ilhanlnjayarao Gadgil Library lomIIlDm~m~mUUlmmB GIPE-PllNE-002628 lHESTORYOf THE. Nt\TION . , (lCbe ~tOt!? of tbe '.taations.
POLAND. THE STORY OF THE NATIONS
,. ROME. By ARTHUR GILMAN, 29. THE NORMANS. By SARAH M.A. ORNE JEWETT. •• THE JEWS. By Prof. J. K. 30. THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE• HOSMER. By C. W. C. OMAN. 3. GERMANY. ByRetS. BARING. 3" SIOILY: Phoonlclan, Greek and GOULD, M.A. .• Roman. By the late Prof• .K. 4. CARTHAGE. By Prof. ALFRED • A. FREEMAN. J. CHURCH. 3" THE TUSCAN REPUBLICS. 5. ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE. By By BELLA DUFFY. Prof. J. P. MAHAFFY. 33. POLAND. By W. R. MORFILL, 6. THE MOORS IN SPAIN. By M.A. STANLEY LANE. POOLE. 34. PARTHIA. By Prof. GEORGE 1. ANCIENT EGYPT. By Prof. RAWLINSON. GEORGE RAWLINSON. 35. AUSTRALIAN COMMON- 8. HUNGARY. By Prof. ARMINIUS WEALTH. By GREVILLE VAMBERY. TREGARTHEN. 9. THE SARACENS. By ARTHUR 36. SPAIN. By H. E. WATTS. GILMAN, M.A. 37. JAPAN. By DAVID MURRAY, '0. IRELAND. By the Hon. EMILY Ph.D. LAWLESS. 38. SOUTH AFRICA. By GEORGE II. CHALDEA. By ZENAIDE A. M. THEAL. RAGOZIN. 39. VENICE. By ALETHEA WIEL. 12. THE GOTHS. By HENRY BRAD. 40. THE CRUSADES. By T. A. LEY. ARCHER and C. L. KINGSFORD. '3. ASSYRIA. By ZEN AIDE A. 4" VEDIC INDlA. Dy Z. A. RA , " RAGOZIN. GOlIN. '40 TURKEY. Dy STANLEY LANE. 42. WESTINDIESand the SPANISH POOLE. MAIN. lly jAMKS RODWAY. 'S, llOLLAND. By Prof. J. E. 43. BOHEMIA. By C. EDMUXD THOR01.D ROGERS. MAURICE • • 6. MEDIEVAL FRANCE. By 44. THEBALXANS. ByW. MILLER, GUSTAVE MASSON. M.A. '1, PERSIA. By S. G. W. BEN 45. CANADA. By Sir J. G. BOURI. JAMIN. NOT, LL.D. ,8. PHCENICIA. By Prof. GEO. 46. BR.ITISH INDIA. By R. W. RAWLINSON. FRAZER, LL. B. '9. MEDIA. By ZENAYDE A. RA 47. MODERN FRANCE. By ANDRE· GOZIN. LE BON. '0. THE HANSA TOWNS. Dy 48. THE FRANKS. By LEWIS SER. HI!LEN ZIMMERN. GEANT• ... EARLY BRITAIN_ By Pruf. 49. AUSTRIA. By SIDNEY WHIT ALFRED J. CHURCH. MAli '2, THE BARBARY CORSAIRS. 50. MODER~ ENGLAND. Befor. By STANLEY LANE.POOLE. the Reform BilL By] USTIN '23. RUSSIA. ByW_ MORFILL, M.A. MCCAKTHY. '4. THE JEWS UNDER THE ST. CHINA. ByProf.R. K.DOUGLAs. ROMANS. By W. D. MORRI 52. MODERN ENGLAND. From the SON. Reform Hill to the Present '5. SCOTLANDP By JOHN MACK.N Time. By J USTIH MCCANTHV. TOSH, LL.D. 53. MODERN SPAIN. By IIIAICTIN • 6. SWITZERLAND. By lIIrs. LI"A A. S. HUM ... HUG and R. STEAD. 54. MODERN ITALY. By P,ETRO 27. MEXICO_ By SUSAN HALE. ORsr. • 8. PORTUGAL. By H. MORSE 5$. NORWAY. By H. H. BOYESEN . STEPHENS. -----56. WALES. By 0. M. EDWAR!'S. LONDON: T. FISHER UNWIN, PATERNOSTER SQUARE, E.C. JOHN SOlHESKJ. POLAN D
BY W. R. MORFILL, M.A. (Reader i" RltSs;tlH atld the other Slavollic Lmll!t4tlges ill Ilze U"ivel"sity 0/ OxfOl"d, Correspond;,,! ii/ember 0/ IRe Royal Scielllijic SocidJ' 0/ BoRem;a).
