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Home , Balfour Note, Genoa Conference (1922), Locarno Treaties, Minority Treaties, Prosper Poullet, Treaty of Berlin (1878)

Chronological Table

18 January 's 21 Demands on China 26 April Allied-Italian of London 25 May Sino-Japanese agreements 24 October McMahon Pledge to Sharif Hussein 1916 16 May Sykes-Picot agreement on Middle East 1917 2 November on Palestine 7 November Lenin's coup in Russia 8 January Wilson's 17 February British forces land in Transcaucasus 3 March Russo-German Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 5 April Japanese occupy Vladivostok 23 June British forces land at Murmansk 4 October requests an armistice 30 October Turkish unconditional surrender 3 November Austro-Hungarian Armistice 6 November Pre-Armistice agreement with Germany II November German Armistice 18 January Peace Conference opens 14 February Covenant approved 4 March Comintern founded at 24 March Council of Four begins 28 March invades 29 March China leaves Peace Conference 7 May Versailles Treaty presented to Germany 28 June Versailles Treaty signed First Minorities Treaty 10 September Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye with 12 September D'Annunzio seizes Fiume 12 October British evacuate Murmansk 27 November Treaty of Neuilly with 1920 10 January Versailles Treaty enters into force 2 February Russo-Estonian of Tartu (Dorpat) 16 March Allies occupy 148 THE ILLUSION OF PEACE

19 March Final U.S. Senate defeat of Versailles Treaty 4 April occupies Frankfurt 18-26 April 25 April Polish offensive against Russia 4 June with Hungary 6 July Russian offensive against 12 July Russo-Lithuanian peace treaty of Moscow 16 July Spa Protocol on reparations 10 August Treaty of Sevres with II August Russo-Latvian peace treaty of Riga 14 August Czech-Yugoslav alliance 14-16 August Poles defeat Russians at Warsaw 7 September Franco-Belgian military convention 9 October Poland seizes Vilna 14 October Russo-Finnish peace treaty of Tartu 28 October Bessarabian Accord 12 November Italo-Yugoslav 1921 19 February Franco-Polish alliance 3 March Polish-Romanian pact against Russia 8 March Entente occupation of Dusseldorf 16 March Anglo-Soviet trade agreement 18 March Russo-Polish peace treaty of Riga 20 March Upper Silesian plebiscite 27 March Habsburg coup in Hungary fails 5 May London Schedule of Payments 5 June Czech-Romanian alliance 7 June Yugoslav-Romanian alliance 25 August U.S.-German peace 21-25 October Habsburg coup in Hungary fails 12 November Washington Conference opens 6 December Anglo-Irish peace agreement 1922 6-13 January Cannes Conference 6 February Five Power Treaty on Naval Limitations Nine Power Treaty on China Four Power Treaty on Pacific Islands 15 March Russo-German military agreement IO April- Conference 19 May 16 April Russo-German treaty of Rapallo I August Balfour note on war debts 4 October Geneva Protocol for Austrian financial reconstruction I I October armistice ends Chanak crisis CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 149 25 October Japanese evacuate Vladivostok 26 December Reparations Commission declares German timber default 1923 9 January Reparations Commission declares German coal default 10 January occupies Memel II January Ruhr occupation begins 19 January German passive resistance begins 30 January Greco-Turkish convention on minorities exchange 24 July Treaty of with Turkey 31 August occupies Corfu 12 September Draft Treaty of Mutual Assistance 17 September Italy seizes Fiume 26 September German passive resistance ends 20 November German currency stabilised 1924 25 January Franco-Czech alliance 27 January I talo-Yugoslav I February Britain recognises Soviet government 9 April issued 18 April League reorganises Hungarian finances 5 July Britain