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Scrophularia Neesii Und Scrophularia Umbrosa in Deutschland – Ähnliche Ökologie, Aber Unterschiedliche Verbreitung Zweier Sippen Eines Autopolyploidie-Komplexes

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Scrophularia Neesii Und Scrophularia Umbrosa in Deutschland – Ähnliche Ökologie, Aber Unterschiedliche Verbreitung Zweier Sippen Eines Autopolyploidie-Komplexes Kochia 13: 37 – 52 (2020) 37 Scrophularia neesii und Scrophularia umbrosa in Deutschland – ähnliche Ökologie, aber unterschiedliche Verbreitung zweier Sippen eines Autopolyploidie-Komplexes Thomas Gregor, Markus S. Dillenberger, Marco Schmidt, Ralf Hand, Anja Abdank, Reinhard Böcker, Peter Ciongwa, Wolfgang Diewald, Franz G. Dunkel, Wolfgang Ehmke, Paul Finus, Dieter Frank, Steffen Hammel, Alexander Hofstetter, Michael Hohla, Eggert Horst, Heino John, Jürgen Klotz, Marion Korsch, René Mause, Lenz Meierott, Frank Müller, Friederike Möbius, Markus Peintinger, Hans Reichert, Heike Ringel, Rudi Schneider, Christof Nikolaus Schröder, Irene Timmermann-Trosiener & Sabine Mutz Zusammenfassung: Scrophularia neesii und could be reliably differentiated by relative mea- S. umbrosa ließen sich durch relative Messung surement of DNA weight using flow cytometry. des DNA-Gewichtes mit Durchflusszytometrie No hybrids were found. S. neesii is more fre- sicher unterscheiden. Hybriden wurden nicht quent with a distribution focus in southern Ger- gefunden. S. neesii ist die weiter verbreitete Sip- many and parts of western Germany, whereas pe mit einem Vorkommensschwerpunkt in Süd- S. umbrosa is more frequent in northern Ger- deutschland sowie in Teilen Westdeutschlands, many. According to our results, there is a slight S. umbrosa ist dagegen in Norddeutschland die ecological differentiation between the two taxa: häufigere Sippe. Nach unseren Daten ergibt S. neesii is more likely to colonize areas with sich eine leichte ökologische Differenzierung lower temperatures and higher precipitation. zwischen beiden Sippen: S. neesii besiedelt S. umbrosa occurs more frequently along riv- eher Gebiete mit niedrigeren Temperaturen und ers, whereas S. neesii is more likely to settle höheren Niederschlägen. S. umbrosa kommt ditches and streams. Both species preferentially signifikant häufiger an Flüssen vor, wogegen colonize the banks of running waters, records S. neesii deutlich häufiger Gräben und Bäche on lakes or ponds are rare. The phylogenetic besiedelt. Beide Arten wachsen bevorzugt an relationship of S. neesii and S. umbrosa as well Ufern von Fließgewässern, Funde an Still- as the origin of S. neesii was investigated using gewässern sind selten. Die phylogenetische two DNA markers (nuclear genome: ITS – gen- Verwandtschaft von S. neesii und S. umbro- otype; plastic genome: trnQ-rps16 – haplotype) sa sowie der Ursprung von S. neesii wurden on 6 plants of S. neesii, 5 plants of S. umbrosa mit Hilfe von zwei DNA-Markern (Kerngenom: and 2 plants of S. auriculata. Although the ques- ITS – Genotyp; Plastidengenom: trnQ-rps16 – tion of whether S. neesii is an autopolyploid of Haplotyp) an sechs Pflanzen vonS. neesii, fünf S. umbrosa or of hybrid origin from S. umbro- Pflanzen vonS. umbrosa und zwei Pflanzen von sa and S. auriculata cannot be answered with S. auriculata untersucht. Die Frage, ob S. neesii absolute certainty, both markers show a close autopolyploid aus S. umbrosa hervorgegangen relationship between S. neesii and all samples ist oder hybridogen aus S. umbrosa und S. au- of S. umbrosa. An autopolyploid formation from riculata, lässt sich danach zwar nicht absolut S. umbrosa seems likely. sicher beantworten, jedoch zeigen beide Mar- ker eine nahe Verwandtschaft von S. neesii zu allen Proben von S. umbrosa. Dies macht eine autopolyploide Entstehung aus S. umbrosa Thomas Gregor wahrscheinlich. Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum – Abteilung Botanik Abstract: Scrophularia neesii and S. umbro­ und molekulare Evolutionsforschung, sa in Germany – similar ecology but different Senckenberganlage 25, distribution of two taxa of an autopolyploidy 60325 Frankfurt am Main; complex. Scrophularia neesii and S. umbrosa [email protected] 38 T. Gregor & al. Markus S. Dillenberger Steffen Hammel Institut für Organismische und Molekulare Rathausstraße 44, 74391 Erligheim; Evolutionsbiologie, [email protected] Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität, 55099 Mainz; [email protected] Alexander Hofstetter Alte Dorfstraße 6, 17509 Neu Boltenhagen; Marco Schmidt [email protected] Senckenberg Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum Michael Hohla Daten und Modellierzentrum Therese-Riggle-Straße 16, Senckenberganlage 25, A-4982 Obernberg am Inn; 60325 Frankfurt am Main; [email protected] [email protected] Eggert Horst Ralf Hand Brückenstraße 29c, 25524 Itzehoe; Winterfeldtstraße 25, 10781 Berlin; [email protected] [email protected] Heino John Anja Abdank Nikolaus-Weins-Straße 10, Landesamt für Umwelt, Naturschutz und 