Author THIRD hllPRESSION LONDON T. F ISH E RUN WIN PATERNOSTER SQUARE, E.C. YRIGHT BY T. FISHER UNWIN, 1893 v~~,mi t3 2-(U PREFACE. I HAVE written this little book on Poland on the same lines as my pre\-;ous work on Russia in this series. The plan of the work is to give a readable history of the country by bringing into prominence the more stirring episodes and salient characteristics, and putting in the background the details whien must prove less interesting. At the same time, the thread of the history is ne\"er intentionally lost sight of. It is but fair to add that the work is based entirely upon original and nati\"e authorities, and no mere com pilations have been employed. An attempt has been made to give in detail the chief ethnological elements of the population; and for those who wish to study Polish history more minutely a list has been added of t.'le most important works on the subject. :\Iy book has no political bias: it- is not 1.11- dt:n~iijs, as the Germans say. I ha\"c told thc tale of Poland~ very mournful one-and ha\"c nc\"er intentionally pen-erted or concealed the truth" I have given what I think were the causes of thc fall of this - once powerful kingdom; but, while Yii viii PREFACE. endcavouring to dischargc thc duty of an honcst writcr of history, I havc bcen unwilling to pcr form mcrcly a c7ld-bloodcd disscction of the un fortunate countr!; its limbs, although distorted, are still instinct with lirc. But the writer of history is not required to be a political advocate; the less he attempts anything of the kind the better his history will probably be. I hope my chaptcr on the litera ture may be serviceable in awakening an interest in the Polish language, still spoken by upwards of tcn millions. Noone can rcad the Iitcrature of Poland without feeling a warm sympathy with this interesting people. It only remains that I should thank my friend, Dr. George. Birkbeck Hill, the editor of Boswell, for kindly looking t1l1'ough the proof sheets and aiding me with many valuable suggestions. W. R. MORFILL. CONTENTS. rREBCE "II 1. THE COliXTR,Y .\XD rE... )I'LE OF PuL.\XD . l.'t-aro ... --!.en,lx-rg-Rn.,..,\il()\-,;k-The Yi>'lub. -The 1\,\i"" Lan!;\l~The Lilhll:m~",,~The l'~"1-'inni"" R~,~The Je ..'S- 11. THE S,\G,\S OF LULl' P ...)USH HISTORV ~"-1M Ld.hs. lit. THE RISE OF POUSH NATlo.-':.\Un.. FRO~ THE RElG~ OF MIECZYSUW I. (96::) TO THE DUTH OF BoUSL.\S THE BUYE (10::6) • :S-30 .. [Y. FRO~ THE Dun-r OF BoUSL.\S 1HE BRA"" TO THE Rl:l~ISNIN" OF THE RElGlol or rIUE~\'SI_'\\·1. 31-37 The Imer,\i...'l-Cmra,t of Ma;;..wia-l.csttk. th~ Hbck. ix x CONTENTS. V. PAGE FRON THE BEGINNING OF THE REIGN OF PRZEIIIY- SLAW I. (I295~TO THE MARRIAGE OF JADWIGA AND JAGIELLO '\1386). • • • • 38-50 Ladislaus Lokietek-Galicia acquired-Germans• in Poland- Festivities at Cracow-Jadwiga--Lndislaus Jagiello. VI. THE EARLY JAGIELLOS. FROM LADISLAUS JAGIELLO TO SIGISMUND I. 1386-15°7 51-69 Vitovt-The Treaty of Thorn-Casimir IV.