GCSE Business Studies The Business Framework

Support Materials KS4 Business Studies The Business Framework

These documents are part of a larger blended learning pack, developed to support GCSE Business Studies. Each document is complemented by a range of digital resources.

These digital resources could be used for whole class stimulus and discussion before directing the students to the corresponding work in the PDF documents, or the students could be asked to work in groups on the paper resources found in the packs and then the digital resource used for feedback and to check understanding. ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

The Business Framework

Why and how businesses start

People who set up and run their own businesses are often called ENTREPRENEURS.

There are a number of reasons why entrepreneurs choose to become self-employed and run their own business.

Reasons for starting a business include:

‡ Self employment may be an appealing option following redundancy as it provides employment and an income for the owner. ‡ Running a successful business can provide personal satisfaction. ‡ The ability to be their own boss and make all the decisions, for example, entrepreneurs can choose their hours RIZRUNWRVRPHH[WHQWWR¿WLQZLWKWKHLUOLIHVW\OH ‡ Continue to run an existing family business. ‡ Self-employment provides the opportunity for business owners to earn a living from a hobby or particular interest. ‡ (QWUHSUHQHXUVDUHQ¶WQHFHVVDULO\PRWLYDWHGE\SUR¿WVRPHGHYHORSVRFLDOHQWHUSULVHVFKHPHVWREHQH¿WWKHLU local area.

The functions of an entrepreneur

An entrepreneur is a person who uses their initiative to start a business enterprise.

To succeed and achieve their aims, entrepreneurs need to be able to:

‡ )LQGDQGFRPELQHWKHKXPDQSK\VLFDODQG¿QDQFLDOUHVRXUFHVQHHGHGWRVWDUWDEXVLQHVVDQGRUJDQLVH production of a good or service. ‡ Take risks, as they are investing their own money into a business which may fail. ‡ Show initiative as the business environment is constantly changing. ‡ Be innovative and develop new ideas. ‡ Overcome any problems they may face.

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What other skills and qualities are needed to be a successful entrepreneur?

Starting and running your own business requires different qualities to those of a good employee. Successful business people have a range of skills and qualities, these include those shown above as well as:

Planning skills &RQ¿GHQFH Creativity

Leadership Self-starter Committed

People skills Discipline Passion

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Case Study: Creative Designs

Carra Robinson had worked for a bank for 6 years since completing her university degree in Graphic Design. Although Carra received a steady wage from her job with the bank she did not feel challenged, and longed to put her expertise in design-work to use.

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More Rrders Cara was soon receiving regular and repeat orders, she completed these in the evening after her days work in WKHEDQN,WZDVGLI¿FXOWKROGLQJGRZQDIXOOWLPHMREORRNLQJDIWHUKHU\RXQJIDPLO\DQGFRPSOHWLQJWKHRUGHUV but she enjoyed the creative aspect of the work and wanted to give up her job in the bank to become self-employed.

Carra was nervous about giving up the regular wage from her job at the bank, she realised that starting her own business would be a risky decision as she also needed to invest money into purchasing a better computer, design software and printer to enable her to provide a professional service. Carra saved all the income she made from her design work until eventually she had enough money to upgrade her equipment and software.

Showing initiative One day a regular customer of Carra’s complained that the delivery people they were using to distribute the OHDÀHWVGRRUWRGRRULQWKHORFDODUHDZHUHQRWSURYLGLQJDUHOLDEOHVHUYLFHDER[RI&DUUD¶VOHDÀHWVKDGEHHQ discovered discarded in an alleyway. Carra realised that there was a gap in the market and decided to provide DQRSWLRQDOOHDÀHWGLVWULEXWLRQVHUYLFHIRUORFDOEXVLQHVVHVIRUDQDGGLWLRQDOFKDUJH&DUUDLQYROYHGKHUKXVEDQG DQGRWKHUIDPLO\PHPEHUVLQWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRIOHDÀHWVEXWUHDOLVHGWKDWLIKHUEXVLQHVVZDVWRFRQWLQXHWRJURZ she would need to give up her work at the bank.

Carra sent samples of her work, together with a price list, to larger businesses in the area and contacted a local SULQWLQJVKRSWRQHJRWLDWHIDYRXUDEOHSULQWLQJFRVWVWRIXUWKHULPSURYHWKHTXDOLW\RIKHUOHDÀHWVDQGHQDEOHKHU to complete bigger orders.

Big break Carra’s big break occurred when a local businessman, who owned several convenience stores, asked her to GHVLJQDSDJHOHDÀHWQRWMXVWIRUWKHORFDODUHDEXWDOVRIRUFRQYHQLHQFHVWRUHVLQRWKHUQHDUE\WRZQVDVZHOO her largest order to date. Carra was nervous about accepting the order but decided to take the risk. The customer was pleased with the work and placed further regular orders.

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Success Carra admits that her workload is far heavier than she expected - she works longer hours than she did at the bank. Carra has also found that running a business has required that she develop new skills not previously required in her job at the bank.

As Carra’s business has grown she has needed to develop people-management skills in order to lead her new employees, book-keeping skills to complete her tax returns correctly and time-management skills to ensure her FXVWRPHURUGHUVDUHPDQDJHGHI¿FLHQWO\

On the whole, Carra describes running her own business as challenging but rewarding and does not regret her decision to become self-employed.

