ICOFORT Fortifications and World Heritage
The ‘Nature’ of Fortifications Conception, Construction & Sustenance Nupur Prothi Khanna Coordinator, National Scientific Committee on Cultural Landscapes Member, International Scientific Committee on Cultural Landscapes NSC Members: Divya Nandini, Kamalika Bose, Mayura Gadkari, Navneet Raman, Poonam Thakur, Rajesh Agrawal, Shalini Mahajan, Somya Johri , Sonal Chitnis, Subanggi Shiroley Observer Member: Priyaleen Singh
ICOMOS India Gwalior Fort Source: www.bharataggarwal.com
5th February 2015 Delhi Typology of Cultural Landscapes
Cultural Landscapes
Paleo‐cultural Historical
Sacred Settlement Fortification Industrial
Industrial Fortification Ethno‐cultural Historical roads
Agricultural Spa/resort Palace and park Memorial associative
Sacred Traditional economic
Spa/resort Settlement
Agricultural
Source: Cultural Landscapes in the World Heritage List, Kuleshova (2007)
February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Identifying themes in the realm of Cultural Landscapes specific to India…. Vijaynagara, Hampi 1500 A.D
Source: www.wikipedia.org
February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Indian Context
Etymology & NomenclatureInspired by Nature Inspired by Culture
Purusha Conciousness
Prakriti Nature
Source: animeshray.com Source: www.tourmyindia.com
Mehrangarh Gobindgarh
Dharohar Heritage Dhara Mother Earth -ihara Identity through time
Source: www.viewphotos.org Source: jamesandthegiantearth.com
Raichur Jaisalmer Durg Garh Giri Quila Mer Source: www.rediff.com Source: www.jaipurweddings.com
Hindu Samkhya philosphy Suvarnadurga Venkatgiri
February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Shilp Shastras (10th/11th Cen.)
Mahi Durg Maru Durg Vana Durg Jal Durg Mishra Durg Giri Durg (Earth fort) (Desert Fort) (Forest Fort) (Water fort) (Mixed Fort) (Hill Fort)
Golconda Fort Jaisalmer Fort Ranthambore Fort Murud‐Janjira Fort Chittorgarh Fort Rajgad Fort Source: Source: Source: Source: www.ramaskinclinic.com Source: www.panoramio.com Source: www.abhgupta.com www.timesofindiatravel.com www.fortofmaharashtra.com www.fortofmaharashtra.com
February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Topography The extensive fortifications .....optimized various kinds of hilly terrain, specifically the river at Gagron, dense forests at Ranthambore, and the desert at Jaisalmer...
Source: www.makemytrip.com Mehrangarh Fort, Jodhpur
Jaigarh‐ Amer Fort
Ranthambore
Fort Source: indiaheritagesites.wordpress.com Jaisalmer Fort Gagron Fort
Chittorgarh Fort
Source: silentlydrawn.wordpress.com Kumbalgarh Fort
Source: Imperial Gazetteer of India February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Water for Victory
Source: www.suvratk.blogspot.com
February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Water Conservation in Forts Ingeniously captured the runoff from the rocky plateau and seepage throug h wells and stlltepwells.
Rewa Kund is a reservoir at Mandu, equipped with an aqueduct to supply Source: www.thinkingparticle.com Roopmati's palace with water. Rewa Kund, Mandu Fort, 1555‐60 A.D.
Source: www.mojostreet.com Ranisar Lake, Mehrangarh Fort, 1460 A.D.
Source: www.flickr.com
Nahargarh Baoli, Nahargarh Fort, 1734 A.D.
Sketches by Sanjay Ghosh, Dying Wisdom February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Mandu, Madhya Pradesh (10th Century A.D.)
Tentative List Natural defence for the fort capital was achieved by the rugged topography of the Vindhya Range with the Narmada River valley to the south.
Source: www.commons.wikimedia.org
February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Jaisalmer, Rajasthan (1156 A.D.)
