Journal the New York Botanical Garden
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VOL. XXVII JANUARY, 1926 No. 313 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOTANIZING IN THE HIGHER ALLEGHANY MOUNTAINS. —I. WEST VIRGINIA P. A. RYDBERG AN ATTEMPT TO AID THE NATURAL PROPAGATION OF HEMLOCKS N. L. BRITTON CHRYSANTHEMUMS, 1925 KENNETH R. BOYNTON FOREST RESOURCES OF THE NORTHWEST AND THEIR CONSERVATION GEORGE B. RIGG CARNIVOROUS PLANTS JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART PROFESSOR CHANDLER H. H. RUSBY "BOB WHITE" EUZABETH G. BRITTON BEQUEST OF HELEN C. INSLEE N. L. BRITTON CONFERENCE NOTES FOR NOVEMBER NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ACCESSIONS PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN AT LIME AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, PA. THE SCIENCE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY Entered at the post-office In Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS FREDERIC S. LEE, President JAMES F. KEMP HENRY W. DE FOREST, Vice President ADOLPH LEWISOHN F. K. STURGIS, Vice President KENNETH K. MACKENZIE JOHN L. MERRILL, Treasurer BARRINGTON MOORE N. L. BRITTON, Secretary j p MORGAN EDWARD D. ADAMS LEWIS RUTHERFURD MORRIS HENRY DE FOREST BALDWIN FREDERIC R. NEWBOLD NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER CHARLES F. RAND PAUL D CRAVATH HERBERT M. RICHARDS C^ILDI X£ F0REST HENRY H RUSBY WILLIAM J. GIES ^ORGE J. RYAN R A HARPER WILLIAM BOYCE THOMPSON JOSEPH P. HENNESSY W. GILMAN THOMPSON JAMES J. WALKER, Mayor of the City of New York FRANCIS DAWSON GALLATIN. President of the Department of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS R. A. HARPER, PH. D., Chairman JAMES F. KEMP, SC. D., LL. D. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PH. D., FREDERIC S. LEE, PH. D., LL. D. LL. D., LITT. D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, SC. D. WILLIAM J. GIES, PH. D. HENRY H. RUSBY, M. D. GEORGE J. RYAN GARDEN STAFF N. L. BRITTON, PH. D., SC. D., LL. D Director-in-Chief MARSHALL A. HOWE, PH. D., SC. D Assistant Director JOHN K. SMALL, PH. D., SC. D Head Curator of the Museums A. B. STOUT, PH. D Director of the Laboratories P. A. RYDBERG, PH. D Curator H. A. GLEASON, PH. D Curator FRED J. SEAVER, PH. D Curator ARTHUR HOLLICK, PH. D Paleobotanist PERCY WILSON Associate Curator PALMYRE DE C. MITCHELL Associate Curator JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., M. D Bibliographer SARAH H. HARLOW, A. M Librarian H. H. RUSBY, M. D Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections ELIZABETH G. BRITTON Honorary Curator of Mosses MARY E. EATON Artist KENNETH R. BOYNTON, B. S Head Gardener ROBERT S. WILLIAMS Administrative Assistant HESTER M. RUSK, A. M Technical Assistant H. M. DENSLOW, A. M., D. D Honorary Custodian of Local Herbarium E. B. SOUTHWICK, PH. D Custodian of Herbaceous Grounds JOHN R. BRINLEY, C E Landscape Engineer WALTER S. GROESBECK Clerk and Accountant ABTHUR J. CORBETT Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VOL. XXVII JANUARY, 1926 No. 313 BOTANIZING IN THE HIGHER ALLEGHANY MOUNTAINS.—I. WEST VIRGINIA I spent my summer vacation of 1925 collecting in the higher Alleghany Mountains of Virginia, West Virginia, North Caro lina, and Tennessee. Dr. Britton, Director-in-Chief of The New York Botanical Garden, permitted me to remain in the field for a second month on condition that I secured living plants for the outdoor plantations, and herbarium material. About 150 species of living plants were sent in from the field and about 3,000 her barium specimens were secured. I was fortunate to secure as a companion Mr. John T. Perry, a graduate of Massachusetts Agricultural College. We started on the 10th of June from New York by automobile. During the first three days we did no botanizing, spending the days on the road and the nights at tourist camps, near Kutztown, Pa., at Gettysburg, Pa., and Endless Caverns, Va. We spent a few hours in seeing the battlefield near Gettysburg, and the Caverns. On the 13th we passed through Staunton, Va., buying some extra supplies. Then we turned westward and camped over night near the Fire Warden's house at the base of the Shenandoah Moun tains. The following morning we crossed said mountain range, which now constitutes a United States forest reserve. The mountain had a typical Alleghanian forest flora clear to the top of the ridge, consisting mostly of several species of oaks and maples, chestnut, yellow birch, and large-toothed aspen. The Alleghanies here con sist of several parallel ridges reaching an altitude of 3,000-4,500 feet, the valleys between them being 1,400-1,600 feet high. We stopped only at one place and botanized for about half an hour, just after we had crossed the summit of Bull Pasture Moun tains, where the road makes a wide curve around a naked ridge before it begins the steeper incline down the west side. Here we found three huckleberries, Polycodiutn candicans, Vaccinium pal lidum, and an undescribed species of Vaccinium, together with Ceanothus americanus, and Rosa Carolina. Among herbaceous plants may be mentioned Heuchera pubescens, Antennaria neodi- oica, Convolvulus spithamaeus, Houstonia angustifolia, Cracca virginiana, Danthonia spicata, Asclepias quadrifolia, Hieracium Grecnei, and Pentstemon hirsutum. On our return from West Virginia we collected awhile on the top of the ridge while the automobile cooled off a little. Here we added to the collection Galium latifoliam, Arenaria scrpyllifolia, Zizia cordata, Juncus tenuis, Anychia canadensis, and .