rejects Draft Treaty of Mutual Assistance 16 July- London Reparations Conference 16 August 2 October Geneva Protocol for Pacific Settlement of International Disputes 25 October Zinoviev letter published 1925 15 February I.M.C.C. Final Report 10 March Britain rejects Geneva Protocol 27 August Last French troops leave the Ruhr 16 October Locarno initialled 22 October invades Bulgaria I December signed 1926 31 January First zone evacuated 17 March Brazil blocks German League entry 26 March Polish-Romanian guarantee treaty 24 April Russo-German treaty of Berlin 10 June Franco-Romanian friendship treaty 12 June Brazil leaves the League 17 August Greco-Yugoslav friendship treaty 10 September Germany enters the League I I September Spain leaves the League 16 September Italo-Romanian friendship treaty 150 THE ILLUSION OF PEACE 17 September Thoiry talks 26 September International Steel Agreement 3-6 October First Pan-European Congress, 27 November Italo-Albanian treaty of Tirana 1927 31 January LM.C.C. abolished 25 February British forces mass at Shanghai 5 April Italo-Hungarian friendship treaty 2-23 May World Economic Conference, Geneva 27 May Britain breaks relations with Russia 20 June- Geneva Naval Conference 4 August II November Franco-Yugoslav treaty of understanding 10 December Polish-Lithuanian state of war ends 1928 27 August Kellogg-Briand Pact 16 September Geneva communique on Rhineland and reparations 1929 9 February Litvinov Protocol I I February Lateran Accords 7 June Young Report issued 31 August Hague Conference Proto(:ol on 3 October Anglo-Russian relations restored 29 October New York Stock Exchange collapse 13 November Bank for International Settlements estab- lished 30 November Second Rhineland zone evacuated 1930 3-20 January Second Hague Conference 18 February- Geneva tariff conference 24 March 22 April London Naval Treaty 17 May Young Plan into force Briand memo on United States of 30 June Last Rhineland zone evacuated 14 September German Reichstag elections (107 Nazis) 193 1 20 March Reichstag appropriation for Cruiser B 21 March Austro-German customs union announced II May Austrian Creditanstalt fails 19 May Deutschland launched 20 June Hoover Moratorium proposed II August London Protocol on Hoover Moratorium 5 September P.C.I.]. ruling on Austro-German customs union 18 September Mukden incident 2 I September Britain abandons Gold Standard II Decemb('r Statute of Westminster CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 151

1932 7 January Stimson note on non-recognition 21 January Russo-Finnish non-aggression pact 22 January Second Russian five-year plan 28 January Sino-Japanese clash at Shanghai 2 February Geneva Disarmament Conference opens 5 February Russo-Latvian non-aggression pact 9 March Manchukuo proclaimed I I March League adopts non-recognition 4 May Russo-Estonian non-aggression pact 16 June- Lausanne reparations conference 9 July 21 July- Imperial Economic Conference, Ottawa 20 August 25 July Russo-Polish non-aggression pact 29 November Russo-French non-aggression pact 1933 30 January Hitler becomes German Chancellor 16 February Little Entente Pact of Organisation 24 February League adopts Lytton Report 27 March Japan leaves the League 31 May Sino-Japanese truce ofT'ang-Ku !2 June- World Economic Conference, London 27 July 15 July Four Power Pact signed at Rome 14 October Germany leaves League and Disarmament Conference 1934 26 January German-Polish non-aggression pact 18 September Russia enters League 1935 2 May Russo-French mutual assistance treaty 16 May Russo-Czech mutual assistance treaty 1936 7 March Hitler remilitarises Rhineland and de- nounces Locarno pacts 1937 7 July Sino-Japanese war begins 5 October Roosevelt's quarantine speech Bibliography

THE following lists exclude unpublished materials.