-John Albert elected - Buonacorsi - Alexander - The diet at Radom Clement the smith-A cruel aristocracy. VII. THE JAGIELLOS. SIGISMUND I. (15°7-1548), SIGIS MUND II., AUGUSTUS (1548-1572). THE ELECTED SOVEREIGNS, HENRY OF VALOIS (1574-1575), AND STEPHEN BATORY (1576-1586) • 70 - II 7 Copernicus-Luxury of the Nobles-The University of Cracow-Nicholas Radziwill-Duke Albert-The Polish Embassy-Henry and Zborowski-The banquet at Paris Flight of Henry-Batory elected-Batory's Plans-Death of Batory-Anna Jagiellonka-The Condition of Poland-The Dissidents-Albert Laski. VIII. FCRTHER DECLINE OF THE COUNTRY- REIGNS OF SIGISMUND III., LADISLAUS IV., JOHN CASIMIR, AND MICHAEL KORYBUT • 118-154 John of Sweden-Sigismund III. - The Unintes-Jan Zamojski-Th: False Demetrius-Smotrycki-Jnn Laski Marie Louise-The Polish Embassy-Polish Cookery-The CONTENTS. xi • PA{iE Cossacks-CollotJuittm Charitativttm-Liberlllll vdo-Inva- sion of the Swedes-;\1arie Louise-Abdication of John Casimir-Death of John Casimir-l\licha~1 Korybut. IX. THE REIGN OF JOHN SOBIESKI Siege of Vienna-Kolszicki-Retreat of the Turks-The King's Letter-Sobieski's Triumph-Death·bed of Sobieski -South's Description-Clementina Sobieska-The French Abbe-Marie Casimire-Madame Royale-The Polish Nobles ·-The Polish Diet. X. DECLINE OF POLAND-THE SAXON KINGS. 1698- 1763 193-211 , Charles XII.-Treaty of Altranstadt-Charles XII. at BJ!nder -Courland-The Dissidents-Journey of Stanislaus-Escape -of Stanislaus-Charles XII.-Augustus III. XI. STANiSLAUS PONIATOWSKI-THE THREE PAIU'ITIONS. 1764-1795 212-252 The Confederation of Bar-Plot against the King-Perils of Stanislaus - COllnt Beniowski - First Dismemberment Poninski-The New Govemment-Zabiello-New Constitu tion-The Peasantry-The Diets-Conduct of the Prussians Kosciuszko-Maciejowice-Kosciuszko in France-Stanislaus' abdicates-Stanislaus in Russia. XII. THE POLES AS SUBJECTS OF RUSSIA, AUSTRIA, AND PRUSSIA 253-268 Treaty of Vienna-Constantine-Warsaw taken-Ancillon The Galician Massacres-The Secret Committee-Muraviev. xii CONTENTS. XIII. POLISH LITERATURE Queen Margaret' s Ilalter-Dll1gosz-Copernicl1s-Szymono wicz-Kromer-Orzechowski-SlIarga-G6rnicki-Potocki Morsztyn - Kilinski - Rzewuski - Niemcewicz - Mickiewicz Malczewski - Fredro - Lelewel-Szajnocha .-Kraszewski Ujejski. XIV. THE SOCIAL CONDITION OF POLAND The Nobility-The Burghers-The Peasants--The Kille/oIlS -The Villages-Courland-The Jews-The Szlachta-Polish Legislation-The KIlle/OIlS-Polish dress-The Nobility-The Polish Kings. XV. POLITICAL AND LITERARY LANDMARKS-AuTHORI- TIES . Historical Dates-Summary-Literary Dates-Bobrzynski V. Krasinski-Coxe-Mickiewicz-White Russian. LIST OF POLISH KINGS • GENEALOGICAL TABLE OF THE JAGIELLOS GENEALOGICAL TABLE OF THE SOBIESKIS 379 INDEX LIST OF ILLt:STRATIOXS. 10H~ 5OBlESI.. Fn.RhV.:.... , 1l.\P TO lLLt'SYR..\TE THE F1~.\L P,\RTlTIO~ OF POL\~D, 1795 T ..f.n I"~~ I P.\.GE THE 1.\GIELLO LlBlLUY AT CR.\COW 6 SEAL OF 1I1ESZJ;.0 THE ELDER A Ct"P PRESER'-W IN THE C.\THEDR..\L 0.- PLoc'K. GI\,"E~ BY COSR..U> I.. Dt"J;.E OF )'I.\SO\'l.