DOCSLIB.ORG

Effects of Anthropogenic Disturbance on Plant Composition, Plant Diversity and Soil Properties in Oak Forests, Iran

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Effects of Anthropogenic Disturbance on Plant Composition, Plant Diversity and Soil Properties in Oak Forests, Iran JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE, 64, 2018 (8): 358–370 https://doi.org/10.17221/13/2018-JFS Effects of anthropogenic disturbance on plant composition, plant diversity and soil properties in oak forests, Iran Javad ESHAGHI RAD 1*, Gelare VALADI 1, Osman SALEHZADEH 1, Hosein MAROOFI 2 1Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran 2Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Sanandaj, Iran *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Eshaghi Rad J., Valadi G., Salehzadeh O., Maroofi H. (2018): Effects of anthropogenic disturbance on plant composition, plant diversity and soil properties in oak forests, Iran. J. For. Sci., 64: 358–370. Three sites including “less disturbed”, “moderately disturbed” and “severely disturbed” were selected in Zagros forests in Kurdistan province (Iran). Three forest stands with similar physiographic conditions of each site were selected and three 400 m2 plots were assessed in each stand to record the floristic information and soil sample (0–30 cm). Different diversity indices were calculated for each sample. Cluster analysis and to collect soil samples detrended correspond- ence analysis were applied to categorize and investigate the vegetation trend. Indicator species analysis was used to determine the characteristic species. Tukey test was used to compare the variables amongst sites. The results showed that 47, 25, 15 species were exclusively observed in less disturbed, moderately disturbed and severely disturbed sites, respectively. Furthermore, cluster analysis illustrated the distinction amongst sites and detrended correspondence analysis result showed that the vegetation of the regions was ordinated by disturbance gradient. 21, 5, 7 characteristic species were respectively indicated in less disturbed, moderately disturbed and severely disturbed sites. In general, plant composition, plant diversity and soil quality were decreased dramatically along the disturbance gradient. Keywords: Quercus brantii; richness; understory species; Zagros forests; canopy cover Politic and scientific sensitivities on the biodi- forest ecosystem were directly affected by human versity issue have increased since the remarkable activities. In this context, Bell et al. (2016) stated enhancement of the extinction rate of species that the effects of silvicultural disturbances on because of human activities (Ehrlich, Wilson species richness in northern temperate and boreal 1991) and ecologists and natural resources manag- forests were independent of climate and soil prop- ers have shown great attention to the relationship erties. The effect of anthropogenic disturbance on between anthropogenic disturbance and species plant composition and plant diversity was inves- diversity (Robert, Gilliam 1995). The exact un- tigated in many studies all over the world. More- derstating of the relationship between biotic and over, Mishra et al. (2004) studied the influence abiotic sections of forest ecosystems and human of human based disturbance on three subtropi- influences on plants’ biodiversity is crucial for for- cal mountainous forest stands and showed that est managerial and protective activities. Scott et the more the disturbance intensity increased the al. (1998) emphasized the impact of improper use more the species richness and diversity of trees and land use change on decline of species diversity and shrubs decreased. Mligo (2011) illustrated and ecosystem destruction. Also, Ruprecht et al. that pole cutting and fuel wood cutting had sig- (2009) stated that structure and biodiversity of the nificant influences on decreasing the biomass, 358 J. FOR. SCI., 64, 2018 (8): 358–370 plant diversity and changing the species distribu- toria Olivier, but in some regions it is combined tion pattern. Blanko and Pereira (2015) evalu- with Quercus libani Olivier and Quercus brantii ated the anthropogenic disturbance on natural Lindley, while the southern part is just covered by vegetation in fragmented forests and showed that Q. brantii (Fattahi 1995). From the past to pres- protection of woodland habitats were necessary ent, these forests have been inhabited by residents for conservation of plant richness in the remain- and nomads who