I. DOCUMENTS AND OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS , Academie Royale de Belgique, Documents Diplomatiques Belges, 1920-1940,5 vols (Brussels, 1964-6). FRITZ BERBER, Locamo, eine Dokumentensarnmlung (Berlin, 1936). PHILIP M. BURNETT, Reparations at the Paris Peace ConJerence from the Standpoint ofthe American Delegation, 2 vols (New York, 1940). JANE DEGRAS (cd.), The Communist International, 1919-1943, Docu• ments, 3 vols (London, 1956--65). --, Soviet Documents on Foreign Policy, 3 vols (London, 1951-3). XENIA]. EUDIN, et al, Soviet Foreign Policy, 1928--1934, Documents and Materials, 2 vols (University Park, Penna, 1966-7). --, Soviet Russia and the East, 1920-1927 (Palo Alto, Cal., 1957). ---, Soviet Russia and the West, 1920-1927 (Palo Alto, Cal., 1957). France, Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres, Documents diplomatiques (various). Germany, Akten der Reichskanzlei, Das Kabinett Cuno (et al.), multi-vol. and continuing (Bpppard am Rhein, 1968-). --, Akten zur Deutschen Auswiirtigen Politik, 1918--1945, Series B, multi-vol. and continuing (GOttingen, 1966--). --, Ministerium fUr Auswartige Angelegenheiten, Locarno• KonJerenz, 1925; Eine Dokumentensammlung (Berlin, 1962). --, Peace Delegation, Comments by the German Delegation on the Conditions ofPeace (Berlin, 1919). Great Britain, Foreign Office, British and Foreign State Papers, multi• vol. and continuing (London, 1841-). --, --, Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919-1939, multi- vol. and continuing (London, 1958-). --, Parliament, Command Papers, various, too numerous to list. RUTH B. HENIG (cd.), The League ofNations (New York, 1974)' FRED L. ISRAEL, Major Peace Treaties of Modern History, 1648-1967, 4 vols (New York, 1967). Italy, Commissione per la Publicazione dei Documenti Diplo- BIBLIOGRAPHY 153 matici, I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani, 6th and 7th Series, multi• vol. and continuing (Rome, 1952-). A. DE LA PRADELLE (ed.), La Docummtation Internationale : La Paix de Versailles, 12 vols (Paris, 1929-39). League of Nations, Official Journal (Geneva, 1920-40). --, TreatySerns, 205 vols (Geneva, 1920-46). PAUL MANTOUX, Paris Peace Conference, 1919, Proceedings of the Council ofFour, 2 voIs (Geneva, 1964). DAVID HUNTER MILLER, The Drqfting of the Covenant, 2 vols (New York, 1928). --, My Diary at the Coriference of Paris with Docummts, 2 I vols (privately printed, n.d.). EDGAR B. NIXON (ed.), Franklin D. Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs, 3 vols (Cambridge, Mass., 1969). J. R. H. O'REGAN The German Warof1914 (London, 1915). Poland, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Official Documents Concerning Polish-German and Polish-Soviet Relations, 1933-1939. The Polish White Book (London, n.d.). Reparation Commission, Official Docummts, 23 vols (London, 1922-30 ). LEONARD SHAPIRO (ed.), Soviet Treaty Series, 2 vols (Washington, 1950). United States, Department of State, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States (Washington, annual); Japan, 1921-1941, 2 vols (Washington, 1943); The Lansing Papers, 1914-1920,2 vols (Washington, 1939-40); 1918, Russia, 4 vols (Washington, 1931-7); The Paris Peace Coriference, 1919, 13 vols (Washington, 1942-7). --,67th Congress, Second Session, Senate Document No. 126, Confermce on the Limitation ofArmament (Washington, 1922). j. W. WHEELER-BENNETT (ed.), Documents on International Affairs, 1928, et seq., (London, annual, 1929-). THOMAS , War and Peace: Presidential Messages, Addresses, and Public Papers, 1917-1924, 2 vols (New York, 1927).