\ 35 SEAL OF PRZElIYSL\W I.t Dt'J;.E C,F GRE..\T POL\SD 39 SE..\L OF c.\SnIlR THE GREAT 4' SE..\L OF THE C1T\" OF CRACOW (13.1>"-13;0) • 43 TOllB OF C.\SIllIR THE GRE..\T I~ THE C.\TH£DR..\L AT CR.\COW SE..\L OF C.\SlllIR THE GRE..\T. THE C.-\THWRAL AT CR..-\COW I~ ITS ORIGIS.\L FORll, FOt:ltT£E.."ITH AXD FlFT£Do"TH CL,.t-RIES 57 SE..\L OF l.'--'n-sz _-\SD ST,-\XISLU'S OF 1l,-\5O\'l,"- 15~ S9 lIOXl:YE.."IT OF CARDIXAL TRWERICJ;. 1.\~I£LLO IX THE C.\THEDR_\L AT CRACOW 63 SIGISlIt"XD I, 71 ALR£RT OF BRASDE..'\Bt"RG 73 CHRIST DISPl.IXG WITH THE DOCTORS-"'TH TlGt'RES OF SIGISlIl"XD AXD Ht"SSlTFS 1:\.RODt"CW 7S W xiv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGB THE FLORIAN GATE AT CRACOW AS IT APPEARED IN 1498 ,S SIGISMVNJ) AUGUSTU~ SO SEAL OF SIG'S~IUND •I. AS DUKE'. OF GLOGAU 81 GOLD PIECE OF TEN DUCATS OF SIGISMUND AUGUSTUS 81 PORTRAIT OF ELIZABETH, FIRST WIFE OF SIGISMUND 11. 83 SILVER-GILT MEDAL OF ALBERT OF BRANDENBURG S7 SIGlSl'IIlJND AUGUSTUS 89 MAP OF POLAND AND LITHUANIA AT THE TIME OF THE UNION OF LUBLIN, 1569 91 HENRY DE VALOIS 99 STEPHEN BATORY 104 COIN OF STEPHEN BATORY 107 TOMB bF ANNA jAGIELLONKA IN THE CATHEDRAL AT CRAcow III SIGISMUND III. 120 COIN OF SIGISMUND III. 123 THE STATUE OF SIGI~MUND III. AT WARSAW 130 COIN OF LADISLAUS IV. '. 133 JOHN CASIMIR I.p COIN OF JOHN CASIMIR 149 COIN OF MICHAEL 153 PLAN OF THE SIEGE OF VIENNA IN 1683 159 COIN OF JOHN SOBIESKI • 172 THE POLISH DIiT 189 (E-tj>lanalion of tke Leiters in the Pir/llre :-A. The King: B, The Ten Officers of the Crown: C, The Archbishop of Gnesen : D, The olher Ecclesiastical Senators: E, Foreign Ambassadors admitted to the Diet: F, The Palatines and Castellans: G, The Deputies: H, The Speaker of the Deputies: I, Vacant Seats for others sometimes admitted. I, The Arms 01 Poland; 2, The Arms of Lithuania.) LIST 011 ILLUSTRATIONS. xv PAGE AUGUSTUS II. 194 COIN OF AUGUSTUS III. 210 STANISLAUS AUGUSTUS 21 3 COIN OF STANISLAUS AUGUST\iS • 230 THADDEUS KOSCIUS1.KO 240 POLISH KOSYNIER IN THE TIlliS 'OF KOSCIUSZKO 245 SUVOROV • 247 GRAND DUKE CONSTANTINE .. ":156 ADAIII MICKIEWICZ 299 POLISH ARMOUR AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 330 A POLISH GENTLEMAN 332 A RUSSIAN GENTLEMAN IN A WINTER DRESS 333 (Those portraits wltic~ are noi reproduced from prillts ill Ihe En·tisk .'lfuseum are taken from Schiemann's " Russland, Polen, ulld Livland bis ins 17 Jahr· hullttert," alld Forster's" La PO!{Igne." The coills are copied from Lelewel's " A 1Itiquills de P{I!{Ig"lle" alld . Schz"ema1ln. Olher il!ustratiolls are taken from Core's " Tra~/els " and COlllwr's " Poland.") THE following rules for the pronunciation of some of the Polish letters wiII be useful: (CHIEFLY FROM THE Hz'storya Polska OF BALINSKI, WARSAW, 18«,) • Micezyslaw I. (Mieszko) 962-992 ,Boleslas the Brave 992-1026 Mieczyslaw II. .n 1026-1034 fnterregnum ,., 1034-1040 Casimir J" the Restorq 1040 - 1058 Boleslas II., the Bold ... 