• Use the natural defenses offered by the landscape: hills, deserts, rivers, and dense forests • Contain extensive water harvesting structures, many of which are still in use •Criterion (ii): “..Rajput ideologies in fort planning, art and architecture within the varied physiographic and cultural zones of Rajasthan.” •Criterion (iii): “..manifestations of Rajput valour, bravery, feudalism and cultural traditions..”
February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Materials
Source: Landscape Architecture in India‐ A Reader
February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Mehrangarh (1459 A.D)
Criteria (ii), (iii) The multi coloured igneous suite marks the last phase of igneous activity of Precambrian age in the Indian Subcontinent. Contrasts when in contact with light coloured Jodhpur sandstone.. Source: www.thousandwonders.net
February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Soil Groups of India
Mountain Alluvial Desert Laterite
Peaty Black Alkaline Red
Sources: Landscape Architecture in India‐ A Reader; www.yourarticlelibrary.com
February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Jaisalmer, Rajasthan
Source: www.maartenvis.com
February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Punjab Forts
Shahpur Kandi
Philaur Source: www.cuttingloose.in Gobindgarh Fort, Amritsar
Anandpur Sahib
Source: www.panoramio.com Bahadurgarh Fort, Patiala
Source: www.en . wikipedia. org Qila Mubarak, Bhatinda
Source: Imperial Gazetteer of India February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Malwa and Deccan Forts Gwalior
Dhar Mandu
Source: Dr Laxmikant Ramakrishna Raichur Fort Murud‐ Golconda Janjira Kondaveedu
Source: www.indiantravels.com Kondlldapalli Fort Chandragiri
Srirangapatnam Gingee
Source: www.travelevening.com Udaygiri PkdPenukonda Fort
Source: Imperial Gazetteer of India February 2015, Delhi TheThe ‘Nature’ ‘Nature’ of of fortificationsFortifications Colonial Forts
Source: www.commons.wikimedia.org Fort Aguada, Goa
FtFort George
Fort Chapora Source: www.commons.wikimedia.org Fort St. George, Madras
Fort St. Angelo
Source: www. svocelot.com Fort Louis, Puducherry
Source: Imperial Gazetteer of India February 2015, Delhi TheThe ‘Nature’ ‘Nature’ of of fortificationsFortifications Golconda, Hyderabad (945‐970 A.D.)
Criteria (i), (ii), (iii) & (iv) Surrounds a rocky hill Huge granite boulders form a formidable landscape, appearing like natural cannons poised to tumble down on the first iidnvader Source: www.commons.wikimedia.org
February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Natural Vegetation
Source: Landscape architecture in India: A Reader
February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Mehrangarh, Jodhpur, (1459 A.D.) • An “Ecological Restoration” project. • Aims to restore the landscape as far as possible to a natural state.
Aqueduct asWalking Trail: Rao Jodha Park Aerial View City Wall, Rao Jodha Park Source: www.raojodhapark.com Source: www.raojodhapark.com Source: www.thehindu.com
February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Nature Culture Continuum
Fortification landscapes Themes Cultural
Nomenclature Nature in Nomenclature
Function Using topography to Location advantage Source: www.tourmyindia.com
Junagarh
Water system
WtWater htiharvesting WtWater for Vic tory
Water conservation Source: jamesandthegiantearth.com
Tiruchirapalli Material
Building Technology Geology and soils
Vegetation Eco‐ Restoration Source: www.jaipurweddings.com
Nahargarh
February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Fortifications as World Heritage
Source: www.fishandfeather.nl
February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Gulbarg, Karnataka (1327 A.D.)
• Massive rectangular keep, citadel within a citadel: tradition of military architecture inspired by the Crusades in the holy land. •An engineering feat of its time, with a 50 foot‐thick double wall, the inner one higher than the outer. • Displays an almost impregnable defense system with a 90 foot‐wide moat with drawbridges completely. • Inside are remains of large buildings, temples, and several beautiful courtyards.
Source: www.wordpress.com
February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Thembang Fortified Village, Arunachal Pradesh (18th century A.D.)
• “.. living cultural traditions of the Monpa tribe: their social structure and practices, rites, rituals and their vernacular building knowledge systems.” • “..traditional human settlement depicting vernacular architecture, ingrained sense of responsibility to their environment and their efforts to maintain their natural and cultural heritage resources for posterity.”