2. DIARIES, LETTERS AND MEMOIRS MAJ.-GEN. HENRY T. ALLEN, My RhinelandJournal (London, 1924). CARL BERGMAN, The History ofReparations (London, 1927). STEPHEN BONSAL, Suitors and Suppliants: The Little Nations at Ver• sailles (New York, 1946). --, Unfinished Business (Garden City, N.Y., 1944). MAJOR.-GEN. SIR CHARLES E. CALLWELL, Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, His Life and Diaries, 2 vols (London, 1927). '54 THE ILLUSION OF PEACE E. A. R. G. CECIL (VISCOUNT CECIL OF CHELWOOD), A Great Experi• ment (London, 1941). CHARLES G. DAWES, A Journal rif Reparations (London, 1939). RAYMOND B. FOSDICK, Letters on the League rif Nations (Princeton, N.J., 1966). ANDRE FRAN90lS-PONCET, De Versailles a Potsdam., la France et Ie probleme allemand contemporain, 1919-1945 (Paris, 1948). GASTON FURST, De Versailles aux experts (Nancy, 1927). COL. MAURICE HANKEY (BARON HANKEY), Diplomacy by Conference (London, 1946). --, The Supreme Control at the Paris Peace Coriference, 1919 (London, 1963). SIR JAMES HEADLAM-MoRLEY, Memoir rif the Paris Peace Conference, 1919 (London, 1972). GUSTAV HILGER AND ALFRED G. MEYER, The Incompatible Allies: German-Soviet Relations, 1918-1941 (New York, 1953). ADMIRAL MIKLOS HORTHY, Memoires (Paris, 1954). , Memoires, 2 vols (Brussels, 1958). EMERY KELEN, Peace in their Time (London, 1964). , The and Others rifthe Peace Conference (New Haven, Conn., 1965). --, The Peace Negotiations, A Personal Narrative (Boston, Mass., 192 I). , Alemoirs rif the Peace Conference, 2 vols (New Haven, Conn., 1939). --, The Truth about Reparations and War Debts (London, 1932). SIR ANDREW McFADYEAN, Reparation Reviewed (London, 1930). BRlG.-GEN. JOHN H. MORGAN, Assize rif Arms: Being the Story rif tlte Disarmament rif Germany and her Rearmament (London, 1945). HAROLD NICOLSON, Peacemaking, 1919 (London, 1933). SIR CHARLES PETRIE, The Life and Letters rif the Right Honourable Sir , 2 vols (London, 1940). GEORGE A. RIDDELL (BARON RIDDELL), Lord Riddell's Intimate Diary rifthe Peace Conference and After, 1918-1923 (London, 1933). j. A. SALTER (BARON SALTER), Memoirs rif a Public Servant (London, 1961 ). H JALMAR SCHACHT, Corifessions rif the 'Old Wizard': Autobiography (Boston, Mass., 1956). CHARLES SEYMOUR (ed.), The Intimate Papers rifColonel House, 4 vols (London, 1926-8). --, Letters from the Paris Peace Conference (New Haven, Conn., 1965). HENRY L. STIMSON, The Far Eastern Crisis: Recollections and Observa• tions (New York, 1936). BIBLIOGRAPHY 155 ERIC SUTTON (ed.), : His Diaries, Letters, and Papers, 3 vols (London, 1937)· PAUL TlRARD, La France sur Ie Rhin: dou;::e annees d'occupation rhenane (Paris, 1930). EDGAR VINCENT (VISCOUNT D'ABERNON), An Ambassador of Peace: Lord D'Abernon's Diary, 3 vols (London, 1929). THOMAS WOODROW WILSON, Woodrow Wilson, Life and Letters, 8 vols, (London, 1939).