1058-1081 Ladislaus I., Hermann 1081-1102 Boleslas Ill., the Wry-mouthed 1102- 11 39 Ladislaus II. 1139-11 48 Bo1r-slas IV., the Curly 1149-11 73 Mieczyslaw III. 1174-1177 Casimir n., the Just ... 1178- 11 94 Leszek V., the White, and Mieczyslaw the Elder, alternately ... - 1194-1203 Laqislaus IiI., Longshanks ... 1204-1207 Leszek V., the White, a second time 1207-1227 Boleslas V., the Modest 1227-1279 Leszek VI., the Black ... 1279-"1289 Boleslas, Prince of Masuria, Henry IV., Prince of Bresla6 ...... Ladisla~s IV., Prince of Sieradz, Henry IV., Prince of Breslau ...... 1291-1292 ·Przemyslaw I., Prince of Posen and Pomerania 1295-1296 Ladislaus IV., tlfe Short, a second time 1297-1299 Wenceslaus I., King of Bohemia 1299-13':>5- Ladislaus the Short, a third time 1306- 1333 Casimir III., the Great 1333-1370 LIST OF PbLlSH KINGS. 377 Louis, King of Hungart 13~1382 1adwiga... .? • 1384-1389 Ladislaus II., JagieKo; .. 1386-1434 'Ladisl\us III., surnamed Warnenczyk, King of Poland and Hungary 1434.1444 Casimir IV•. 1147-;492 John Albert 01492-1501 Alexander Isol-lso6 Sigismund I. 1S07-1J48 . Sigismund II., Augustus IS48- I S7 2 Henry of Valois IS74-IS7S Stephen Batory 1576-IS86 Sigismund IlL, Vasa .•. IS87-'163 2 L.adislaus IV~ .. . 1632-1648 John Casimir .. . 1648-166~ Michael Korybut 166<)-1673 Jot.n III., Sobieski 1674'-1696 Augustus II., Elector of Saxony ... " 1698-1706 Stanislaus Leszczynski 1706-1709 Augustus II.~ a &econd time ... 170<)-1733 Stani"slaus Leszc'zynski, a second time 1733-1734- Augustus Ill., Elector of Saxony ... 1734-1763 Stanislaus Poniatowski 1764--,1795 It will be observed that some of the sovereigns in this list only ruled for a short time during periods of anarchy. Ladislaus Jagiel1o"is called by Polish historians the second of the name, perhaps on accoll,llt of the new family which then ascended the throne. 'GENEALbGICAL TABLE OF THE JAGIEl-LOS. GEDYMIN, Prince of Lithuania, t 1341. 1 I OLGERD, LoUIS, King of Poland t I1377· . (1370 - 1382). LADISLAUS JAGIELLO (1348-1434) = JADwlA' heiress of Poland. 1 I ~. 1 LADISLAUS III. (1423-1444). CASIMIR IV. (1427-1492). 1 I I JOHN ALBERT, AI.EXANDER, t 1501. t 1506• ,I I I SIGISMUND II., CATHERINE = ANNE = t 1572• John Vasa of Sweden. Stephen Balory. I SIGISMUND III. (1566-1632). 1 1'-.---0; ---l--_, LADISLAUS IV. (1595-1648). JOHN CASIMIR (1009-1672). GENEALOGICAL TABLE OF THE FAMILY OF JOHN SOBIESKI. (Ckiejly from COXE.) JOHN SOBIESKI, t 1696 = MARIE DE LA GRANGE, t 1716. I I I I I JAMES LOUIS, THERESA CUNIGUNDA, ALEXANDER BENEDICT, CONSTAN11NE LA~r~LAUS .. tat Zolkiew, 1737· t 1730 • t 1714 at Rome, , 1726, = lIEDWIGE ELEONORA, = MAXIMILIAN, unmarried. without issue. d. of Philip William, Elector of Bavaria. Elector Palatine. I I I Two ltherI daughters. CT.EMENTINA = JAMES EDWARD (the Old Pretender). 