-/. montana. In the evening, July 14, we reached Monterey and camped by the old mill north of the village. On inquiring about the best road to reach the highest mountains of West Virginia, we were advised to take the Franklin road and turn to the left just after the road had crossed the river at Strait Creek. The left road would take us through Crabbottom, and, turning north, to Mr. Simmons' farm, situated in the valley between two of the higher mountains, Snowy Mountain and Panther Mountain. Mr. Sim mons permitted us to camp in his hay-field, gave us much valuable information and many references and his oldest son, Martin, a school teacher, volunteered as a guide on our first day's trip up Panther Mountain about 4,500 feet high. In climbing the moun tain, he chose a nearly direct line, which took us first through pasture lands, rather uninteresting from a botanical standpoint. The only thing of interest was a strawberry, Fragaria australis, and an unknown species of blue-eyed grass, Sisyrinchium. On the higher slopes we entered a typical Alleghanian forest of oaks, maples, chestnuts, hickories, etc. The undergrowth consisted of such plants as Porleranthus trifoliatus, Rubus carolinianus, R. nigrobaccus, R. canadensis, Grossularia rotundifolia, Aquilegia coccinea, Gaultheria procumbens, Viburnum cassinoides, etc. Approaching the summit, we found the flora to begin to change. The common hardwoods began to give way and their place was taken by two species of pine, Pinus virginiana and P pungens, and the scrub-oak, Quercus ilicifolia. The highest point of the mountain consists of naked cliffs forming the precipitous south western rim of the mountain. The crevices of this rim and the sandy soil behind it were filled or covered by a mat consisting mainly of a mixture of two plants of altogether different distribu tion, Hudsonia tomentosa, a typical sand-barren plant, and Pa ronychia argyrocoma, a plant characteristic of the exposed crags of the higher Alleghanies. To these were added here and there Sibbaldiopsis tridentata and Houstonia caerulea. It being rather late in the afternoon, we did not have time to investigate the almost flat plateau, which stretched itself for many miles in a northerly direction. We struck a trail which led along a hogback and took us to the wagon road about two miles west of the pass. We returned by this road over the pass to our camp. Two days later we visited again the top of Panther, reaching it by the trail mentioned, and spent most of the day on this table land. We found to our surprise that the flora here was scarcely Alleghanian. It seemed as if we had suddenly been transported to the sand-barrens of Kew Jersey. The soil was evidently very shallow, there were many wet places and a few small springs. The wood flora consisted mostly of scattered pines, mostly Pinus virginiana, but in many places P pungens had taken its place. I think that I also saw P. rigida, though I might be mistaken, as I have no specimens in my collection. Mixed with the pines were growing the large-toothed aspen, witch-hazel, mountain ash, and the purple choke-berry (Aronia atropurpurea). Among these were growing many northern herbs, as the yellow ladies'-slipper, the bristly sarsaparilla (Aralia hispida), three lycopods, bunch- berry (Cornus cajiadensis), the swamp blackberry (Rubus his pidus), etc. In more open places were found big stretches of Ericaceous and Vacciniaceous plants, also here a mixture of northern and Alleghanian species, as Menziesia pilosa, Kalmia latifolia, Polycodium candicans, Vaccinium pennsxlvanicum, V canadense, and Gaylussacia baccata. In the crevices of the rim I found a saxifrage (Spathularia petiolaris), in the talus below it the beautiful bleeding heart (Bicuculla eximia), and around a spring further down Micranthes micranthidifolia, Veratrum viride, and a few Carices. Just before we struck the trail going home, we passed through a depression, through which ran a little brook. This hollow contained a true northern flora. Besides the red spruce (Picea rubens), which is common on the highest mountains in the southern Alleghanies, the wooded flora consisted of northern trees, as yellow birch (Betula lutea), canoe birch (B. papyrifera), hemlock (Tsuga candensis), beaked willow (Salix Bebbiana), white spruce (Picea canadensis), and sugar maple (Acer saccharum). On June 17 we climbed Snowy Mountain, also about 4,500 feet high.