3. SECONDARY WORKS RENE ALBRECHT-CARRIE, Italy at the Paris Peace Coriference (New York,1938). WILUAM S. ALLEN, The Nazi Seizure of Power (Chicago, 1965). N. ALMOND AND R. LUTZ, The Treaty of Saint-Germain (Palo Alto, Cal., 1935). GEORGE ANTONIUS, The Arab Awakening (New York, 1939). THOMAS BAILEY, Woodwow Wilson and the Lost Peace (New York, 1944)· RAY STANNARD BAKER, Woodrow Wilson and World Settlement, 3 vols (New York, 1922). JACQUES BARDOUX, Lloyd George et la France (Paris, 1923). JAMES BARROS, The Corfu Incident of 1923 (Princeton, N.J., 1965). --, The League of Nations and the Great Powers (Oxford, 1970). RONALD P. BARSTON, The Other Powers (New York, 1973). EDWARD W. BENNETT, Germany and the Diplomacy of the Financial Crisis, 1931 (Cambridge, Mass., 1962). DANIELA. BINCHY, Church and State in Fascist Italy (New York, 1941). PAUL BIRDSALL, Versailles Twenty Tears After (London, 1941). K. D. BRACHER, The German Dictatorship (New York, 1970). JOHN BRADLEY, Allied Intervention in Russia, 1917-1920 (New York, 1968). JULIUS BRAUNTHAL, History of the International, 2 vols (New York, 1967). BOHDAN B. BUDOROWYCZ, Polish-Soviet Relations, 1932-1939 (New York, 1963). EMILE CAMMAERTS, Albert of Belgium, Defender of Right (London, 1935)· DAVID CARLTON, MacDonald versus Henderson: The Foreign Policy of the Second Labour Government (New York, 1970). E. H. CARR, A History of Soviet Russia: The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917-1923,3 vols (London, 1950-53). F. L. CARSTEN, Revolution in , 1918-1919 (Berkeley, Cal., 1972). I.O.P.~ 156 THE ILLUSION OF PEACE GWENDOLEN .M. CARTER, 11u: British Commol/wealth and International Security: the Role ifthe Dominions, 1919-1939 (Toronto, (947). LEWIS CARTER, et al., The Zinoviev Letter (London, (967). ALAN CASSELS, Mussolini's Earf:y Diplomacy (Princeton, N.J., (970). bas L. CLAUDE Jr, Swords into Plowshares: the Problems and Progress ifInternational Organization (New York, 1971 ed.) GORDON A. CRAIG AND FELIX GILBERT (eds), The Diplomats, 1919--1939 (Princeton, N.j., (953). FERDINAND CZERNIN, Versailles, 1919 (New York, 1965 ed.). NORMAN DAVIES, White Eagle, Red Star: The Poiish-Soviet War, 1919-20 (New York, 1972). FRANCIS DEAK, Hungary at the Paris Peace Coriference (New York, (942 ). ROMAN DEBICKI, Foreign Policy if Poland, 1919-1939 (New York, (962). PETER DENNIS, Decision by Default: Peacetime Conscription and British Defence, 1919-39 (Durham, N.C., 1972). IAN M. DRUMMOND, British Economic Policy and the Empire, 1919-39 (London, (972). ERICH EYCK, A History' if the , 2 vols (Cambridge, Mass., (962). JEAN-CLAUDE FAVEZ, Le Reich devant l'occupation franco-beige de ia Ruhren 1923 (Geneva, 1969). R. H. FERRELL, The American Secretaries if State and their Diplomacy, XI, Frank B. Kellogg, Henry L. Stimson (New York, (963)' --, Peace in their Time (New Haven, Conn., (952). RUSSELL FIFIELD, Woodrow Wilson and the Far East (New York, (952). LOUIS FISCHER, Russia's Roadfrom Peace to War: Soviet Foreign Rela- tions, 1917-1941 (New York, (969). INGA FLOTO, Colonel House in Paris: A Study if American Policy at the Paris PeaceCoriference, 1919 (Aarhus, , (973)' MICHAEL G. FRY, Illusions if Security: North Atlantic Diplomacy, 1918-1922 (Toronto, (972). HANS GATZKE (ed.), European Diplomacy between Two Wars (Chicago, 1972). --, Stresernann and the Rearmament if Germany (Baltimore, Md, 1954)· LAURENCE E. GELFAND, : American Preparations