Suggest what you think are the two motives Carra had for starting her own business?

1.

2.

Why do you think Carra was reluctant to give up her job to start her own business?

Identify three skills Carra needed to be a successful entrepreneur.

1.

2.

3.

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Past Paper Examination Question - 2013

Ryan Davies has been a keen reader since childhood. After being made redundant from a travel agent business, where he had worked for a number of years, he decided to set up a shop selling new and second-hand books.

6uggest and explain two reasons why people such as Ryan want to set up their own business. (4)

(i)

(ii)

Suggest two aims Ryan might have for the business. ()

(i)

(ii)

5 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

What is a stakeholder? $VWDNHKROGHULVDQLQGLYLGXDORURUJDQLVDWLRQWKDWKDVDQLQWHUHVWLQRULQÀXHQFHRQDEXVLQHVVRUJDQLVDWLRQ

Stakeholders of organisations may include: ‡ Shareholders/Owners ‡ Customers ‡ Workers/Employees ‡ Managers ‡ The government ‡ Pressure groups ‡ Local community ‡ Suppliers and Lenders

Stakeholder expectations Each stakeholder group will be interested in the performance and actions of the organisation and will have different expectations.

Owners The owner of a business has contributed their own money to developing the business and will have a great LQÀXHQFHRQWKHDFWLRQVRIWKHEXVLQHVVDVWKH\DUHKLJKO\LQYROYHGLQGHFLVLRQPDNLQJ2ZQHUVZLOOEH FRQFHUQHGZLWKWKHVXUYLYDODQGWKH¿QDQFLDOVXFFHVVRIWKHEXVLQHVV

Shareholders The owners of limited companies are known as shareholders as they have invested money into buying a share of the organisation. Most shareholders are not involved with the running of the business, but will instead elect directors to control the company on their behalf.

6KDUHKROGHUVZLOOEHFRQFHUQHGZLWKWKH¿QDQFLDOSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHRUJDQLVDWLRQDQGZLOOH[SHFWWKHYDOXHRI their shares to increase (so that they can sell them for a higher price than they bought them). If shareholders are unhappy with the performance of the organisation they can sell their shares.

Customers A business cannot survive without customers, their purchases provide income for the business. Therefore, FXVWRPHUEHKDYLRXUZLOOLQÀXHQFHKRZWKHEXVLQHVVRSHUDWHV

Customers will expect good quality products and/or service, a good choice and value for money. If customers are unhappy with the actions of the business they may take their custom elsewhere.

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Workers/Employees and Managers Employees and managers will want the business to succeed as their future employment will depend on the business surviving. They will be concerned with receiving good pay, job security, good working conditions and job satisfaction.

(PSOR\HHVWHQGQRWWRKDYHDQ\LQÀXHQFHRYHUWKHRZQHUVDQGDUHQRWXVXDOO\LQYROYHGLQWKHGHFLVLRQPDNLQJ However, managers will make the day to day decisions about how the business is run.

Government 7KHJRYHUQPHQWZDQWVEXVLQHVVHVWRVXFFHHGDVWKHEHWWHUWKH¿QDQFLDOSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHEXVLQHVVWKHPRUH taxes it will pay to the government and the more employment opportunities it will offer.

7KHJRYHUQPHQWLQÀXHQFHVDEXVLQHVVLQDQXPEHURIZD\V$JRYHUQPHQWFDQFUHDWHODZVDQGUHJXODWLRQVWKDW affect the business directly and a government’s general economic policies will also have a considerable effect. )RUH[DPSOHLQWHUHVWUDWHVDQGPLQLPXPZDJHOHYHOVZLOOLQÀXHQFHKRZDEXVLQHVVLVUXQ

Pressure groups Pressure groups are groups of people who get together to express their objections to a particular government policy, business decision, or the effects of an organisation’s actions. An example of a pressure group would be an environmental organisational established to complain about the high pollution levels caused by industry. Pressure groups can persuade organisations to change their actions.

Local Fommunity

Businesses provide employment and facilities for the local community. Sometimes the actions of the business PD\LQFRQYHQLHQFHWKHORFDOFRPPXQLW\WKURXJKSROOXWLRQWUDI¿FFRQJHVWLRQRUEXVLQHVVFORVXUH

Large businesses will have a greater impact on the local community than smaller ones.

Suppliers and Lenders Businesses rely on suppliers to provide them with the materials they require to provide their customers with goods and services. Suppliers will want businesses to be successful so that they will continue to receive orders.

It is important that a business has a good relationship with its suppliers so that they can rely on them to deliver good quality supplies, on time and at a good price. Lenders will expect the business to repay its debts.

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Stakeholder interests

Stakeholder What are the main interests of this stakeholder? (Why are they interested in the business?)

Owners and Shareholders

Customers

Workers/Employees and Managers

Government

Pressure Groups

Local Community

Suppliers and Lenders

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How does the business respond?

Stakeholder How does the business respond to these stakeholders? (What must the business do to keep these stakeholders happy?)

Owners and Shareholders

Customers

Workers/Employees and Managers

Government

Pressure Groups

Local Community

Suppliers and Lenders

9 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

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Stakeholder +RZGRWKHVHVWDNHKROGHUVLQÀXHQFHWKHEXVLQHVV" (What might they do if the business does not meet their needs?)

