21, Feilke, 6 210 117,127 Feitsma, A. 5 118 Fishman, P. 8 48 Fensham, P. 3 239 Fishman, S. 6 144,233 Fenson, L. 8 170 Fisiak, J. 4189, 192 Ferebee, J. 2 78 Fiske 1 215 Ferguson, C.A. 1 33, 34; 4 154, 158; 5 2; Fiske, D.W 7 78 82,4,5, 16, 17, 116,213 Fitch-Hauser, M. 725 Ferguson, P. 3 108 Fitzclarence, L. 6 257 Ferman, I. 7 269, 295 Fitzgerald, B. 6 24, 105 Fernald, G.M. 2 37,38 Fitzgerald, 1. 2 155; 7 190 Fernandez, E. 5 301 Fitzpatrick, R. 7131 Fernandez, R.R. 1 139 Flanders, N. 143; 3169,170,179 Fernandez, S. 5 211 Flanders, N.A. 4 64; 6 183 Fernie, D. 3 148, 149, 152 Flaugher, R. 7 142 Ferreiro, E. 22,22,71,80, 87,92; 3 3; 6 Flavell, J.H. 643 92 Flege, J. 446 Ferry, J. 2191, 192 Fleras, A. 1 155 Fesl, E. 184 Fletcher, N. 4 192 Fesl, G. 4 137 Fletcher, P. 7 214 Fettes, M. 1 xii; 6 xv, 156, 157; 8 15, 16 Fletcher-Flinn, C.P. 2 12, 15 Feuer, J. 1213 Flinders, D. 3 110 Feuerstein, R. 4 87 Floden, R.E. 3 202 Feuerverger, G. 252 Flores, B. 5 192 Feunteun, A. 7 152 Floriani, A. 3 152 Feurer, H. 561 Florio, S. 3 77; 8 138, 188, 190, 191 Fiefa, N. 5 88 Flower, L. 36; 4 108; 6 207; 7 190, 193, Fielding, L. 2 14, 122 195 Fielding-Barnsley, R. 2 13,29 Flowerdew, J. 5 286; 7 67 Fierman, W 1 15; 4 157 Flynn, S. 4 13,43, 48 Figueroa, R.A. 4 87; 7 163, 164, 165, 168 Fodor,!. 1 16 Fijalkow, E. 2 194 Fokstad, P. 5 78 Fijalkow, J. 2 194 Foley, D.E. 8 140 Fiksdal, S. 8 192 Fontinhas, F. 3 68 Fillmore, C.J. 6 xiv; 7 313,314 Foorman, B.R. 2 12 Fine, M. 8 200 Foot, H.C. 3 217 Fingeret, A. 2 129 Ford 1202 Finn, C. 2 122 Fordham, S. 1 37 Finn, J.D. 8 82 Forman, E.A. 3 25, 231 Finnan, c.R. 6 263 Forns, M. 5 302 Finnegan, R. 2 133, 135 Forster, K. 6 64 Finocchiaro, M. 4 122 Forsyth, R.A. 7 238 Firth, A. 4 113 Fort, M.C. 5 117 Fischer, G.H. 7 246, 251 Forty, M. 2 III Fischer, R. 8 176 Foster 2 112 Fischer, WP. 6 55 Foster, M. 3 80, 99 Fish, S. 2 120 Fotos, S. 6 xiv, 112-114 Fisher, A. 6 205 Foucault, M. 143,249; 2 146; 3 139; 4 Fisher, E. 3 189-192, 219, 221, 223 99; 6 241, 242, 247, 251, 252, 255, Fisher, R. 6 35 256,258; 8 33, 207, 209,213 Fishman, J.A. 1 13, 15, 19,40,131,205; Foucher, P. 1 152; 5 170 265,130; 4154,160; 5 52,117, Fouly, K. 7 236 344 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX

Fowler, R 1214; 6 218, 241, 242; 8 209, Frolich, M. 8 92 212 Frost, J. 2 29, 228; 656 Fox, B.J. 2 28 Frota, S. 6 112; 8 91, 92 Fox, C. 3139 Fruhauf, G. 1 9 Fox, D. 8 235 Frye 3 138 Fox, J. 7124 Fu, G.S. 5 281 Fox, M. 1202 Fu, M. 5159 Fox, R 6 35, 55 Fuchs, E. 5 46 Fraca de Barrera, L. 2 196 Fujii, N. 7 152 Fradd, S.H. 4 86, 87 Fulcher, G. 4 144-146; 7 xiii, xiv, xvi, 30, Fraiberg, S. 8 165 32,65,78,79,80,81,136,280,318 Frake, C. 8 128, 129 Fullan, M.G. 6 173; 7 297 Francard, M. 1 164 Fullilove, J. 7 294,296 Francis, DJ. 2 12 Furlong, V.I. 3 180,243 Franco 5100 Fran<;ois the 1st 1 219 Gabelentz, G. von der 6 2 Frase, S. 7 145 Gabina, J.J. 5 103 Fraser, C. 7 235 Gachukia, E. 5 36, 38, 39 Fraser, N. 3 37, 106 Gadamer, H.G. 8 30 Frawley, W. 7 30, 78 Gadsden, V. 2 156 Fredericksen, C.H. 7 25 Gage 3 208 Fredericksen, J.D. 7 25 Gagne, R 423,25 Frederiksen, N. 7 298 Gal, S. 8 5, 6, 51,156,159,256 Freebody, P. 1 246; 2 143, 145; 349; 8 Gale, M.A. 4 232; 52, 3, 6, 10 219 Gallagher, S. 8 25, 30 Freed, B. 4 51, 52, 57 Gallaudet, T.H. 5231,232,234 Freedman, A. 2 144, 148; 6 xv, 32, Gallimore, R. 2 155; 3 24 144-146,196,206 Galloway, V. 4 86, 89 Freedman, S. 7 59 Galton, M. 1231; 3 188, 191, 192, 198, Freeman, D. 4 125, 126 201,239 Freeman, D.J. 229 Galtung, J. 161 Freeman, R. 5 277; 8 xii, 53, 160, 161 Gandhi 1180, 181, 186,202 Freinet, C. 2 192 Gandhi, 1. 2201-204 Freire, P. 1 27, 244; 2 48, 140, 145, 146, Ganschow, L. 4 28 150, 164, 175; 3 36, 71, 108; 499; Garabedian, M. 1 9 5172; 6155, 241, 243, 244, 262, Garcez, P. 8 xiv, 70, 136, 193,253 263; 869,207 Garcia, E. 5 190, 191; 6 99,100; 8147 Freitas, V.L. 8 63 Garcia, O. 1 143; 6 132 French, E. 4 208 Gardner, RC. 4 xii, 28, 36-38, 53, 56; 5 French, F.G. 4122 276; 7 205; 840,41 French, J.w. 6195; 712, 13 Gardner, R.W. 6 75 French, P. 346; 8 218 Garfinkel, H. 3 43 Freyd, P. 665, 66, 69 Garfinkle, H. 8 128,217,250 Frieberg, J. 8219 Garland, R 4 159, 160 Friedlander, M. 6 99 Garman, M. 7 214,220 Friedman, M. 2 91 Garrett, P. 6 1,7,8,24, 169, 173, 178, Fries, C. 6 164 195 Fries, C.C. 4 96, 101 Garvey, C. 3 116 Frith, J.R. 7 77 Garwood, S. 8 170 Frith, U. 645 Gary, J. 768 Froebel 2 77; 6 90 Gary, N. 7 68 Froese, V. 7 317 Gass, S. 45,66; 6 186, 187; 890,92,94 Frohlich, M. 4 38, 65, 86 Gates, A. 7 5 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX 345

Gates, A.I. 2 12, 21 Gile, D. 6 127 Gathercole, S.E. 7 202 Giles, H. 1 37; 3 67; 5168; 6 231; 87, Gattegno, C. 4 77, 97 36,412 Gauchat, L. 8 III Gill, J.T. 2 90 Gauer, A. 2 59, 62 Gill, S. 4188, 191, 192 Gaur, A. 3 2 Gill, S.K. 5 181,246 Gauvin, F. 5 263 Gillette, S. 7 57 Gearhart, M. 7 3 18 Gilligan, C. 3 109, 128, 130 Gee, J.P. 1 245, 249; 2 135, 137, 138, Gillooly, WB. 2 63, 64 143, 149; 3 24, 69, 71, 78, 79; 6 Gilmore, P. 3149, 150 254; 8 151,204,208,211,239 Giltrow, J. 1204; 6 144 Geekie, P. 2 25 Gingell, J. 6234 Geer, B. 8 136 Ginjaar-Maas, N. 5 202 Geertz, C. 6 143; 8 198 Ginsberg, R. 4 57 Geest, T. van der 8 243 Ginsburg, M. 8 200 Gegeo, D.W 8 139 Ginsburg, A.L. 6 99 Geire, R. 3 244 Ginther, A. 7 145,277,281 Geisler, C. 3 1,7; 6 144,207 Gintis, H. 8 30 Gelb, l.J. 2 59, 60, 62 Gipps, c.v. 7 2, 3,154,175,317 Gelder, B. de 6 54 Girard, D. 4101; 7176 Genesee, F. 1 141, 143; 4 45, 78, Girardet, H. 3 176 166-168, 171; 5 60, 193,263,273, Giribone, C. 2 194 274; 7 156, 157, 166 Giroux, H.A. 1237; 3 35,122; 5172; 6 Genishi 3 143 241; 8 69, 73, 208 Geoffrey, W 8 198 Gitlin, A. 3 39; 8 200 Geraghty, P. 5 87 Gittleman, R. 243 Gergen, KJ. 3 138, 142 Givon, H. 8 243 Gerin-Lajoie, D. 5170-173 Gjessing, H.J. 2 227 Gemsbacher, M.A. 7 65 Glas, c.A.W 7 246,248 Gersten, R. 4 85, 89 Glaser, R. 7 263, 264, 266, 267, 269, 271 Gesell, A. 2 20 Gleich, U. 840 Gever, M. 8 214 Gleitman, H. 8 112 Ghaith, G. 5 251 Gleitman, L.R. 411; 8 102, 112 Ghaith, S. 4 202 Glenn, C. 5 272, 277 Ghosh, T. 5 70 Gieser, G.C. 7 255 Giacobbe, M.E. 2 92 Gliksman, L. 8 40 Gibbons, J. 5 212 Globerson, T. 8243 Gibbons, P. 248, 49, 110 Glynn, S.M. 7195 Gibbons, R. 7 234 Glynn, T. 2 49 Gibbs. W 3 233 Goddard, C. 5 10 Giblin, K. 4 191 Goddard, N. 2 71 Gibson, E. 6 64 Godschalk, F.I. 7 13 Gibson, H. 1 93; 5 234 Goel, B.S. 1 181 Gibson, R. 3 253 Goffman, E. 3 214; 8 188, 250 Giddens, A. 8 193, 194 Gogolin, I. 1 6, 8, 221, 223 Gilbert 6 209 Gokhale 1 180 Gilbert, H.R. 7 219 Golden, J. 3 xv, 142 Gilbert, J. 3 242, 244, 245 Goldenberg, C. 2 155 Gilbert, P. 1 246; 2 147; 358,59, 122, Golder, C. 6 206 123,141-143; 8209 Goldstein, T. 6 266, 267; 8 xii, 69, 70, 73, Gilbert, R. 3 xii, xiv, 58, 59, 105, 111, 111,211 117 Golinkoff, R.M. 6 56 Gildemacher, K. 5 120 Gollasch, F.v. 7 2 346 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX

Gombert, J.-E. 2196; 6 xv, 6, 44, 46-49, Grabe, W. 117; 7 43,59,146; 819, 20 167 Graddol, D. 848 Gomez, J. 5 302 Graff, H.J. 2 62, 163, 168 Gomez, M. 1 46 Graham, B. 5 4, 10 Gompf, G.19 Graman, T. 1 27 Gonzalez, A.B. 4 222, 223 Gramsci, A. 1 106 Gonzalez, N. 8 232, 235 Grandell, C. 5 295 Good, T. 3 127 Grandin, T. 3 162, 164 Goodenough, D.R 673, 74 Grant, L. 7145,277,281 Goodglass, H. 7 215 Grant, R. 3 110 Gooding, A. 3190,232 Granville, S. 1244,246,247 Goodman, D. 6 93 Grauberg, W. 6 27 Goodman, K.S. 1 231, 234; 2 xi, xiii, xiv, Graustein, G. 614 1,2, 10, 11, 19,22,24,47,49,71, Graves, D.H. 1 234; 2 72, 79, 108; 692; 107,108,111,138,139,144,145, 8228 195; 478; 6 xiii, xiv, xv, 92; 75 Graves, M.P. 6 197 Goodman, N. 3 213 Gray, N. 2 98, 99, 101 Goodman, Y.M. 2 xi, xiv, xv, 2, 6, 10, 49, Gray, W.S. 2 20, 60, 63, 97, 128, 164; 75 79, 92, 109, 113; 692; 8 228 Greaney, V. 2 122; 7 299 Goodson 3141, 143 Green, A. 3 32 Goodwin, C. 4112; 8188, 217, 221 Green, B.P. 2 144; 7 142, 145 Goodwin, M.H. 4112; 8 52 Green, J. 8 29, 192,211,220,244 Goodwyn, A. 6 168 Green, J.L. 3 xv, 151 Goody, J. 262,63, 133, 134, 163; 32,3 Green, M. 3161 Goolkasian, P. 3 209 Green, P.S. 4182; 67, 110, 111; 7 200 Goos, M. 3 231 Greenbaum, S. 6111 Goossens, C. 3 162 Greenberg, J. 3 25 Goot, A. van der 5 121 Greene, S. 6 207 Gopinathan, S. 4 225; 5177,182 Greene, T. 6 18 Gordon, A. 7 235 Gregg, K.R 4 3 Gordon, C. 4 145; 755 Gregoire, A. 1 2, 7 Gordon, D. 872,73 Gregory, E. 248,49,51-53, 109 Gordon, RG. Jr. 264 Grendel, M. 4 53-55 Gore, J. 3 37 Grice, P. 3 69; 4 3 Gorlach, M. 8 3 Grierson, G.A. 5 69 Gorman, T.P. 5 33-36; 6 207; 7 14 Grierson, J. 760 Gorter, D. 5117,118, 121, 123,200 Griffin, P. 326, 174, 176; 7249 Gospodinoff, K. 3 79; 8187-189, 191, Griffith, M. 4 189 195 Griffith, P.L. 2 29, 90; 6 55 Goswami, B.B. 5 72 Griffiths, P. 3 254 Goswani, D. 4 112; 8228, 230 Grimes, J.E. 264 Goswami, U. 2 30, 40, 196 Grin, P. 4 160 Gottlieb, M. 7167 Grinker, RR. 6 82 Gough, C. 4193,207 Grobe, C.H. 6197 Gough, D. 1 170 Groce 5 238 Gough, N. 3 247 Grognet, A.G. 6 264-267 Gough, P.B. 2 29; 653,55,57,59 Gromacki, J.P. 1 61 Goulandris, N. 7 9 Gronn, P.C. 1 44-46; 349 Gould, J.D. 8 240, 241 Grosjean, P. 1119 Gould, S.J. 7 305 Grotjahn, R. 7 278 Goulden, N.R 729 Gruba, P. 7 xviii, 9, 60, 72, 181,249,319 Gourdie, T. 2 97 Gruber 7 227,228 Govier, T. 6 36 Grundin, H.D. 263 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX 347

Grundy, S. 3 xii, 31-33, 37,111 Haimendorf, C. 5 71 Grunwell, P. 7 213 Hake, R.L. 6 197 Guba, E.G. 7 324; 8 234 Hakuta, K. 1 36; 4 55; 5189, 191, 194; 6 Gubert, R. 5 146 99; 8 90, 105, 118, 147 Gubrium, J.F. 344 Haladyna, T.M. 7 298 Gudschinsky, S. 5 3 Hale, E. 3213 Guespin, L. 1 165 Hall, B. 5 154 Gugliotta, M. 2 196 Hale, G.A. 7 66 Guha, B.S. 5 68 Hale, K 4 160; 8 53 Guinet, L. 6 64 Hall, C. 4 113, 193 Guion, J. 2 194 Hall, D. 7 164, 165, 168 Guiton, G. 7 318 Hall, N. 2 xi, xiv, 22, 74, 79-81, 92, 107, Gulgoz, S. 7 195 226 Gumperz, J.1. 139; 249; 3 77,88, 147, Hall, P. 6 l79 149-151, l70; 5168; 6131, 262; 8 Hall, P.M. 1 50 1,5,73, 112, 125-127, 129, 137, Hall, S. 1213 154,156,188,190,194,207,250, Halle, M. 2 61 251 Halleck, G. 7 328 Gunn, M. 7 268 Hallel, M. 4 198, 200 Gunnarsson, B.-L. 4 xii, 108-110, 112 Halliday, M.A.K 1 244; 23,5,73, 148; Gunstone, R. 3 242 3 xii, 21, 23, 26, 27, 67; 4 3, 4, 97, Gupta, A. 4 222 123,222; 64,5,12, 14, 16,21,90, Gurney 8151 139-142,164,218,241-244,258; Gustavsen, J. 5 218 788, 136,315; 8 138, 139,208,209 Guthke, J. 7201 Halliwell, S. 7 152 Guthrie, J. 2 128 Halloran, J.H. 6 153 Guthrie, L.F. 8 130, 249 Halsall, N.D. 5 263; 840 Gutierrez, KD. 3 80 Halvari, A. 7 279 Gutt, E. 6 124 Hamayan, E.V. 4 xii, xiii, 87, 89; 7157, Guttman 8 36 166 Guttman, G. 7 202 Hambleton, R.K 7228,230,231,234, 264, 268 Haagensen, B. 5 294 Hamel, R.E. 4 161; 8 III Haan, M. de 2 210 Hamers, J.H.M. 7 199 Haarmann, H. 1 3 Hamilton, J. 7 136 Haas, C. 3 6 Hamilton, M. 2 128, 136, 148 Haas, N.S. 7 298 Hammersley, M. 6 189, 190,246; 8 136, Haas-Dyson, A. 1247 139,141,198,201,202,234 Habermas, J. 147; 3 xi, xii, xiii, 11-16, Hammett, R. 50 18,31,33-39,204; 6 241, 242, 247, Hamp-Lyons, L. 4 144; 7 xv, 51, 53, 54, 251,252,255,256,258; 7 324; 8 55,56,58,59,269,281,294,295, 32,139,229 313,317,324,325,326,327,328, Hacker, D.1. 7 195 330 Hacking, I. 7 305 Hampel, B. 6 265, 267 Haeck, W. 7 315 Hanauer, D. 4145 Haertel, E. 7 131 Hancin-Bhatt, B. 6 69 Hagege, C. 15, 16,221 Handschin, C.H. 7 39 Hagen, S. 4 131; 6264,267 Haney, W. 7 325 Haggan, M. 4 202 Hanlon, C. 4 15 Hagman, T. 5221 Hanneman, AJ. 174 Hagtvet, B. 2 xii, xvi, 163, 192,228,229 Hannon, P. 2 24 Hahn, A. 6 13 Hansegard, N.-E. 5 218,224 Haig-Brown, C. 5 57, 58 Hansen, B. 1 94; 5 235; 8 l78 348 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX

Hansen, J. 231 Hasan, R. 2148; 3 26, 68, 70; 6141, 142, Hansen, v.L. 3 160 254; 8138 Hansford, F.H. 5 30 Hasker, J. 8 29 Hanson, C. 7 66 Hasselgren, A. 7 157 Hansson, K. 7 218 Hassin 3 142 Harbage, M. 8 227 Hastings, K.W 1 xii, 69 Harbord, J. 6 l32 Hatano, G. 3 231, 232 Hardcastle, .T. 8209 Hatch, E. 4 6; 6 116; 8 90 Hardisty, D. 4180 Hatcher, P. 224, 39; 6 57, 58 Hardman, F. 3 190, 191 Hatfield, WW 2 78 Hargan, N. 7181 Hatim, B. 6 126 Hargreaves, A. 144-47, 119; 6 xiii, 173 Haugen, E. 1 xi, l3; 4154, 181; 81,7, Hargreaves, M. 444; 8 104, 136 15-17,20,21 Harit, H.L. 5 68 Hauptman, P.C. 7 133 HarJech-Jones, B. 4 157 Havelock, E.A. 2 62; 3 2 Harley, B. 447,54,65, 166, 168, 172; 5 Havighurst, R.J. 5 46 245,263-266; 757; 8 xiii, 104, 107 Havrest, L. 1 79 Harman, D. 2165 Hawisher, G.E. 8 240, 241, 244 Haro, P. 7 59 Hawkins, E.19, 243; 6 3-5, 21, 200, 242 Harper, H. 6 264; 8 210 Hawkridge, D. 2 182 Harpin, W 274 Hawley, C. 1 191 Harraway, D. 3 244 Hayakawa, S.I. 1 144 Harre, R. 3 140; 826 Hayes, J. 4 108 Harris, D.P. 6 34; 7 51, 52, 88, 90, 100 Hayes, J.R. 7190, 193 Harris, J. 178,84, 100, 131; 52,12; 6 Hayward, P. 218 237 Heald-Taylor, B.G. 2 88 Healey, R. 4 188 Harris, M. 7 182 Heap, J.L. 3 45, 48, 151; 8 xv, 70,138, Harris, R. 2 127; 32; 6 104 188,219,221 Harris, S. 5 3, 5, 9 Heath, S.B. 1 137, l38; 250, 108, 109, Harris, v.J. 2 11 137, 153, 174, 175; 369, 76, 82, 89, Harris, w.A. 8 63 98,171,181; 4154,158; 6 245; 8 Harris, WH. 6 196 70,126,127,129,137,155 Harris, Z. 8 112 Heaton, J.B. 741,71,90,100,293,323 Harrison, J. 8151 Hebelt, YM. 5 172 Harrison, A. 7 90, 100 Hebrard, J. 2 192, 193 Harrison, C. 7 2 Hecht, K. 67, 110 Harshorne, K.B. 4 207 Hedgcock, J. 4 54 Harste, J. 274,80, 87; 6 92 Hegarty, M. 2 122 Hart, D. 447,48; 5 263,265; 7180; 8 Heidt, E. 7 176 107 Heighington, S. 7 158 Hart, M. 52 Heilenman, L.K. 7181 Hart, R.S. 4131,132 Heiling, K. 1 94 Hartfiel, V. 7 54 Heimbecker, C. 179; 5 64 Hartinger, K. 4 188 Heine, B. 4215 Hartley, J. 1214; 2102, 182 Heineken, E. 7 195 Hartman, D. 5 9 Heinrich, A. 7 201 Hartog, P. 2 xv, 78 Helander, E. 5 80 Hartshorne, K.B. 1 170 Heller, M. 3 xiii, 68, 71, 90-92, 180; 5 Hartsock, N. 3 59 173; 6 131, 236; 85, 70, 71, 73, Hartung, J. 8 170 208,209,211,250,255 Harvey, R. 3 230 Heltoft, A.M. 8 137 Harwood, A. 3 108 Henare, J. 5 17 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX 349

Henderson, E.H. 2 88, 90 Hively, W 7 264 Henderson, J. 5 9 Hjelmslev, L. 1 214 Henmon, Y.A.e. 4 34; 7 52, 53 Hjort, K. 3 129, 130 Henning, G. 4 144; 7 55, 58, 66, 68, 81, Hladczuk, J. 2 11 100,142,146,228,323 Ho, J.e. 5283 Henriques, 1. 3 54; 8209 Ho, WK. 4 225 Henry, A 2 Ill; 3 99; 873,74, 135 Hoare, P. 5 285 Henze, R 5 194 Hobsbaum, A. 2 41 Heras, AI. 3 150 Hockett, C.F. 4 76 Herbart 6 90 Hodge, B. 8 31, 209 Herbert, e.H. 5 273 Hodge, R 6 140, 218 Herbert, RK. 4 208 Hodlin, S. 6 261 Heritage, 1. 344,50; 8 217,221 Hoefnagel-Hohle, M. 444 Hermann, G. 1 6, 9 Hoekstra, J. 5 117 Herman, 1.L. 7 35, 318 Hoel, T.L. 2 229 Hermann-Brennecke 1 6, 9 Hoem, A. 5 78, 79 Hermans, T. 6 123,126 Hoey, M. 6 26 Hernandez, C. 6 262 Hoffmann, L. 4 106 Hernstadt, R 6 116 Hoffmeister, R. 5 233,237,238 Herriman, M.L. 1 101; 644,45 Hogben, G. 4 231 Herrington, A 6 143, 144 Hogmo, A 5 78 Herrlitz, W 6 168 Hoien, T. 2 230 Herrmann, A 8 240, 242 HoI, G.GJ.M. 2 210 Herron, e. 4 14 Holbrook, D. 3 250 Hertzberg, F. 2 229 Holdaway, D. 6 88 Hertzler, J. 8 1 Holden, C. 3 81,190,199 Hester, H. 7 154 Holden, N. 6 262 Hester, S. 345,49 Holec, H. 4 181; 7176 Heugh, K. 1170-173; 2 178; 4215,217 Holland, A.L. 7 215,315,316 Hewison, J. 2 53, 154 Holland, 1. 3 68 Hewitt, R. 6 232 Holland, K. 8212 Hewson, L. 6126 Holland, M. 4 137 Hewstone, M. 8 36 Holligan, e. 2 12 Heyman, R.D. 345,48; 8219 Hollingshead, A. 7 194 Hicks, D. 3 150, 172, 175, 217 Hollingsworth, S. 8 233 Hicks, J.H. 1 140 Hollway, W 3 54 Hiebert, E. 2 122 Holm, A 5 3, 47-50 Hiebert, 1. 3 231, 235 Holm, W 5 3, 47-50 Higgins, M.B. 7 218 Holmes, J. 1191; 3212; 520; 6 123, Hildebrand, R. 6 2 124, 127 Hill, B. 4131,133 Holms, J. 8 115 Hill, e. 7 318; 8157,158 Holobow, N. 4 45; 5 60 Hill, K. 7 133 Holquis(, M. 3 256 Hill, M. 2 Ill; 5222 Holt, P.O.B. 2 182 Hill, R.A. 7 142 Holtzman, W.H. 4 86 Hilton, T.L. 7 180, 182 Holzer, F. 3 197 Hindson, e. 5 89 Homburg, T. 7 57 Hingangaroa Smith, G. 1 82 Homer, B. 33 Hinton, L. 5 50, 51 Homes, J. 7 95 Hirose, K. 7 59 Honan 8 244 Hirsch, E.D. 2134,138; 8 28 Honey, 1. 8 62 Hirsch, N.D.M. 2 21 Honeyford, R. 1 120 Hitchman, PJ. 7 30 Honkala, T. 5 221 350 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX

Hood, W 6 93 Humboldt, W. von 61,2,4,8 Hoodin, R.B. 7 219 Hummer, P. 2 196 Hooper, J. 6 169 Humphries, S. 8 200 Hoosain, R. 6 64 Hunniford, R.M. 8209 Hoover, W 2 27,32,33 Hunt, J. McY. 221 Hopf, H. 2122 Hunt, K. 6 201 Horkheimer, M. 3 12; 6251,252,255, Hunt, R. 6 144 258 HUllt, S. 3 213 Hornbcrgcr, N.H. 1 80, 146; 265; 4100; Hunter, C. 1 44, 46 536,53; 7 59, 60; 8 xi, 1,6,8,18, Hunter, C. StJ. 2165 21, 127, 128, 130, 137, 160,203, Hunter, I. 3 250; 8 33 253 Hunter, J. 870 Horne, D. 1 129 Huot, B. 717,57,189 Horsman, J. 2 146 Hurt, H. 7 33 Horvath, B. 1 127; 247 Husek, T.R. 7 264 Horvath, S. 3 66, 70 Hussain, A. 1 180 Horwitz, E. 6 188 Hussain, Z. 1 180; 2202 Horwitz, E.K. 4 37, 38 Hustler, D. 347; 8218 Horwitz, M. 6 188 Hutchison, C. 4 136; 7 41 Horwitz, M.B. 4 37, 38 Hutchinson, c.J. 7 246 Hosenfe1d. C. 4 66; 6 80 Hutton, B. 4210 Hosley, D. 7 89 Hyde, M. 4 199 Houston, WR. 4 126 Hyltenstam, K. 193,94; 4 44; 5 27, 220, Howard, G. 3 141 221,223,224 Howard, J. 447; 5 265 Hymes, D.1241; 2129; 3 69,95,170, Howatt, A.P.R. 1 201, 202; 6 173; 7 39 180; 44,77, 97; 8 2, 4, 59, 111, Howe, A. 3189, 192,222,254 125-127,129,137,154,208,253 Howe, M. 678 Hynd, G.W 240 Howell 7 128 Hyon, S. 2 110; 3 96 Howson, A.G. 3 230, 233 Hoy1es, C. 3 220,221,230,231 IJzendoorn, M.H. van 2 209 Hubbard, R.S. 2 74; 8 230 Illich, I. 2 177 Huber, B. 1 140 Ilutsik, E. 8 232 Huckin, T.N. 4110; 6 144, 145 llutsik, E.A. 5 51, 52 Huda, N. 5 182, 183 Inbar, O. 7 66 Huddy, L. 8 39 Ingram, D. 1 14, 18; 4 142; 778 Hudelson, S. 5192, 194; 8149 Ingram, E. 7 264 Hudges, C. 8 82 Ingulsrud, J.E. 7 315 Hudson, J. 5 7 Inouye, D.K. 7 9 Hudson, R. 7 95 Intaraprawat, P. 7 57 Hudson, T.D. 7 264, 265, 266, 268, 269 Invernizzi, M. 2 90 Huebner, T. 891 Ioup, G. 445,46; 8 107 Huey, E.B. 2 xv, 1, 19,23,37 Irving, E.A. 5 281 Hughes, A. 7 90, 265, 294, 297 Ishikawa, S. 7 57 Hughes, J. 8 198 Israelite, N. 5 233, 237, 238 Hughes, M. 2 91,93 Iturriaga, A.P. 5 100 Hughey, J. 7 54 Ivanic, R. 1 xii; 2 129, 136, 148, 165; 6 Huhta 7 xv, 299, 313, 316, 330 xv, 5, 25, 220-223, 232 Hull, G. 2 149; 7 189 Iwashita, N. 7 92, 146,328 Hull, J. 486 Hulme, C. 2 24, 31, 38, 39; 658 Ja'far, W 7 42 Hulstijn, J.H. 8 94 Jaakkola, M. 5218,221 HulLman, T. 3 126 Jabbour, J. 5258 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX 351

J ackendorff, R. 4 25 Johnson, D.W 1231; 3198,208,251, Jackson, D. 278 254; 8 90, 91, 145, 146 Jackson, KL. 4 2 Johnson, E.M.T. 4 134 Jackson, P.3 32; 8 136, 198 Johnson, G.A. 7 217 Jacobs, G. 4131, 132 Johnson, J.S. 4 13,47; 8 105 Jacobs, H. 7 54 Johnson, K 4 178; 6 188, 189, 191 Jacobson, D. 6 100 Johnson, M. 7 78 Jacobson, J. 4 192 Johnson, R.E. 1 94, 97, 231; 5 234,237, Jacobson, R. 8 149 283,285 Jacoby, S. 7117, 137 Johnson-Eilola, 8245 Jaffe, A 3 92 Johnson-Laird, P.N. 4 15 Jakobson 4 52 Johnston, A 2 163, 168, 169 James, C.A 6 1,7,8, 173, 178, 179, 195 Johnston, C. 7 147 James, S. 2 24 Johnston, J. 8 91, 180 James, W. 2 61; 414 Johnston, M. 6 113 Jamieson, J. 4 135 Johnston, P.H. 2 37 Jamieson, M. 444; 8 104 Johnston, R.S. 2 12 Janik, A. 6144 Johnstone, R. 5 134, 135 Janks, H. 1 xii, xiii, 246, 248, 250; 2 148; Johnstone, S. 3 108 3111; 6221-223,232,245; 8 211 Jonekeit, S. 1 221 Jansen, L. 8 91 Jones, A. 3 56,57,59,76,97; 8 137 Janssen-van Dieten, AM. 7 180 Jones, G. 4 224, 225 Jones, G.M. 820 Janton, P. 1 19; 6 151 Jones, L. 193, 114; 4 178 Jannan, C. 2102 Jones, N. 7 250,319 Jarvis, G.A. 464 Jones, P. 5 3 Jasbir,5 180, 181 Jones, S. 6 xv, 25, 187,267 Jaspaert, K 4 56, 160 Jones, WR. 8 36, 40 Jayalaksmi, G.D. 3 181 Jong, S. de 5117,121 Jebasingh, A. 5 72 Jonkman, R.J. 5 117, 121, 123 Jefferson, G. 3 44, 45, 170, 173, 210; 6 Jonsson, L. 4 109 191; 8217,218,220,250 Jonz, J. 7 100 Jemersic, J. 4 193 Jordan, C. 3 77, 89, 98; 8 129, 137 Jenkins, C. 5 211 Jordan, D. 436; 6156 Jenkins, J.J. 7 200 Jordan, E. 3119-121 Jenkins, L. 7238 Jordan, S. 8 200,202,203 Jenkins, N. 3 81; 7 30, 32 JOreskog, KG. 7 234, 236, 260; 8 84 Jenkins, R. 1115; 8 200 Joshi, S. 1 204 Jennings, L. 3 152; 8 192, 242 Joyce, 8 244, 245 Jensen, A 3 88 Juel, C. 2 29; 6 55, 59 Jensen, C. 7 66 Jung, UO.H. 4 xii, 137, 180 Jensen, P.-E. 3 128, 131 Jungbluth, P. 5 200 Jernigan, I.E. 7 23 Jungeblut, A 2 128; 7 238 Jernudd, B.B. 8 17 Jupp, T.C. 6261,265 Jernudd, B.H. 113,16, 19 Jespersen, O. 4 176; 62, 18 Ka'ai, T. 5 18 Jia, Y. 5 161 Kabok, S. 1 224 Jilbert, K 5 192 Kachru, B.B. 1 203; 4 75; 7323 Joachim, G. 8 178 Kagan, J. 675 Joe, A.G. 7 102 Kahn, J. 8 242 Johansson, H. 5224 Kalantzis, M. 1245,246,249; 2 148; 6 John, v.P. 3170; 8 137,154 243;7315;8211 Johns, A 7 123 Kale, J. 1193 352 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX

Kalnberzina, V. 7 271, 299 Kelly, A. 3 126, 127, 129 Kamana, K. 551 Kelly, C. 7 22 Kamhi, A.G. 7 217 Kelly, G. 3 242 Kamii, C. 2 92 Kelly, G.A. 674 Kamler, B. 2 147; 3 56,59, 120; 6145, Kelly, L. 7 51 245 Kelly, L.G. 1 I; 4 35 Kampulainen, K. 3 220, 221 KeIrn, O.R. 4 137 Kanagy, R. 8 92 Kemilainen, A. 5 218 Kandiah, T 4 226 Kemmis, S. 1 231, 237; 3 33; 8203,228, Kane, M.T 7 258 229 Kanpal, B. 8200 Kendall, L. 7 54, 58 Kant, 1. 3 242 Kendall, S. 3 xiii, 180 Kantanen, H. 5 293 Kendon, A. 8 187 Kanter, A. de 5 191 Kennedy, C. 114 Kantor,R.3148, 149, 152 Kennedy, L. 4 51 Kao, H.S.R. 2 97 Kenner, C. 2 109, 113 Kapfo, K. 5 71 Kenney, M.J. 3 231, 235 Kapitzke, C. 2145 Kent, R.D. 7 220 Kaplan, R.B. 1191, 192, 196 Kenway, J. 6 257 Kaplan, R. 4110,111; 7 52,59,2]5 Kenyon, D.M. 4144, 145; 7115,279 Karam, F.X. 8 18 Keogh, J. 3 49; 8 219 Karbe, U. 1 9 Kephart, N.C. 2 38 Karmiloff-Smith, A. 4 15; 647,48,50 Kerfoot, C. 6 265-267 Kaskela-Nortamo, B. 5293 Kern, R. 7 57 Kasper, G. 6 132; 740; 8 93 Kertesz, A. 7 215 Kasper, M. 5 153 Keskitalo, J.H. 5 80 Kataoka, H. 7 152 Ketteman, B. 4 xiv, 180 Katz, A. 7 316 Kevelson, R. 1214 Katz, E. 1 215 Kevles, DJ. 7 305 Kaufer, D. 6144 Khaniyah, T.R. 7 294 Kauffman, D. 4 169 Khoo, R. 4 225 Kaul, A. 2 203 Khouzam, N. 4 201 Kaulfers, Wv. 7 75, 82,200 Khubchandani, L.M. 1 xiii, 16,20, 100, Kavaliku, S.L. 5 89 179-183; 2 176; 568-70, 73, 75 Kavanagh, J.F. 264 Kidd, R. 2 204 Kay, J. 7 215 KielhOfer, B. 1 221 Kaya-Carton, E. 7 142 Kiely, G.L. 7230 Kazaritskaya, TA. 4 188 Kieren, TE. 3 232 Kazi, A.A. 1 179 Kieri, G. 5218 Kear, D. 2123 Kiernan, E.T 4 208 Keating, P. 1131 Kievra, K.A. 7 189 Keegan, P. 5 19 Kilbourn, B. 1 44 Keele, S.W 4 14 Kilpatrick, WH. 6 90 Keeler, WR. 8 167 Kimball, S. 3 148 Keen, J. 2 158 Kimball, S.T 8 135 Keenan, E. 4 5 Kincheloe, J. 8 229 Keenan, E.O. 8 49 King, A. 3 218, 221 Keith, P. 8 198 King, K. 1 207 Kellaghan, T 7 294, 299 King, L. 2 175 Keller, E.F. 3 244 King, P.E. 7 23 Kellerman, E. 4 5, 46, 47 King, R. 4112 Kcllmer-Pringle 8 60 Kingman 1 104,233; 624,27,220 Kellner, D. 2 149 Kingman, G. 5 53 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX 353

Kingsbury, 0.0. 7228 Krauss, M. 5 49 Kirchner, D.M. 7 214 Kress, O.R 1 28, 38, 248, 249; 2 73, 138; Kirk, S.A. 7 214 6140-142,218,219,225,242,244; Kirk, WD. 7 214 8208,209,212 Kirkland, M.e. 7 291 Kriteva, 8 209 Kirkness, V. 183, 156; 5 58 Kroeber, A.L. 8 111 Kirkwood, M. 1 39 Kroes, H. 4 212 Kirsch, I.S. 2128; 7 136, 144,238 Kroll, B. 7 52, 56 Kisser, R 7 246, 251 Kroon, S. 4 56, 160; 5202 Kittredge, R 4 106 Kruidenier, B.O. 4 38 Kjolseth, R 5 191 Kryger, N. 3130 Klamer, A 6 257 Kubanek-Oerman, A 7155,158 Klassen, R. 4 90, 100 Kuehn, P. 7 56 Klaus, D.J. 7 263 Kuhn, T.S. 3 12 Klavas, A 8 86 Kuhn, D. 6 36 Kleeck, A van 6 45 Kumar, K. 2 204 Klein, O.e. 675 Kumaravadivelu, B. 6 xiii Klerk, V. de 1 172 Kunnan, AJ. 7 237,314,330 Klima, E. 4 12; 5 234; 8 180 Kurath, H. 8 112 Klopcic, V. 5 III Kurzon, D. 4 108 Kloss, H. 1 xi, 13, 139; 5 189; 8 2, 16 Kussmaul, P. 6127 Knapp, P. 6142,207 Kuure, O. 5 221 Knobel 8 244 Kuusela, J. 5219 Knott, R 1 231 Kwanterry, J. 4 226 Kobayashi, H. 7 55 Kwok, S. 5 284 Koh, M.Y. 742 Kyle, J. 8178,179 Koh Boh Boon 5 184 Kyllonen, P.C. 7201,204 Kohenen, V. 6 173 Kyostio, O.K. 264, 148 Kohlberg, L. 3 109 Kyte, O.C. 1 43, 44 Kok, W.A.M. 2 210 Kolb, A 8 178 La Torre, M. 6 153, 156 Kolb, D.A. 6 75,81,82, 175 Laborde, C. 3 231 Kolstad, A 7238 Labov, W 1 xii, 33-35, 101, 103, 108, Komorowska, H. 4189, 190, 192 242; 3 xiii, 65, 66, 68, 70, 88; 4 110; Koninck, Z. de 1 155 6230,231,233,235; 8 2, 9, 59,61, Kontra, M. 1 33, 34, 40 62,63,64, 112, 114, 117, 155, 156 Koolstra, e.M. 2 208 Labrie, N. 1151; 5170, 171 Koschat, F. 1 36 Lacan, J. 1214; 8209 Koulardis, V. 3 241 Lacelle-Peterson, M.W. 7 315, 319 Kowal, M. 5 265 Lado, R. 2 61; 41,76,141; 7 51,52,53, Kozol, J. 2 120 67,87,90, 100 Kracauer, S. 1 214 Ladson-Billings, O. 3 99 Kraemer, R. 7 55 Lafage, S. 1163 Krahke, K.J. 7 152 Lafayette, RC. 4 132 Krajski Hrsak, V. 4 193 Laforge, L. 5 174 Kramarae, C. 3 76, 79; 848, 242 Lahdenpera, J. 5 221 Kramsch, C.J. 4 183; 7 75 Lahey, M. 7 214 Krashen, S.D. 136; 2 90, 91,177; 4 2,3, Laird, M.A. 5 72 7,14,36,45,66,77,78,80,97, Lakin, S. 3 241 166; 5 192, 193, 195; 6 6, 7, 16, Lakoff, R 847-49 100,111,112; 8 90,104 Lalonde, R. 4 56 Krater, J. 6 198 Lalonde, R.N. 8 40, 103 Krausert, S.R. 7 181 LaLyre, I. 5 272 354 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX

Lam, H.P. 7 294 Lawrence, S. 3 81 Lam, M.H. 5 211 Layton, L. 6 57 Lam, R. 5 286 Layton, D. 3 246 Lamb, T. 6 25 Lazaraton, A. 4145; 7 80, 135,277,280, Lambert, l. 6 123 281; 8 90 Lambert, R. 4 51, 52 Le Maner-Idrissi, G. 3 125 Lambert, R.D. 1 14, 18, 144, 150 Leach, J. 8 129 Lambert, w.E. 4 35, 37, 45,79, 158, 166; Leal, DJ. 3 201 560,211,261,262,266 Leap, W. 116 Lampola, R. 4 179 Leathers, D. 722,24 Lancaster, L. 6 244 Leavis, ER. 3 250 Land, R. 3 105 Leavis, Q.D. 2120, 121 Landau, B. 8 168, 169 Lebel, M. 1 69 Landry, R. 5168; 8 7 LeBlanc, P. 8 240, 241 Landsiedler, I. 4 182 LeBlanc, R. 7179,181 Landsness, R. 3 110 Lederer, R. 6 xii Lane, H. 192,93; 5 231,232,237; 8176, Ledger, G.w. 2 31 177 Lee, A. 1246; 2 147; 3 141; 6223 Lang, G.c. 3141 Lee, B. 7 54, 58 Lange, D.L. 6173 Lee, D. 413 Langeveld, MJ. 63 Lee, l. 4145; 5 7 Lanham, L.w. 4 207 Lee, L.M. 5 283 Lankshear, C. 2 137, 140, 145, 146, 149, Lee, M. 6154 175, 177; 6245; 8244 Lee, W.R. 7 152 Lannung, H. 1 69 Leech, G. 4178; 6 14 Lantharer, E 5 144 Leer, M.N. 3175 Lantolf, l.P' 1 38; 3 27; 7 30, 78; 8 212 Lees, S. 3130, 131 Lapenna, I. 6 152 Leeuwen, T. van 1 xiii; 2 138; 6 225 Lapkin, S. 1150; 5 262, 263, 265, 267 Legutke, M.K. 1 224 Larsen, A. 5 78 Lehman, C. 2 98 Larsen, K. 3126, 129, 130 Lehr, S. 3201 Larsen-Freeman, D.E. 4 66, 76, 77, 95, Lehrberger, l. 4 106 102; 67; 890 Leibowitz, A.H. 1 137, 138 Larson, J. 4 26; 7 141, 142 Leigh, S. 4 214 Larson, K. 653, 59 Leimar, U. 2 227 Larter, S. 7154,316 Leki, 1. 7 59 Laszlo, J. 2 99 Lemay, S. 1 38, 83, 94, 101, 152, 155; 6 Lather, P. 3 37, 38; 8199-202,229 236; 8 20 Latomaa, S. 7 180 Lemke, 1.L. 3 xvii, 26, 27,71,183,239, Latour, B. 36,244; 41l0, 111 243; 6242, 243, 254, 258, 259; 8 Lau 7152, 164 50,138, 150, 151,208,209 Lau, K.E. 5 179 Lenin, 1. 3 1 J Laubach, E 2 163 Lenneberg, E.H. 4 11, 12,43,44; 8 Laubach, P.C. 2 201,202 101-103, 107 Laufer, B. 7 57, 103 Leodolter, R. 1 xii Lauren, Ch. 5 292, 294 Leonard, C.M. 2 40 Laurier, M. 7 141 Leong, C.K. 6 54 Laurin, C. 1 4 Leong, w.K. 5 179 Lave, l. 3 23; 8 lSI Leont'ev 3 27,174; 4 110 Lavine, R.Z. 6 80, 81 Leopold, W.E 8 89 Law, B. 7165,170 Lerner, D. 2 133 Lawler, M. 2 145 Lerner, G. 3 80; 8219,221,222 Lawley 7 244 Lesser, R. 7 215 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX 355

Lethlean, J.B. 7 219 Link, H. 2 122 Lett, J.A. 7 205 Linn, R.L. 7 5, 264, 268 Leung, C. 7167,283 Linnarud, M. 7 103 Levelt, W.J.M. 4 57 Lins, U. 6152 Levett, A. 1 195 Lipka, J. 5 51; 8 232 Levi-Strauss, C. 2 62 Lipkin, S. 4 8 Levin, L. 8 89 Lipman, M. 3 203; 6 35 Levin, M. 3 108 Lipton, M. 3 200 Levine, K 2 128 Liston, D. 1 46 LeVine, R. 2 216,219 Litterst, J.K 7 33, 34 Levinson, S. 3 95 Little, D. 4 132; 6 134 Levy, B.A. 7194 Littlepage, G.E. 7 24 Lewin, C. 2183 Littleton, K. 3 222 Lewin, K 691; 8 227-229 Littlewood, w.T. 465 Lewis, E.G. 5245; 7 52, 182 Liu, B. 5 159 Lewis, C. 5 263; 7230, 238 Liu, H. 447 Lewis, J. 3 200 Lively, S.E. 8 107 Lewis, V. 8 168 Livingston, W.K 6 73 Lewis, W. 1 94, 113 Llamzon, T.A. 4 222, 223 Lewkowicz, J. 7 xvii, 56, 60, 113, 122, Llewellyn, J. 5282 123, 177 Llewellyn, K 8 145 Leybaert, J. 2 196 Lloyd-Jones 7 13 Li, D.C.S. 5 286 Lo Bianco, J. 118, 129; 4 235; 592,213 Li, P. 447 Locke, P. 6 15 Li, W. 7 15,277,283,293 Lockhart, R.S. 677, 191 Li, Z. 5 161 Loden, M. 6 263 Liberman, A.M. 2 28; 6 54 Lofgren, H. 5 220, 221, 223,224 Liberman, D. 212 Logan, J.S. 8 107 Liberman, I.Y. 2 29, 196; 34; 6 54, 55 Long, J.S. 7 235, 236 Liddell, S. 5 234,237 Long, M.H. 4 13, 43, 45, 66; 6 xiv, 7, Liddicoat, A.J. 1 192, 194; 5 213 112,113,185-187,208; 892,94, Liddle, S. 194; 8 180 104,106 Lie, A. 2 227 Lopes, L.p. 6 155 Lieberman, E.J. 6 151 Lorch, S.C. 5 212 Lierop, w.L.H. van 2 209 Lord, EM. 7 228, 244 Light, J. 3 162 Lorentzen, R.T. 2 228 Lightbown, P. 4 27, 28; 6 111; 8 92, 94 Lotherington, H. 5 89, 92 Lightfoot, S.L. 8 140 Lotz, W.K 7 212 Likert 836 Lourie, M.A. 1 137 Lillis, T. 6 223 Low, E.L. 4 225 Lin, A.M.Y. 5 284, 286, 287; 871, 150, Low, G.D. 7 124, 125 252,255,256 Low, L. 7155 Lin, X. 5 159, 163 Lowe, P. 7 78 Linacre, J.M. 7 134, 135,230,246,248 Lowe, R.K. 2 102 Lincoln, Y.S. 7324 Lowenberg, H.P. 8 20 Lind Meloy, L. 5 218 Lowenberg, P. 7 303, 314, 328 Lind, A. 2 129, 163, 168, 169 Lowenstein, W. 6 57 Linde, S. 5 220, 223, 224 Lozanov 4 77, 97, 188 Lindholm, KJ. 4 78; 5193,273-277 Lubbock, P. 2 119 Lindsay, P.H. 8 243 Lucas, C. 8 178, 180, 181 Linell, P. 4 109 Lucas, T. 5 194,234,236 Linfoot, K 3 161 Lucket 4 207 Lingard, B. 1 237 Luckett, K 1 172 356 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX

Ludlow, c.L. 7 220 MacGovem, I. 4 193 Lukas, I.F. 5 103 Macht, K. 4 177 Lukatela, G. 264 Machura, L. 7153 Luke, A. 1 17, 194,246,249; 2 xii, xiv, MacIntosh, A. 4 123 xvi, 19, 119, 129, 137, 145, 147, MacIntyre, A. 3 138 148, 164, 186; 6223,245,256,257, MacIntyre, P. 4 28, 37 259; 7 171; 8 20,33,67, 117,208, MacIntyre, P.D. 7181 209,211 Mack, L. 5 7 Luke, C. 1249; 3 37, 56, 57, 59, 141, Mackaness, G. 3 250 169; 867 MacKay, A. 5 59, 60 Lukmani, Y. 7 44, 45 MacKay, B. 559, 60 Lumbelli, L. 3 175 MacKay, R.W 345,48 Lumelume, S. 4 235 MacKay, S.L. 4 99, 100, 101, 144, 235 Lumley, T. 7126,135,166,278,281,327 Macken, M. 6 141 Lund, N.J. 3158; 7 214, 217 Mackenzie, H. 5 211 Lundberg, 1. 229, 228, 230; 656, 59 MacKenzie, M. 1 156, 243, 244 Lundemark, E. 5 218 MacKey, WF. 4123, 154; 5 189,272; 8 7 Lundy, D.S. 7 219 MacKinnon, K. 5 134 Lunzer, E. 7 44 Mackridge, P. 8 4 Luoma, S. 7 xv, xvi, 42, 81, 135, 175, MacLaughlin, B. 4 3 232,277,278,280 Maclean, M. 2 32 Lurcat, L. 2 99 MacLean, R. 6 145 Luria, M.A. 7 199 MacLure, M. 346, 188; 8 218 Lusted, M. 1213 MacNamara, T. 4 143, 146 Luther, M. 1 2; 6 237 MacNeil, M.M. 5 135, 136 Lutz, F. 8 199 MacPherson, I. 4 56; 8 40, 200 Lutz, W 6 xii MacWhinney, B. 7 203 Lyle, S. 3 xvi, 108, 182, 201 Madan, T.N. 5 68 Lynch, B.K. 7 xvi, 6, 72, 80, 89, 90, 91, Madaus, G.F. 7 291-294,298,299,325 125,128,257,264,266,268,269, Madden, C. G. 4 66 270, 279, 283, 303, 324, 326, 327, Maddock, V. 7152 330 Madigan, D. 2 156 Lynch, J. 3163; 5 87, 91 Madsen, H.S. 7 100, 142,292 Lyne, A. 7 248 Maeroff, G. 2 120 Lyons, H. 8148 Maestri, F. 6 178 Lyons, I.J. 1 138, 143 Magga, O.H. 1 80 Lyster, R. 5 263-265 Magoon, A. 3 242 Lyster, S.-A.H. 2 xii, xvi, 163, 192,228, Maguire, B. 4 191 229 Mahlios, M. 1 46 Lytle, S.L. 7 2; 8227,229-231,233 Mahmoud, Y. 8 4 Mahshie, S.N. 1 94; 5 235, 237 Ma, X. 5 158, 159 Mailhot, J. 5 63 Macaulay 1 180; 7 328 Major, M. 5 300 Macaulay, R.K. 3 66 Majumdar, D.N. 568 MacBeth, D.H. 347 Makkai, A. 6 xii MacCloskey, M.L. 4 165 Malakoff, M. 5189 MacConnochie, K. 4 232 Malcolm, I. 3 76, 96, 97; 5 212; 8 137 MacDonald, C.A. 4 79, 209, 211 Malcolm, K. 6 xv, 225 MacDonald, R. 5 232 Malderez, A. 4189,190 Macedo, D. 2140,164,175; 3 71; 6 243 Maldonado-Colon, E. 4 87 Macey, D. 3 138, 139 Maldonado-Guzman, A.A. 8 254 MacFarlane, A. 5 263 Maley, Y. 4 111 MacGee, P.L. 4 86, 87 Malherbe, E.G. 1 170; 4 207 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX 357