for Peace, 1917-1919 (New Haven, Conn., 1963). CHARLES A. GULICK, Austriafrom Habsburg to Hitler, 2 vols (Berkeley, Cal., 1948). SIR JAMES W. HEADLAM-MoRLEY, Studies in Diplomatic History (London, 1930). PAUL C. HELMREICH, From Paris to Stvres (Columbus, Ohio, (973). BIBLIOGRAPHY 157 EDOUARD HERRIOT, The United States rif Europe (London, 1930). ERVIN HEXNER, The International Steel Cartel (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1943)· YAMOTO ICHIHASHI, The Washington COliference and After (Palo Alto, Cal., 1928). JON JACOBSON, LocarnoDiplomary (Princeton, N.J., 1972). WILLIAM M. JORDAN, Great Britain, France, and the German Problem, 1918-1939 (London, 1943). GEORGE F. KENNAN, The Decision to Intervene (Princeton, N.j., 1958). --, Russia and the West under Lmin and Stalin (Boston, Mass., J961 ). JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES, The Economic Consequences rif the Peace (London, 1919). CHARLES P. KINDLEBERGER, The World in Depression, 1919-1939 (London, 1973). JERE C. KING, Foch versus Clemenceau; France and German Dismem• berment, 1918-1919 (Cambridge, Mass., 1960). SIR IVONE KIRKPATRICK, AJussolini: a Study in Power (New York, 1964). j. KORBEL, Poland between East and West (Princeton, N.J., 1963). WARREN F. KUEHL, Seeking World Order: The Ul:ited States and International Organization to 1920 (Nashville, Tenn., 1969). Ivo LEDERER, at the Paris Peace Coriference (New Haven, Conn., 1963). N. GORDON LEVIN Jr, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics (London, 1968). BERNARD LEWIS, The Emergence rif Modern Turkey (London, 1968 cd.) ARTHUR S. LINK, Wilson the Diplomatist (Baltimore, Md, 1957). ALMA LUCKAu, The German Delegation at the Paris Peace Conference (New York, 1941). C. A. MACARTNEY, Hungary and her Successors, 19/9-1937 (London, 1937)· -- AND A. W. PALMER, Independent (London, 1966). MAXWELL H. H. MACARTNEY AND PAUL CREMONA, Italy's Foreign andColonialPolicy, /914-1937 (New York, 1938). ROBERT MACHRAY, The Little Entente (London, 1929). --, The Struggle for the and the Little Entente, /929-38 (London, 1938). PETER MANSFIELD, The and its Successors (London, 1973)· ETIENNE MANTOUX, The Carthaginian Peace, or the Economic Conse• quences rif Mr. Keynes (Oxford, 1946). 158 THE ILLUSION OF PEACE F. S. MARSTON, The Peace Conference qf 1919: Organization and Pro• cedure (London, 1944). LAURENCE W. MARTIN, Peace without Victory (New Haven, Conn., 1958). ARNO MAYER, Politics and Diplomacy qf Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967). KERMIT E. McKENZIE, Comintern and World Revolution, 1928-1943 (New York, 1964). W. N. MEDLICOTT, British Foreign Policy since Versailles (London, 1968 ed.). RICHARD H. MEYER, Bankers' Diplomacy (New York, 1970). DAVID HUNTER MILLER, The Geneva Protocol (New York, 1925). LEONARD O. MOSLEY, Cur zon, the End qf an Epoch (London, 1960). DENYS P. MYERS, The Reparations Settlement (Boston, Mass., 1929). HAROLD NELSON, Land and Power: British and Allied Policy on Ger- many's Frontiers, 1916-19 (Toronto, 1963). A. J. NICHOLLS, Weimar and the Rise qfHitler (London, 1968). HAROLD NICOLSON, Curzon: the Last Phase, 191!)