have caused deforestation in ing stands. Shaheen et al. (2001) investigated the some parts and severe damages in others. In these effects of human exploitation on structural diver- forests, people follow a classical form of managing sity and community composition in the subtropi- the forest in which forage for feeding their animals cal forests of India and demonstrated that density, and wood for fuel were collected (Ghazanfari basal area and the number of species were less than 2004). Unfortunately, due to social problems and those in similar undisturbed stands. Furthermore, lack of proper and comprehensive management, they mentioned that this destruction caused much these forests have been heavily disturbed and have pressure on Quercus ilex Linnaeus, Quercus dila- lost their productivity potential which endangers tata Lindley ex de Candolle, Pinus wallichiana the future of the forests (Fattahi 1995). Accord- A.B. Jackson, and Pinus roxburghii Sargent spe- ing to the increasing destruction of oak forests in cies. Despite abovementioned studies, Linares et Zagros forest in Iran, it is necessary to investigate al. (2011) stated that the species diversity of those the influence of human disturbance with various stands that experienced low human intervention intensities on species diversity and soil proper- was five times more than species diversity in pro- ties. Oak stands in Zagros forests are loaded with tected areas. Moreover Shrestha et al. (2012) a complex of disturbance regimes including fuel evaluated the effects of human-made disturbance wood cutting, local people use and livestock graz- on the vascular plant diversity in oak forests in Ne- ing. The local people use and fuel wood cutting pal and illustrated that all diversity indices were and livestock grazing may have distinct effects on enhanced where forest disturbance was at inter- the herbaceous plant diversity. This study, how- mediate level. On the other hand, the soil proper- ever, does not distinguish the disturbance types ties of forest can be affected by human activities but only their intensity levels. The spatial extent (Gömöryová et al. 2008). In the forest ecosystems and frequency of disturbances in the region show tree and herb species could influence soil proper- that these disturbances impact on all areas simul- ties and also there is an interaction between trees taneously but with different intensity. Therefore, and soil, in other words, growth and production of the current study aims to compare the woody and trees depend on the soil fertility. In addition, the herbaceous species diversity and soil properties in amount of mineralization and nitrification of or- less disturbed (LD), moderately disturbed (MD) ganic matter in soil is associated with species rich- and severely disturbed (SD) areas of oak forests in ness (Augusto et al. 2002). Moreno et al. (2007) Zagros forests. stated that harvesting of trees resulted in reduction of organic matter and soil quality; therefore, dis- turbance caused by human activities could change MATERIAL AND METHODS the composition, quality and quantity situation of tree species and as a result affect the soil properties Study area. The research area is located in the in forest ecosystems. Latty et al. (2004) evaluated Kurdistan province (Iran), latitude 35°45' to 36°15'N the influences of land-use history on soil charac- and longitude 45°30'E to 46°15'E. Nine patches of teristics and nutrient dynamics in northern hard- oak forests (Q. brantii) were selected which were wood forests of the Adirondack Mountains. The situated on north-facing sites with similar slope results showed that anthropogenic disturbance and altitude conditions. The altitude is 1,550 m and decreased the soil carbon and nitrogen pools com- the percentage of slope is between 15 and 23°. The pared to old-growth. Also, Borrelli et al. (2017) mean annual temperature is 13.8°C and the mean demonstrated that 45.3% of soil loss is caused by annual rainfall is 658 mm. The soil type is belongs water erosion in the logged forests in Italy. to the Entisol order developed on calcareous sub- Zagros forest is the largest forest land in Iran in strate (Pourbabaei, Navgran 2011). which oak genus is the main woody species. These Sampling methods. We observed a complex of forests are divided into northern and southern disturbance regimes including livestock grazing, parts based on oak species occurrence. The north- local people use and fuel wood cutting in the re- ern part is the specific habitat of Quercus