Malin, M. 3 97 Mason, J.M. 8 191 Malinowski 8 198 Mason, M. 7 80, 125, 128,257 Malischewski, E. 6 245 Massad, C. 7 52, 182 Malkowski, G. 5 231, 234 Massieu, J. 5 232 Malmquist, E. 2 63 Masterman, L. 1215 Maltz, D.N. 3 79; 849 Masters, G.N. 7 154, 229, 245, 247, 250 Mandabach, F. 1 137 Masterson, J.J. 7 217 Manessy, G. 1163 Masterson, J.L. 3 161 Mangubhai, F. 4233; 5 91, 92 Mathews, J.e. 7 291 Mani, A. 5 179 Mathews, R 6 109 Mann Kenyon, D. 758 Mathinson, M. 7 57 Mann, E. 6 37, 54 Mathison 6 207 Mann, H. 690 Matsuhashi, A. 7 195 Mao 5159 Matsumoto, K. 6 77, 80 Marcel, C. 7 39 Matthews, M. 7 315 Marcellesi, J.B. 1165 Matthews, P.H. 614 Marchessou, F. 4 137 Matthewson, e. 4 234 Marckwardt, A.H. 4 35 Mattingly, I.G. 228 Marcoulides, G.A. 7 259,260 Maturana, H. 6 xi Marcus, G. 872,201 Matusov, E. 3 174 Marcus, S. 2 182, 183 Mauro, E. 2 111 Mard, K. 5 295 Mawer, G. 6265 Marentette, P. 5 236 Maxwell, D. 6 153 Marika-Mununggiritj, R 55 May, S. 1 xiii, 19,82,229,232,235-237; Markee, N. 7297 399; 7 296; 8 xiv, xv, 111, 136, Marland, M. 1229, 231, 235, 236 141,204,209 Marquardt, T.P. 7 213,214,217,218 Mayberry, RI. 4 12; 8 106, 108 Marriott, H. 4 235 Maybin, J. 1231,232,235,236; 3189, Marsaja, G. 1 90, 96 190; 6 225 Marsh, e. 8 35 Mayer, C. 5 237 Marsh, G. 291 Mayer, R 7 25 Marsh, V. 1 232, 235 Maylath, B. 6 xv, 197, 199,200 Marshman, J. 5 72 Mazrui, A. 5 34, 35 Mars1en-Wilson, W. 6 68, 70 Mazuoliene, Z. 7 271,299 Martel, A. 1 152 Mazzone, A. 3 142 Martens, P. 2 92 Mba, N. 2 215 Martin, E. 8 50 Mbuyi, D.M. 533 Martin, F. 6 75 McAfee, J.G. 7 217 Martin, J.R. 1244; 2 148; 6 126, McAuliffe, T. 3 200 140-142,243,258; 8 89 McCaleb, S. 2 157 Martin, N. 1231; 690 McCallen, B. 1 206 Martin-Jones, M. 2 52; 3 90-92; 6 220; 8 McCarthy, J.I. 7 214 xv, 38,43, 70, 71,209, 211,249, McCarthy, L.P. 6143 255 McCarthy, M. 6 6, 18 Martinet, A. 4 154; 8 111 McCarty, T.L. 3 89; 5 47-49, 52, 53; 8 Martohardjono, G. 4 13,43,48 xv, 141,231,232 Marton, F. 3 214 McClymer, I.F. 1145 Martyna, W. 8 47 McCollum, P. 5 276 Marx, K. 311; 6 254, 259; 830,197 McConachie, H.R 8 166, 167, 168 Masemann, V. 8 139, 199,200 McConnel-Ginet, S. 3 212; 8 51, 53 Masica, e. 2 173 McConnell, G.D. 8 3 Mason, D. 3160; 5233,235,238 McConvell, P. 8 7 Mason, I. 6 126 McCullough, J. 6 237 358 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX

McCutchen, D. 7 189, 194 Medgycs, P. 1 206; 4 xii, xiv, 126, 189, McDavid, R. 8112 192; 6174 McDermott, R.P. 249; 345,79,99, 149, Medicine, B. 5 45, 46 150; 8139, 187-189, 191, 195 Medway, P. 2 144 McDonald, M. 3 92 Meek, M. 2 81; 6 89 McDonald, R.P. 7 235 Meestringa, Th. 5 124 McDowall, D. 1 79 Meeuwis, M. 6 264 McElhenny, B. 8 53, 54 Meghnaghi, S. 5 143 McGi1l560 Mehan, H. 345, 49, 171; 6 189, 235, McGinnis, A. 8 166 255; 8 138, 139, 188,204,218,219, McGonigal, J. 3 xvii, xviii, 254 221,250,253,254 McGrath, W.J. 5 3 Meillet, A. 8 111 McGroarty, M. 1 16; 6 169,264 Meisel, I.M. 47; 8 92,93 McGucken, W.J. 7 304 Mejak, R. 5]] 1, 115 McHoul, A.W. 345,46,49,210; 8 218, Melander, B. 4110 219 Mellinkoff, D. 4 106, 108 McHugh, M. 7 153 Mellor, B. 1247; 3 141; 7 57 McKay, S.L. Meng, X. 5 157 McKay, G. 1 131; 5 2 Menges, R. 3 209 McKay, P. 7 xvi, 155, 157, 166, 168, 169, Mercado, C. 1143 282,315 Mercer, J.R. 4 85, 87 McKay, S.L. 6 266; 8 xi, 1,210 Mercer, N. 3 xvi, 25, 32,108,176, 180-182, 184, 185, ] 90, 198, McKcnna, M. 1234; 2123 200-202,217-219,222,223,240, McKennell, A. 8 170 254 McKenzie, M. 6 89 Merchant, G. 61,79 McKernan, 1. 8227 Meredith, K. 7 89 McLane, 1.222 Meriam, L. 5 46 McLaren, P. 1237; 3 36, 102, 111; 8 68, Merino, B. 5190,192 69,139,200,203 Merrell, M. 5211 McLaren, p.L. 2 137, 140, 146 Merriam, S. 8 145, 146, 149 McLaughlin, B. 6 8, 100, 109; 7 203 Merriman, W.E. 8 168 McLaughlin, S. 1 14 Merritt, M. 5 37, 38,40; 6 131 McLeish, 1. 3 208 Merton, R. 4110, III McLuhan, M. 2 62; 3 2 Meskill, C. 4 133, 135, 136 McMurray, P. 3 152 Messick, S. 7 xv, 70, 133, 171, 232, 275, McNamara, T.F. 5212; 7 xv, xvi, xviii, 276,294,309,313,324, 325; 8 85 58,66,79,114,117,121,125,133, Met, M. 426,167,172 135, 136, 137, 154,228,230,260, Meyer, 1. 3 239 318 Meyer, L. 8 220 McNamee, G. 222 Mialaret, G. 1160 McNaughton, D. 3162 Michael, 1. 2 70 McNaughton, S. 249; 5 18 Michaels, S. 1 249; 2 110, 154; 3 77,89, McNeal, B. 3233 96; 8 129, 187, 191, 192 McPake, J. 3101 Michalove, B. 2156 McPhail, J. 3 25 Michlin, M.L. 6198 McPherson, 1. 1 193, 232 Miedema, S. 3 33,37,39 McTear, M.F. 7 214 MigJiorino, P. 6 264 Mead, M. 3 148; 6 154; 8 135 Mignolo, W.D. 3 2 Mead, N. 7 32, 33, 34 Mikaere, S. 5 21 Means, M.L. 6 205 Milanovic, M. 7 80, 126,257,277,278, Meara, P. 7 101, 103, 104, 105 279, 280, 296 Measures, M. 3 xii, 203 Miles, M.B. 7 284 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX 359

Milk, R. 1143; 8 249 Mohatt, G. 3 150; 8250 Millar, M. 3 36 Mohr 7 22 Millar, R. 3 240 Mohsini, S.R. 2 202, 203 Miller, A. 6 76,81,82 Mok, R. 4224 Miller, C. 6 139, 142, 143 Moline, S. 2 102 Miller, D. 1 90, 93, 94, 97; 8 xiv, 22, 181 Moll, L.C. 249, 156; 325, 217; 8 130, Miller, G. 3 223 250,253 Miller, G.A. 8166 Mollica, M.e. 864 Miller, G.R. 7 33 Monahan, B.D. 7194 Miller, J. 3 138, 148 Mondria, J.-A. 4 55 Miller, J.F. 7 217 Monighan-Nourot, P. 3 149 Miller, L. 5286; 8 192, 243, 246 Monk, 1. 6 209 Miller, P.D. 2 11 Monteith, M. 2 182 Millman, J. 7264,268 Montessori, M. 277 Mills, A. 8 166 Moon, J. 7177 Mills, J. 4 233; 5 211 Moorcroft, R. 453; 840 Milne, e. 3 244 Moore, B. 4 236; 5 88, 91, 93 Milroy, 1. 3 66,67,69 Moore, H. 4100; 5 210, 211; 7167, 168, Milroy, L. 3 66, 67, 69; 7 215; 85,117, 315;871 156, 157 Moore, J. 7 114 Miltenyi, G. 6 263, 264 Moore, V. 8 167, 168 Milton 3 254 Moores, D.F. 3 160 Mincham, L. 7 155 Moraes, A. 3 68 Mindt, D. 6 18 Morais, J. 3 4 Minh-Ha, T. 8 214 Moran, e. 5191,194; 7 43; 8240,241, Minicucci, C. 6 100 244 Ministrell, 1. 3 245 Morgan, C. 4 183 Minns, H. 2 111 Morgan, B. 8 209, 212 Minz, N. 5 68 Morgan, K.P. 8 74, 161 Mirenda, P. 3 162 Morgan, W. 1 245, 247; 8 244 Mishler, E.G. 4 110; 8 157, 158,201 Moriarity, P. 6 261 Mishra, L. 5 69 Moritz, C. 7 180 Mislevy, R.J. 7 142, 145,228,232,234, Morley, D. 1 214 235 Morphett, M. V. 2 21 Misson, R. 1245 Morreale, S.P. 7 31, 32 Mitchell, A.G. 1127 Morris, G.T. 160 Mitchell, e. 869,211 Morris, L. 4 91 Mitchell, R. 1 237; 5 136; 6 166, 169, Morrison, D. 6237 179; 7 91, 92 Morrison, EJ. 7131 Mitchell, S. 3 254; 6 xv, 31, 33, 34, 37, Morrow, K. 7 52, 122,279,293,294 90,207-209 Morsy, Z. 1212 Mithaug, D.E. 3163 Morton, J. 6 64 Mitra, A. 5 69 Moselle, M. 8 107 Mitten, R. 1 35 Mosely, L. 4 236 Mittins, W. 6 166, 200 Mosenthal, P.B. 7136 Mkangwani, K. 4215 Moses, D. 3 126 Mo, Q. 5161 Moskowitz, G. 6 184 Moder, e. 7 328 Moskowitz, T. 4 64 Modley, R. 6154 Moss, G. 3 190 Moellner, B. 5 212 Moss, P. 7 324, 325 Moffet, J. Mossel, R. 6 13 Moffett, J. 1230; 279; 3 251; 6 206; 713 Mougeon, R. 5168,170; 864 Mohan, B. 4 80,165; 7169 Mountford, J. 2 60 360 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX

Msimang, C.T. 1 176 Nattinger, J.R. 7 104 Muers, G. 6257 Ndayifukamiye, L. 8 71 Mufwene, S. 8 115 Ndongko, w.A. 2 220, 221 Miihlhausler, P. 116,17,19,20,61,201; Neal, H.M. 6 198 6xii Nebrijia, A. 1 1,2 Mukherjee, A. 2 175 Necak-Luk, A. 5113-115 Mukherjee, H. 5180, 181 Negroponte, N. 2 120 Mulder, G. 7 202 Nehru, J. 2 203 Mulder, L. 7 202 Neil, D. 6265 Mulford, R. 8 165 Neisser, U. 4 52, 53 Mulvey, L. 1 214 Nelde, P.H. 4 154; 842 Munby, J. 4 3; 7 122, 123,281 Nell, V. 2119,121,122,125 Municio, 1. 5 218, 220 Nelson, B. 298, 100; 6100 Munjanja, A. 3 181 Nelson, e. 1 27 Munsell, P.E. 6 77 Nelson, D. 4 6 Munz, M. 5 212 Nesdale, A.R. 2 29 Muraki, E. 7 229, 230 Nesi, H. 4 133 Murdoch, B.E. 7 219 Netelenbos, T. 5 202 Murie, R. 7 57 Netsell, R. 7212 Murmu, R. 5 72 Nettelbladt, U. 7 218 Murphy, S. 7195; 8 243 Neufeld, G. 8 107 Murphy, R. 6 14, 15; 7 298 Neuman, S. 2 120, 122 Murray 7 248 Neustupny, J.v. 8 16 Murray, D. 2 79, 81 Neves, I. 3 68 Murray, J. 8 244 Neville, H. 4 13 Murray-Harvey, R. 6 75 Nevo, N. 7 277, 283 Murrell, G. 664 Newby, D. 4 178 Muspratt, S. 2 145 Newfield 1 246 Muthen, B. 7235 Newkirk, T. 2 74 Muysken, P. 5 193 Newman, D. 3 26, 174, 176 Myers, I. 675 Newman, K. 8200 Myers, P.w. 2 98 Newmann, F. 3 108, 110 Myers-Scotton, e. 8 5 Newmeyer, F.J. 4 2 Myers-Scotton, 1. 6 133 Newport, E.L. 412, 13,47; 8105, 106 Myles, L. 7171 Ng, S.M. 4 224 Ngalasso, M.M. 1 162 Naamani, A. 5 255 Ngugi, wa Thiong'o. 535 Nababan, P.w.J. 5 182 NgugI, T. wa 1 203 Nagaland, 571 Ngurruwutthun, D. 5 5 Nagato, N. 444 Nicholas, H. 6 7 Nagy, W. 6 69 Nicholl, K. 5 18 Nahir, M. 8 17, 18 Nichols 7152, 164 Naicker, S. 4 85 Nichols, B. 1213,214 Naik, J.P. 1180 Nichols, R. 7 21 Naiman, N. 4 38,86; 6 166 Nicholson, L. 3 59 Nair-Venugopal, S. 6264 Nicholson, R. 4 159, 160 Nanda, A.R. 1 185; 573 Nicholson, T. 2 11, 12, 14, 15,29; 6 xiv, Nanda, H. 7 255 xv, 55, 57,58 Narasimhan, R. 2173 Nickse, R. 2 155 Naro, A.I. 860 Nida, E.A. 4 35 Nash, e. 3 137 Niedermeyer, F.e. 2 15 Naslund, H. 4 110 Nielsen 6 197 Nation, P. 7 57, 100, 101, 103, 105 Nielsen, B. 3 xiv, 199 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX 361

Niemi, E. 5 218 O'Murchu, H. 5128 Nieto, S. 1 237 O'Neill, M. 1248 Nihlen, C. 7 157 O'Riagain, P. 840 Nilan, P. 3 58, 59 O'Rourke, A. 56 Nimmo-Smith,1. 2 101 O'Shannessy, C. 7 91 Nixon, J. 8227 O'Shea, T. 3 217 Noack, J. 5 154 Oakes, J. 3 199; 7 318 Noah, H.J. 7 291 Oakeshott-Taylor, A. 768 Noel, E. 8 228 Oakeshott-Taylor, J. 7 66,67 Nolan, S.B. 7 298 Oakhill, J. 2 134, 139 Nold, E.W. 7 190 Obondo, M.A. 117; 5 31, 37, 38 Noley, G. 545 Obura, A.P. 5 26, 36, 38-41 Nord, C. 6 126, 127 Occhipinti, G. 7 153 Norden, M.E 3164 Ochs, E. 3 148, 170, 172; 849,52, 155 Norgate, S. 8 xiv, 168, 169, 170 Oda, M.129 Norman, K. 3108, 182, 185,200; 6191 Odell, L. 4 112; 7 13 Norris, M. 8 165 Odlin, T. 6 17, 18 Norris, S.P. 3 6 Oevermann, U. 1 100 North, B. 4 144; 778,79, 135, 136,249 Ogborn, J. 3 241, 245 Norton, B. 8 xiv, xv, 111, 136,204,211 Ogbu, J.U. 1 36, 37; 3 90, 100; 4 88; 8 Noss, R.B. 4 222 139, 199 Novak-Lukanovic, S. 5 Ill, 115 Ogilvy, C.M. 2 37; 3 97 Novick, M.R. 7 244, 264 Ohannessian, S. 5 26 Novy, D.M. 2 12 Ohlshtain, E. 4 201 Noyes, P. 6 198 Ohm, E. 3127, 129-131 Nuffield 3239 Okada, M. 2 15 Nunan, D. 4 63, 67, 95, 99, 101, Okano, K. 8 139 125-127; 617,18,189-191; 890, Okojie, C. 2216 139 Olaussen, B.S. 2 228 Nunes, T. 3 234 Olaziregi, I. 5 103 Nuolijarvi, P. 5 295 Olbrechts-Tyteca, L. 6 205 Nur, e. 5184 Oleron, P. 6 32 Nussbaum, L. 8 252 Oliver, D. 3 107, 108 Nuthall, G. 3152; 8139 Oliver, R. 4 15 Nyamate, A. 5 37 Olivieri, C. 1 160 Oller, J.W. Jr. 444, 142; 7 67,68,69,89, O'Barr, M. 4 109 121, 122, 133,201 O'Barr, W. 849 Olsen, J.B. 7 9 O'Brien, J. 1 246; 6246 Olshtain, E. 4 57 O'Buachalla, S. 5 129 Olson, D.R. 261--63,65, 127, 134, 168; O'Coileain, A. 1 39 32-4,218 O'Connor, M. 266 Olson, J. 8 243,246 O'Connor, M.e. 8 192 Olsson, M. 4 236 O'Connor, P. 2 137, 138 Olswang, L.B. 7217 O'Donnell, R. 6201 Oltman, P.K. 674 O'Gliasain, M. 5 129 Omaggio, A.e. 6 75 O'Hare, E 6 201 Omvedt, G. 2 200 O'Hear, J. 3182 Ong, W. 1 33,35; 2 135, 167; 3 2, 79, O'ragain, P. 5 129 249; 8181 O'Loughlin, K. 7 137,276,277,280 Opie, 1. 3 115 O'Malley, e. 3 200 Opie, P. 3115 O'Malley, J.M. 4 24, 80, 167 Orleans, J.S. 7 199 O'Mara, EE. 7 205 Orner, M. 3 37 362 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX

Ornstein,1, 4 154 Palmer, A. 4 142, 143; 7 70, 80, 81, Orsolini, M, 3 27, 175, 203 88-90,115,116,122,168,169, Ortiz, A. 4 85, 87, 89 179,228,231,238,282 Ortiz, R. 2 155 Palmer, H.E. 4122; 6 2, 3,12,18 Orton, J. 3 233 Palmquist, M.E. 8243 Osberg, T.M. 7 176, 178, 183 Pals son, H. 2 186 Oscarson, M. 4 143; 7 xv, xvii, 176, 177, Paltridge, B. 7 113, 124, 125 178 Pandit, P.B. 2 174, 176 Oschner, R. 8 91 Paoletti, G. 7 195 Osgood, e. 6 64 Papaeftymiou-Lytra, S. 6 xv, 133, 134 Osgood, J. 426 Papert, S. 3 217, 218 Osinu1u 2 216 Paradis, J. 4 III Otheguy, RJ. 6132 Paradis, M. 7 215 Ott, C.A. 3 141 Parakrama, A. 1 205 Otto, S.E.K. 4131 Paratore 2 158 Otto, W. 2 97 Pare, A. 6 145 Ouane, A. 117, 160 Paribakht, T.S. 7 102 Paris 8 242 Oublal, F. 4 202 Parker, J.e. 679 Oud-de Glas, M. 1 221 Parmenter, T.R. 3 163 Outhwaite, W. 3 34 Parry, T.S. 4 35; 7 202, 314, 318 Ovando, C. 4 86 Parry, S. 3 209 Overmaat, M. 2211 Pask, G. 675, 80 Owocki, G. 2 xi, xiv, xv, 6,10,71,107, Pasquier, A. 6206 108, 111, 144 Passeron, J.-C. 3 87,88; 5171; 6 253 Owston, R.D. 7 195; 8243 Pasta, D. 5191 Oxenham, J. 2120,135,163 Pasternicki, J. 2 102 Oxford, R.L. 3 212; 4 xii, 26-28, 38, 80, Pastoll, G. 3209,210 182; 675,76,80,81; 7 204 Patberg, J.p. 2 14 Oyama, S. 444; 8 105 Paterson, D.G. 7 200 Ozkok, B. 8 129 Patkowski, M. 4 44 Ozog, A.e.K. 820 Patten, J. 1 212 Ozog, e. 4 225 Patten, R. 8 91 Patterson, A. 1 247; 3141 Paaby, K. 8 137 Patterson, L. 8 230 Packard, I.S. 146,47,49 Paul, J.e.N. 171 Packer, J. 161 Paul, R. 288 Padden, C. 3 160, 164; 8180 Paulston, e.B. 1 14, 119, 142; 4 xii, xiv, Padilla, A.M. 2 81 156,161,181; 5 221 Padmanabha, R.P. 5 68, 69 Pauwels, A.F. 1 132; 6265; 86 Padmore, S. 6245 Pavlou, P. 7 280 Pagano 3142 Payne, G.e.F. 3 45, 47; 8218 Page, E. 8 234 Pea, R. 3 218 Pagliano, P. 3 xv Pearson, I. 4193; 7 293 Painchaud, G. 7179, 181 Pearson, P.D. 214 Paiva, M. 864 Pease-Alvarez, L. 8 146, 147, 161 Pakir, A. 1106; 4 xii, xiv, xv, 225; 5 178, Peat Marwick 1 151 179, 183 Pecheur, J. 1 162 Paley, Y.G. 3118,128,129 Peck, M. 297 Palfreyman, D. 6 168 Peddie, R.A. 1191, 196 Palincsar, A.S. 325, 173, 183, 184,203 Pedhazur, EJ. 4 39 Palismaa, M. 5 83 Peeters, J. 2 209 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX 363

Peirce, B.N. 127,29,248; 6264; 7 xv, Philips, S.U. 3 76,89,96, 150, 151, 171, 180,293,294,308,314,315,316, 180; 8 129, 137 319,325,327,328; 8209,210,212, Phillips, T. 3 189, 192 213 Phillipson, R. 1 xiii, 3, 7, 8, 17,25,26, Peltola, E. 5 293 61,96,201,202,207; 3 91; 499, Pemberger, M. 4134 161,208; 5 34; 818,20,213 Penetito, W. 521 Phule, J. 2200 Penfield, J. 1 39 Piaget, J. 2 22; 3 239,242; 6 91,92, 163 Penfield, W. 443; 8 101-103 Pica, T. 6 185, 187; 8 xiii, 93 Penley, L.E. 7 23 Piche, G.L. 6 197,198 Penn, c. 195 Picot 4160 Penner, J. 3 209 Piek, K 2 208, 209 Pennington, M. 6 169 Pienemann, M. 4 7; 6 13, 111, 113; 778, Pennycook, A. 1 xii, 25, 26, 28, 201, 204, 141; 891,92,93 247; 391; 4 99,101; 868,209, Pieper, G.W 7 304 211,213 Pierce, KM. 3190 Pennycuik, D. 7 298 Pieterse, HJ. 1 39 Peregoy, S. 5 275 Pike, L.W 2 61; 7 88, 99 Perelman, C. 6205 Pimm, D. 3 229 Perera, K 2 74; 6 21 Pimsleur, P. 7 200 Peretz, A. 7 116 Pinaeult, M.A. 7 24 Perez, S. 12 Pinker, S. 4 12 Perfetti, C.A. 2 12; 8 82 Pintsuk, S. 860 Perfumo, P. 7 16 Piolat, A. 7 xvii, 16, 192, 193, 195 Perkins, C.D. 1 140 Pirie, S.E.B. 3 xvii, 229-232, 235 Perkins, K 7 57 Piron, C. 153-156 Pisoni, D.B. 8 107 Perrett, G. 7 80 Plakans, B. 7 113 Perrin-Glori an, MJ. 3231 Planken, B. 445 Perrins 7 296 Platero, P. 5 49 Perrott, C. 3 47 Plato 1211; 3 2, 207 Perry, M. 3 2 Platt, J. 123; 6 110 Pestalozzi 2 77; 6 90 Plomin, R. 8171 Peters, A.M. 8 170 Ploszajska, T. 1 212 Peters, K 4133-135 Plough, I. 6 187 Peters, P. 1 132 Plowden 1 116, 234; 6 89 Peters, R.S. 3 148; 4 121 Pliiddemann, P. 1 173 Peters, S. 2 41 Pluijm, J. van der 2 210 Petersen, C.R. 7 200 Plumb, C. 7 195 Peterson, H.A. 7 213, 214, 217, 218 Pohl, 1.-U. 678,178 Petersen, O.P. 2 29, 228; 6 56 Poizner, H. 4 12; 8 180 Peterson, P. 3 199 Polio, C. 7 55 Petito, L. 5 236 Politzer, R.L. 4 38 Peura, M. 5 221 Polkinghorne, D. 3 138 Peyton, J.P. 2111; 4 95,101 Poliack, W 1 100 Pfeffer, A. 4 177 Pollitt, A.B. 4 143; 7 xiii, xvi, 41, 58, 78, Pfleger, M. 498, 101 125,135,142,228,230,246,248, Pfundt, H. 3 241 250, 265 Phelan, P. 6 35, 36 Pontecorvo, C. 3 xvi, 27,174-176,203; Philip, M. 5 234, 237 7195 Philips, C. 7 32 Poole 6 256 Phillips, J. 4 26 Pope, A. 3 249 Phillips, L.M. 3 6 Pope, J. 4 231 364 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX

Pope, M. 582 Rack, J. 2 31 Popham, w.J. 7 264, 269, 270, 292, 304 Radai, p. 4 191 Poplin, M. 8 68 Radebaugh, M.R 2 92 Poppi, C. 5 143 Radmor, H. 1 99, 105 Portal, M. 7 54, 58 Rado, M. 4 233; 5211 Porter, D. 745 Radoulova, M. 4 188 Porter, RP. 1 220 Ragin, C. 8 150 Posner, G. 3 241 Rai, BX 568 Postlethwaite, TN. 2 196; 5 88 Raimes, A. 7 55, 56, 59, 293, 314 Postman, N. 6102 Rajan, R.S. 1 204, 205 Postone, M. 6251, 254, 255, 258 Rajaratnam, N. 7 255 Postovsky, V. 4 2 Raleigh, M. 1 242 Poth, J. 1 161 Ralston, Y. 674, 82 Potter, J. 8 29 Ramabrahman, 1. 2 204 Poulisse, N. 6 134 Ramey, D. 5 191 Poulson, L. 1 99, 105; 6 168 Ramirez, A.G. 7 89 Powell, R. 7 34; 84] Ramirez, J.D. 1 142, 144; 4 215; 5 Power, B.M. 8230 190-192,223 Powesland, P.G. 1 36; 367 Rampton, B. 125; 6 225; 8 71, 212 Powney, J. 310] Ranard, D.A. 4 98, 101 Poynton, C. 8 50 Randazzo, M. 2 92 Pratt, C. 644, 55 Rangihau, J. 516 Prawat, RS. 3 202 Raphael, TE. 2 14 Pressley, M. 2 14 Rasch, G. 7 58, 78, 79, 125, 135,228, Preston, D. 8112 230,243-251 Price, E. 5 248; 841 Rassool, N. 1 xiii, 120, 124 Price, P. 3 164 Ravem, R 8 90 Prillwitz, S. 8178, 179 Ravitch, D. 2 122 Pringle, 1. 6 32, 206 Rea, P.M. 7 90 Prinsloo, K.D. 4207 Rca-Dickins, P. 7 xv, xvi, xvii, 52, 89-92, Prinsloo, M. 2 136, 137, 139 94, 111,156, 158,317 Pritchard, R 2 48 Read, C. 272, 88, 228; 659 Probyn, E. 3141 Read, J. 7 xvi, xvii, 68, 101, 102,113, Proctor, N. 1 233, 234 116, 123, 220 Prothcrough, R. 3 252; 6 167, 168 Reagan, R 5 xi Prutting, C.A. 7 214 Reagan, T.G. 1171; 6152,153,155-157 Psathas, G. 8 219, 220 Reams, L.E. 3 175 Pugh, AX 7 39, 45, 47 Reardon, S. 7 318 Pullen, G. 1 93 Reay, D. 3 81, ]29 Pumfrey, P. 7 5, 6 Reber, A.S. 678, 109, 110, 116 Purcell-Gates, V. 2 158 Reddy, M. 292 Purpura, J.E. 7 237 Redfern, A. 2 52, 112 Purves, A.C. 7 xiv, xvi, 13, 14,35,52,59 Reed, C. 6 234 Reed, L. 2 111 Quathamer, D. 7 195 Reedy, T. 5 2] Quell, C. 3 xii, 203 Reiber, R 3 148 Quinn, T 623,200 Reid, J. 3 188; 4 28; 675,80, 141; 756 Quinones 7 76 Reif, L. 693 Quirk, R 1 202; 6 13, 14, III Reilly, J. II 170 Reiss, M.A. 4 38 Raban, B. 2 xi, xiii, xiv, 2, 24, 25, 87, Reissman, C.K. 3 141 138, 145, 195,211 Reitsma, P. 2 xii, xvi, 93,119,208,211, Rabin, C. 817, 18 226 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX 365

Remmers, T. 8 243 Rivers, W. 4123; 6 17 Remondino, C. 6195, 196,200 Rixon, S. 7 xvi, 151, 155, 158,317 Renel, C. 1 159 Roach, D. 6221 Renker, A.M. 5 48 Robbins, C. 231 Resnick, L. 3174,175,183 Roberts Auerbach, E. 2 xii, xiii, xiv, 20, Resnick, M.e. 1138 53,129, 154-156, 169,209 Retallick, J.A. 147 Roberts, A. 5 135 Reves, T. 4 142; 7 80 Roberts, e. 5 133; 6 263 Reyhner, J. 548, 52 Roberts, F. 7 57 Reynell, J. 8 166 Roberts, H. 8201 Reynolds, B. 225 Roberts, J. 3119, 120 Reynolds, D.W. 4 5 Roberts, L. 443; 8 101 Reynolds, M. 3 211 Robertson, H. 6 264 Reynolds, P. 635, 36 Robillard, D. 1163 Reznick, J.S. 8 170 Robillard, G. 2 194, 196 Rhodes, N. 4 xii-xiv Robins, H.R 4 160 Riach, J. 2 29; 657 Robinson, H.A. 2 37,38,74,92 Ribeiro, B.T. 8 192,212 Robinson, H.M. 2 37 Ribes, D. 5 301 Robinson, C. 1 39 Rice, J. 2 xiv, 70 Robinson, P. 4 15-17 Ricento, T.K. 1 143-146; 4 100; 8 22, Robinson, w.P. 6 198 113 Robson, A. 7165 Rich, J.M. 3 83 Rockefeller 1 202 Richards, LA. 3 250 Rockhill, K. 2 129 Richards, J.e. 1 23; 3 230; 4 2, 76, 77, Rodby, J. 4 95, 100, 101 95, 125, 126; 6110; 7105; 890 Rodgers, T.S. 476,77,95 Richards, K. 6 179 Rodriguez-Gonzalez, M.A. 8 176 Richards, M. 3148 Rodseth, J.B. 4 xii, xiv; 8 116 Richardson, e.P. 4131 RoehJer, L.R 2 14 Richardson, D. 6 155 Roessel, R.A. Jr. 547 Richardson, E. 2 78, 79 Roets, N. 4215 Richardson, K. 7 266 Rogers, A. 2 xii, xiii, xiv, xvi, 120, 129, Richardson, M. 2 98 140, 164, 167-169, 195, 199,204, Richardson, P. 6 145 216,220; 3 170 Richardson, V. 8 230 Rogers, H.J. 7 228 Richey, J.A. 1180 Rogers, M. 7 92 Richmond, 1. 6 154 Rogoff, B. 324, 182; 6 191 Richterich, R. 1 221 Rojas-Drummond, S. 3183 Rickford, J. 8 115 Rolfsen, N. 2 226, 227 Ricoeur, P. 3 138 Romaine, S. 1 78, 83, 194; 3 66 Riding, RJ. 675,76,82 Romano, T. 6 93 Rieke, R. 6 144 Rommeveit, R. 3174; 6191 Riemersma, A.M.J. 5 120, 121 Ronjat, J. 15 Riester, J. 8 37 Rorty, R. 8 33 Rifkin, B. 7 57 RosaJdo, R. 8159 Rigg, P. 2 110 Rosansky, E. 8 90 Riley, G. 4 145 Rosen, B. 3 252 Rimmershaw 8 151 Rosen, e. 1 104 Ringbom, H. 6 133 Rosen, H. 1 104, 118,230; 3 108, 179, Rinnert, C. 7 55 187,252; 6 89, 206 Rist, R. 8 136, 198 Rosen, P. 1 214 Rivera, C. 7 315, 319 Rosenbaum, Y. 8 3 Rivera, J. 8 68 Rosenberg, T. 5 222 366 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX

Rosenblatt, L. 2 2 Sadker, M. 3 76 Rosener, I. 6 263 Sadtono, E. 5181, 182, 184 Rosenman, S. 3 141 Saiyidain, K.G. 1180 Rosenshine, B.Y. 744 Sajavara, K. 4 143; 7 111, 116 Rosenthal, R. 7 33 Sajjadi, S. 4 202 Rosier, P. 547 Salibi, K. 5 252 Ross, A.I. 145,46,47 Salinger, T. 7 2 Ross, G. 3 24,173 Saljo, R. 3 174; 675 Ross, I. 7 54, 55 Salomon, G. 8 243 Ross, K. 2195,196 Salvadori, M. 5 146 Ross, S. 4 145; 7 277,280,281 Salvi, S. 1 2 Rost, D.H. 744, 67 Samejima, E 7 229 Roth, K. 37 Sampson, G. 261; 3 2 Roth, W.M. 3 243,244 Sandefur, I. 5 12 Rothery, 1.6140-142 Sander, Th. 1222 Rounds, P.L. 4 15 Sandra, D. 6 xiv, xv, 66~70 Rousseau, l.I. 3 125; 6 90 Sandvik, K. 5 218 Roussey, I.Y. 7 193, 195 Sang, E 7 89 Routman, R. 6 93 Sanguinetti, J. 1 27 Rowe, D. 2 74, 75 Sanini, S.K. 1181 Rowen, N. 5 263 Sankoff, D. 8 59 Roy Burman, B.K. 5 68 Saouah, A. 1 153 Roy, S.c. 5 72 Sapiens, A. 1143 Royen, G. 6 3~5 Sapir, E. 496; 8 111,119 Rubagumya, C.M. 1205; 5 27 Sapon, S.M. 4 34; 7 200 Rubal-Lopez, A. 1205 Sarah, E. 3 126 Rubenstein, R.N. 3 231 Saran Kaur Gill 4 226 Rubin, D.L. 6 198; 7 xiii, xiv, xvi, 32, 33, Saran, A.B. 572 34 Sarangi, S.K. 4 113 Rubin, l. 113, 15, 18; 4133; 8 15, 17,21 Saravanan, Y. 5 179 Rubin, L.l. 6 79 Sargeant, 1. 6 37 Rubin, R. 7 31, 34 Sarig, G. 7 40 Rubio, O. 8 xiv, 159, 160 Sasaki, M. 7 59, 237 Rudberg, M. 3 128, 129 Sasaki, Y. 4 16 Rudd, K.M. 1 131 Sassoon, R. 2 97~101, 103 Ruddell, M.R. 2 2, 37 Sato, C. 6 185~188; 892 Ruddell, R. 2 2, 37 Saunders, D. 278 Ruddock, l. 1 231; 3 32, 35 Saussure, E de 1 214; 8207,208 Rueda, R. 4 86 Savage, K.L. 4101, 181 Ruijsenaars, A.1.I.M. 7199 Savignon, S.l. 7 80, 89, 131 Ruiz, N. 4 89 Saville, N. 7 277, 278, 279, 280, 296 Ruiz, R. 5 53; 818 Saville-Troike, M. 395; 4 82, 166; 6 132; Rule 1246 8126, 128, 129 Russell, D. 6143, 145 Savitzsky, E 6 104 Rutherford, W.E. 66, 8, 13, 134, 179 Savva, H. 2 111 Ryan, E.B. 2 31, 32 Sawyer, DJ. 2 28 Ryan, EA. 5 46 Saxena, M. 2 52; 8 70, 71 Ryan, K. 7 234, 250, 257 Saxena, S. 2205 Sayers, D. 6 100 Saba, I. 5 78 Scales, R. 3 149 Sacks, H. 343--45, 138, 170, 173,210; 6 Scanlon, D.M. 2 29 191;8217~219,250 Scannel. P. 1 214 Sadker, D. 3 79 Scarcella, R. 4 27, 28, 45; 8104 CUMULA TIVE NAME INDEX 367