1: ____ CHARLES EDWARD 1PRINCESS STOLBERG. HEN~t,_ Cardinal of York. J. No Issue. INDEX. A B Abdul Medjid, 262 Bar (Podolia), 215 Adelbert, St., 26, 27, 270 Barbes, 505 Adelaide of Hesse, 45 Batory, Stephen, I, 9, So, 103- Akerman, I 117, 140, 141, 285 Albert of Brandenburg, 73, 87 Baudoin, 97 Albertrandi,316 Baudoin de Courtenay, 271 Aleppo, 262 Ea varia, Elector of, 168 Alexander, of Poland, 58, 63-66, Belgrad,""i3 143,278 Bern, 261, 262 Alexander VI., Pope, 64 Bender, 199 Alexander I., of Russia, 214, Beniowski, 22, 222, 314 244, 253, 255, 257, 259 Beresteczko, 143 Alexander II., of Russia, 264 Berg, 267 Alexis, of Russia, 141 Berlin, 261 Altenstein, 274 Berry, 205 Altmeyer, 320 Bethlen Gal.or, 113 Altranstadt, 197, 199 Bezprim,33 America, 228, 243, 244, 297 Bieez, 278 Aneillon, 261 Bielski, 268, 287 Andelot, Chevalier dc!, 205 Biren, 20 I, 202 Andruszowo, 8, 10, 146 Bissy, 205 Angern,l60 Blon, 249 Anna Aldona, 45,49 Bobrzynski, 2, 322, 357 Anna Jagiellonka, 6, 101, 103, Boguehwal, 260, 270 110 Boleslas I., the Brave, 26-28, Anne, of Austria, 136 269 Anne, of England, 177 Boleslas II., the Bold"33 Anne, of Russia, 201 Boleslas III., the Wry-W1uthed, Armenians, 16 34 . Asnyk,326 Boleslas V., the Pious, 18, 36" Augsburg, 45 Bolko,45 - Augustus II., 193-204 Bologna, 274, 2f8 Augustus Ill., 206-211 Bonneval,31o Austria, 253, 254, 255, 261 Bonneville, 244 Aviano, 169 BoufHers, 208 INDEX. Brandenbur~. Elector, the Griat, Charles of Lorraifle~ ISS, 162. Irf; 168 .. Brandenburg, Margrave of, 46 Charles "tuart. the Young Pre· Branicki, :2i'.l4, 238 tend!!\'. 178, 179.206 • Brest·litovsk (Brzesc), 9. 123.124, Charles Gustavus, of SJeden, 145, 224 290 Brjtain, Great, 243 Charles XII., of Sweden, 195- B,ocmann, 17 199. 209 Brodzibs~i, 13. 296 Challcer, 53 Brougham, 261 Chekhs, 336 Briickner, Prof., of Berlin, 270, Chelm, 124 • 272,292 Chernigov, 8 Briihl,211 Chicherin. 42 Brussels, 317, 320 Chlapowski, 134 Buchanan, 276 Chocim, 128, 154, 166, 199, 292. Buczacz. 151 Chodkiewicz, 15, 128 Bug, 249, 255, 259 Chopin, 267 Bukovina, 14 Churchill, 292 Bulanes,22 Claudius, Roman Emperor, 153 Bulgarians, 309 Clement, Master, 67-68 Buonacorsi, 61 Clement VIII., Pope, 125 Burke, 229 Clement X., Pope, 177 Burns, 277 Cluny. 33 Buturlin, 143 Coccei.220 Buxhovden, 246 Commendone, "7 Byczyna, 119 Conde, 152 Bydgoszcz (Bromberg), 254 Connor. 144, 149. 190, 346, 347, Byron, 314 35 2-354 Bzowski, 284 Conrad. Duke of Masovia. 35. 90 C Constance. 54 Constantine, Grand Duke (the Calvin, 88 elder). 257-259 Campbell, 260 Constantine', Grand Duke (the Carlowitz, 192 younger). 264. 267 Caro, 44, 272, 320 . Constantinople. 139, 262. 307, Cal pathians, II 3It Casimir I., 32, 268 Copernicus. 77. 273-275 Casimir Ill-,S. 18, 37, 40-47, Corneille, 291 336,339 Corvinlls. M •• 56 Casimir IV., 14, 55-58, 68 Cosmas.25 Castiglione, 287 Cossacks. 14, 128. 139. 207 Cather~e J!giellonka, 118 Courland. 15. 201. 343. 344 Catherine II., of Russia, 212, Coxe. 212.223.291,315.340 222, 238, 249, 250 Cracow, 3. 23. 38-40, 45, 52. 79, Cecilia Renata, of Austria, 132 100. 132. 145. 151. 162. 171. 'Cenova, 13 195. 