Owners and Shareholders

Customers

Workers/Employees and Managers

Government

Pressure Groups

Local Community

Suppliers and Lenders

10 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

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7KHUHZLOOVRPHWLPHVEHFRQÀLFWEHWZHHQVWDNHKROGHUJURXSVEHFDXVHWKH\ZLOOHDFKKDYHGLIIHUHQW expectations.

'LUHFWRUVDQGPDQDJHUVZLOOZDQWWKHEXVLQHVVWRPD[LPLVHSUR¿W How will this affect customers?

Pressure groups may be concerned with how business activities affect the environment. How will this affect shareholders?

7KHORFDOFRPPXQLW\ZLOOEHFRQFHUQHGZLWKWUDI¿FFRQJHVWLRQ How will this affect managers?

11 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

Types of business organisation

There is not just one kind of business, the diagram below shows the main types.

Business Organisation

Sole Limited Social Trader Partnership company enterprise

Private Public

What is a sole trader? A sole trader is a business that is owned and run by one person. Although a sole trader is owned by only one person, the owner can employ people to work for them.

6ROHWUDGHUVXVXDOO\¿QDQFHWKHEXVLQHVVWKURXJKWKHRZQHULQYHVWLQJWKHLURZQVDYLQJVPRQH\ERUURZHG IURPIULHQGVRUIDPLO\RUDEDQNORDQ7KHUHLVDORWRI¿QDQFLDOULVNLQUXQQLQJDEXVLQHVVDVDVROHWUDGHUGXH to unlimited liability. This means that the owner is responsible for all business debts and may need to sell personal possessions to repay these debts if the value of the business is not enough to cover the amount of debt owed.

What are the aims of a sole trader business? The aims and objectives of sole traders will vary according to the type of business, but most sole traders will IRFXVRQLQFUHDVLQJLQFRPHDQGSUR¿WWRDOORZWKHRZQHUWRPDNHDOLYLQJIURPWKHLULQYHVWPHQW0DQ\VROH WUDGHUEXVLQHVVHVZLOODLPWRVXUYLYHLQWKHLQLWLDOVWDJHVRIVHWWLQJXSDQGGXULQJGLI¿FXOWHFRQRPLFWLPHV

0DQ\VROHWUDGHUVZLOORSHUDWHRQDORFDOOHYHORIWHQWKHLUPDLQDLPLVWRSURYLGHDJRRGSURGXFWRUVHUYLFHWR the local community and provide customer satisfaction.

12 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

Advantages of setting up as a sole trader: ‡ Decision making is straight-forward, the sole trader being able to make instant decisions without checking with someone else. ‡ The sole trader is their own boss and does not need to follow the instructions of somebody else. ‡ A sole trader business is easy to set up because there is no complicated paperwork to complete as there may be with other types of business. ‡ Some sole traders may be able to operate the business to suit their lifestyle with  PRUHÀH[LEOHZRUNLQJKRXUV ‡ $Q\SUR¿WLVNHSWE\WKHVROHWUDGHUDQGGRHVQRWQHHGWREHVKDUHG

Disadvantages of setting up as a sole trader: ‡ ,WFDQEHGLI¿FXOWWRUDLVHWKHUHTXLUHGFDSLWDODVRQO\RQHSHUVRQLVLQYHVWLQJLQWKH business. Banks are not keen to lend money to sole traders due to their high rate of failure. ‡ A lack of the necessary skills and experience required in owning a business can increase the risk of failure. ‡ Fewer ideas are put into the business as there is only one owner. The sole trader doesn’t have an opportunity to share ideas with any business partners, family and friends are often relied upon for advice. ‡ The owner may need to work long hours as there may be no one to share the  ZRUNORDG,WPD\EHGLI¿FXOWWRWDNHWLPHRII ‡ Unlimited liability is the main disadvantage of this typre of business, it can be very risky for the owner - a failing business could cost them their savings and their personal possessions.

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Advantages and disadvantages of sole trader ownership

There are a range of advantages and disadvantages to sole trader ownership. Show your understanding by explaining each of the advantages and disadvantages listed in the table below.

Advantages

Easy to set up

Greater owner control

.HHSDOOSUR¿W

Flexibility of working hours

Easy to run

Disadvantages

Unlimited liability

Long working hours

Problems in raising capital

Lack of specialisation

Impact of illness

14 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

Sole trader: Agree or Disagree?

Tick the relevant boxes to show whether you agree or disagree with the following statements.

Sole traders are usually small, local businesses

Agree Disagree

Sole traders have limited liability

Agree Disagree

Sole trader businesses are easy to set up

Agree Disagree

Sole traders are required by law to publish their accounts

Agree Disagree

Sole traders are responsible for all business debts incurred

Agree Disagree

6ROHWUDGHUVNHHSDOOWKHSUR¿WPDGHE\WKHLUEXVLQHVV

Agree Disagree

Sole traders often work extremely long hours

Agree Disagree

Sole traders have unlimited liability

Agree Disagree

15 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

Past Paper Examination Question - 2012

In recent years people have taken up the hobby of designing and producing their own greetLngs cards. They buy packs of materials which are used to make birthday and Christmas cards.

