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Comparative Analysis of Nigeria Foreign Policy Under Muhammadu

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Comparative Analysis of Nigeria Foreign Policy Under Muhammadu Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Arts and Sciences, Vol. 4 No. 4, October 2017 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Asia Pacific Journal of Comparative Analysis of Nigeria Foreign Education, Arts and Sciences Policy Under Muhammadu Buhari Vol. 4 No.4, 43-52 October 2017 Administration 1983-1985 and 2015-2017 P-ISSN 2362-8022 E-ISSN 2362-8030 Ismail Bello, Asmau Isyaku Dutse and Muhammad Fuad Othman www.apjeas.apjmr.com School of International Studies, Universiti Utara Malaysia [email protected] Date Received: August 9, 2017; Date Revised: October 18, 2017 Abstract –This research paper provided a international system [1; 33]. The foreign policy is set comparative analysis of foreign policy of Nigeria of tools which are used to pursue and achieve under Muhammadu Buhari’s military regime 1983- country‟s national interests. Foreign Policy of 1985 and his current civilian administration which Nigerian state has continued to change under different started in May 2015. Foreign policy is a set of tools or governments and leaders. This is usually influenced activities developed by states to drive its interest in the by the type of government and to a great extent international system, and internal and external factors personality of the countries leader [1], [2], [29]. From usually influence this. The personality and independence, where Nigeria pursue a non-aligned environment of which leaders assumes leadership also foreign policy under Prime Minister Tafawa Balewa, plays an important in defining a state foreign policy. Under Yakubu Gowon 1966-1975 the country was The objective of this paper is to provide a comparative plagued with civil war, but his foreign policy was also analysis of Buhari’s foreign policy under his military Afrocentric in nature, Murtala Mohammed and and civilian administration. The research utilizes Olusegun Obasanjo 1975-1979 the government secondary data from journals, books, newspapers, pursued a radical foreign policy which was aimed at government reports among others. The findings of the liberation of African states from clutches of apartheid study shows the under Buhari’s military and colonialism and reducing the influence of Western administration relations between Nigeria and capitalist countries, Shehu Shagari 1979-1983 ECOWAS was hostile which led to border closures, continued with the Afrocentric policy and also liberal relations with Nigeria’s former colonial master, policy, Muhammadu Buhari 1983-1985 chose to United Kingdom was also strained due which resulted follow foreign policy of Murtala/Obasanjo foreign to diplomatic rows between both countries, the Buhari policy which was radical in nature. Ibrahim administration also continued with Afrocentric policy Babangida 1985-1993 foreign policy was seen mainly with continuous call for end to apartheid and as pro-western countries which led to the acceptance colonialism on the continent. While under his civilian of Structural Adjustment Programs and also its government Buhari was able to create friendly economic diplomacy, Sani Abacha 1993-1998 choose relations with ECOWAS member nations, maintained to pursue an isolation foreign policy which meant good relations with UK and US, and improve the Nigeria had limited engagement with outside world. countries relations with China to improve the Olusegun Obasanjo 1999-2007 decided to re-open country’s economy. The paper concludes that the type Nigeria to the world after isolation of Sani Abacha of government and environment in the international government, his foreign policy was hinged on shuttle system with which Buhari served played a role in diplomacy which was aimed at economic shaping the foreign policy direction of the state. development, Umaru Musa Yar'Adua and Goodluck Jonathan 2007-2015 foreign policy was opened and Keywords:– Foreign Policy, ECOWAS, United States, encourages relations with other countries around the China, Buhari, and Nigeria. world, and its policy was hinged on citizen diplomacy, Muhammadu Buhari 2015-Present foreign policy is INTRODUCTION also hinged on improving relations with neighbors and Foreign policy is an essential tool with which to maintain ties with the United States and China states relateto states and non-states actors in the among other countries in the world. 