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A Study of the Middle to Upper Paleolithic Site of Abri Des Merveilles in the Vézère Valley, France

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A Study of the Middle to Upper Paleolithic Site of Abri Des Merveilles in the Vézère Valley, France Breathing New Life into Old Rocks: A Study of the Middle to Upper Paleolithic Site of Abri des Merveilles in the Vézère Valley, France. by Sheila Mary Koons B.A. in Anthropology, May 2000, New York University A Thesis submitted to The Faculty of The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts August 31, 2018 Thesis directed by Alison S. Brooks Professor of Anthropology Dedication I wish to extend my sincere gratitude and appreciation to everyone who has supported me on this long journey. To my husband, Erik: you are my sunshine and with you at my side, anything is possible. To my dashingly handsome sons, Thomas and Cathal: you make this all worthwhile. Keep loading your pockets with rocks…the washing machine can take it. To my mom, Joan: you were the toughest teacher I ever had but also the best. I am still waiting to hear where Paul Revere is buried. Finally, in memory of my dad, Sean, who bravely fought the hardest battle of them all with a smile and a twinkle in his eye. You always believed in me even when I was out for the count. Dad, this one is for you. ii Acknowledgements The author wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their help with this undertaking. Sincere thanks to my advisor, Dr. Alison Brooks, for her patience and guidance along the way and for taking a second chance on me and Merveilles. Sincere gratitude also goes to Dr. Randall White, for guiding me towards this project and for all his advice and words of wisdom. Dr. White’s undergraduate anthropology courses changed my path in college and led me into the field of archaeology. Many thanks to the staff at the Smithsonian Institute’s Museum Support Center, the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard University, Yale University Peabody Museum, and the University of Michigan museum. Special thanks to the Gelman Library staff for all your help over the years. Thanks also to Professors Joel Kuipers and Susan Johnston for your time and guidance. Many thanks to Don Hitchcock for his photos, wisdom, and educational website. Finally, the author would like to express her deepest heartfelt gratitude to the late Dr. Harold Dibble for his invaluable help with the lithic analysis and for his massive contributions to the field of archaeology. iii Abstract Breathing New Life into Old Rocks: A Study of the Middle to Upper Paleolithic Site of Abri des Merveilles in the Vézère Valley, France As museum shelves buckle under the weight of thousands of unstudied and virtually forgotten boxes of artifacts, many institutions are questioning the utility and benefit of future curation of these historically excavated materials. Much of the material in question is comprised of lithic artifacts excavated during the infancy of American archaeology abroad. This project was undertaken to evaluate the integrity of such a lithic collection and to examine the efficacy of utilizing the resulting data for larger research questions. This thesis will provide a detailed history of the site of Abri des Merveilles, including the American and French excavations and subsequent dispersal of the collections abroad. In addition to the historical account, it is important to describe the prehistoric environmental context within which the site was formed. Abri des Merveilles was one of the few sites in southwestern France containing both Middle and Upper Paleolithic layers of deposition and thus may contribute significantly to the understanding of the transition between these two periods throughout the region. Next, the thorough examination of specific attributes was performed on the Merveilles lithic collection, curated at three different museums. Finally, the lithic analysis of a large collection of lithic artifacts excavated from Merveilles in the 1920s combined with a comparison of data sets from other similar sites provide a unique opportunity to assess the integrity and future research potential of old museum collections. iv Table of Contents Dedication ……………………………………………………………………….….ii Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………….......iii Abstract of Thesis ………………………………………………………………….iv List of Figures ...……………………………………………………………………vi List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………..viii Chapter 1: Introduction ……………………………………………………………..1 Chapter 2: Environmental Setting: Site Location and Paleoenvironment ………….6 Chapter 3: Historical Setting ………………………………………………………19 Chapter 4: Middle and Upper Paleolithic Technologies …………………………..62 Chapter 5: Methodology ………………………………………………………...…75 Chapter 6: Results and Discussion …………………………………………………93 Chapter 7: Conclusion …………………………………………………………….129 References …………………………………………………………………………134 Appendices ………………………………………………………………………...169 v List of Figures Figure 1: Location of the site of Abri des Merveilles 169 Figure 2: Location of the Dordogne region (outline in green) 170 Figure 3: Laville’s 1973 map of the ancient Perigord region. 