Some have developed their hobby into businesses; selling at craft fairs and through the internet. One such person is Fran Blake who operates her business as a sole trader.

Outline twoEHQH¿WV)UDQJDLQVDVDUHVXOWRIRSHUDWLQJDVDVROHWUDGHU (4)

(i)

(ii)

16 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

What is a partnership? A partnership is an agreement between two or more people to take joint responsibility for the running of a EXVLQHVVWRVKDUHWKHSUR¿WVDQGWRVKDUHWKHULVNV%\ODZDEXVLQHVVFDQKDYHEHWZHHQDQGSDUWQHUV Typical partnership businesses include professionals such as solicitors, accountants, doctors and vets.

$SDUWQHUVKLSLVDOPRVWDVHDV\WRVHWXSDVDVROHWUDGHULIQRIRUPDODJUHHPHQWLVGUDZQXSHYHU\WKLQJLV split equally between the partners.

Deed of Partnership It is advisable for partners to draw up a special agreement, called the Deed of Partnership which will outline the following:

‡ +RZSUR¿WVRUORVVHVZLOOEHVKDUHGDPRQJVWWKHSDUWQHUV ‡ How much money each partner invests. ‡ Voting rights and the number of votes each partner has. ‡ Arrangements for ending the partnership due to the leaving or death of a partner. ‡ The details of each partner’s duties and responsibilities – who does what?

What are the aims and objectives of partnerships The aims and objectives of partnership businesses will vary according to the type of business. However, most SDUWQHUVKLSVZLOOIRFXVRQLQFUHDVLQJLQFRPHDQGSUR¿WWRDOORZWKHSDUWQHUVWRPDNHDOLYLQJIURPWKHLU investment.

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17 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

Advantages of partnerships: ‡ Partnerships are cheap and easy to set up. ‡ There is no complicated paperwork to complete in order to set up the business. ‡ Extra capital is available, as more than one person is investing into the business. ‡ The workload is shared between the partners. ‡ There is less stress for the owners as decisions and workload are shared. ‡ Each owner will bring their own skills and ideas to the business, meaning that more expertise is available within the business. Partners can specialise in particular areas of the business.

Disadvantages of partnerships: ‡ 3UR¿WVPXVWEHVKDUHGDPRQJSDUWQHUV ‡ There may be disagreements between partners when making decisions or over workload. ‡ Partners have to share the control, and work as a team, they will not be their own boss. ‡ Partners still have unlimited liability. ‡ If a partner dies or becomes bankrupt, the partnership must come to an end.

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Advantages and disadvantages of partnership ownership

There are a range of advantages and disadvantages to partnership ownership. Show your understanding by explaining each of the advantages and disadvantages listed in the table below.

Advantages

Easy to set up

Shared responsibility for debt

Shared responsibility for workload

Increased contribution of capital

Increased expertise and skills

Disadvantages

Unlimited liability

Disagreements over direction of business

6KDUHGSUR¿WV

Workload distribution

Need for a Deed of Partnership

19 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

Past Paper Examination Question - 2009

Billy Matthews and Terri Gates are very enthusiastic about computer games and anything to do with technology. They have decided to go into partnership to set up their own computer shop.

What is a Deed of Partnership and why is it a good idea for Billy and Terri to have one? (3)

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Past Paper Examination Question - 2011

Which two of the following apply to partnerships?

Tick two boxes only (2)

They are owned They are owned by shareholders by one person

Owners may sign There must be at a Deed of least two owners Partnership

Gallops is a business selling horse riding equipment in a small shop in a mid Wales town. It is owned by Sam Fudge and Mary Matthews.

Suggest and explain two advantages to Sam and Mary of being in a business partnership. (4)

(i)

(ii)

21 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

What is a limited company? Limited companies are owned by shareholders, these are people who have invested money in order to buy a share of the business. The more shares a shareholder owns, the more control he or she will have within the business.

There are two types of limited company:

‡ Private Limited Companies (Ltds) – shares are sold privately, usually to family and friends. Shares can only be sold if all the shareholders agree.

‡ Public Limited Companies (Plcs) – shares can be sold to the general public via The Stock Exchange.

Why are they called limited companies? They are called limited companies because their owners have limited liability, this means that people who invest in the business only risk losing the amount they have invested. If the company goes out of business, leaving debts, the owners will only lose the money that they have put into the company (the value of their shares). The owners will not be forced to sell their own personal possessions, like a house, to pay the company’s debts. Having limited liability is the main advantage of forming a company.

Limited companies have a separate legal identity from their shareholders, this means that the company can buy assets, make contracts and take legal action against other businesses in its own name rather than that of its owners. A limited company can also be sued.

All limited companies must hold Annual General Meetings (AGMs) and produce an annual report and accounts for shareholders, to keep them informed of the company’s performance.

What is a private limited company? 3ULYDWHOLPLWHGFRPSDQLHV /WGV DUHXVXDOO\VPDOOWRPHGLXPVL]HEXVLQHVVHVDOWKRXJKVRPHODUJHILUPVDUH SULYDWHcompanies. A private limited company is owned by shareholders approved by the other owners, they are sometimes family businesses.