infec- gion. The frequency and spatial extent of distur- J. FOR. SCI., 64, 2018 (8): 358–370 359 s bances in the studied region showed that many H'i1 ppii ln (1) areas would be impacted by these disturbances at the same time but with different intensity which where: resulted in different canopy openness. We catego- s – number of species, th rized the disturbance intensity by specifying the pi – relative cover of i species. canopy openness classes and defining the live- H ' stock grazing and traditional wood cutting levels. E = (2) H ma' x At first, from the oak forests of the region, three where: different sites were selected. The first one was the H' = ln(SR). LD area with more than 50% canopy cover (maxi- max mum canopy cover was 70%), little impact from In addition, rarefaction method
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Triticeae Biodiversity and Conservation, a “Genebanker” View
    Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 41, 2005 (Special Issue) Triticeae Biodiversity and Conservation, a “Genebanker” View V. H������ Department of Gene Bank, Research Institute of Crop Production, 161 06 Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Wild Triticeae are important genetic resources for cultivated cereals. While wild and primitive wheats are well preserved, other genera are rather neglected. Most of Triticeae have a large area of distribution, many occupy secondary habitats, or are weedy. However, there are also species with a limited distribution and those need primary attention in conservation. Annuals can be easily stored ex situ as easily as cultivated cereals; peren- nials have their longevity shortened. For successful conservation of genetic diversity one sample of a species is not enough. It is necessary to collect samples from the whole distribution area. Geographically distant popula- tions differ not only morphologically, but can have different spectra of genes. Even within a population there are large differences. For species scattered in distribution or restricted to a certain small area, it is reasonable to consider their in situ conservation. The basic requirement is to protect the locality/ies and to ensure that they are managed for sustainable reproduction of the Triticeae. Basically, this requires maintaining acceptable levels of use by man (grazing and disturbance), acceptable levels of plant competition from other species, and controlling allochtonous invasive species. Localities with in situ conservation require instant monitoring. A detailed docu- mentation (so called passport data) is prerequisite for both ex situ and in situ conservation. The taxonomic system must be conservative, without frequent nomenclatoral changes.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomy and Phylogeny in Triticeae: a Historical Review and Current Status
    Advances in Plants & Agriculture Research Review Article Open Access Taxonomy and phylogeny in Triticeae: a historical review and current status Abstract Volume 3 Issue 5 - 2016 The Triticeae is an economically important tribe within the Poaceae. Because a number of cereal crops and forage grasses belong to the tribe it has attracted much scientific Mohannad G Al–Saghir attention covering many species: taxonomy, phylogeny, genetics, cytogenetic, genome Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio analyses (crossing ability and chromosome pairing), isoenzymes, molecular biology University, USA (RFLP, RAPD, PCR sequencing) and breeding. This paper contains a brief historical outline of the taxonomy of the tribe. Phylogenetic hypotheses regarding this tribe Correspondence: Mohannad G Al–Saghir, Department of inferred from different methods, techniques and approaches, are reviewed. The Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Zanesville, different phylogenies are discussed and compared and conflicts are elucidated. Ohio, USA, Email al–[email protected] Keywords: triticeae, phylogeny, taxonomy, poaceae, perennial species, durum Received: April 23, 2016 | Published: May 10, 2016 wheat, phylogenies, genetic diversity, cytogenetics, molecular biology, chromosomes, perennial, caespitose, thizomatous species Introduction as cited above. We can therefore conclude that the most appropriate outgroup for the tribe will be Bromus. The tribe Triticeae Dum is economically the most important tribe in the grass family (Poaceae). It encompasses between 350 and 500 Definition annual or perennial species,1–3 including the important cereal crops wheat (Triticum aestivium L.), durum wheat (T. turgidum sup. durum The Triticeae encompasses annual and perennial, caespitose or (Desf. MacKay) barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), rye (Secale cereal L.) thizomatous species.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Analyses of the Genera Eremopyrum (Ledeb.) Jaub