43 P-ISSN 2362-8022 | E-ISSN 2362-8030 | www.apjeas.apjmr.com Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Arts and Sciences, Vol. 4 No. 4, October 2017 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ As a Head of Government under a military directly and indirectly. The people are provided with government General Buhari pursued a radical foreign the opportunity to elect their representatives through policy which led confrontation with Nigeria free, fair and periodic elections. Features of a neighbours, radical countering of colonial and democratic government are an independent judiciary, apartheid governments on the continent. President respect for fundamental human rights, a multi-party Buhari assumed shuttle diplomacy between different system which ensures alternatives and competition countries immediately after assuming office in 2015 candidates for people. FPDM in a democratic he was referred at as “Jet-Setting President”, this was governmentincludes the presidency, ministry of attributed mainly to the fact he spent a quarter of first foreign affairs (state departments or foreign and 100 days in office in different countries. The president commonwealth office) and the parliament or upon inauguration assumed the responsibility of been legislature.All these multiple bodies influence FPDM countries chief diplomat and foreign policy officer to in a democratic government which makes foreign re-launch Nigeria into the international community. policy a long drawn process due to due process and Thisis mostly attributed to the international broad consultation and finally FPDM shows broad environment Buhari found himself, this situationwas consensus mainly due to debates and approval of characterised by dwindling oil prices, terrorism and ministerial appointments, ambassadorial positions, counter-terrorism, nuclear deals and neoliberalism treaties, a budget which are required to be approved among others [3]. by national assembly [4]. The objective of this research is to have a comparative analysis of Muhammadu Buhari foreign Nigeria Foreign Policy under Major-General policy under his military and civilian administrations Muhammadu Buhari 1983-1985 to understand the change of foreign policy direction Major-General Muhammadu Buhari rose to under the same person and different form of become Nigeria‟s head of state and Commander-in- government. Chief from December 31, 1983, and his government ended August 27, 1985. He became head of state as a METHODOLOGY result of military coup d‟état which deposed civilian This paper utilises secondary sources of data for president Shehu Shagari. The military accused the the research; this includes journals, relevant books, civilian authorities of mismanaging the economy, periodicals, newspapers reports, internet sources, corruption, civil disorder and uncertainty in which the government releases, and pronouncement. nation found itself under the leadership of the former civilian government. General Buhari government Foreign Policy Decision Making (FPDM) Under focused on fighting corruption especially those Military Regime committed by former government and businessmen Military administration are regime who came into with a link to government, as a result of the corruption prayers via coup de ‟tat either by overthrowing a drive over 500 officials of government, politicians, democratic government or fellow Foreign Policy and people in business were thrown into prisons and under a military administration revolves around the tried to the military tribunal‟s setup. In his inaugural personality of head of state who has the prerogative to speech, General Buharistated:“to put an end to the accept or ignore advice from government bodies, also serious economic predicament and the serious crisis FPDM is faster and quicker because it is usually via of confidence now afflicting our nation”. [5]. With the decree rather than constitution, influence in military start of its administration, the Buhari administration regime is limited because the head of state determines prided itself as an offshoot of Murtala/Obasanjo the position of government foreign policy, and FPDM government, it hereafter built it foreign policy after in military regime does not entail broad consensus that of the previous military regime. In one case, in which is a feature of a democratic as decision are following suits of Murtala/Obasanjo, which personalized [4]. recognised MPLA in Angola, the Buhari regime recognised Polisario government in Western Sahara Foreign Policy Decision Making (FPDM) Under despite opposition from fellow African states. The Democratic Government regime also re-launched commitment to the liberation A democratic government is that in which power of South Africa from the apartheid regime [6]. The is vested in the people, and it is exercised by them key features of the General Muhammadu Buhari 44 P-ISSN 2362-8022 | E-ISSN 2362-8030 | www.apjeas.apjmr.com Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Arts and Sciences, Vol. 4 No. 4, October 2017 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ foreign policy wereits relations
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