7KHSUR¿WVRIDSULYDWHOLPLWHGFRPSDQ\DUHVRPHWLPHVSDLGWRWKHVKDUHKROGHUVLQWKHIRUPRIGLYLGHQGVEXWDUH sometimes reinvested back into the business.

The aims of a private limited company 7KHPDLQDLPVRIDSULYDWHOLPLWHGFRPSDQ\ZLOOEHWRLQFUHDVHLQFRPHDQGPD[LPLVHLWVSUR¿WLQRUGHUIRUWKH shareholders to receive a good return on their investment.

Many private limited companies will also aim to achieve growth by expanding their business and opening more outlets, producing a wider range of products or employing more staff. Growth sometimes leads to the business “going public” and becoming a public limited company.

22 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

Advantages of private limited companies: ‡ The owners have limited liability. ‡ Additional capital can be easily raised by selling more shares. ‡ The company can keep trading even if a shareholder dies, shareholder’s shares can be transferred to someone else. ‡ The private limited company has its own legal status, separate from the shareholders, it can sue and be sued. A private limited company can also own property.

‡ Private limited companies are relatively cheap to set up in comparison with Plcs. ‡ Private companies cannot be taken over, as shareholders must agree the sale of shares to others. ‡ Private limited companies are usually run by the major shareholders and so there are few arguments regarding the aims of the business.

Disadvantages of private limited companies: ‡ The company has to publish its accounts every year. These are available for the general public and competitors to see. ‡ There is separation of ownership and control, Girectors are elected to run the business, which means that the owners no longer make all the decisions. ‡ ,WPD\EHGLI¿FXOWWRUDLVHDGGLWLRQDO¿QDQFHDVLWFDQEHGLI¿FXOWWR¿QGVXLWDEOHQHZ shareholders, or banks may not be keen on lending money to smaller businesses.

The owners of a private limited company have limited liability. What does this mean?

23 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

What is a public limited company? A Public Limited Company 3OF is usually a very big business with a large number of employees, this type of business is owned by members of the general public who have invested their money into the company by buying shares on the 6Wock (xchange. People buy shares in the hope that the business will perform well, leading to an increase in the value of their shares.

$VZLWKSULYDWHFRPSDQLHVWKHSUR¿WVRIWKLVW\SHRIEXVLQHVVDUHVRPHWLPHVSDLGWRWKHVKDUHKROGHUVLQWKHIRUP of dividends and are sometimes reinvested back into the business.

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Many public limited companies will also aim to achieve growth by expanding their business and opening more outlets, producing a wider range of products or employing more staff.

24 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

Advantages of public limited companies: ‡ Similar to private limited companies, Plcs have limited liability, this means that shareholders personal assets are protected and they only risk losing the money they have invested in the business in the form of shares. ‡ $GGLWLRQDOFDSLWDOFDQEHHDVLO\UDLVHGE\D3OFPRUHVKDUHVFDQEHVROGDVWKHUHLV no upper limit to the number of shareholders. ‡ Public limited companies are usually well-known organisations with a good reputation, WKDWPDNHVLWHDVLHUIRUWKHPWRUDLVH¿QDQFH%DQNVDUHPRUHZLOOLQJWROHQGWRODUJH established companies. ‡ A public limited company can keep trading even if a shareholder dies, shareholder’s shares can be transferred to someone else. ‡ A public limited company has its own legal status, separate from the shareholders, it can sue and be sued, and it can own property. ‡ $SXEOLFOLPLWHGFRPSDQ\FDQWDNHDGYDQWDJHRILWVVL]HWREHQH¿WIURPHFRQRPLHVRI VFDOH ¿QGRXWDERXWWKLVODWHU 

Disadvantages of public limited companies: ‡ ,WLVH[SHQVLYHWRVHWXSD3OFDWOHDVW RIVKDUHFDSLWDOKDVWREHDYDLODEOH and legal paperwork needs to be produced. ‡ The company has to publish its accounts every year, and these are available for the general public and competitors to see. ‡ 8QZDQWHGWDNHRYHUVDUHSRVVLEOHDVVKDUHVFDQEHERXJKWE\DQ\RQHWKH shareholder who owns more than half the shares controls the business. ‡ There is separation of ownership and control as GLrectors are elected to run the business, this means that the owners no longer make all the decisions.

How might the aims of the shareholders be different from the aims of the managers?

25 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

Decide whether the statements below relate to private limited companies, public limited companies or both and draw an arrow to the appropriate area of the diagram.

Shares are not on sale to the The owners only risk Usually a very large business public but are sold to friends losing the amount they with many employees and family have invested in the business

Limited Liability The name of the business is followed by the letters Plc

Private Public Limited Both Limited Company Company

Members of the public can The business is seen as buy shares in the company legally separate from the on the Stock Exchange owners

Less privacy as annual The name of the business is Small to medium sized accounts and reports are followed by the letters Ltd business made available

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!" ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

Past Paper Examination Question - 2013

UnderlineWKHGH¿QLWLRQZKLFKEHVWGHVFULEHVWKHWHUPlimited liability. (1)

(i) The company is limited to the number of shareholders it has.

(ii) The company must sell its shares on the Stock Exchange.

(iii) The owners do not have to sell personal possessions if the business fails.