    Pak. J. Bot., 46(3): 769-774, 2014. MOLECULAR ANALYSES OF THE GENERA EREMOPYRUM (LEDEB.) JAUB. & SPACH AND AGROPYRON GAERTNER (POACEAE) BY PCR METHODS REMZİYE YILMAZ1, EVREN CABİ2* AND MUSA DOGAN3 1Middle East Technical University, Central Laboratory, Molecular Biology & Biotechnology R&D Center, 06530, Ankara, Turkey 2Namık Kemal University, Department of Biology, 59030 Tekirdağ, Turkey, 3Middle East Technical University, Department of Biological Sciences, 06530, Ankara-Turkey *Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; Ph: +90-282-2502670 Abstract RAPD-PCR (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Polymerase Chain Reaction) and Post PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) Melting Curve Analysis (MCA) have been used to investigate the pattern of genetic variation among some species in the genera Eremopyrum (Ledeb.) Jaub. & Spach and Agropyron Gaertner (Poaceae). Thirteen primers have been used in the study based on the RAPD-PCR and MCA analyses. Each species produced a distinct pattern of DNA fragments which have been used as a measure of the degree of relationship between species by means of using the RAPD-PCR results with three primers selected for identifying the genetic similarities. Polymorphic melting profiles have been obtained with Post PCR MCA method using three primers. Genetic similarities are calculated for all the species studied with RAPD-PCR and MCA methods, the dendrograms are obtained with the MVSP (Multi Variate Statistical Package) software using UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Averages) and Jaccard’s Coefficient. Polymorphism between 18 populations of Eremopyrum and 6 Agropyron populations and within the species are determined by using RAPD-PCR and Post PCR melting curve analysis (MCA) respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • DISSERTAÇÃO José Roseno De Mendonça Filho.Pdf
    UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE PERNAMBUCO CENTRO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE GENÉTICA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS JOSÉ ROSENO DE MENDONÇA FILHO DIVERSIDADE CARIOTÍPICA EM REPRESENTANTES DO COMPLEXO CRYPTANTHOID (BROMELIOIDEAE, BROMELIACEAE) Recife 2019 JOSÉ ROSENO DE MENDONÇA FILHO DIVERSIDADE CARIOTÍPICA EM REPRESENTANTES DO COMPLEXO CRYPTANTHOID (BROMELIOIDEAE, BROMELIACEAE) Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Área de Concentração Genética, da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, como requisito para obtenção do título de mestre em Ciências Biológicas. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Ana Maria Benko Iseppon Coorientadores: Profa. Dra. Ana Christina Brasileiro-Vidal Prof. Dr Jaílson Gitai dos Santos Frazão Recife 2019 JOSÉ ROSENO DE MENDONÇA FILHO DIVERSIDADE CARIOTÍPICA EM REPRESENTANTES DO COMPLEXO CRYPTANTHOID (BROMELIOIDEAE, BROMELIACEAE) Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Área de Concentração Genética, da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, como requisito para obtenção do título de mestre em Ciências Biológicas. Aprovada em: 23/07/2019 COMISSÃO EXAMINADORA ___________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Ana Maria Benko Iseppon UFPE (Orientadora) ___________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Maria Betânia de Oliveira Melo UFPE (Membro Interno) ____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Geyner Alves dos Santos Cruz UPE – Campus de Petrolina (Membro Externo) MEMBROS SUPLENTES ____________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Section [I]Cerris[I] in Western Eurasia: Inferences from Plastid
