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The New York Botanical Garden * VOL JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden * VOL. XXIX - DECEMBER, 1928 No. 348 GROWING DAHLIAS FROM SEED1 Raising Dahlias from seeds has become a popular pastime and if Dahlias can be raised from seeds produced in one's own garden this pastime becomes very fascinating. Breeding is accomplished in two general ways: first, by saving seeds from flowers that have been pollinated by insects; and secondly, through hybridization by hand-pollination. The former is easy but the latter is relatively difficult. Before undertaking to do any hand-pollination one should have at least an elemen­ tary knowledge of the structure of the flower and I herewith give a short summary of its various organs: Flowers are made up of the following: sepals, which form the •calyx; petals, which form the corolla; stamens, the important parts of which are the anthers, where the pollen grains are found; and the pistil, the upper part of which is called the stigma. The lower part of the pistil is the ovary, which in its matured form •contains the seed. The ovary and stigma may be referred to as female parts of the flower and the stamens and pollen grains as the male. When the pollen grain reaches the stigma, either by the aid of insects or by hand, if the pollen grain is ripe and the stigma receptive, the pollen grain germinates and its germ-plasm reaches the essential female cell of the ovule, which becomes fertilized. The Dahlia belongs to the family Compositae, which have flower heads which consist of many florets or a composite of flowers; thus the essential organs are somewhat difficult to see, 1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given at The New York Botanical Garden, on Saturday afternoon, September 15, 1928. 297 but if a large individual flower such as a lily be dissected all these various organs will be readily seen. The Dahlia flower has two types of florets called the ray and the disk. The ray floret has a completely developed petal-like corolla which is called a ray and the assemblage of these is the conspicuous part of the bloom. In the "single" type of Dahlia we only have one outer series of these ray florets, the rest being all disk florets, whereas in the so-called double-flowered types such as the Decorative, Cactus, etc., the entire head or " flower" is practically made up ray florets. The ray florets are not com­ plete, as they have no stamens, but in many types they have pistils, with ovaries, and if fertilized are capable of producing seed. The disk is the other type of floret and is easily seen in all open-centered flowers, although it is only when those that are full to the center of ray florets are fully opened that they may also be seen there. These disk florets, while only having rudimentary petals, are complete flowers, having the sexual organs capable of producing seed. Fruitfulness in the Dahlia Fruitfulness means the ability of the flower to produce seeds. Many plants are so constituted that they cannot produce seed with pollen from another flower on the same plant. The reason for this may be that the anthers ripen before the stigma is receptive, or vice versa. There is another cause of failure to produce seeds that is known as self-incompatibility or self-unfruitfulness. In this form the pollen is ripe at the same time as the stigma, but for some reason is not able to fertilize that pistil or any other pistil of the same variety. It is believed that the Dahlias gen­ erally belong to this class, and that cross-fertilization must take place before any seed can be produced. That is, Jersey's Beauty will not fertilize any stigma on any other plant of.Jersey's Beauty; but pollen of a similar variety of say, the same color, is capable of fertilization. Of course, there may be some exceptions, as every variety has not been scientifically tested. Research work­ ers have determined that many varieties of Dahlias are self- sterile, but will set seed to foreign pollen. However, in order to be absolutely certain in this connection a trial should be given 299 every variety proposed to breed, for the reason already stated, that there may be exceptions. Breeding the Ray Florets To be absolutely sure of both parents, it is necessary to use control measures. This is tedious work but interesting never­ theless. In the case of the varieties which will set seeds in ray florets the technique is to select the flowers to be bred and cover them with a waterproof transparent bag just before the bloom opens. This bag is fastened loosely at the bottom, around the stem, by means of a wired tree label. As soon as the rays develop each day the showy part of the ray should be clipped off with a pair of curved-point maincure scissors. The next day the pistils which are exposed