Below are some examples of businesses. Which two are most likely to have limited liability?

Tick two boxes only (2)

Jones and Co. Ltd Mix n Match Plc (Builders) (Clothing Retailer)

Colin Edwards Quick and Wright (Greengrocer) (Accountants)

28 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

What is a social enterprise?

Social enterprises are formed to provide help within society, they may provide general support (for example, FRQVXPHUULJKWVDQGZRUNHUHQWHUSULVHV RUGHDOZLWKVSHFL¿FLVVXHV$6RFLDOHQWHUSULVHPD\DOVREH established in an attempt to raise awareness of or provide a solution to society’s problems, such as crime and drug abuse

In the UK social enterprises are mainly organisations such as co-operatives, charities and voluntary organisations.

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Charities Charities are organisations that aim to raise money in order to support a cause, such as cancer research or wiping out poverty in third world countries. Charities will focus on minimising costs and organising fundraising activities to maximise donations.

Many charities employ paid workers to undertake specialist work, but also rely on volunteers in order to minimise wage costs.

Voluntary organisations Voluntary organisations provide a service to society, there are many Yoluntary organisations in the UK, examples include animal welfare groups, Girl Guides, Scouts and the RNLI. Voluntary organisations do not DLPWRPDNHDSUR¿WEXWWRFRYHUWKHFRVWVRIUXQQLQJDFWLYLWLHV$OOVXUSOXVIXQGVDUHUHLQYHVWHGLQWRWKH organisation.

What is a co-operative?

A co-operative is an organisation that is owned and controlled by a group of people who have an equal say in WKHUXQQLQJRIWKHEXVLQHVVDQGUHFHLYHDVKDUHRIDQ\SUR¿WVWKHEXVLQHVVPDNHV

The owners of a co-operative are known as members, there is no overall boss in a co-operative, all members invest in and run the business in a democratic way.

There are two main types of co-operative:

‡ A consumer coa operative ‡ A worker coa operative

29 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

Consumer co-operative

A consumer co-operative is owned by its customers, they usually pay a subscription and receive a share of DQ\SUR¿WVPDGHLQUHWXUQEDVHGRQWKHYDOXHRIJRRGVWKH\ERXJKW

6XJJHVWZD\VLQZKLFKFXVWRPHUVEHQH¿WIURPRZQLQJWKHVKRSIURPZKLFKWKH\EX\ goods.

Worker co-operative

A worker co-operative is a business that is owned and controlled by the whole workforce. People who work within the business are in control rather than outside shareholders and it is the most democratic type of EXVLQHVVHYHU\ERG\SOD\VDSDUWLQWKHGHFLVLRQPDNLQJSURFHVV

7KHUHDUHDURXQGZRUNHUFRRSHUDWLYHVLQWKH8.PRVWRIWKHPDUHVPDOOZLWKRQO\DGR]HQRUVR members. Worker co-operatives may involve workers buying-out the business for which they currently work as an employee, or workers may form a co-operative to start their own business with the aim of sharing all risks, SUR¿WVGHFLVLRQVHWF

6XJJHVWZD\VLQZKLFKZRUNHUVPD\EHQH¿WIURPRZQLQJWKHSODFHVZKHUHWKH\ZRUN

30 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

Advantages of co-operatives: ‡ The members feel that they have a real impact in the running of the business ‡ &RRSHUDWLYHVRIWHQIRFXVOHVVRQSUR¿WZKLFKOHDGVWREHWWHUFXVWRPHUVHUYLFH and an emphasis on ethical business practices. ‡ 3UR¿WVDUHGLVWULEXWHGIDLUO\DPRQJWKHPHPEHUV ‡ Members enjoy working together and get great job satisfaction from working for themselves and their colleagues, they are therefore more likely to be motivated to succeed. ‡ There is less likelihood of arguments as members share the same aims and objectives. ‡ Members are more likely to be aware of their responsibilities to the local and larger communities. ‡ Co-operatives are committed to the training and education of their employees. ‡ The initial investment required in buying shares and becoming a member is less than other ways of starting a business (sometimes just a pound).

Disadvantages of co-operatives ‡ 'HFLVLRQPDNLQJFDQEHGLI¿FXOWDQGPD\WDNHDORQJWLPHDVHYHU\ERG\KDVDVD\ in the running of the business. ‡ All members have an equal right to speak and contribute to the decision-making process—even if they have little knowledge of the subject being discussed. ‡ It may be hard for members to make tough decisions that will affect their co-workers, such as job cuts. ‡ A co-operative’s focus on fairness and ethical business practice may limit RSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUJURZWKDQGPD[LPLVLQJSUR¿W ‡ :RUNHUVLQZRUNHUFRRSHUDWLYHVPD\¿QGLQWHUQDOSURPRWLRQRUFDUHHUPRYHV GLI¿FXOW ‡ &RRSHUDWLYHVPD\¿QGLWGLI¿FXOWWRUHFUXLWWRSTXDOLW\PDQDJHPHQWWKHPRVWDEOH candidates usually demand a very high salary.