    A peer-reviewed version of this preprint was published in PeerJ on 17 October 2018. View the peer-reviewed version (peerj.com/articles/5793), which is the preferred citable publication unless you specifically need to cite this preprint. Simeone MC, Cardoni S, Piredda R, Imperatori F, Avishai M, Grimm GW, Denk T. 2018. Comparative systematics and phylogeography of Quercus Section Cerris in western Eurasia: inferences from plastid and nuclear DNA variation. PeerJ 6:e5793 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5793 Comparative systematics and phylogeography of Quercus Section Cerris in western Eurasia: inferences from plastid and nuclear DNA variation Marco Cosimo Simeone Corresp., 1 , Simone Cardoni 1 , Roberta Piredda 2 , Francesca Imperatori 1 , Michael Avishai 3 , Guido W Grimm 4 , Thomas Denk 5 1 Department of Agricultural and Forestry Science (DAFNE), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy 2 Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy 3 Jerusalem Botanical Gardens, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel 4 Orleans, France 5 Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden Corresponding Author: Marco Cosimo Simeone Email address: [email protected] Oaks (Quercus) comprise more than 400 species worldwide and centres of diversity for most sections lie in the Americas and East/Southeast Asia. The only exception is the Eurasian Sect. Cerris that comprises 15 species, a dozen of which are confined to western Eurasia. This section has not been comprehensively studied using molecular tools. Here, we assess species diversity and reconstruct a first comprehensive taxonomic scheme of western Eurasian members of Sect. Cerris using plastid (trnH-psbA) and nuclear (5S-IGS) DNA variation with a dense intra-specific and geographic sampling.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary Consequences of Dioecy in Angiosperms: the Effects of Breeding System on Speciation and Extinction Rates
    EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES OF DIOECY IN ANGIOSPERMS: THE EFFECTS OF BREEDING SYSTEM ON SPECIATION AND EXTINCTION RATES by JANA C. HEILBUTH B.Sc, Simon Fraser University, 1996 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Zoology) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA July 2001 © Jana Heilbuth, 2001 Wednesday, April 25, 2001 UBC Special Collections - Thesis Authorisation Form Page: 1 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada http://www.library.ubc.ca/spcoll/thesauth.html ABSTRACT Dioecy, the breeding system with male and female function on separate individuals, may affect the ability of a lineage to avoid extinction or speciate. Dioecy is a rare breeding system among the angiosperms (approximately 6% of all flowering plants) while hermaphroditism (having male and female function present within each flower) is predominant. Dioecious angiosperms may be rare because the transitions to dioecy have been recent or because dioecious angiosperms experience decreased diversification rates (speciation minus extinction) compared to plants with other breeding systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation and Utilization of Biodiversity in Triticeae for Wheat Lmprovement
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU Intermountain Herbarium of Utah State Herbarium Publications University 6-24-1994 Evaluation and Utilization of Biodiversity in Triticeae for Wheat lmprovement A. B. Damania University of California, Davis J. Valkoun University of California, Davis Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/herbarium_pubs Part of the Agriculture Commons, Food Science Commons, and the Plant Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Damania, A. B. and Valkoun, J., "Evaluation and Utilization of Biodiversity in Triticeae for Wheat lmprovement" (1994). Herbarium Publications. Paper 4. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/herbarium_pubs/4 This Conference Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Intermountain Herbarium of Utah State University at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Herbarium Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Evaluation and Utilization of Biodiversity in Triticeae for Wheat lmpr.ovement A. B. DAMANIA1 and J. VALKOUN International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (I CARDA), PO Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria. 1Present address: Genetic Resources Conservation Program, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8602, USA ABSTRACT A population structure of a species is defined as the totality of ecological and genetical relationships among To adapt new varieties to a wide spectrum of individual members which may co-evolve as a result of environments breeders and farmers have emphasized the gene exchange but may also diverge under localized forces need for broadening the current narrow genetic base of of evolutionary change Qain, 1975). Landraces and obsolete modern varieties of important cereal crops such as wheat cultivars are as a rule products of several years of crop and barley.
