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Religion As a Cultural System: a Multiculturalism Education Model in Bali Based on Local Tradition

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Religion As a Cultural System: a Multiculturalism Education Model in Bali Based on Local Tradition PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(1): 4198-4206 An Interdisciplinary Journal RELIGION AS A CULTURAL SYSTEM: A MULTICULTURALISM EDUCATION MODEL IN BALI BASED ON LOCAL TRADITION Made Saihu1, Hamdani Anwar2, Suhada3, Abd. Aziz4, Lilis Fauziah Balgis5 1Institute of PTIQ Jakarta, Indonesia 2State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia 3Islamic College of Al-Hikmah Jakarta, Indonesia 4Islamic College of Al-Amin, South Tangerang, Indonesia 5University of Juanda Bogor, Indonesia Abstract This study discusses the harmony of Hindus and Muslims in Jembrana Bali is seen from a religious point of view as a cultural system involving both religious adherents. The Ngejot and Male traditions are local traditions that show this Hindu-Muslim harmony. Through the theoretical approach of religion as a cultural system, this ethnographic study emphasizes the importance of embodying religious traditions through local culture. Although the tradition of Male originates from the Islamic tradition, cultural influences are able to encourage adaptation to Balinese customs so that harmony is more easily maintained. Here the Muslims understand their position to protect and respect the dominant culture adhered to by the majority of Hindus in Jembrana Bali. The same thing is done by Hindus who try to show a good response to Muslims by involving them in the tradition of Ngejot which was originally a Hindu tradition of worshiping God, to some extent shown by adjustments so as not to conflict with Muslim beliefs. A wealth of local traditions that shows a portrait of harmony between religious communities in Indonesia and becomes a model for multiculturalism education based on local traditions. Keywords: Education, Local Traditions, Multiculturalism, Culture Article Received: 20 September 2020, Revised: 30 November 2020, Accepted: 18 December 2020 INTRODUCTION humanities, scholars have studied quite a lot. Based on the analysis described by Michalinos Generally, scholars' studies focus on historical aspects, Z and Zvi Bekerman, in the Journal of Peace majority-minority issues, regional autonomy and post- Education in the Present: dismantling and Bali bomb tensions (Saihu, 2020; Vickers, 1987; reconstructing some fundamental theoretical Wikan, 1990). Several recent scholars have also premises, concludes that critical culture can be a explained the role of culture and religion in Bali solution to conflict and be a substance in peace (Basyir, 2016; Karim, 2016; Maknun, 2018; I. M education without involving religious elements Pageh, 2018; I Made Pageh, 2013; Rusmayani, R., & (Michalinos Z, 2013). This study may be justified, Gunawan, 2018; Sabarudin dan Mahmud Arif, 2019). especially if you look at the facts in the State of Kenya However, not many explain the Hindu- Muslims in which make religion the basis for carrying out acts of Bali in the perspective of Religion as a cultural system terrorism associated with the Al-Shabaab group and it are one of the factors supporting harmony between is increasingly clear that religion is a source of Hindus and Muslims. conflict (P., 2019). This fact, an opinion is built that This study explains the importance of the religion is a source of social and cultural conflict as a perspective of religion as a cultural system that adorns solution to the phenomenon of radicalism. In fact, the various Hindu-Muslim traditions in Jembrana Bali religion and culture are two very close entities. in two community traditions, they are Ngejot and Religion represents ethics and culture represents Male. Another way of looking at local traditions and aesthetics (Beyers, 2017). These two entities become Hindu-Muslim harmony in an area that is dominated social capital that can create various situations by cultural expressions of religion those are guarded between harmony and discrimination in Indonesia, and respected by all adherents of that religion. Can especially in Province of Bali. this perspective really create harmony between Hindus The relationship between religion and culture and Muslim Jembrana? And whether this point of has indeed been done a lot, one of which is a study view becomes a model of multiculturalism education, conducted by Kobylarek which states that religion and which is a model of education in a broad sense, not culture are two entities that stand parallel (Kobylarek, just to get a scholarly title, but education that aims to 2014). Religion and culture are also two forces that instill religious and cultural values to encourage the can free humans from ignorance, oppression, and emergence of superior culture and civilization and be torment, especially for Muslims (Marc