31 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

Fill in the blanks

Fill in the blanks below with the following words:

Worker Satisfy 3UR¿W

Equal Consumer Workers

Ethics Decision-making

Co-operatives Members

The aim of most private sector businesses is to make a . Some businesses

SUHIHULQVWHDGWRFRQFHQWUDWHRQSURYLGLQJEHQH¿WVIRUFXVWRPHUVRU 

These businesses are called . A co-operative is a business which is owned by a group of people who all have an say in the running of the

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the needs of its owners.

There are two main types of co-operative: co-operatives and

co-operatives. The owners of a co-operative are also known as

.

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HTXDOVD\$FRRSHUDWLYHPD\PLVVRXWRQRSSRUWXQLWLHVWRPDNHDSUR¿WDVWKH\IRFXVRQEXVLQHVV

.

32 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

Past Paper Examination Question - 2013

Coa operative shops are found all over the country.

(a) Who are most likely to be the owners of these shops? (1)

Tick one box only.

1 Customers

2 Taxpayers

3 The Government

D  :KDWLVWKHWHUPIRUWKHVKDUHRIWKHSUR¿WVRIFRRSHUDWLYHV" (1)

Tick one box only.

1 Dividend

Interest 2

3 Shareholding

33 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

Selection of an appropriate business structure

Owners of a business will have to decide on the most appropriate business structure for the business and may choose to operate as a sole trader, a partnership or a limited company. The most appropriate structure for a business will depend on a number of factors.

7KHVL]HRIDEXVLQHVVZLOOKDYHDQLPSDFWRQKRZWKHEXVLQHVVLVUXQODUJHUEXVLQHVVHVPD\KDYHGLIIHUHQW aims and objectives to a small local business.

6RPHEXVLQHVVRZQHUVPD\EHQH¿WIURPZRUNLQJDORQHDVDVROHWUDGHUZKLOHRWKHUVZRXOGUHTXLUHWKH support and skills of other owners and investors. Some businesses may require large levels of investment, best achieved by selling shares on the Stock Exchange as a public limited company. Some businesses do not require large investment and are more suited to being run as small sole trader businesses.

Sole trader businesses tend to be easier to set up, requiring very little paperwork, whereas for a partnership to run smoothly it is recommended that a Deed of Partnership is drawn up to protect the interests of the individual partners.

$VROHWUDGHUEXVLQHVVKDVXQOLPLWHGOLDELOLW\ZKLFKLVTXLWHULVN\IRULWVRZQHULIWKHEXVLQHVVFDQQRWSD\DOO its debts, then the owner risks losing personal possessions to repay the debt. Therefore, some businesses FKRRVHWRVHWXSDVDOLPLWHGFRPSDQ\LQRUGHUWRUHFHLYHWKHSURWHFWLRQRIIHUHGWRWKHPE\OLPLWHGOLDELOLW\LW protects the owners from losing any more money than they have invested in the business.

:KDWKDSSHQVWRWKHSUR¿WVLVLPSRUWDQW6ROHWUDGHUVDUHDEOHWRNHHSDOOWKHSUR¿WPDGHE\WKHLUEXVLQHVVIRU WKHPVHOYHVZKHUHDVSDUWQHUVZLOOQHHGWRVKDUHDQ\SURILWVPDGHDQGSXEOLFOLPLWHGFRPSDQLHVPD\QHHGWR pay dividendsWR its shareholders.

The management of a business will differ depending on the business structure. The owners of smaller businesses like sole traders and partnerships tend to adopt a hands-on approach to running a business and are heavily involved in decision-making. Within public limited companies there is a division of ownership and control – shareholders elect directors to run a Plc on their behalf. Shareholders have very little involvement in managing and running the business on a day-to-day basis.

As businesses grow the owners may want to change the type of ownership they have, generally this means:

Sole Trader Businesses change their type of ownership to gain the advantages of the next level.

However, some businesses stay at one level of Partnership ownership due to the disadvantages of the next level.

Private Limited Company

Public Limited Company

34 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

Comparison of different business structures.

Complete the tables below to explain and compare each of the 4 business structures.

Main advantages Main Disadvantages

Public Limited Company (Plc)

Private Limited Company (Ltd)

Partnership

Sole Trader

35 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

Sole Partnership Private Limited Public Limited Trader Company Company

What aims and objectives might this type of business set?

Describe how this type of business is formed

Explain the ownership of this type of business

Describe the management and control of this type of business

Identify the liability of this type of business

What is the usual size of this type of business?

What are the main VRXUFHVRI¿QDQFH available to this type of business?

+RZDUHSUR¿WV distributed?

36 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

Private or Public?

Groovz Ltd is a manufacturing business that produces a range of headphones and accessories. In a recent meeting some of the shareholders discussed the need for expansion to allow the business to meet the needs of a growing market.

One of the directors suggested that the business considers becoming a Plc and has drawn up a list of advantages and disadvantages of changing the ownership from Ltd to Plc.

Sort the list below into advantages and disadvantages:

A higher business status which may Takeovers can occur if share sales are encourage banks to loan money to the not carefully controlled business

Separation of ownership and control as Further capital can be raised on the directors run the business on behalf of 6tock (xchange the shareholders

Bigger business, so more expensive to Less control of the business run

Access to further investors Economies of scale

Advantages Disadvantages

37 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

Giving advice

James and Matthew have decided to start a small business producing and selling children’s computer games. They have considered the main types of business ownership but are unsure which would be most appropriate for their business and have asked for your advice.