    [Show full text]
  • Acantholimon Saadii (Plumbaginaceae), a New Species from Iran
    IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 26 (1), 2020 DOI: 10.22092/ijb.2020.342569.1277 ACANTHOLIMON SAADII (PLUMBAGINACEAE), A NEW SPECIES FROM IRAN M. Assadi & A. Zeraatkar Received 2020. 04. 10; accepted for publication 2020. 06. 10 Assadi, M. & Zeraatkar, A. 2020. 06. 30: Acantholimon saadii (Plumbaginaceae), a new species from Iran. -Iran. J. Bot. 26 (1): 01-05. Tehran. Acantolimon saadii is described as a new species, the specimens of the new species have been collected from a locality in Fars province. The new species belongs to Acantholimon sect. Tragacanthina subsect. Stenostoma and is most closely related to Acantholimon karelinii, a species confined to N. and NW. of Iran and adjacent areas in Caucasus and Tuekey. The differences are in the length of calyx and bracteole characters. An identification key is prepared for the species of subsection Stenostoma to include the new species. Acantholimon saadii extends the distribution of the subsection Stenostoma from Kashan area as the southernmost distribution in Isfahan province to Fars province. Mostafa Assadi, (correspondence<[email protected]>), Amin Zeraatkar, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), P. O. Box 13185-116, Tehran, Iran. Key words: Acantholimon, sect. Tragacanthina subsect. Stenostoma; new taxon; identification key; Fars province; Iran گونه جدید (Acantholimon saadii (Plumbaginaceae از ایران مصطفی اسدی: استاد پژوهش مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور ، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران امین زراعتکار: محقق مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران Acantholimon Acantholimon saadii گونه جدید که نمونههای آن از استان فارس جمعآوری شده است، معرفی میگردد.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Diversity and Evolution in Lactuca L. (Asteraceae)
    Genetic diversity and evolution in Lactuca L. (Asteraceae) from phylogeny to molecular breeding Zhen Wei Thesis committee Promotor Prof. Dr M.E. Schranz Professor of Biosystematics Wageningen University Other members Prof. Dr P.C. Struik, Wageningen University Dr N. Kilian, Free University of Berlin, Germany Dr R. van Treuren, Wageningen University Dr M.J.W. Jeuken, Wageningen University This research was conducted under the auspices of the Graduate School of Experimental Plant Sciences. Genetic diversity and evolution in Lactuca L. (Asteraceae) from phylogeny to molecular breeding Zhen Wei Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. Dr A.P.J. Mol, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Monday 25 January 2016 at 1.30 p.m. in the Aula. Zhen Wei Genetic diversity and evolution in Lactuca L. (Asteraceae) - from phylogeny to molecular breeding, 210 pages. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2016) With references, with summary in Dutch and English ISBN 978-94-6257-614-8 Contents Chapter 1 General introduction 7 Chapter 2 Phylogenetic relationships within Lactuca L. (Asteraceae), including African species, based on chloroplast DNA sequence comparisons* 31 Chapter 3 Phylogenetic analysis of Lactuca L. and closely related genera (Asteraceae), using complete chloroplast genomes and nuclear rDNA sequences 99 Chapter 4 A mixed model QTL analysis for salt tolerance in
    [Show full text]
  • 5. Tribe CICHORIEAE 菊苣族 Ju Ju Zu Shi Zhu (石铸 Shih Chu), Ge Xuejun (葛学军); Norbert Kilian, Jan Kirschner, Jan Štěpánek, Alexander P
    Published online on 25 October 2011. Shi, Z., Ge, X. J., Kilian, N., Kirschner, J., Štěpánek, J., Sukhorukov, A. P., Mavrodiev, E. V. & Gottschlich, G. 2011. Cichorieae. Pp. 195–353 in: Wu, Z. Y., Raven, P. H. & Hong, D. Y., eds., Flora of China Volume 20–21 (Asteraceae). Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis). 5. Tribe CICHORIEAE 菊苣族 ju ju zu Shi Zhu (石铸 Shih Chu), Ge Xuejun (葛学军); Norbert Kilian, Jan Kirschner, Jan Štěpánek, Alexander P. Sukhorukov, Evgeny V. Mavrodiev, Günter Gottschlich Annual to perennial, acaulescent, scapose, or caulescent herbs, more rarely subshrubs, exceptionally scandent vines, latex present. Leaves alternate, frequently rosulate. Capitulum solitary or capitula loosely to more densely aggregated, sometimes forming a secondary capitulum, ligulate, homogamous, with 3–5 to ca. 300 but mostly with a few dozen bisexual florets. Receptacle naked, or more rarely with scales or bristles. Involucre cylindric to campanulate, ± differentiated into a few imbricate outer series of phyllaries and a longer