Scardamalia, M. 3 201, 223, 252; 7 190, Schroeder, K. 1 xii; 8 15 195 Schryer, C.F. 6 143 Scarino, A. 7 166, 169 Schubert, K. 1 19 Schachter, J. 4 xii, xiii, 8, 13, 14, 16,43, Schuermann 4 232; 5 2 101; 890 Schuetz, J. 6 36, 37 Schaefer, B. 7 7 Schultz, J. 757; 8 63 Schalock, RL. 3 163 Schulte, L. 7 218 Scharer, R. 4 144 Schumacker, RE. 7 251 Schedl, M. 7 235 Schumann, J. 8 90 Schegloff, E.A. 6191; 8217,218,220, Schumann, F.M. 4 66 250 Schumann, J.H. 4 66 Scheibe, K. 3 142 Schuring, G.K. 1172 Scheiblechner, R. 7 251 Schwartz, S. 7 9 Scheingold, K. 3 218 Schwartz, T. 3 148 Schembri, A. 5212 Schwarzenberger, R.L.E. 3 230,231,235 Schenke, A. 127; 8 211 Schwenn, J.O. 4 88 Scherer, G. 4 51 Scinicarie\10, S.G. 4131 Schermer, T. 8 178 Scinto, L.F.M. 2 127 Scherre, M.M. 8 64 Scollon, R 1 50; 3 78 Schieffelin, B. 3 148, 170; 852, 155, 161 Scollon, S.w. 150 Schiffman, R.F. 8 4 Scollons, S. 3 78 Schils, E. 4 45 Scott, C. 7 215 Schlagal, R.C. 2 89 Scott, J. 2 122 Schlegoff, E.A. 343-45, 170, 173,210 Scott, K. 7 318 Schlesinger, A. 5 xi Scott, M. 6 26 Schlesinger, H.J. 675 Scott, M.L. 7 66, 115; 8 104, 108 Schlesinger, P. 1214 Scott, S. 6 264 Schliemann, A.D. 3 234 Scovel, T. 4 37, 47 Schmeck, R.R 6 78 Scribner, S. 2 62 Schmeiser, C.B. 7 330 Scrimshaw, P. 3 xvii, 218 Schmelkin, L.P. 4 39 Scruton, R. 1 120 Schmidt, A. 1128; 5 2 Searle, D. 2 91, 93 Schmidt, E. 6 112 Searle, J. 4 3, 77 Schmidt, J. 4 208 Sears, D.O. 8 39 Schmidt, RW. 4 28, 37; 6 77-79, 111; 8 Sebeok, T.A. 4 208 91,92 Sefton-Green, J. 1216; 2 147 Schmidt, T. 4 14 Seibert, J.R. 7 23 Schneider, E.W. 4 132 Seidelhofer, B. 1 202 Schneider, S.G. 5 190 Seif, S. 4 202 Schneidermann, E.!. 8 107 Self, 1. 3 217 Schoen, D. 4126 Selfe, c.L. 2 183; 8240,241,244 Schoepfle, M. 8 151 Seliger, H.W. 4 51; 6186; 7 275, 276, 283 Schofield, J.w. 3 218 Selinker, L. 7 116; 890 Schofield, W. 2 53, 154 Sempe 4134 Schon, D. 6 175, 176 Senff, H.D. 5154 Schonell, F. 7 5 Serra, J.M. 5 303 Schooling, S. 1190 Settekom, W. 1 2 Schoonen, R 7 102 Seymour, P.H. 2 40, 45 Schramm, G. 7 xiii, xiv, xvi Shaaban, K. 5 251 Schreuder, R. 6 68 Shakespeare, W. 1212,213; 3 253; 4135 Schriver, K. 7 190, 193 Shankweiler, D.P. 2 28, 29, 39, 196; 34; SchrOder, H. 4 11 0 654,55 SchrOder, K. 4 176 Shannon, P. 1231; 277, 144 368 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX

Shannon, S. 5193; 8147, 150, 159 Sierpinska, A. 3 231 Shapiro, M. 3213 Sierra, J. 5 103 Shapson, S. 5 263-265, 267 Sijtsma, K 7 199 Share, D.L. 2 196, 197; 6 53 Sikes, J. 3 127 Sharma 5 71 Sikma, J.A. 5 117 Sharp, D. 840 Silberstein, S. 7 56 Sharp, H. 1 180 Silva, T. 7 59 Sharp, R. 3 32 Silva, G.M. de O. 864 Sharpe, T. 1 232, 234, 235 Silverman, D. 344 Sharples, M. 2181; 7195 Simon, B. 3239; 7 291 Sharwood Smith, M. 6 13, 15, 16,79, III Simon, E.W. 3 162, 198 Shaughnessy, M. 279 Simon, H.A. 6 77 Shavelson, R.J. 7 255 Simon, R. 1 247; 8 68, 69, 200, 208 Shaver, J. 3 107 Sims, C. 5 50, 51 Shayer, M. 2 70 Sinclair, J.McH. 3 l71, 199,219; 465, Shearwood, P. 5 58 126; 6 21,26,184, 191,255; 8 63, Sheehan, KM. 7 238 138,219,249 Sheils, J. 4 178 Singer, H. 2 2, 37 Shek, KC. 5 282 Singh, B. 3 J 09 Sheldon, A. 3 119 Singh, M.M. 2 43 Shepard, L. 2 37; 7 xv, 276 Singh, P. 6 254 Shepheard, D. 6 179 Singh, S. 5 69 Sheppard, K 4167, 168, l70, l73 Singler, J. 8 115 Sheridan, B. 7248 Singleton, C. 2 182 Sherwood, B. 6 155 Singleton, D. 4 xii, 11,43,45,49, 101; 6 Sherzer, J. 3 95; 849, 126, 129 134; 8 102, 104 Shipley, K.G. 7 217 Sinha, S. 5 68 Shirai, Y. 4 xii, xiii, 5, 97; 7 69 Sipkes, F. 8 91 Shire, B. 3 231, 232 Sirat, C. 2 66 Shockley, B. 8234 Sire, G. 8 240, 241 Shoham, M. 7 J 16 Sitko, B.M. 7 195 Shohamy, E. 4 xii, xiv, 142, 144-146, Siu, P.K. 5 282 182; 755,66, 80, 81, 168,269, Sizer, T.R. 6 101 275-277, 280, 283, 284, 294, 295, Skehan, P. 4 35; 7 116, 134, 202, 203, 265 297,314,319,327,328 Skilbeek, M. 1 231, 236 Shor, 1. 2146; 3 36,110; 6 243 Skinner, B.F. 476,96; 8 112 Shore, S. 4 100 Skjelfjord, V. 2 227 Short, D. 4165,167,169; 7 316 Skolverket 5 223 Short, K.G. 3190; 8234,235 Skutnabb-Kangas, T.l xii, 17,20,25,33, Shrauger, J.S. 7 l76, 178, 183 34,40,61,68,78,79,96,206,207; Shultz, J.1. 377,89; 8 138, 187-191, 4161; 5 2l7, 219-221, 224, 225; 7 193,195,250,253 164, 165, 182; 8 114 Shuman 2136 Slade, D. 6 265; 7 315 Shuy, R.W. 8 61 Slater, M. 6 103 Siachitema, K 4215 Slavin, R.E. 3 210 Sibayan, B.P. 4 222 Sleeter, C. 1 237; 3 102; 8203 Sicard, Abbe 5 232, 232 Slembrook, S. 4 113 Siegel, J. 1 193; 4 236; 590,92 Sliepen, S.E. 2211 Siegel, L. 2 32, 197 Sloan, G. 6 197 Siegenbeek 2 207 Slobin, D.I. 8 103, 112 Siegnihn, A. 1 l73 Slunga, N. 5 218 Siegriin, A. 4 215, 217 Smagorinsky, P. 3 27 Sienkewiez, T.J. 3 69 Small, A. 1 93; 5 234, 236, 237 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX 369

Smart, G. 6 144, 145 Spencer, M.L. 5 90 Smid, H. 7 202 Spender, D. 3 126, 147 Smidt, J. 2 227,229 Sperlih, W.B. 5 93 Smit, U. 1 xiii; 8 116 Sperling, M. 275 Smith, D.Y. 2 78; 3 152; 5 234 Spicer, E.H. 4 156 Smith, F. 1234; 21,107; 692 Spiegel, D. 2 155 Smith, G. 3141; 5 22 Spielman, S.J. 5 265; 7154 Smith, H.I. 7 297 Spilka, R. 4 112 Smith, K. 7153,157,180,183 Spindler, G.D. 8 135, 137 Smith, L.E. 3 212 Spindler, L. 8 135, 137 Smith, L.M. 8 145, 198,245 Spini, S. 5 145 Smith, M. 7 54, 58 Spiro, R.I. 2 2 Smith, M.L. 7 294, 298 Spitzberg, B. 7 33 Smith, N.B. 2 9, 10 Spoelders,5 147 Smith, P.D. 44 Spoerl, D.T. 7 200 Smith, P.G. 7 249 Spolsky, B.A. 1191; 4 23-26,28,29, Smith, R. 4 15 198,200; 546-49; 7 xviii, 39, 40, Smith, w.L. 7 189 47,52,53,54,75,78,79,87,99, SmithBattle, L. 3 141 121, 122, 131, 199,313,323,324, Smitherman, G. 1 33, 105; 6234 328 Smock, A. 2 219, 220 Spradley, J. 3 150; 8 153 Smyth, J. 1 231; 8200, 203 Sprenger-Charolles, L. 2 xii, xiv, xv, 19, Snipper, G. 2 48, 110 29,138,145,197,212,226 Snoeken, H. 6 264 Spriestersbach, D.C. 7 215, 216 Snow, C. 2 53; 444 Squire, J.R. 2 77,78; 3 251 Snow, M.A. 4 166-168, 172; 7 169 Sreedhar, M.Y. 571 Snow, R.E. 7 201 Sridhar, K. 1 183 Snowling, M. 2 31, 38, 39; 7 9 Staberg, E.M. 8 242 Snyder, B. 5 234 Stacy, K. 3 232 Snyder, L 7 195; 8 xv, 244-246 Stahl, S.A. 2 II Snyder, LA. 2 183 Stain ton, C. 6 6 So, D.W.C. 5 282,284 Stainton, M. 7 194 Socrates 3 2 Stake, R. 8 145, 146 Sola, M. 8 200, 209 Stankowski Gratton, R. 4 44 Sollenberger, H.E. 7 76 Stanley, D. 5 87, 88 Solomon, J. 3 242 Stanley, J. 4 235 Solsken, J. 3 53; 7 315; 8212 Stanley, L. 3 60; 8 201 Sommers, E.A. 3 81, 212; 8240-242 Stanovich, K.E. 2 23,29,42,43,212; 6 Song, B. 7 55 59; 7 4 Sonksen, P.M. 8 166 Stansfield, C.W. 4 35, 143, 144; 7 54, 55, Sorace, A. 677, 79, 82, 110 88,91, 115, 152, 164,202,279, S6rbom, D. 7 234, 260; 8 84 316,323,329 Southall, J.E. 8 36 Stanworth, M. 3 127 Sovik, N. 2229 Starfield, S. 8 71, 211 Spada, N. 427,28; 6 Ill; 892,93,94 Staton-Spicer, A. 7 31 Spandel7 15 Steedman, C. 3 200, 201 Spangenberg-Urbschat, K. 248 Steel, D. 6 xiv, 113 Spanos, G.A. 4 167 Steffen, M. 7 229 Sparks, R.L. 4 28 Steffensen, M. 7 57 Spaulding, P.I. 8 165 Stein, J.F. 2 41 Speicher, A. 2 155 Stein, P. 1248; 7 315; 8 212 Speier, M. 3 45 Steinberg, L. 7 142, 145 Spencer, J. 5 25 Steiner, G. 2 119; 6 154 370 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX

Steinthal, H. 6 J, 2 Stubbs, M. 259,62,65, 128; 4 126; 860, Stempleski, S. 4 183 61, 140 Stengel, E. 4 43 Stuckey, E. 2 129 Stenhouse, L. 1 231, 236; 335; 8 228 Studdert-Kennedy, M. 2 28; 654 Stenner, A.J. 7 251 Stutterheim, C.EP. 6 3, 4 Stephenson, J. 3161 Suen, D.L.K. 7294 Stergar, J. 5 111 Sugarman, S. 3 159 Stern, H.H. 4 38, 45, 95-97,101,123, Suhre, C.J.M. 7 155 124, 176, 179; 8104 Sullivan, A. 6198 Sternberg, R.J. 7 203, 204 Sullivan, H.J. 2 15 Stevens, V. 4 202 Sullivan, J. 3 108 Stevenson, DK 7 323, 324, 329 Sulzby, E. 2 110; 3 96 Stevenson, H.W. 2 65 Sun, Z. 5 159, 162 Stever, E.E 2 90 Sunderland, J. 127 Stewart, G. 7 316,327 Supalla, S. 5 236 Stewart, M.P. 6 197 Supalla, T. 8180 Stewart, WA. 82, 18,61 Sutcliffe, D.E. 1 37; 8 115 Steyn, J.e. 1 170 Sutton, R. 7 157 Stierer, B. 7 154 Svartholm, K. 5 236, 238 Stiggins, R. 7 15,33 Svartvik, J. 4 178; 6 14 Stillman, P. 8 228, 230 Svonni, M. 5 82, 83 Stobart, G. 7 154 Swain, MK 178, 150; 2 129; 44, 8, 16, Stocking, M.L. 7 229 77,78,97,142,159,166,170,172; Stockwell, R. 8 89 5136, 192,263-265,267,273,278, Stoddard, G.D. 7 199 283; 6 112; 7 57,69,80,169,180, Stoel, M. van der 1 63 246,293,313,314 Stokoe, W 5 233; 8 178, 180 Swales, 1. 3183; 4106,107,110,114; 6 Stone, G. 5153, 155 139; 7 III Stone, M. 7 245, 247, 248 Swaminathan, H. 7 228 Stone, L.A. 4 189 Swan, K. 4 135, 136 Stone, L.J. 8 165 Swan, M. 6 122 Stones, E. 3 209 Swanepoel, P.H. 1 39 Stordahl, V. 5 79 Swann 1 116, 118, 119,230,232 Storey, P. 7 40, 42 Swann, J. 3 76,182,222; 848,50 Stoyanova, E 7 328 Swanson, L. 7229 Strang, R. 2 37, 121 Sweet, H. 62 Stratman, J. 7 190, 193 Swift, J. 3249 Stratta, L. 6 31, 32, 207 Swineford, P. 7 13 Strauss, A.A. 2 38 Swing, S. 3 199 Streeck, J. 8 187,188,190 Sylva, K. 2 41 Street, BV 2 xii-xv, 2, 5, 19,44,50,59, Sylvan, C.E. 6 103 63,74, 109, 128,129, 131, 133, Symonds, P.M. 4 34 135,136,139,144,164,165,173, Sypher, P.O. 7 23 176; 4 99; 6245; 7 316 Szecsko, T. 1 215 Strevens, P. 4 25, 98, 123, 124 Szymanski, M.H. 3 80 Strickland, D.S. 8234 Strike, K. 3 152 Taba, H. 6 90; 8 228 Stringer, E.T. 8229 Tahori, J.R. 7 205 Stromquist, N.P. 2 167,216 Tabouret-Keller, A. 4160; 5 147 Strong, M. 3160 Tadadjeu, M. 5 27 Strong-Krause, D. 7143,177,179,183 Taft, M. 664 Stroud, C. 5 27 Tagore, R. 1180, 181,202; 2 201-204 Strubell, M. 8 42 Tahririan, M.H. 4 202 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX 371

Takac, M. 5 219 Theodorou, E. 3 152 Tall, G. 657 Thibault, P. 6 141 Tallal, P. 2 39 Thissen, D. 7 142,230 Tamura, E.H. 1 138 Thomas, A. 5 88 Tan, S. 7116 Thomas, G. 1 16; 6 264 Tanaka, S. 4 5 Thomas, J. 8 197, 200, 202 Tandy, J.L. 5 3 Thomas, M. 7 92 Tang, K.L. 7 230, 231, 235 Thompson, A. 3 39; 8 243 Tannen, D. 1 33, 35; 2 127; 3 xiii, 75, 79, Thompson, A.G. 3 232 81,82,149, 180; 6 xii; 8 48, 49,188 Thompson, G.B. 2 xi, xiv, 2, 11, 12, 14, Tarampi, A.S. 4 37 15,24,47,60, 165, 192,209,211, Tardif, C. 5 263 226-228; 654; 765 Tarnanen, A.M. 7 279 Thompson, 1. 8 105, 106 Tarone, E. 7 57 Thompson, P.w. 3 232 Tatsuoka, K.K. 7 238 Thornberry, P. 1 61, 68 Taufe'ulungaki, A.M. 1193 Thornbury, S. 6 174 Tauli, V. 8 18,20 Thorndike, E.L. 6 152; 7 5, 199 Tavola, H. 1190; 4 236 Thorne, B. 3115,117,121,123,128,141 Tay, M. 4 222, 223 Threadgold, T. 6141 Taylor, B. 7 30, 32 Thumboo, E. 4221 Taylor, C. 7 144 Thurstone, L.L. 7 247; 8 36 Taylor, D.M. 222, 153, 155, 157; 5168 Thygesen, R. 2 229 Taylor, LG. 1 94; 2 61, 65; 7 65 Tickoo, M.L. 4 224 Taylor, J. 297,98 Tiegerman, E. 3 161 Taylor, K. 1 235 Tiersma, P. 5 117 Taylor, L.B. 7 250 Tigi, M.E. 8 107 Taylor, M. 6 24, 105 Tikhomirov, O. 7 199 Taylor, M.M. 261,65; 7 65 Timminga, E. 7 249 Taylor, P. 3 244 Tinkel, A.1. 6 21, 22 Taylor, R. 6 244 Tinker, M. 2 119 Taylor, S. 2 147; 3141; 5 263 Titone, R. 4 176; 5 145, 147 Taylor, w.L. 741 Tizard, J. 253, 154 Te Hau, M. 5 16 Tjeerdsma, R. 5 121 Teasdale, A. 7 114, 167,283 Tjerkstra, W. 5 121 Teasley, S.D. 3 220,221 Tobin, M. 8 170 Teberosky, A. 2 2, 22, 71, 80, 87, 92; 3 3 Todal, J. 1 81; 5 82 Tedick, D. 7 57, 116 Todd, E 3180, 182, 187, 190-193, 197, Tees, R.c. 8 103 200 Teichelmann 4 232; 5 2 Todesco, A. 4 38, 86 Teller, J. 6 237 Todorov 3 137 Telles, J. 1 100, 104 Toll, D.M. 3162 Temperley, M. 6 17 Tollefson, J.w. 117, 25, 204; 499; 8 93, Templeton, H. 7 68 213 Templeton, S. 2 90 Tolmie, A. 3 222, 223 Templin, M.C. 7213 Toma, C. 3 26 Tenerz, H. 5 218 Tomalin, B. 4183 Terrel, T.D. 4 2, 78, 97, 166 Tomasello, M. 4 14; 8 168 Tervoort, B.T. 8 178 Tomb, J. 443 Teunissen, E 5 205 Tomlinson, B. 6 174, 178 Thain, J.w. 7 25 Toms, J. 8 177 Thalhammer, K. 3 108 Tonkin, H. 119; 6 154, 155 Tharp, R. 3 24; 6 191 Tonkyn, A. 7 93 TMlot, C. 2 196 Tonnessen, EE. 2 230 372 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX

Toohey, K 861 Tyack, D. 6 xv Toomey, D. 2 158 Tyler, W Topping, K 2 53 Tyler, L. 6 68, 255 Torbe, M. 1231; 3 230 Tyler, R 1 50; 2 121 Torrance, N. 2 127 Tyndall, B. 7 58 Torres, E. 6 179 Tytler, R. 3 241 Tosi,A.1113,118 Toukomaa, P. 5 219, 222, 224; 7164 Uh1enbeck, E.M. 4160 Toulmin, S.E. 6144,205 Underhill, N. 7 32, 33 Toure, S. 1164 Underwood, G. 3222 Tourneur, Y. 7 257 Upshur, lA. 7 79, 82, 92 Toury, G. 6 123, 124 Upton, G. 6 57 Touyarot, M. 2 194 Ure, C. 2 24 Towler, L. 7 182 Urquhart, A.H. 742, 46, 116 Trapnell, L. 1 80 Urwin, C. 3 54; 8165 Trapp, R 6 36, 37 Urzua, C. 2 109 Treichler, P. 3 76, 79; 848 Ushinsky 2 13 Treiman, R. 2 30, 38, 89, 93 Usiskin, Z. 3 231 Tremblay, P.E 4 37 Trim,J.L.M.4101, 124, 178, 182; 7136, Vago, R. 4 51 176 Vaha, T. 589 Tripp, D.H. 8229 Valdes, G. 7 59, 163, 164, 165, 168; 8118 Trounce, M. 6 23, 200 Valdman, A. 7 78 Trudgill, P. 136, 127; 3 65, 66, 68; 8117 Valdes, J. 1 36 Trudinger, R. M. 5 3 Vale, D. 7 152 True, T. 8 209 Va1ette, RM. 771, 323 Trueba, H.T. 2 82; 7165; 8188,193,253 Valiquette, M. 6 144 Truus, K 7 271, 299 Vallen, T. 5 199,202 Tsang, WK 5 286 Valli, C. 5 234, 236; 8 180 Tse, KK 5 282 Valtin, R 2 28 Tsokalidou, R. 5211 van der Linden, W 7 229,230,231,243 Tsui, A. 6 xv, 185, 188 van Dijk, T. 128,33,43; 82JO-212 Tucker, G.R. 1 144, 150; 4 37, 79, 80, van Ek, I.A. 4 3, 77, 98, 101, 124, 178 166, 228; 5 266; 822 van E1s, T. 7 202 Tuijnman, A.C. 2168 van Ge1deren, A. 7 30, 152 Tulving, E. 677 van Ginkel, L. W 7 205 Tung, P. 5285,286; 7 141, 319 van Hoorn, J. 3 149 Tunmer, WE. 2 xi, 12-14,27,29,32,33, van Hout, R 4 56 196; 6 44-46, 53 van Leeuwen, 8 212 Tunstall, J. 1 212 van Lier, L. 467; 6 xiii, xiv, 6, 8, 102, Tuomela, V. 5220, 221, 223, 224 168,185,186,189,191,195,200; 7 Turkle, S. 2185 135; 892, 139 Turner, c.E. 7 xv, 79, 82, 92, 299,313, van Maanen, J. 8198,201 316,330 van Patten, B. 4 8 Turner, G. 8 180 van Rheenen, D. 7 33 Turner, 1. 6 57 van Summeren, C. 4 45 Turner, LJ. 6198 van Zee, E. 3 245 Turner, M. 7 6, 65 Vander Beke, G.E. 7199 Turner-Bisset, R 199, 105 Vannebo, K1. 2 225, 226 Turvey, M.T. 264 Varela, EJ. 6 xi Tuyay, S. 3 152; 8 192 Varennes, E de 1 61, 71 Tveit, K 2 225 Varghese, S. 4 224, 225 Twyman, M. 297, 100, 102, 103 Varonis, E.M. 6186 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX 373

Varty, A. 4 208 Wagner, G. 136 Vasquez, O. 8 161 Wagner, R. 8 82 Vaughan, P. 247 Wainer, H. 7142, 145,230 Vaughn, C. 7 58 Waite, D. 144,47,48,50,81 Veditz, G. 5 232 Waite, J. 1 192; 4 159 Vellutino, F.R. 227,29 Waksler, R. 6 68 Veltman, CJ. 86 Waldhart, E.S. 7 23 Venezky, R.L. 2 28, 61, 64, 65, 122, 128 Walkenfield, F. 6 116 Venn, C. 354 Walker, E. 8 170 Venuti, L. 6 121, 123 Walker, G. 4212 Verhallen, M. 7 102 Walker, T. 3 90 Verhelst, N.D. 7 246,248 Walker, S. 2 xi, 65, 66, 103, 107, 123 Verhoeven, L. 2 xi, 120, 129, 130, 143, Walkerdine, V 3 54, 55, 57,115-117, 164,166,173,176,208,216;5 120, 125, 131, 141 200; 7 90; 8 xiii, 83, 84 Wall, C. 5 263 Verma, VS. 1 179 Wall, D. 4 146; 7 32, 56, 82, 269, 271, Vermeer, H. 6 126 279,291,294,297,299,305,308, Verner, C. 3 208, 209 309,319 Vernon, P.E. 6 74, 75 Wallace, C.A. 248, 49; 6 xv,S, 25, Vernon, S. 34 244-246 Verra, R. 5 144 Wallace, MJ. 4 190 Verre, J. 7 318 Wallage, J. 5 202 Verstralen, H.H.F.M. 7 248 Wallerstein, N. 4 99; 6 243, 261, 263; 8 Vetter, R. 2 136 69 Vial, J. 1 160 Wallin, L. 194; 8 178 Vico 31 Wallner, T. 5211 Vidyarthi, L.P. 5 68 Walmsley, J. 6 xv, 17 Vietor, w. 4 176; 6 12, 14 Walraven, A.M.A. 2211 Vigner, G. 1162 Walsh, C.A. 127; 8 209 Vincent, D. 2 134; 7 xiv,S, 6 Walter, C. 6 122 Vincent, T. 2 182 Walters, K 1 39 Virta, E. 5 223 Walters, S. 5 286 Viswanathan, G. 1201, 205; 3 250 Walton, C. 2 147; 5 5 Vitali, D. 2 194 Wandersee, J. 3 245 Vittur, F. 5 144 Wandruszka, M. 1 6 Vogt, L. 250; 3 89, 98 Wang, J. 297; 5 159 Voisin, J.P. 1160 Wang, W.S.-Y. 2 61 Vollhaber, T. 8 178 Wanner, E. 4 11 Volterra, V. 8 180 Waples, D. 2 121 Von Elek, T. 7180, 181 Ward, A. 3 190 Von Eye, A. 8 80 Ward, W. 572 Voss, J.F. 6 205 Wardhaugh, R. 1 150; 8 3 Voss, M. 2 156 Warnock 1 119 Vries, 0.139; 5117 Warren, D.H. 8166,168, l7l Vukela, H. 5 27 Washburne, C. 2 21 Vuorinen, K 5 295 Washington 3 69 Vygotsky, L. 1 230; 2 21, 22; 3 xii, 2, 3, Wason, P.C. 4 15 21-23,25-27,172,179,182,187, Watahomigie, L.J. 548, 49, 52, 53 191,203,217,239,250,251; 4110, Watanabe, S. 6 207 217; 691, 145, 163, 191; 7 136 Watanabe, Y. 7 269, 295 Watkins, M. 6 207 Waggoner, D. 1 139, 141 Watson, D.R. 22; 8 219 Wagner, D.A. 2 169,221; 4 197 Watson, KW. 6 166; 722, 23, 24 374 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX

Watson, M, 3 46, 222, 223, 234, 250, 252 Wertz, R.T. 7211 Watson, P. 1 246 Wesche, M.B. 4 143, 166, 169; 5 263; 7 Watson-Gegeo, KA. 3 77; 8 xiii, xiv, 70, 102, 113, 123, 126, 127, 134,201, 91,93, 136, 139 293, 316 Watt, 1. 2 62; 3 2 Wesdorp, H. 7 292, 294 Watts, B.H. 5 3 West, C. 848,214 Watts, M. 1 195; 3 242; 4 xii, xiv, 231 West, M.P 4 176 Way, WD. 7 229 West, R. 7 41,42 Wearne, D. 3 231, 235 Westgate, D. 3 xvi, 184, 185,191, 192 Webb, N.M. 3 199; 7 255 Weston, A. 6 32 Webb, V.N. 1 172 Weterings 2 211 Weber, H. 1 23; 6110 Wexler, P. 8 5 Weber, M. 8 221 Whannel, P. 1213 Weber-Fox, C.M. 413 Wheatley, V. 2 III Weedon, C. 3 53, 138; 8 208, 210 Whitcher, A. 4 170; 5 273 Wegerif, R. 3184,201,218,219, White, J. 3 107, 109 221-223 White, L. 4 8; 8 91,92 Wei, L. 85 White, M. 3138,141 Weiler, K 8 69, 201, 211 White, R. 3 240-242 Weinberg, J. 6 132 White, R. V. 6 173 Weiner, G. 3 54 White. W 5 212 Weiner, S. 2 92 Whitehair, PM. 3 162 Weinreich, U. 4 154; 8 3, 5, Ill, 116 Whitehead, C. 1 191 Weinstein, B. 8 3 Whitehead, F. 3 250 Weinstein-Shr, G. 2 156 Whiteley, WH. 4154 Weir, C.J. 7 xiii-xvii, 2, 39, 42, 43, 45, Whitcman, M. 6234 52,53,68,71,90, 113, 123, 126, Whitman, R, 4 2 127,133,276,278,281,282,323 Whittington, N. 7 31 Weiss, D.J. 7142,228 Whyte, J. 3 127 Weiss, F. 19 Widdowson, H.G. 1202; 4 xii-xiv, 77, Weiss, L. 869,73,200 97, 121, 122, 124; 6224,242; 7124 Weitzman, E.A. 7 284 Wideman, H.H. 7 195; 8243 Welch, A.R. 2 143 Wiggen, G. 2 229 Welch, D. 5 169 Wightman, J. 2 31 Welch, K 2 70 Wijers, A. 7 202 Welch, S. 7 31 Wilbur 189; 8 179, 180 Welch, V. 291 Wilce, L.S. 8 82 Weller, R.H. 1 43, 44 Wilcox, K 8198 Wellington 3 241 Wild, M. 3 220, 221, 223; 8244 Wells, G. 1229, 233, 234, 236; 2154; 3 Wilde, S. 2 xi, 65. 72, 89, 93, 100, 107, xii, 23, 25-27, 174,175, 184,188, 109,113 190,202, 203,252; 5237; 8 102, Wilds, C. 7 77 103 Wilen, W 3 107, 109 Wells, W 7 201 Wiley, T.G. 1 137, 142; 8 117 Weltens, B. 4 51-54; 7202,204 Wilkins, D.A. 4 77 Wenger, E. 3 23; 8 151 Wilkinson, A.W 3187; 632,206; 7 30, Werker, J.K 8 103 32 Werlich, E. 614 Wilkinson, B. 3 198 Werner, O. 8 153 Wilkinson, C. Y. 4 86 Wernersson, I. 3 126, 127, 130 Wilkinson, I. 2 122 Wernicke 7 215 Wille, F.W 2 81 Wertham, F. 1 212 Willerman, L. 7 201 Wertsch, J.v. 3 26, 27, 169, 172, 173 Willett, J.B. 8 86 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX 375

Williams, B.J. 3 161 Wolfensberger, W. 3 158 Williams, c.w. 3 254 Wolff, D. 4133 Williams, E. 6 168; 743 Wolfram, W. 1 39; 6 236; 8 62, 112 Williams, G. 2 148; 3 92; 5170; 842 Wolfson, N. 8 60, 93 Williams, J. 2 39, 48, 110 Wall, B. 8 178, 179 Williams, J.M. 6 197 Woltz, DJ. 7 201, 204 Williams, N. 2 182; 6 153 Womack, P. 6 208 Williams, R. 8 114 Wong, c.L. 5 281 Williamson, J. 1 231; 3188, 191, 192, Wong, I.F.H. 4 222 201 Wong, L.y.-F. 2 51; 5 28; 8 106 Williamson, R.C. 4 160 Wong, S.c. 8 210 Willig, A. 5 273 Wong, S.L. 5 282 Willinsky, J. 2 139, 144, 164; 8209 Wonnacott, C.A. 214 Willis, P. 3 130; 8 139, 199 Wood, D. 3 24, 173, 180, 184,200 Willmett, K. 4 234 Wood, F.B. 2 41 Willows, D. 2 31 Wood, H. 3 200 Wilson, D. 5170,171; 7 234 Wood, H.M. 241 Wilson, L. 7 327 Wood, K. 8 230 Wilson, K.M. 7179,180 Wood, R 6 153 Wilson, P. 2 122 Wood, RL. 7 234, 266, 267, 268 Wilson, RB. 8 166 Wood, T. 3 231, 233 Wilson, w.H. 551 Woodford, P. 7 112 Wilts, 0.5117 Woodill, G. 3 164 Wimmer, H. 2 196 Woodruff, E. 8 243 Winch, C. 1 105, 106 Woods, D. 4 125; 6 169 Winch, G. 6 234 Woods, P. 8136, 141 Windeatt, S. 4 180; 7 143, 146 Woodsworth, J. 6 127 Wineburg, S. 3 6, 7 Woodward, J. 4 85,88; 8175 Winer, B.J. 8 80 Woodward, V.A. 2 80, 87 Winford, D. 8 115 Woodworth, K. 6100 Wing, A.M. 2 97, 98, 101 Woolgar, S. 3 6, 244; 4 110, III Wingersky, M.S. 7 228 Wormuth, D. 7 54 Wingstedt, M. 5 218 Wortham, S. 6 xv, 217,225,252,256, Winnicott, D.W. 3117 259 Winsler, A. 8146 Wragg, E.C. 3181 Winters, L. 7 35 Wray, D. 2 81 Wise, S. 360 Wright, B.D. 7 230,244,246,247,248 Wissner-Kurzawa, E. 615 Wright, J. 3 56, 59 Witkin, H.A. 6 73-77, 80, 81 Wright, P.G. 8188, 193,213,253 Witte, S.P. 7190,192; 8 241 Wright, S. 4 161 Wittgenstein, L. 6 184; 8221 Wright, T. 6 xiii, xv, 174, 178, 180 Wittig Davis, G.A. 4 136 Wrigley, H.S. 1 140; 4 100; 6 264,265, Witzel, MJ. 3 161 267 Wodak, R. 1 xii, xiii, 28, 33, 34, 48, 49, Wrye3141 100,246; 4112,113; 8212,213 Wu, L. 5 159, 161 Walck, W. 840 Wu, S. 5158 Wolcott, H. 8 198 Wurm, S.5 87 Woldringh, C. 2 209 Wiister, E. 4 105 Wolf, B.H. 3162, 164 Wylie, E. 4142; 7 78,181 Wolf, R. 7 52 Wolfe, E. 715 Xiaoju, L. 7 319 Wolfe, P. 5194; 8151 Xie, Q. 5159 Wolfendale, S. 2 53 Xu, S. 5157 376 CUMULATIVE NAME INDEX

Yackel, E. 3 233 Zaner-Bloser 2 98, 100 Yahya-Othman, 5 27 Zani, B. 8147 Yamamoto, A.Y. 5 48 Zaporozhets, A.Y. 6 54 Yang, B. 5162 Zara, A.R. 7 228 Yap, A. 4 222 Zaveri, V. 7219 Yarborough, R. 5 189 Zeichner, K.M. 1 46 Yarmohammadi, L. 4 202 Zelan, K. 2 121 Yates, J.R. 4 85, 89; 6 143 Zellermayer, M. 8 243 Yau, M.S. 5 284 Zeni, J. 6198 Ye1d, N. 7 315 Zentella, A.c. 8 6, 250 Yen, W.M. 7 230, 231 Zepeda, O. 552 Yeo, S. 4193 Zhang, M. 5161,163 Yeoh, O.c. 6 221 Zhang, Y. 5 157 Yeomans, S. 8200, 202, 203 Zhao, Y. 5 158 Yoes, M. 7 146 Zhou, Q. 5 160 Yopp, H. 6 53, 59 Zhurova, L. Y. 6 54 Young, J.w. 7 14 Zide, N.H. 5 73 Young, R.E. 3 xi, 12-15, 19,33,34,36, Zienert, H. 8179,181 106,107,109,112,200,204,239;4 Zimmerman, D. 345; 848,217 146; 6 166,235,241; 7 80, 135, Zimmermann, G. 615 277,281; 8 xii, 25, 32, 139,204 Zinkgraf, S. 7 54 Young, T. 5 293 Zirimu, P. 5 34, 35 Ytsma, J. 5 117, 121, 122 Ziviani, J. 2 101 Yuen, S. 5 191 Zobl, H. 46 Yule, G. 7 65,67 Zondag, K. 5120, 121, 123 Zughoul, M.R. 4 202 Zabalbeascoa, P. 6 xv Zutell, J. 2 89 Zakaria, M. 5 258 Zvacek, S.M. 2 182,46 Zamel, V. 7 59 Zwitserlood, P. 6 68 Zamenhof, L.L. 6 151 TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME 1: LANGUAGE POLICY AND POLITICAL ISSUES IN EDUCATION