Source: Google Earth
February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Shahjahanabad (1858 A.D.)
Source: www.aspiringbackpacker.com
February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Red Fort, Delhi (1638 A.D.)
Criterion (iii): “The innovative planning arrangements and architectural style of building components and garden design,… strongly influenced later buildings and gardens in Rajasthan, Delhi, Agra and further afield. “ Criterion (vi): “…setting of events critical to the shaping of regional identity, and which have had a wide impact on the geo‐cultural region.” The most dramatic impacts on the integrity: change of the river into a major road alters the relationship of the property to its intended setting.” Source: www.aspiringbackpacker.com
February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Agra Fort (11th century A.D.)
“The Red Fort of Agra, located on the right bank of the Yamuna, with walls of red sandstone rising above a moat,…the buildings are made from pure marble with beautiful carvings.“ “all of these monuments mark the apogee of an Indo‐Muslim art strongly marked by influences from Persia which already manifested itself in Timurid art.” Source: www.tajmahaltripindia.comSource: www.xillas.com
February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Bam Cultural Landscape, Iran (6‐4th Century B.C.)
Criterion (ii): “..developed at the crossroads of important trade interaction of the various influences…outstanding example of the interaction of the various influences. ” Criterion (iii): ”..represent..trading settlement in the desert environment of the Central Asian region.” Criterion (iv): ”..outstanding example of a fortified settlement and citadel..based on the use mud layer technique combined with mud bricks.” Criterion (v): “..outstanding representation of the interaction of man and nature in a desert environment.” Source: www.wihc .unesco .org
February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Bam, Iran
Source: www.wikipedia.org
FEB 2015, DELHI The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Erbil Citadel, Iraq
Source: www.wikipedia.org
FEB 2015, DELHI The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Erbil Citadel, Iraq
Source: www.lafarge.com
FEB 2015, DELHI The ‘Nature’ of fortifications San‐Lorenzo, Panama
Source: www.guerillaexplorer.com
FEB 2015, DELHI The ‘Nature’ of fortifications San‐Lorenzo, Panama
Source: www.kingstonimages.photoshelter.com
FEB 2015, DELHI The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
Source: www.wikipedia.org
FEB 2015, DELHI The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Thembang Village, Arunachal Pradesh
Source: www.greatscapesindia.wordpress.com
FEB 2015, DELHI The ‘Nature’ of Fortifications Dhar, Madhya Pradesh
The natural context has a pivotal role to play in Military heritage, including fortifications, battlefields etc.
Fortifications should be recognised for their own functional relevance but also for their innovative interaction with topography, water, geology, soils, vegetation
Constant attacks especially in the north western part of country have contibttribute d to his tor ic ldlandscape perceidived as a mosaic of encampments, fortifications, battle routes, battle grounds , burial grounds, cremation ghats adding newer layers of new reigns, new aspirations and new ideas
The management and protection mechanism will require to expand their scope to safeguard landscape values in recognition of their significance to military heritage
Source: Khushboo Rani
February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Thank you
Thanks to research team: Shivani Bhatnagar, Matthew C Cool, Rhimjhim Chauhan
February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications
ICOFORT: Objectives and Mission
Objectives of ICOFORT: Article 2 of the ICOFORT Statutes:
The subject of study of the committee is historic fortifications and military heritage, and includes: • Structures, including fortifications, (including fortified towns), works of military engineering, arsenals, harbours and naval battlefields, barracks, military bases, testing fields, and other enclaves and constructions built or used for military and ddfefens ive purposes. • Landscapes, including battlefields, territorial or coastal defence installations and earth works, ancient or recent. • Commemorative monuments, including war memorials, trophies, cemeteries, cenotaphs, and others plaques or marks.