171 Figure 4: Troglodytic dwelling near Les Eyzies. 172 Figure 5: Hand-drawn map of Abri des Merveilles 1930. 173 Figure 6: 1925 Trench dug by MacCurdy and Castanet. 174 Figure 7: Hand-drawn map of the sites of the Castel-Merle. 175 Figure 8: Figure 7 with northing fixed by Don Hitchcock. 175 Figure 9: Hand-drawn profile view with cultural levels. 176 Figure 10: Hand-drawn 1931 plan view by MacCurdy. 176 Figure 11: Callout depicting the GIS overlay of Abri des Merveilles. 177 vi Figure 12: Aerial view of Castel-Merle. 178 Figure 13: Overlay of MacCurdy’s 1930 site plan 178 Figure 14: Lithics from Abri des Merveilles. 179 Figure 15: Merveilles lithics at Sergeac. 179 Figure 16: Merveilles lithic scrapers at Sergeac. 179 Figure 17: George Grant MacCurdy, December 22, 1927. 180 Figure 18: Adele “Kitty” Crockett at La Ferrassie in 1921. 180 Figure 19: Adele “Kitty” Crockett at Grotte de la Mouthe, 1921. 181 Figure 20: Adele “Kitty” Crockett (in The Orchard ). 181 Figure 21: Adele “Kitty” Crockett (in Measuring Time by an Hourglass ). 182 Figure 22: Adele “Kitty” Crockett (in Measuring Time by an Hourglass ). 183 Figure 23: Mouth and talus slope of Abri des Merveilles rockshelter in recent years. 184 vii Figure 24: Map of all sites at Castel-Merle. 185 Figure 25: Rock crystal lithics located at MAN. 186 Figure 26:Rock crystal scraper located at MAN. 186 Figure 27: Rock crystal convergent scraper located at MAN. 187 Figure 28: Rock crystal scraper located at MAN. 188 Figure 29: Rock crystal scraper located at MAN. 188 Figure 30: Stratigraphic profile created from MacCurdy 1931; Delage 1936. 189 Figure 31: Distribution of lithics with cortex on side opposite cutting edge. 189 viii List of Tables Table 1: Bordes’ 1961 Typology List. 190 Table 2: LM Level Dimensional Data for all 3 Museums’ Measurable Lithics. 190 Table 3: UM Level Dimensional Data for all 3 Museums’ Measurable Lithics. 191 Table 4: A Level Dimensional Data for all 3 Museums’ Measurable Lithics. 191 Table 5: Lower Mousterian Lithic Assemblage Composition by Museum. 192 Table 6: Upper Mousterian Lithic Assemblage Composition by Museum. 192 Table 7: Aurignacian Lithic Assemblage Composition by Museum. 192 Table 8: Amount of Dorsal Cortex on Complete Flakes across all 3 Museums by Technology. 193 Table 9: Comparison of Levallois versus non-Levallois technologies across the LM assemblages (in percentages). 193 ix Table 10: Dimensional Data for Levallois and non-Levallois complete lithics for the LM across all 3 museums (in mm). 193 Table 11: Platform Type Counts and Percentages for LM Complete Flakes per Museum and Total Abri des Merveilles LM Collection. 194 Table 12: Platform Type Counts for LM Complete Flakes by Technology. 194 Table 13: Platform Type across NMNH LM with the Amount of Dorsal Cortex as Variable. 195 Table 14: Platform Type across Yale LM with Dorsal Cortex as Variable. 195 Table 15: Platform Type across UMich LM with Dorsal Cortex as Variable. 196 Table 16: Amount of Dorsal Cortex on Complete Flakes from UM across all 3 Museums by Technology. 196 Table 17: Comparison of Levallois versus non-Levallois Technologies x across the UM Assemblages (in percentages). 196 Table 18: Dimensional Data for Levallois and non-Levallois Complete Lithics for the UM across all 3 museums (in mm). 197 Table 19: Platform Type Counts and Percentages for UM Complete Flakes per Museum and Total Abri des Merveilles UM Collection. 197 Table 20: Platform Type Counts for UM Complete Flakes by Technology. 197 Table 21: Platform Type across NMNH UM with Dorsal Cortex as Variable. 198 Table 22: Platform Type across Yale UM with Dorsal Cortex as Variable. 198 Table 23: Platform Type across UMich UM with Dorsal Cortex as Variable. 198 Table 24: Distribution of Levallois and non-Levallois technology across the A Level Assemblages and Platform Types per Technology and Museum. 199 xi Table 25: Descriptive Statistics of Key Variables per Museum. 200 Table 26: Frequency of the Shape of the Longest Edge Type per Museum. 200 Table 27: Frequency of Technology Type per Museum. 200 Table 28: Frequency of Raw Material Type per Museum. 200 Table 29: Descriptive Statistics of Key Variables per Cultural Level. 201 Table 30: Frequency of Shape of Longest Edge Type per Cultural Level. 201 Table 31: Frequency of Technology Type per Cultural Level. 201 Table 32: Frequency of Raw Material per Cultural Level. 201 Table 33: Summary of Multiple Regression Analysis for Exterior Platform Angle (N=1206). 202 Table 34: Summary of Multiple Regression Analysis for Platform Thickness. 202 Table 35: Summary of Ordinal Regression for the Shape of the Longest Edge. 202 xii Table 36: Summary of Multiple Regression Analysis for the Axis of Flaking. 202 Table 37: Bivariate Correlations between Two Continuous Variables of Interest for all Merveilles Bifaces (N=21). 203 Table 38: Bivariate Correlations between Two Continuous Variables of Interest for all Merveilles Cores (N=69). 203 Table 39: Details for all Variables across Museum Type (Tables 25-28). 203 Table 40: Details for all Variables across Cultural Level (Tables 29-32).
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