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each type of ownership and recommend the most appropriate structure for their business.

38 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

What is a franchise?

As businesses grow, they may choose to expand through franchising.

Franchising is an agreement in which one business (called the franchisee) buys the right to sell the goods or services of another business (called the franchisor), and is allowed to use the franchisor’s name.

The franchisee pays start-up fees and regular royalty payments to the franchisor and in return will have the right to use the company name, logos, store design, processes, marketing ideas and products of the business.

The franchisee must agree to run the business according to the franchisor’s guidelines and purchase stock from the franchisor, to ensure the franchisee upholds the franchisor’s standards.

The franchisee will also receive training from the franchisor to help them start the business.

The franchisee is responsible for all debts incurred, and if there are losses then the royalty SD\PHQWV must still be paid and the losses covered by the franchisee.

)UDQFKLVLQJFDQEHQH¿WWKHIUDQFKLVRUDVLWSURYLGHVDQRSSRUWXQLW\WRH[SDQGZLWKRXWWKHQHHGIRUH[WUD capital - the majority of the costs are covered by the franchisee.

It is important to understand that a franchise is a method of expansion, not actually a type of business ownership, since a franchise can be operated and owned as a sole trader, a partnership, or a private limited company.

Examples of franchised businesses include some large, well-known names such as Clarks shoes, The Body Shop, McDonald’s and Burger King. There are many smaller, lesser-known franchises as well, including businesses such as cleaning companies, pet care services and car valeting.

7KHUHDUHERWKEHQH¿WVDQGGUDZEDFNVWRUXQQLQJDEXVLQHVVDVDIUDQFKLVHIRUERWKWKHIUDQFKLVHHDQGWKH franchisor:

39 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

Advantages of being a franchisee: ‡ There is a good chance of success and less risk for the franchisee because of the well-known name, format and product. ‡ 7KHIUDQFKLVHHEHQH¿WVIURPDUHDG\PDGHUHSXWDWLRQEHFDXVHWKHIUDQFKLVRU controls the quality of all franchises. ‡ 7KHIUDQFKLVRUSURYLGHVVRXQG¿QDQFLDODGYLFHDQGVXSSRUWVRWKDWFDVKÀRZDQG management problems can be avoided. ‡ The franchisor is responsible for costly activities such as market research and product development

Disadvantages of being a franchisee: ‡ The franchisee will never feel that the business is theirs—for example the business cannot be sold without permission from the franchisor. ‡ The franchisee cannot make many decisions, all franchises must be run according to the rules of the franchisor ‡ The franchise could be withdrawn at any time without any explanation or compensation. ‡ Fees, royalties and expensive stock make franchising a costly way to run a business. ‡ Royalties must be paid by the franchisee, even if the business makes a loss. ‡ If franchises are set up as sole traders or partnerships they still face unlimited liability.

40 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

Advantages of being a franchisor: ‡ The franchisor can expand quickly without the need for a large amount of capital. ‡ The franchisor does not lose control of the business. ‡ The franchisee has invested their own money and so will be motivated to make the business succeed. ‡ The franchisor receives fees and royalties from the franchisee. ‡ The franchisor does not have a large workforce to manage.

Disadvantages of being a franchisor: ‡ The company’s trade name and reputation can be ruined if franchisees do not maintain standards. ‡ The initial costs of setting up the franchise system such as training, legal advice, documentation and marketing can be very expensive. ‡ On-going costs of national advertising and continual support of franchisees can be expensive.

41 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

There are a number of advantages and disadvantages to franchising, both for the franchisor and the franchisee.

Read the statements below and write A to H in the correct area of the diagram.

Franchisor Franchisee

Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages

Must run the business exactly as WKH Loss of some control over the A franchise agreement states. E business.

Help and support provided to set up Franchise managers who are B and run the business. F motivated as they have invested their own money.

Can use a tried and tested product Can only sell the products and C and business name. G services of the franchise.

An error made by one franchisee can Can expand the business without D affect the image of the whole H having to raise the capital. franchise.

42 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

Start your OWN professional mattress cleaning business, join...

Tried and tested business idea with over 50 successful franchisees Business training and support provided Professional cleaning equipment and materials provided £10,000 start-up fee Low monthly franchise royalty payments Franchisees benefit from Nationwide advertising campaign Exclusive protected territory for all franchisees No experience needed

For a brochure call: 01456 789546 or visit our website: www.mattressclean.co.uk

What is a franchise?

What is the initial cost of starting up a Mattress Clean franchise?

What will franchisees gain for their money?

43 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

Why might a business person prefer to run a Mattress Clean franchise rather than start their own mattress cleaning business?

What disadvantages might a franchisee face?

Why has MattressClean chosen to expand using franchising?

What problems might Mattress Clean face as a result of franchising the business?

44 ($4& Business Studies The Business Framework

Past Paper Examination Question - 2012

$OL has set up hLV own juice bar in a busy town centre location. +e uses fresh fruit which is processed to create a healthy drink. $OLKDVVHHQDQDGYHUWLVHPHQWVKRZLQJWKHEHQHILWVRIEHFRPLQJDIUDQFKLVHH

Advise $OL on whether or not he should join this franchise or continue as he is. (10)

45