Helbling, proud of the citizens, not only sourced from regional 2016). Then, in the midst of the proliferation of culture, but also from elements. studies on Bali from various social and perspectives This anthropological study was carried out by 4198 PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(1): 4198-4206 An Interdisciplinary Journal using the approach of the theory of religion as a School who is also an interfaith figure in Jembrana cultural system from Clifford Geertz to see firsthand Regency and is also the vice chairman of the religious the practice of harmony in Balinese society (Geertz, community communication forum in Jembrana 1973). This theory sees that harmony between ethnic Regency. Furthermore, informants from the Hindu groups and religions can be created when religion community consisted of: 1) Ida Bagus Indagosa, he is becomes a cultural system that dominates all a Hindu community figure who was also the initiator individual attitudes in it. In practice, when religion of the idea of multiculturalism in Jembrana Bali; 2) becomes a system, many among the religious Ida Bagus Komang Dharma Santia Putra, he is a community, especially Hinduism, because they have Balinese cultural observer; 3) I Komang Arsana, he is too much respect for this culture, cannot distinguish the Chairperson of the Jembrana Religious which religion comes from God and which crocodiles Communication Forum (FKUB); and 4) I Made are human creations. Although this phenomenon is Kembang Hartawan vice-regent of Jembrana Regency confused, in reality, the Hindu and Muslim communities in Jembrana Bali are becoming more and Interpretation more harmonious through the application of this kind The method used in this research is the case of perspective. The author conducted ethnographic study method. As one variant in qualitative research, research steps in the field around January-June 2019, case studies provide a comprehensive description and including conducting a series of interviews with explanation of a particular setting, document, or a Hindu and Muslim religious leaders in Jembrana. particular event (Knopp, 1998). By studying maximally about this, the researcher wants to get a METHOD complete and in-depth view of the actualization of the Participant multiculturalism education model through the This research is a field research, exploratory in approach of religion as a cultural system. The nature which aims to obtain an overview of the advantages of the case study method include: 1) The multicultural education model in Jembrana Bali by main tool for EMIK researchers, that is presenting the using the approach of religion as a cultural system views of the subject under study; 2) Presenting a (Bailey, 1982). The primary data source is the result of comprehensive description of what is experienced in in-depth interview observations and documentation everyday life; 3) Effective means of showing the from two communities (Hindu and Muslim) in the relationship between researchers and respondents; 4) world of education and social society. Informants in Allows to find internal consistency which is not the Muslim community consist of; religious leaders, consistency of style and consistency of factual, but leaders of Islamic boarding schools, administrators of also trust-worthiness; 5) Open to an assessment of the the Indonesian Ulama Council (MUI) Jembrana Bali, context which contributes to the meaning in that and traditional community leaders. Meanwhile, the context (Guba, 1985) Hindu community consists of Hindu Religious Leaders (Pemangku, Pandita, Balian), the Ministry of Religion Procedure institution in Jembrana Bali, Jembrana Regency Data collection technique is carried out by: Regional Government (Pemda) institutions, school observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. principals, and the Bali Religious Communication Of the two communities, they are Hindu and Muslim. Forum (FKUB), chairman of Parisada Hindu Dharma. Observation, that is: directly observing the educational Indonesia (PHDI). process and the interaction between religions and The informants from the Muslim community various other activities between the Hindu and Muslim are: 1) KH. Ahmad Damanhuri. He is a Muslim communities in the Jembrana area. These observations religious leader in Jembrana Regency, Bali. His are directed at understanding the setting of education strength is an indicator to become the main informant and the social conditions of the community. So is to in this study, because he is a living witness and the one understand the sociological conditions of society as a who understands the relationship between Muslims forum for religious multiculturalism education and Hindus in Jembrana Bali; 2) KH. Ahmad occurring in the midst of society, as well as Muzakki, he is the caretaker of the Manba 'ul Ulum understanding the possibility of social conflict that Negara Islamic Boarding School.
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