06120 Halle (Saale); Geologie Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, [email protected] Abteilung Naturschutz und Naturparke, Goldberger Straße 12, 18273 Güstrow; Jürgen Klotz [email protected] Weinweg 45, 93049 Regensburg; [email protected] Reinhard Böcker Osterwiesenstraße 3/3, 70794 Filderstadt; Marion Korsch [email protected] Hamburger Straße 23, 19309 Lenzen; [email protected] Peter Ciongwa Gesundbrunnen 6, 37154 Northeim; René Mause [email protected] Beginenstraße 7, 52062 Aachen; [email protected] Wolfgang Diewald Stephanusweg 4, 94315 Straubing; Lenz Meierott [email protected] Am Happach 43, 97218 Gerbrunn; [email protected] Franz G. Dunkel Am Saupurzel 1, 97753 Karlstadt; Frank Müller [email protected] TU Dresden, Institut für Botanik, 01062 Dresden; Wolfgang Ehmke [email protected] Lindenstraße 2, 65232 Taunusstein; [email protected] Friederike Möbius Dorfstraße 11, 17235 Klein Trebbow; Paul Finus [email protected] Alemannenstraße1, 79379 Müllheim; [email protected] Markus Peintinger Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt WSL Dieter Frank Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf; Landesamt für Umweltschutz Sachsen-Anhalt [email protected] Reideburger Straße 47, 06116 Halle (Saale); [email protected] Scrophularia neesii und S. umbrosa 39 Hans Reichert zur Bildung einer ersten sekundären Basis Kohlweg 16, 66123 Saarbrücken; x = 13 geführt haben, die heute die Gattung [email protected] weitgehend beherrscht. Aus dieser Basis eines zweiten Niveaus könnte sich die Gattung dann, Heike Ringel wie oben geschildert, weiterentwickelt haben.“ Uhlandstraße 1a, 17489 Greifswald; Danach wäre S. umbrosa s. str. tetraploid und [email protected] allopolyploid aus heute ausgestorbenen dip- loiden Arten mit der Basiszahl x = 6 und x = 7 Rudi Schneider entstanden. Zumeist wird aber S. umbrosa Frankenstraße 5, 97900 Külsheim; s. str. als diploid mit einer Basiszahl von x = 13 [email protected] angegeben. Hand (2019) wies bereits darauf hin, dass Christof Nikolaus Schröder es zwei konkurrierende Theorien über den Fliederstraße 15, 68535 Edingen-Neckarhausen; Ursprung der tetraploiden S. neesii gibt, die [email protected] bisher nicht weiter untersucht wurden. Während Vaarama & Hiirsalmi (1967) durch Kreuzungs- Irene Timmermann-Trosiener experimente zwischen S. umbrosa s. str. und Mühlenstraße 40, 23611 Bad Schwartau; S. auriculata (2n = 78) Hybriden erzeugen konn- [email protected] ten, die morphologisch und zytologisch S. neesii stark ähneln, bezweifelt Grau (1976) deren Sabine Mutz Ergebnisse und nimmt einen autopolyploiden Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Institut für Ursprung für S. umbrosa an. Botanik, AG Wissemann Der Verbreitung der beiden Sippen in Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38, 35392 Gießen; Deutschland wurde durch durchflusszytomet- [email protected] rische Untersuchungen von möglichst aus ver- schiedenen Teilen Deutschlands stammenden Pflanzen nachgegangen. Zur Aufklärung des Ursprungs von S. neesii wurden molekular- 1. Einleitung genetische Methoden eingesetzt. Anhand der ermittelten Arealdaten wurde die Verbreitung Auf die geringe Kenntnis der Verbreitung von in Deutschland modelliert. Scrophularia neesii und S. umbrosa in Deutsch- land machte Hand (2019) aufmerksam. Um hier zu einer besseren Kenntnis zu gelangen, 2. Methode gründete sich eine Arbeitsgruppe „Scrophularia“ innerhalb der Gesellschaft zur Erforschung der Die durchflusszytometrischen Untersuchungen Flora Deutschlands (GEFD). Da sich die beiden wurden am 27.5.2019, 17.6.2019, 15.7.2019, Sippen in ihren Chromosomenzahlen deutlich 27.8.2019 und 16.9.2019 an der Justus-Liebig- unterscheiden (Grau 1976; http://chromoso- Universität Gießen in der Arbeitsgruppe Spezi- mes.senckenberg.de; http://ccdb.tau.ac.il) – elle Botanik, Leitung Volker Wissemann, durch- S. umbrosa mit 2n = 26, S. neesii mit 2n = 52 –, geführt. Insgesamt beteiligten sich 38 Personen lag es nahe, die Sippen mit Hilfe von Durchfluss- an den Aufsammlungen des Pflanzenmaterials. zytometrie zu unterscheiden. Bei der Beprobung wurde eine Abdeckung des Es ist schwierig in der Gattung Scrophularia Bundesgebietes angestrebt; sie war jedoch letzt- Basiszahlen anzugeben. Grau (1976) vermutet, lich abhängig von der Bereitschaft zur Mitwirkung „Das unter anderem aus der weiten Verbreitung Ehrenamtlicher. zu vermutende relativ hohe Alter der Gattung An einer von S. Hammel am 10.8.2019 Scrophularia macht es verständlich, wenn gesammelten Pflanze (Baden-Württemberg; primitive diploide Chromosomenzahlen heute Landkreis Heilbronn, Beilstein, Birkenweg, am weitgehend fehlen und alte Basiszahlen wie Ufer des Söhlbaches; 6921/42, 49,03864 N/ x = 7 nur in Polyploiden, oft durch Aneuploidie 9,31299 E) wurde eine Chromosomenzählung verändert, auftreten. Diese Basis x = 7 könnte von T. Gregor mit der Standardmethode zur Chro- in Verbindung mit der ebenfalls möglichen x = 6 mosomenzählung durchgeführt
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