General Editor's Introduction vii

Introduction Xl

Section 1: Theoretical Issues 1. Language Attitudes and Educational Policy 1 H. Christ 2. Language Planning and Education 13 M. Fettes 3. Critical Applied Linguistics and Education 23 A. Pennycook 4. Linguistic Discrimination in Educational Contexts 33 I. Baugh 5. Power and Teacher-Administrator Discourse 43 D. Waite

Section 2: Minorities and Education 6. Human Rights and Language Policy in Education 55 T. Skutnabb-Kangas 7. International Law and Education in a Minority Language 67 WK. Hastings 8. Language Policies for Indigenous Peoples 77 D. Corson 9. National Sign Languages and Language Policies 89 I. Branson and D. Miller 10. Non-Standard Varieties and Educational Policy 99 D. Corson

Section 3: Specific Areas 11. Language Policies for a Multicultural Britain 113 N. Rassool TABLE OF CONTENTS

12. Language Policy and Education in Australia 127 M. Clyne 13. Language Policy and Education in the United States 137 T. Ricento 14. Language Policy and Education in Canada 149 B. Burnaby 15. Linguistic Policy and Education in Francophone Countries 159 S. Babault and C. Caitucoli 16. Language Policy and Education in South Africa 169 U. Smit 17. Language and Education in the Indian Sub-continent 179 L.M. Khubchandani 18. Language Policy and Education in New Zealand and the 189 South Pacific N. Watts

Section 4: Practical and Empirical Issues 19. The Politics of English Language Teaching 201 R. Phillipson 20. Media in Education 211 T. van Leeuwen 21. Language Policy in Teacher Education 219 H. Christ 22. School Language Policies 229 S.A. May 23. Teaching Language and Power 241 H. lanks

Subject Index 253

Name Index 261

Tables of Contents other Volumes 267 TABLE OF CONTENTS

VOLUME 2: LITERACY

General Introduction VB

Introduction Xl

Section 1: Focus on Reading I. The Reading Process Kenneth S. Goodman 2. The Teaching of Reading 9 G. Brian Thompson 3. Reading Skills: Emergent Literacy 19 Bridie Raban 4. Metalinguistic Skills in Reading Development 27 William E. Tunmer 5. The Development of Literacy Difficulties 37 Marie M. Clay 6. Reading in Multilingual Classrooms 47 Viv Edwards

Section 2: Focus on Writing 7. Writing Systems and Orthographies 59 Barbara Burnaby 8. The Development of Young Children as Authors 69 Nigel Hall 9. The Teaching of Writing 77 Gretchen M. Owocki and Yetta M. Goodman 10. The Development of Spelling and Punctuation 87 Sandra Wilde II. Handwriting Skills 97 Sue Walker 12. Writing in Multilingual Classrooms 107 Viv Edwards TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section 3: Focus on the Social Context of Literacy 13. The Social Psychology of Reading 119 John Edwards 14. Functional Literacy 127 Ludo Verhoeven 15. Social Literacies 133 Brian V. Street 16. Critical Approaches to Literacy 143 Allan Luke 17. Family Literacy 153 Elsa Roberts Auerbach 18. Adult Literacy 163 Alan Rogers 19. Sustaining Local Literacies 173 R.K. Agnihotri 20. IT and Literacy 181 Chris Abbott

Section 4: Focus on Selected Regions 2l. Literacy Teaching in France 191 Danielle Bechennec and Liliane Sprenger-CharoUes 22. Literacy Teaching in India 199 R.K. Agnihotri 23. Literacy Teaching in the Low Countries 207 Pieter Reitsma 24. Female Literacy and Life Chances in Rural Nigeria 215 Benedicta Egho 25. Literacy Teaching in Norway 225 Bente Hagtvet and Solveig-Alma H. Lyster

Subject Index 235

Name Index 243

Tables of Contents other Volumes 251 TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME 3: ORAL DISCOURSE AND EDUCATION

General Introduction vii

Introduction xi

Section 1: Theorising Talk 1. Talking about Text and the Culture of Literacy David Olson 2. A Critical-Pragmatic Theory of Classroom Talk 11 Robert Young 3. A Sociocultural Perspective on Classroom Discourse 21 Elizabeth Measures, Carsten Quell and Gordon Wells 4. Challenging and Changing: Communicative Competence 31 and the Classroom Shirley Grundy 5. Ethnomethodological Studies of Talk in Educational Settings 43 Carolyn Baker 6. Poststructuralist Theory and Classroom Talk 53 Nola Alloway and Pam Gilbert

Section 2: Oral Language, Culture and Identity 7. Oral Language, Culture and Class 65 A.D. Edwards 8. Conversational Patterns Across Gender, Class and Ethnicity: 75 Implications for Classroom Discourse Deborah Tannen, Shari Kendall and Carolyn Temple Adger 9. Language Choice and Symbolic Domination 87 Monica Heller 10. Teacher-Pupil Talk in Multi-Ethnic Classrooms 95 Viv Edwards 11. Critical Oracy and Education for Active Citizenship 105 Rob Gilbert TABLE OF CONTENTS

12. The Construction of Gendered Identity through Play 115 Bronwyn Davies 13. The Construction of Gendered Identity through Classroom 125 Talk Harriet Bjerrum Nielsen and Bronwyn Davies 14. Narrative and the Shaping of Identity l37 Jill Golden 15. The Construction of Social Competencies through Talk 147 Judith L. Green and Carol N. Dixon 16. The Acquisition of Communicative Competence amongst 157 Children with Speech and Language Impairment Paul J. Pagliano

Section 3: Oral Language and the Curriculum 17. Classroom Discourse for the Facilitation of Learning 169 Clotilde Pontecorvo 18. Effective Educational Talk 179 Neil Mercer 19. Preconditions for Successful Small-Group Talk III the 187 Classroom David Westgate 20. Children's Collaborative Talk 197 Susan Lyle 21. Interaction Patterns in University Education 207 Vivian de Klerk 22. Children's Talk and Computers 217 Peter Scrimshaw 23. The Use of Talk in Mathematics 229 Susan E.B. Pirie 24. Discourse and Conceptual Understanding in Science 239 Carolyn Boulter 25. Using Oral Discourse in Literary Studies 249 James McGonigal

Subject Index 259

Name Index 269

Tables of Contents other Volumes 277 TABLE OF CONTENTS

VOLUME 4: SECOND LANGUAGE EDUCATION

General Editor's Introduction VB

Introduction xi

Section 1: Theoretical Underpinnings 1. Linguistic Theory and Research: Implications for Second 1 Language Teaching Yasuhiro Shirai 2. Linguistic Theory and Research: Implications for Second 11 Language Learning Jacquelyn Schachter

Section 2: Focus on the Learner 3. Conditions for Second Language (L2) Learning 23 Rebecca L. Oxford 4. Individual Differences and Second Language Learning 33 Robert C. Gardner 5. Age and Second Language Learning 43 David Singleton 6. Language Attrition 51 Kees de Bot

Section 3: Focus on the Delivery of Instruction 7. Classroom-Oriented Research in Second Language Learning 63 Dick Allwright 8. Language Teaching Approaches for School-Aged Learners 75 in Second Language Contexts JoAnn Crandall 9. Teaching Exceptional Second Language Learners 85 Else Hamayan 10. Second Language Teaching Approaches for Adults 95 Barbara Burnaby TABLE OF CONTENTS

11. Language for Special Purposes 105 Britt-Louise Gunnarsson

Section 4: Focus on Professional Preparation 12. Approaches to Second Language Teacher Education 121 H.G. Widdowson 13. The Use of Multimedia in Teaching 131 Udo O.H. lung 14. Second Language Assessment 141 Elana Shohamy

Section 5: Focus on Selected Regions of the World 15. Understanding Second Language Educational Policies in 153 Multilingual Settings Christina Bratt Paulston 16. Innovative Second Language Education in North America 165 Donna Christian and Nancy Rhodes 17. Innovative Second Language Education in Western Europe 175 Bernhard Kettemann 18. Innovative Second Language Education in Central and East- 187 ern Europe Peter Medgyes 19. Innovative Second Language Education in the Middle East 197 and North Africa Samir Abu-Absi 20. Innovative Second Language Education in Southern Africa 207 l. Victor Rodseth 21. Innovative Second Language Education in Southeast Asia 221 Anne Pakir 22. Innovative Second Language Education in the South Pacific 231 Noel Watts

Subject Index 241

Name Index 249

Tables of Contents other Volumes 257 TABLE OF CONTENTS

VOLUME 5: BILINGUAL EDUCATION

General Editor's Introduction Vll

Introduction Xl Section 1: Programs for Indigenous Groups 1. Bilingual Programs Involving Aboriginal Languages in 1 Australia Stephen Harris and Brian Devlin 2. Maori-English Bilingual Education in New Zealand 15 Arohia Durie 3. Bilingual Education in Africa: An Overview 25 Margaret Akinyi Obondo 4. Language in Education in Kenyan Schools 33 Grace Bunyi 5. American Indian, Alaska N ati ve, and Native Hawaiian Bilin- 45 gual Education Teresa L. McCarty 6. Bilingual Education for Indigenous Groups in Canada 57 Connie Heimbecker 7. Bilingual Education for Indigenous Groups in India 67 Lachman M. Khuhchandani 8. Saami Bilingual Education in Norway 77 Asta Balto and Jon Todal 9. Bilingual Education in the South Pacific 87 Heather Lotherington Section 2: Programs for National Minority Groups 10. Bilingual Education in the Basque Country 99 M. Carmen Garmendia and Imanol Agote 11. Bilingual Education in Slovenia 109 Sonja Novak Lukanovic 12. Bilingual Education in Friesland 117 Durk Gorter l3. Bilingual Education in Ireland, Scotland and Wales 127 Colin Baker TABLE OF CONTENTS

14. Ladino-Italian Bilingual Programs in Italy 143 Paolo E. Balboni 15. Sorb-German Bilingual Education 151 Beverley Hall 16. Bilingual Education in China 157 Dongyan Ru Blachford 17. French Language Minority Education in Canada 167 Diane Gerin-Lajoie 18. Bilingual Education in Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia 177 Wah Kam Ho and Ruth Y.L. Wong Section 3: Programs for International (Migrant) Minority Groups 19. Bilingual Education in the United States 189 Christian F altis 20. Bilingual Education for Immigrant Students in the 199 Netherlands Sjaak Kroon and Ton Vallen 2l. Australian Bilingual Education 209 John Gibbons 22. Bilingual Education for Finnish Minority Students in Sweden 217 Tove Skutnabb-Kangas Section 4: Programs for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Students 23. Deaf Bilingual Bicultural Education 231 Heather Gibson, Anita Small and David Mason Section 5: Programs for Dominant Language Groups 24. Immersion Programs in Brunei 243 Gary M. Jones 25. Bilingual Education in Lebanon 251 Kassim Ali Shaaban 26. French Immersion Programs in Canada 261 Merrill Swain 27 . Two-Way Bilingual Education Programs in the United States 271 Kathryn J. Lindholm 28. Bilingual Education in Hong Kong 281 Angel Mei Yi Lin 29. Swedish Immersion Programs in Finland 291 Christer Lauren 30. Immersion Education in Catalonia 297 Joaquim Arnau Subject Index 305 Name Index 313 Tables of Contents Other Volumes 321 TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME 6: KNOWLEDGE ABOUT LANGUAGE

General Editor's Introduction vii

Introduction Xl

Section 1: Historical and Theoretical Issues 1. Language Awareness and Knowledge About Language: An 1 Overview Arthur van Essen 2. Pedagogical Grammar: From Prescriptive to Descriptive 11 John Walmsley 3. The History of Language Awareness in the UK 21 B. Gillian Donmall-Hicks 4. The Theory and Practice of Argument in Education 31 Patrick J.M. Costello

Section 2: Knowledge About Language and the Language Learner 5. Metalinguistic Development in First Language Acquisition 43 Jean Emile Gombert 6. Phonological Awareness and Learning to Read 53 Tom Nicholson 7. Morphological Awareness and the Second Language Leamer 63 Dominiek Sandra 8. Language Awareness and Learning Styles 73 Sabine Jones

Section 3: Knowledge About Language, the Curriculum, and the Classroom 9. Whole Language: The Whole Story 87 Kenneth S. Goodman 10. Language Awareness at the International High School 99 Anthony J. DeFazio 11. Explicit Knowledge and Second Language Pedagogy 109 Rod Ellis TABLE OF CONTENTS

12. Language Awareness and Translation 119 Patrick Zabalbeascoa 13. Awareness and Language Switch in Second-Foreign Lan- 131 guage Learning Contexts Sofia Papaefthymiou-Lytra 14. Literacy and Genre 139 Aviva Freedman and Paul Richardson 15. Esperanto and Language Awareness 151 Mark Fettes

Section 4: Teacher Development 16. The Teacher as Educational Linguist 163 Christopher Brumfit 17. Language Awareness in In-Service Programmes 173 Tony Wright and Rod Bolitho 18. Awareness Raising About Classroom Interaction 183 Amy Tsui 19. Assessors' Language Awareness in the Evaluation of Aca- 195 demic Writing Bruce Maylath 20. Teaching, Learning, and Assessing Argument 205 Sally Mitchell

Section 5: Critical Language Awareness 21. Critical Discourse Analysis and Educational Change 217 Romy Clark and Roz Ivanic 22. Awareness of Non-Standard Varieties in the Schools 229 David Corson 23. The Role of Language Awareness in Critical Pedagogy 241 Catherine Wallace 24. The Commodification of Classroom Discourse 251 Stanton E.F. Wortham 25. Language Use and Awareness in the Multicultural Work 261 Place Kaye Malcolm

Subject Index 271

Name Index 279

Tables of Contents Other Volumes 287 TABLE OF CONTENTS

VOLUME 7: LANGUAGE TESTING AND ASSESSMENT

General Editor's Introduction IX

Introduction Xlll

Section 1: Testing Language Skills Testing and Assessment in the First Language 1. The Testing of Reading in the Mother Tongue 1 Denis Vincent 2. The Assessment of Writing in the Mother Tongue 11 Alan C. Purves 3. The Testing of Mother Tongue Listening Skills 21 Robert N. Bostrom 4. The Testing of First Language Speaking Skills 29 Donald L. Rubin and George Schramm

Testing and Assessment in a Second Language 5. The Testing of Reading in a Second Language 39 C.J. Weir 6. The Testing of Writing in a Second Language 51 Alister Cumming 7. The Testing of Listening in a Second Language 65 Gary Buck 8. The Testing of Speaking in a Second Language 75 Glenn Fulcher 9. The Testing of Grammar in a Second Language 87 Pauline Rea-Dickins 10. Assessing Vocabulary in a Second Language 99 lohnRead TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section 2: Methods of Testing and Assessment 11. Language for Specific Purposes Testing 111 Dan Douglas 12. The Integrated Testing of a Second Language 121 10 A. Lewkowicz 13. Performance Testing l31 Tim McNamara 14. Computer-Based Testing 141 Paul Gruba and Chris Corbel 15. The Assessment of Young Learners of English as a Foreign 151 Language Pauline Rea-Dickins and Shelagh Rixon 16. The Second Language Assessment of Minority Children 163 Penny McKay 17. Self-Assessment of Foreign and Second Language 175 Proficiency Mats Oscarson 18. Writers' Assessment and Evaluation of Their Texts 189 Annie Piolat 19. The Assessment of Language Learning Aptitude 199 Eduardo C. Cascallar 20. The Assessment of Speech and Language Disorders 211 Rosemary Baker and Helen 1. Chenery

Section 3: The Quantitative and Qualitative Validation of Tests 21. Recent Advances in Quantitative Test Analysis 227 Lyle F Bachman and Daniel R. Eignor 22. Rasch Mcasurcment in Latent Trait Models 243 Alastair Pollitt 23. Generalizability Theory 255 Lyle F Bachman 24. Criterion Referenced Testing 263 Brian K. Lynch and Fred Davidson 25. Qualitative Approaches to Test Validation 275 Jayanti Banerjee and Sari Luoma

Section 4: The Ethics and Effects of Testing and Assessment 26. Impact and Washback in Language Testing 291 Dianne Wall 27. Language Testing Standards 303 Fred Davidson, Carolyn E. Turner and Ari Huhta 28. Accountability in Language Assessment 313 Bonny Norton Encyclopedia of Language and Education

Set ISBN Hh 0-7923-4596-7; Ph 0-7923-4936-9

1. R. Wodak and D. Corson (eds.): Language Policy and Political Issues in Education. 1997 ISBN Hb 0-7923-4713-7 ISBN Pb 0-7923-4928-8

2. V. Edwards and D. Corson (eds.): Literacy. 1997 ISBN Hb 0-7923-4595-0 ISBN Pb 0-7923-4929-6

3. B. Davies and D. Corson (eds.): Oral Discourse and Education. 1997 ISBN Hb 0-7923-4639-4 ISBN Pb 0-7923-4930-X

4. G.R. Tucker and D. Corson (eds.): Second Language Education. 1997 ISBN Hb 0-7923-4640-8 ISBN Pb 0-7923-4931-8

5. J. Cummins and D. Corson (eds.): Bilingual Education. 1997 ISBN Hb 0-7923-4806-0 ISBN Pb 0-7923-4932-6

6. L. van Lier and D. Corson (eds.): Knowledge about Language. 1997 ISBN Hb 0-7923-4641-6 ISBN Pb 0-7923-4933-4

7. C. Clapham and D. Corson (eds.): Language Testing and Assessment. 1997 ISBN Hb 0-7923-4702-1 ISBN Pb 0-7923-4934-2

8. N.H. Hornberger and D. Corson (eds.): Research Methods in Language and Educa- tion. 1997 ISBN Hb 0-7923-4642-4 ISBN Pb 0-7923-4935-0

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