215. 223, 249, 254, 255, Chambord, 201 • 263, 27 1• 312 Charle& II .• England, zOO Cracus.20 Charles IX., of France, 92, 94, Cranmer, 131 101 Cromwell, 181 IN.DEX. Cujavia,~~ Elizabeth of England, 109, 129, Culloden, 206 • 13 1 ., Cyprus, King of, 3j6 Elizabeth,' d. of Elector Palatine, Czarnkow, John of, 4~. 45, 271 1321 • Czart0'"lski, Augustus, 214 Enghien, Duke of, 147 Czartoryski, Adam (the elder), 214 Eric XIV., of Sweden, 118 Czartoryski, Adam (the younger), Ernest of Austria, 92, 103 21 4, 250, 255, 257-259, 260- Esther, 44 263,268 Czartoryski, Ladislaus, 6, 268 F Cz~tochowa, 216, 272 Czersk,9O Fedkovich (Godinski), 14 Feodore Ivanovich, 118 D Ferdinand III., 132 Filicaja, 171 Dabrowka, 26 Fleming" Isabella, 214 D~browski, 249 Florence, 123 Danzig, II, 55, 74,121, 198, 204, Foix,ePau! de; 93 206, 222, 223 Fontainebleau, 244 Dashkevich, Prof., 16 . Formosa, 222 Dee, 107 France. 243. 244 Demetrius, the False, 16,126,127, Frederick of Austrh, 18 251 Frederick the Great, 212, 222, Denmark, 336 23~2 Desportes, 100, 138 Frederick: William II., 237 Delilino, 76, 128 Freeman, 255 Deux Ponts, 200 Diebitsch, 258, 259 G Dissidents, 144 Dlugosz, 20, 273 Galicia, 41, 125, 223, 255,263 Dnieper, 23,244 Gallus, 20, 28, 268, 270 • Dobrogniewa, 321 Gaszynskr, 288, 323, 324 Domingo, St., 253 Gawinski, 277 Dorpat, lIS Gedymin.8, 15,38,45,49, 124 Dragomanov, Prof., 139 Geneva,323 ' Dresden, 2II, 243 Geoffrey of Monmouth, 21 Druzbacka, 292 George I., of England, 177-. Dubienka, 243 Germans, 16 Dubois, 320 Geron,2S Dwina,244 Gielgud, 21 5 Dzialinski, 129 Glinski, Michael, 66 Glinski,76 E Gniezno (Gnesen), ~3, 29, 37, 122 Godunov, Boris, 126' .. Edward VI. of England, 131 Gollinsz, 147 Elblllg (Elbing), 1.1, 74, 123, 195 Golovacki, 14 Eleonora of Austna, 153 Gonta, 14, 215 Elizabeth, d. of Empe or Albert, Gordon, 145_r46 58 Goszczynski, 312, 314 Elizabeth, cl. of Emperor Ferdi Gjttingen, 293 nand 1.,82 Grabowski, 246 Grange, Henri cje la, 163 I Isidore. 123 Granovs'ki, lOS Iskinrler Pasha 309 Gratz, 122 Ivan III., 5- ~3. go. 118, 119 '\,;regory VII., 'Pope, 33 Ivan IV.• me Terrible, 92, 105. Grochow, 259, 263 124. 126 - Grodno, IS, 116, 223, 239, 249. Ivan V., II 274· Grii'Wald, 52 J Guebriant. ¥me. de, 137 Gundulic, uS Jablonowski, ISS Guzow, 126 Jadwi~a. 15. 41• 47, 49 Gu!ules, 14 J adzwmgs, 8 Gwagnin, 286 Jagiello, Ignaz. 149 James Stuart, the Old Pretender, H 177 J anocki, 272 Hajek,279 Janusz of Masovia. 58 Halicz,7 Jena, 254 Hanusz, 17 Jews, 18, 19,44 I{artknoch, 3 Jezierski, 296 Hartlib, 131 Jirecek,55 lI'auteville, 329, 342 John Albert, 58-63 Hearne, 208 John Casimir, 50, 113. 141-151 Heilsberg. 195 John of Bohemia, 45 Helen Pal:wloga, 63, 64 John of Sweden, 92, 118 Helena, St., 257 Jordanes, 23 Henry of BQlingbroke, VI., 52 Julills II., Pope, 64 Henry VIII.• of England, 70 Julius II r., Pope, 282 Henri I., of France. 32 HenD de Valoi~. III., 3. 92, 126 K Henri II.• of Germany, 28 Henri I1r., of Germany, 33 Kadlubek. 