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LE CORDON OMBILICAL HUMAIN, SOURCE DE CELLULES POUR LE GENIE TISSULAIRE Isolement, Caractérisation Et Production De Substituts Humains

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LE CORDON OMBILICAL HUMAIN, SOURCE DE CELLULES POUR LE GENIE TISSULAIRE Isolement, Caractérisation Et Production De Substituts Humains LE CORDON OMBILICAL HUMAIN, SOURCE DE CELLULES POUR LE GENIE TISSULAIRE Isolement, caractérisation et production de substituts humains Thèse Cindy Jean Hayward Doctorat en biologie cellulaire et moléculaire Philosophiae doctor (Ph.D.) Québec, Canada © Cindy Jean Hayward, 2016 Résumé Le cordon ombilical humain suscite beaucoup d’intérêt comme source de cellules à des fins de recherche et de thérapie. Quatre types cellulaires majeurs - les cellules épithéliales, stromales, musculaires lisses et endothéliales - composent les tissus solides du cordon ombilical. Quelques-uns de ces types cellulaires ont été utilisés en recherche scientifique depuis longtemps, alors que d’autres commencent à peine à dévoiler leur potentiel. Nous avons développé un protocole unique pour l’extraction séquentielle de tous ces types cellulaires d’un seul cordon ombilical, permettant ainsi la reconstruction à partir d’une même source. La combinaison des techniques de perfusion, immersion et explants a mené à la mise en culture et à l’expansion de ces cellules, dont les cellules épithéliales et les cellules stromales de la gelée de Wharton qui ont été caractérisées plus en détail par l’immunomarquage de protéines spécifiques. Leur potentiel pour la médecine régénératrice a été démontré par la production de tissus par génie tissulaire. Un vaisseau sanguin composé de cellules stromales et de cellules musculaires lisses du cordon ombilical démontra une résistance substantielle à l’éclatement. Les capacités de différenciation des cellules épithéliales ont été étudiées dans le contexte d’une peau bilamellaire reconstruite en combinaison avec des kératinocytes, des fibroblastes dermiques, et des cellules stromales de la gelée de Wharton. Les cellules épithéliales ont montré une différenciation similaire à celle des kératinocytes lorsque cultivées sur des fibroblastes dermiques et exposées à l’air, tandis que sur des cellules stromales du cordon, elles ont subi une désorganisation. Finalement, la différenciation des cellules stromales a été induite en culture vers plusieurs types cellulaires afin de compléter cette étude. L’ensemble des résultats fait ressortir l’importance non seulement de l’influence du milieu physique sur la croissance et la différenciation des cellules, mais également de l’impact de la provenance des cellules sur la qualité des tissus reconstruits. iii Abstract The human umbilical cord has received increasing attention as a source of cells for both research and therapeutic purposes. Four main cell types – epithelial, stromal, smooth muscle and endothelial cells – make up the solid tissues of the umbilical cord. Some of these cell types have been used in research for decades, while the potential of others is just being recognised. We have developed a unique protocol for the sequential extraction of all four cell types from a single umbilical cord, thus allowing the reconstruction of tissues and organs with cells from the same source. A combination of perfusion, immersion and explant techniques allows the successful extraction and expansion in culture of these cells. Further characterisation of the epithelial and Wharton’s jelly cells was carried out by immunofluorescent staining of specific proteins. The potential of these cells for use in regenerative medicine was demonstrated through the production of tissue-engineered constructs, including a blood vessel composed of umbilical cord stromal and smooth muscle cells which showed a substantial burst resistance under pressure. The capacity for differentiation of cord epithelial cells was studied in the context of a bilayered reconstructed skin substitute, in combination with keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts, and Wharton’s jelly cells. These epithelial cells differentiated in a manner similar to keratinocytes when cultured on dermal fibroblasts and exposed to air, but under the same conditions on cord stromal cells they degenerated. Finally, to complete our study the Wharton’s jelly cells were induced to differentiate in vitro into various mesenchymal cell types. Globally, this work shows the importance of not only the culture conditions on the growth and differentiation of the various cell types, but also the important effect of the cell source on the resulting reconstructed tissues. v Table des matières Résumé .................................................................................................................................. iii Abstract ................................................................................................................................... v Table des matières ................................................................................................................ vii Liste des tableaux .................................................................................................................. xi Liste des figures ................................................................................................................... xiii Liste d’abréviations .............................................................................................................. xv Remerciements .................................................................................................................... xix Avant-propos ....................................................................................................................... xxi 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Cellules et tissus, éléments de base des organes ....................................................... 2 1.1.1 Cellules souches ................................................................................................. 2 1.1.1.1 Définitions ................................................................................................... 2 1.1.1.2 Cellules souches hématopoïétiques ............................................................. 3 1.1.1.3 Cellules souches épidermiques .................................................................... 5 1.1.1.4 Cellules souches mésenchymateuses et leur différenciation ....................... 7 1.1.1.5 Cellules souches mésenchymateuses et fonction immunitaire .................... 9 1.1.2 Sources de cellules souches .............................................................................. 10 1.1.2.1 Tissus embryonnaires ................................................................................ 10 1.1.2.2 Tissus gestationnels (structures extra-embryonnaires) .............................. 12 1.1.2.3 Le cordon ombilical ................................................................................... 13 1.1.2.3.1 L'épithélium ............................................................................................ 14 1.1.2.3.2 La gelée de Wharton ............................................................................... 15 1.1.2.3.3 La média ................................................................................................. 17 1.1.2.3.4 L'endothélium ......................................................................................... 18 1.1.2.4 Tissus adultes ............................................................................................. 19 1.1.2.5 Cellules reprogrammées ............................................................................ 20 1.1.3 La peau humaine en tant que source de cellules et modèle de la différenciation épithéliale .......................................................................................................... 23 1.1.3.1 L'épiderme ................................................................................................. 24 1.1.3.2 La couche basale ........................................................................................ 25 1.1.3.3 La couche épineuse .................................................................................... 28 1.1.3.4 La couche granuleuse ................................................................................ 29 1.1.3.5 La couche cornée ....................................................................................... 31 1.1.3.6 La jonction dermo-épidermique ................................................................ 32 1.1.3.7 Le derme .................................................................................................... 35 1.1.4 Protéines structurales ........................................................................................ 36 1.1.4.1 Les filaments intermédiaires en tant que marqueurs du stade de la différenciation ............................................................................................ 36 1.1.4.1.1 Les kératines ........................................................................................... 37 1.1.4.1.2 La vimentine ........................................................................................... 39 1.1.4.1.3 La desmine .............................................................................................. 40 1.1.4.1.4 Les neurofilaments ................................................................................. 40 1.1.4.2 L’actine, les fibres de stress, et les types cellulaires associés ................... 41 vii 1.1.4.3 L’élastine ................................................................................................... 43 1.1.4.4 Les collagènes ............................................................................................ 44 1.2 Le génie tissulaire
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