Mission of ICOFORT: Article 3 of the ICOFORT Statutes:
•To promote the knowledge of the structures, landscapes and monuments , including their historical, archlhitectural, artistic and scientific values, and to encourage the preservation and maintenance of fffortifications, military structures, fortress landscapes and other objects and sites connected with the military heritage. •To carry out specialized studies and promote the application of professional expertise in regard to the preservation problems of historic fortifications and military heritage. •To pursue actilively iiilnternational cooperation for the identifi cati on, protection and preservation of histori c fortifications, military structures, military landscapes and sites, other military heritage monuments, alone or with cooperation with: . National and International Scientific Committees of ICOMOS, especially with respect to ICOMOS’ work with UNESCO’s ClCultura l Heritage Diiiivision and World Heritage Center. .Other cooperative partners of ICOMOS, for example ICCROM, ICOM, DOCOMOMO, TICCIH and Blue Shield. .Other international and national bodies, such as NATO, Ministries of Defence of different countries, Ministries of Culture of different countries.
February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications sb1 ICOFORT: Objectives and Mission
Aims and Activities of ICOFORT: Article 4 of the ICOFORT Statutes:
•Establish close cooperation with the other National Committees and International Scientific Committees of ICOMOS.
• Establish contacts with and between the relevant institutions, universities, nongovernmental organizations and government organizations that specialize in the research, preservation, conservation and management of historic fortifications, defensive structures and fortress landscapes and sites.
• Organize and encourage the promotion and exchange of ideas, knowledge, experience and the results of research in regard to fortifications, military heritage and fortress landscape resources, their values, the possibilities of their preservation, appropriate conservation methods, and principles of proper maintenance.
• Gather pertinent information, to include the creation of a database for the historic fortifications, military heritage and fortress landscapes and sites which takes into consideration the specific needs of the various geographical regions, types and conditi ons. Create a ddbatabase for ffifiiortification monuments in danger.
•Provide scientific expertise for specific projects and for solving difficult or complicated preservation and conservation problems that relate to the military heritage.
• Define and adopt an ICOMOS Scientific Program for the preservation of historic fortifications and military heritage, which reflect worldwide and regional needs in the field and in UNESCO.
• Organize camppgaigns; initiate the processes for the protection of the most valuable fortifications, military heritage and fortress landscapes and try to initiate the procedures for those monuments to be inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in the mother countries.
• Closely cooperate with experts and groups of specialists and help ICOMOS in its work and programs to fulfil its obligations to UNESCO and the World Heritage Convention as related to military heritage.
February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Slide 40 sb1 Omit unnecessary statutes? BB-05, 04-02-2015 sb8 ICOFORT: Objectives and Mission
Article 4 of the ICOFORT Statutes:
•Establish close cooperation with the other National Committees and International Scientific Committees of ICOMOS.
• Establish contacts with and between the relevant institutions, universities, nongovernmental organizations and government organizations that specialize in the research, preservation, conservation and management of historic fortifications, defensive structures and fortress landscapes and sites.
• Organize and encourage the promotion and exchange of ideas, knowledge, experience and the results of research in regard to fortifications, military heritage and fortress landscape resources, their values, the possibilities of their preservation, appropriate conservation methods, and principles of proper maintenance.
• Gather pertinent information, to include the creation of a database for the historic fortifications, military heritage and fortress landscapes and sites which takes into consideration the specific needs of the various geographical regions, types and conditi ons. Create a ddbatabase for ffifiiortification monuments in danger.
•Provide scientific expertise for specific projects and for solving difficult or complicated preservation and conservation problems that relate to the military heritage.
• Define and adopt an ICOMOS Scientific Program for the preservation of historic fortifications and military heritage, which reflect worldwide and regional needs in the field and in UNESCO.
• Organize camppgaigns; initiate the processes for the protection of the most valuable fortifications, military heritage and fortress landscapes and try to initiate the procedures for those monuments to be inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in the mother countries.
• Closely cooperate with experts and groups of specialists and help ICOMOS in its work and programs to fulfil its obligations to UNESCO and the World Heritage Convention as related to military heritage.
February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Slide 41 sb8 Omit unnecessary statutes? BB-05, 04-02-2015 sb3 Historic Battlefield Landscapes
Battlefield terrains –a reflection of people, culture and history in the landscape:
February 2015, Delhi The ‘Nature’ of fortifications Slide 42 sb3 Shivani Working BB-05, 04-02-2015