-1925 (London, 1934)· IAN H. NISH, Alliance in Decline: A Study in Anglo-Japanese Relations, 1908-1923 (London, 1972). PHILIP J. NOEL-BAKER, The Geneva Protocol for the Pacific Settlement qfInternational Disputes (London, I925). GUNTHER NOLLAU, International Communism and World Revolution (New York, 1961). VJ:'.RA OLIvovA, The Doomed Democracy: in a Disrupted Europe, 1914-1938 (London, 1972) JosE ORTEGA Y GASSET, The Revolt qfthe Masses (New York, 1930). FRANK OWEN, Tempestuous Journey: Lloyd George, his Life and Times (New York, 1955). GAINES POST, Jr, The Civil-Military Fabric qf Weimar Foreign Policy (Princeton, N.j., 1973). PIERRE RAIN,DEurope de Versailles, 1919-1939 (Paris, 1945). GEORGE VON RAUCH, The Baltic States: the Years qf Independence: , , Lithuania, 1917-1940 (Berkeley, Cal., 1974). HANS Roos, A History qfModern Poland (New York, 1966). STEPHEN W. ROSKILL, Hankey: Man qf Secrets, 3 vols (London, 1970-74)· --, Naval Policy between the Wars, vol. 1 (London, 1968). ROBERT L. ROTHSTEIN, Alliances and Small Powers (New York, 1968). j. S. ROUCEK, Balkan Politics: International Relations in No Man's Land (Palo Alto, Cal., 1948). HARRY RUDIN, Armistice, 1918 (New Haven, Conn., 1944). BIBLIOGRAPHY 159 MICHAEL SALEWSKI, Entwqlfnung und Militiirkontrolle in Deutschland, 1919-1927 (Munich, 1966). SIRJ. ARTHUR SALTER, Personality in Politics: Studies ofContemporary Statesmen (London, 1947). GoDFREY SCHEELE, The Weimar Republic (London, 1956). BERNADOTTE E. SCHMITT (ed.), Poland (Berkeley, Cal., 1945). STEPHEN A. SCHUKER, The End of French Predominance in Europe (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1976). GERHARD SCHULZ, Revolutions and Peace Treaties, 1917-1920 (New York, 1972). CHRISTOPHER SETON-WATSON, Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, 1870-1925 (London, 1967). HUGH SETON-WATSON, Eastern Europe between the Wars, 1918-1941 (Cambridge, England, 1945). j. T. SHOTWELL AND MARINA SALVIN, Lessons on Security and Dis• armament (New York, 1949). SARA SMITH, The ltJanchurianCrisis (New York, 1948). JiiRGEN SPENZ, Die Diplomatische Vorgeschichte des Beitritts Deutsch• lands zum VOlkerbund, 1924-1926 (Gottingen, 1966). GEORGES SUAREZ, Briand, sa vie, son (£uvre, 6 vols (Paris, 1938-52). STANLEY SUVAL, The Question in the Weimar Era (Baltimore, Md, 1924). ANDRE TARDIEU, The Truth about the Treaty (Indianapolis, Ind., 1921 ). EDMOND TAYLOR, The Fall of the Dynasties: the Collapse of the Old Order, 1905-1922 (New York, 1963). HAROLD W. V. TEMPERLEY, A History of the Peace Coriference of Paris, 6 vols (London, 1920-24). CHRISTOPHER THORNE, The Limits ofForeign Policy (London, 1972). SETH P. TILLMAN, Anglo-American Relations at the Paris Peace Con• ftrenceof1919 (Princeton, N.j., 1961). A. J. TOYNBEE (ed.), Survey of International Affairs, 1920-1923 (et seq.), annual (London, 1927-). HENRY A. TURNER Jr, Stresemann and the Politics of the Weimar Republic (Princeton, N.j., 1956). ADAM B. ULAM, Expansion and Coexistence: The History of Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917-1967 (New York, 1968). RICHARD ULLMAN, Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1917-1921, 3 vols (Prince- ton, N.J., 1961-7). . ROBERT WAITE, Vanguard ofNazism (Cambridge, Mass., 1952). FRANCIS P. WALTERS, A History of the League of Nations (London, 1952). SARAH WAMBAUGH, Plebiscites since the World War (Washington D.C., 1933). 