should be pollinated with pollen from the desired variety, the flower having been covered before shed­ ding its pollen so as to prevent contamination. This process should be continued until the disk florets begin to shed pollen. At this time all of the disk florets should be pulled out with tweezers, thus preventing possible self-pollination. The seeds are then allowed to ripen. If frost should threaten, the stalk should be cut and placed in clear water in a light, airy room, the water being changed daily. W. H. WAITE. TULIPS PLANTED IN 1928 The New York Botanical Garden has been enriched by another generous gift of 68,750 tulip bulbs from the Holland Bulb Grow­ ers' Association. The following have been planted in the Conservatory court: 8,125 early singles, in 16 varieties; 11,025 cottage, in 40 varieties; 4,700 early doubles in 15 varieties; and 6,300 breeders in 36 varieties, using about 5,500 square feet of ground. There were 38,625 Darwins in 50 varieties planted in the Horticultural Grounds, using about 9,500 square feet of ground. Owing to the lack of space here, the Breeders were planted in the Conservatory court this year. 3,000 Scilla, Chionodaxa, and Galanthus bulbs were planted under shrubbery. Following is a list of varieties of tulips received this year: 1928 TULIPS Single Early Cottage Tulip Cottage Maid Adonis Couleur Cardinal Alaska Diana Amber Drapeau Rouge Amber Gris Golden Standard Ambrosia Argo Golden West Artemis Ibis Avis Kennicott Keizerskroon Avis La Reine Maxima Max Havelaar Alcimene Pelican Caledonia Prince of Austria Carrara Diamond Queen Flora Dido Rising Sun Dulcinea Rose Luisante Ellen Willmott Vermilion Brilliant Gesneriana Spathulata White Hawk Leda Yellow Prince Grenadier Inglescombe Yellow Early Double John Ruskin Boule de Neige Mrs. Hoog Couronne d'Or Marvel Imperator Rubrorum Mrs. Kerrel Lac van Haarlem Mrs. Moon Mr. van der Hoeff Moonlight Mr. van Tubergen Nectar Lucretia Orange King Murillo Picotee Peach Blossom Retroflexa Queen of the Pinks Siren Salmonette Sir Harry- Schoonoord Rose Bella Tea Rose Scarlet Emperor Titian Union Jack Vuurbaak Walter T. Ware 301 General France Vulcan Thalia Yellow Perfection Zeus Darwin Tulips reeder Tulip Afterglow Abd-el-Kadir Aphrodite Apricot Baronne de la Tonnaye Bacchus Bartigon Black Diamond Bleu Aimable Cardinal Manning Centenaire Clio Chant du Cygne Copernicus Citronella Dom Pedro City of Haarlem Feu Ardent Clara Butt Godet Parfait Duchess of Westminster Gold Finch Eclipse Tilia g Edmee James Watt Euterpe Jaune d'Oeuf Faust La Singuliere Flamingo Louis XIV Frans Hals Lucifer Feu Brillant Marginata Herodiade Mme. de Stael Isis Marie Louise Jubilee Medea King George A*. Melva La Fiancee Panorama Le Tulipe Xoire Perle Royale Louise de la Yalliere Prince of Orange Jacob Mares Professor Schotel Mme. Barxois Salomon Mr. Farncombe Sanders St. James Mme. Krelage Tricolor Marnix van St. Aldegonde Turenne Philippe de Commines Velvet King President Taft A insor Pride of Haarlem Mrgilius Prince of Wales 302 Princess. Elizabeth Sundew Princess Mary Scarlet Beauty Prince of the Netherlands Silvie Professor RauwenhofT Sir Trevor Laurence Rev. Ewbank The Bishop Roi d' Islande Zwanenburg KENNETH R. BOYNTON. STUDENTS AND TEACHERS OF ALL AGES VISIT THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN The mild Indian summer of the .past two months has brought crowds of nature students from the grade schools and high schools, Teachers College, Fordham, and Columbia Universities, and from the walking clubs of h the city, to study plant life at first hand in The New York Botanical Garden. With the cooperation of Mr. Van Evrie Kilpatrick, who is in charge of the nature- garden work of the Board of Education, an invitation was sent to the schools this autumn to bring their nature-study classes to visit the Botanical Garden under the guidance of members of the staff. In response to this, nearly a thousand pupils with their teachers have visited the Garden during the first month. They have studied the native trees, shrubs, and vines, and how they can be recognized by their leaves; ferns and mosses, and their life histories; they have seen the economic plants of other lands growing in the conservatories, and observed their products dis­ played in the Museum—such as coffee, cacao, rubber, bananas, etc. No amount of book learning can equal the experience of seeing and studying the living plants themselves, and learning about them at first hand under trained guidance. Groups of stu­ dents have come to the Garden practically every school day of the past month, and each group has taken away not only lasting impressions gained from personal observation of the plants but also an assortment of plant materials—leaves, twigs, and fruits for further study in the classroom.
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