20, 21, 269. 271 Henry, Prince of Prussia, 222 Kalinka, 225, 322 Hermani, 266 Kalisch,254 Herberstein. 5 I Kallenbach. 77, 81, 147 Iterrick, 277 Kamchatka, 221 HerzeR, 257, 303,304 Kamienio.:ki, Bp., 215 Hesler, 246 Kamieniec. Po Orsha, lb. Polanow, 132- Orzarowski, 249 erolotsk, 88 Orzechowski, 279JM.. Poltava, 198 Ostrol"ko, 259 • Pomorze, the, ~23 OSlVi'C~, 101 Poniatowski, Count, 199 Otakar Pi'emysl, 86 Poniato1ll6ki, Joseph, 249, 252, 318 Olho of Germany, 26, 27. Poniatowski, Stanislaus, 3,-212- Olho, St., 34 '. 251,292 . Otrepiev, 126 Poninski, 225-226 Pope, 182 P Popiel,21 Pac, 155 Posen (Poznan),28, 197, 254, !5S l'adua, 274 Possevino, 105, 124 . Palmerston, 260 Potocki, Felix, 224 Paprocki, 288 .' Potocki, Ignatius, 224 _ Paris, 263, 293, 314,317, 318 Potocki, Joachim, 215 Pasek, 153 Potocj:i, Wactaw, 128, 289 Paskevich, .252, 259 Praga, 206, 246 Passau, 157 Prescott, 321 Patkul, 197, 198 Prusslans, 249, 253, 254, 26J1t Paul of Russia, 242, 244, 250, 267 . 25 1, 293 Przezdziecki, 271 Paul IlL, Pope, 274 Prze~w,38 Paul IV., Pope, 283 Ptolem~2 Pawluk,140 Pulawy, 214 Pedro, of Portugal, 177 Pushlcin, 70, 304, 312 Pereiaslavl, 143 Peter the Great, 10, II, 195-201 R Petersburg, St., 222, 259, 297 Pet6fi,262 Raby, Lord, 209 Petrycy, 288 Raczinski, 170 Philadelphia, 243 Radziejowski, 196 Philip II., of Spain, 124 Radziwill, Barbara, 82 Pianofi, 262 Radziwill, Nicholas, 15, 84, lIS PiaseckI, 290 Ragoczy, 141 Piasts,47 Rakow, 140, 275 _ Pierling, 65, 127 Rej of Na~lowice, 275, 276, 280 Pila, 293. Revel, 17, 88, 121 Pilica, 249 Richelieu, ISO Pinsk, 124 Riga, 115 Piotrkow, 58, 82, II4, 345 Rogozno,28 Plater Emilia, 301 Romanov, Michael ..232 Pleto,206 Rome, 278 • Plettenberg, 90 Ronsard, 97, 2,6 Plock, II, 34, 254 Ropel\,32o Ploweze,38 Rosner, 203 Poblocki, 13 Rousseau, 20~, 294 Pociey, 124 Rudawski, 290 Podebrad, 55 Rulhiere, 250 • l'odolia, 156, 223, 228, 259 Russians, 44, 70, 238, 244, 249, Pol,324 261, 267, ~98 !NnE$. Ryxa,32 Sobieski, fohn, 146, 15!J-QS4 Rzewuslti, 224, ~95 Socini,275 Sollicki, 238,. o S Somo, Sier.. , 254 Sophia of Kiev, 53, 272 Sagra de la, Rumon, 306, 307 Sophia, Palreologa, 63 Sale~n, 17 South, 175, 176 Salicetus, 74 Southey, 22 • Sam8gitia~s, 9, 14 Spain, 150 Sandecz, 27 r Speed, 131 Sandomir, II, 254, 271 Stahremberg, 157,168 Sa\9ieha, Leo, 129 Stanislaus, Dp. of Cracow, 33 Sapieha, 238, 239 Starowolski, 290 Saratoga, 243 Staszic, 293 Sarbiewsld, 278, 307 Stephen of Moldavia, 61 Sarnicki, 106 Stockholm, 119, 121 Savannah, 222 • Strawenski, 216, 320 Saxony, Elector of, 254 Stryc, 169 Schafarik, 22, 106 Stryikowski, 286, 287 ~hassburg, 262 Stwosz, Wit, 58 Schiemann, 30, 32, 53 Suchoczino, 249 Sehimmer, 162 Suchorzewski.228 Schleicher, 29 Suckling, 277 Schmitt, 322 Suvorov, 239, 246, 248 Semigallia, 221 Sviatopolk, 28 Serbs, 309 Sweden, 121, 255 Sforza, Bona, 72, 82 Switzerland, 244 Shaksperc, 292 Sylvius, A!:neas. 54 Shelley, 301 Szajnocha. 321, 322 Shuil\l