Study on the Social, Environmental and Economic Impacts Of
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STUDY ON THE SOCIAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF QUINOA PROMOTION IN BOLIVIA COMPLETED BY: PROINPA Foundation Edited by: Wilfredro Rojas, José Luis Soto and Enrique Carrasco Data collected by: Cecilia Salinas Sanjinés La Paz – Bolivia 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I .............................................................................................. 5 1. Importance of the Quinoa Crop......................................................... 5 2. General characteristics of quinoa..................................................... 6 2.1. Quinoa production areas ............................................................................................ 7 2.1.1. Production of quinoa on the Bolivian Altiplano ....................................................... 8 2.2. Quinoa production systems ..................................................................................... 10 2.2.1. Central and Northern Altiplano ............................................................................. 10 2.2.2. Southern Altiplano ................................................................................................ 10 2.3. Marketing and Transformation ................................................................................. 11 2.3.1. Processing of quinoa ............................................................................................ 12 2.3.1.1. Products prepared using quinoa grains (agro-industry)................................. 12 2.3.1.2. Agro-industry by-products.............................................................................. 13 2.4. Nutritional characteristics of quinoa ....................................................................... 13 2.4.1. Food...................................................................................................................... 14 2.5. Characterisation of consumption of quinoa ........................................................... 17 2.6. Medicinal value .......................................................................................................... 19 2.6.1. Quinoa prevents breast cancer and osteoporosis ................................................ 19 2.6.2. Quinoa plasters to cure bone fractures................................................................. 19 2.7. Quinoa Chain ............................................................................................................. 19 2.7.1. Summarised description of the chain.................................................................... 19 3. Critical factors limiting the increased production of quinoa........ 21 3.1. Of a technological nature.......................................................................................... 21 3.2. Promotion................................................................................................................... 21 3.2.1. Deficient internal and external promotion ............................................................. 22 3.2.2. The lack of an appropriate strategy of State financing and access to credit ........ 22 3.2.3. Insufficient State investment for basic infrastructure ............................................ 22 3.2.4. Lack of business investment in different links of the chain ................................... 23 3.2.5. Lack of integration in different links of the chain................................................... 23 3.2.6. Fragmentation of the productive capacity and legal security of the organisations 23 3.3. Climate........................................................................................................................ 24 3.4. Socio-economic situation ......................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER II ........................................................................................... 25 RESULTS PER THEMATIC WORK AREA, CONNECTED WITH QUINOA IN BOLIVIA ............................................................................. 25 Background........................................................................................... 25 1 1. Genetic Resources ........................................................................... 27 1.1 Ex situ Conservation .................................................................................................. 28 1.1.1 Acquisition ............................................................................................................. 28 1.1.2 Storage .................................................................................................................. 30 1.1.3 Characterisation and evaluation ............................................................................ 30 1.1.4 Multiplication and regeneration.............................................................................. 31 1.1.5 Documentation and information............................................................................. 32 1.2 In situ conservation.................................................................................................... 33 2. Genetic Improvement ....................................................................... 34 2.1 Improvement by hybridisation................................................................................... 34 2.2 Mass evaluations and selection ................................................................................ 35 3. Agronomy.......................................................................................... 37 3.1 Land preparation ........................................................................................................ 37 3.2 Sowing......................................................................................................................... 38 3.3 Application of organic and inorganic fertilisers ...................................................... 39 3.4 Harvesting and post-harvesting................................................................................ 40 4. Integrated management of pests and diseases............................. 41 4.1 Chemical control......................................................................................................... 41 4.2 Biological control ....................................................................................................... 42 4.3 Economic damage ...................................................................................................... 43 5. Seed production ............................................................................... 44 5.1 Selection and preparation of the land ...................................................................... 44 5.2 Selection of the variety .............................................................................................. 44 5.3 Sowing......................................................................................................................... 45 5.4 Isolation ....................................................................................................................... 45 5.5 Vegetal purification .................................................................................................... 45 5.6 Harvesting and threshing .......................................................................................... 45 5.7 Categories of seed and certification......................................................................... 45 6. Organic production .......................................................................... 46 7. Training.............................................................................................. 46 7.1 Training courses......................................................................................................... 46 7.2 Participative research ................................................................................................ 47 8. Agro-feeding chain ........................................................................... 47 8.1 Processing and marketing......................................................................................... 47 2 8.2 Added value of quinoa ............................................................................................... 49 8.3 Demand by the agro-industries................................................................................. 49 8.4 Articulation of the agro-food chain........................................................................... 50 9. Promotion.......................................................................................... 50 CHAPTER III .......................................................................................... 52 3.1. Migration..................................................................................................................... 52 3.2. Change in the traditional system of cultivation...................................................... 53 3.2.1. Impact on the cultural traditions............................................................................ 54 3.2.2. Effect of the urbanisation culture .......................................................................... 55 3.3. Improved technologies for crop management........................................................ 55 3.3.1. Importance for the rural population of the Altiplano .............................................. 56 3.4. Changes in the role of the women ........................................................................... 57 3.5. Organisation