inner series, rarely uniseriate. Florets with 5-toothed ligule, pale yellow to deep orange-yellow, or of some shade of blue, including whitish or purple, rarely white; anthers basally calcarate and caudate, apical appendage elongate, smooth, filaments smooth; style slender, with long, slender branches, sweeping hairs on shaft and branches; pollen echinolophate or echinate. Achene cylindric, or fusiform to slenderly obconoidal, usually ribbed, sometimes compressed or flattened, apically truncate, attenuate, cuspi- date, or beaked, often sculptured, mostly glabrous, sometimes papillose or hairy, rarely villous, sometimes heteromorphic; pappus of scabrid [to barbellate] or plumose bristles, rarely of scales or absent.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Review and Prospect of Taxonomy of Tribe Triticeae Dumortier (Poaceae)
    Breeding Science 59: 513–518 (2009) Review Historical review and prospect of taxonomy of tribe Triticeae Dumortier (Poaceae) Chi Yen* and Jun Liang Yang Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, The People’s Republic of China The tribe Triticeae is a taxon in the Poaceae that includes several important cereal crops and forage grasses. All its species, including those that are not used for cereals or forage, are potential sources of genes for crop and forage improvement so they all have high economic value. Taxonomic treatments, including those of the Triticeae, are the basis for identification. They are often designed to reflect phylogenetic relationships and provide a guide for germplasm utilization. Traditional taxonomic treatments of the Triticeae were based on comparative morphology and geography. Morphological characters are phenotypes of an organism, resulting from interactions between or among dominant genes and environmental factors. Morphology cannot reflect recessive inheritance. Similar environmental conditions may result in morphological convergence in distantly related taxa and different environmental conditions in morphological divergence of closely related taxa. Con- sequently, traditional morphological taxonomy may result in misclassification. Cytogenetic and/or molecular genomic analysis may reveal such mistakes. On the basis of recent genomic investigations of the Triticeae, we have recognized 30 genera in this tribe. The taxonomic changes and genomic constitution of these genera are presented in this paper. Key Words: Triticeae, genera, genomic constitution, phylogenetic relationships. Introduction Linnaeus (1753) later named them Aegilops ovata and Ae. triuncialis, respectively. These names are, however, al- The tribe Triticeae is a taxon in the Poaceae that includes ways attributed to Linnaeus because, ever since acceptance several important cereal crops and forage grasses.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tribe Cichorieae In
    Chapter24 Cichorieae Norbert Kilian, Birgit Gemeinholzer and Hans Walter Lack INTRODUCTION general lines seem suffi ciently clear so far, our knowledge is still insuffi cient regarding a good number of questions at Cichorieae (also known as Lactuceae Cass. (1819) but the generic rank as well as at the evolution of the tribe. name Cichorieae Lam. & DC. (1806) has priority; Reveal 1997) are the fi rst recognized and perhaps taxonomically best studied tribe of Compositae. Their predominantly HISTORICAL OVERVIEW Holarctic distribution made the members comparatively early known to science, and the uniform character com- Tournefort (1694) was the fi rst to recognize and describe bination of milky latex and homogamous capitula with Cichorieae as a taxonomic entity, forming the thirteenth 5-dentate, ligulate fl owers, makes the members easy to class of the plant kingdom and, remarkably, did not in- identify. Consequently, from the time of initial descrip- clude a single plant now considered outside the tribe. tion (Tournefort 1694) until today, there has been no dis- This refl ects the convenient recognition of the tribe on agreement about the overall circumscription of the tribe. the basis of its homogamous ligulate fl owers and latex. He Nevertheless, the tribe in this traditional circumscription called the fl ower “fl os semifl osculosus”, paid particular at- is paraphyletic as most recent molecular phylogenies have tention to the pappus and as a consequence distinguished revealed. Its circumscription therefore is, for the fi rst two groups, the fi rst to comprise plants with a pappus, the time, changed in the present treatment. second those without.
    [Show full text]