160 THE ILLUSION OF PEACE PIOTR WANDYCZ, France and her Eastern Allies, 1919-1925 (Minnea• polis, Minn., 1962). --, Soviet-Polish Relations, 1917-1921 (Cambridge, Mass., 1969). ETIENNE WEILL-RAYNALL, Les Reparations allemandes et la France, 3 vols (Paris, 1947). GERHARD WEINBERG, The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany (Chicago, 1970 ). K. C. WHEARE, The Statute of Westminster and Dominion Status (New York, 1938). j. W. WHEELER-BENNETT, Hindenburg: The Wooden Titan (London, 1936). --, The Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics, 1918-1945 (New York, 1964). --, The Pipe Dream of Peace (London, 1935). --, The Wreck of Reparations (London, 1933). ANN WILLIAMS, Britain and France in the Middle East and North Africa, 1914-1967 (London, 1968). BRUCE WILLIAMS, State Security and the League of Nations (Baltimore, Md,1927)· WESTEL W. WILLOUGHBY, The Sino-Japanese Controversy and the League of Nations (New York, 1935). HENRY R. WINKLER, The League qfNations Movement in Great Britain, 1914-1919 (New Brunswick, N.j., 1952). ELIZABETH WISKEMANN, Czechs and (London, 1967 ed.) --, Fascism in Italy (London, 1969). J. W. WUORINEN, Scandinavia (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1965). Z. N. ZEINE, The Strugglefor Arab Independence (Beirut, 1960). Z. A. B. ZEMAN, The Break-up of the Habsburg Empire, 1914-1918 (London, 196 I ) . LUDWIG ZIMMERMANN, Deutsche Aussenpolitik in der Ara der Weimarer Republik (Gottingen, 1958). ALFRED E. ZIMMERN, League of Nations and the Rule of Law, 1918-1935 (New York, 1939). BARON PIERRE VAN ZUYLEN, Les Mains libres: Politique exterieure de laBelgique, 1914-1940 (Brussels, 1950).

4. PERIODICALS (a) Articles Cited GEORGE A. GRUN, 'Locarno, idea and reality', International Affairs (October, 1955). F. G. STAMBROOK, '''Das Kind" - Lord D'Abernon and the origins of the Locarno Pact', Central European History (September, 1968). BIBLIOGRAPHY 161 Le Temps (Paris, 4 May 1922 et seq.). The Times (London, 25 October 1924). T.R.B. (RICHARD L. STROUT), 'The tarnished age', New Republic (26 October 1974). (b) Generally Useful Journals. Central European History. French Historical Studies. International Affairs. Journal

ABBREVIATIONS CAB 2/-, CAB 23/- Cabinet Papers, Public Record Office (P.R.O.), London Cmd. Parliamentary Command Papers, London DBFP l'oreign Office, Documents on British Foreign Polify, 1919-1939, London DD Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres, Documents diplo• matiques, various, Paris DDB Academie Royale de Belgique, Documents diplomatiques belges, 1920-1940, Brussels DIA Royal Institute of International Affairs, Documents on International Affairs, London, annual FMAE Foreign Ministry files, Quai d'Orsay, Paris F.0·371/- Foreign Office files, Public Record Office (P.R.O.), London FRUS Department of State, Papers Relating to the Foreign Rela• tions of the United States, Washington, annual FRUS PPC Department of State, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919, Washington Hymam/- Papers of Paul Hymans, Archives generales du Royaume, Brussels S.D.- Department of State, decimal files, National Archives, Washington SIA Royal Institute of International Affairs, Sunry of International Affairs, London, annual

I. THE PURSUIT OF PEACE

I. On the Inquiry, see Laurence E. Gdfand, The Inquiry: American Prepara• tions for Peace, 1917-1919 (New Haven, Conn., 1963). In the end most of the experts of the large American delegation came from the Inquiry, not the State Department. A few of them were more influential than some of the plenipoten• tiaries. 2. On ''\Tilson's vacuity, see Charles Seymour, Letters from the Paris Peace Coriference (New Haven, Conn., 1965) pp. xxx-xxxii, 10, 20-6; and Robert Lansing, The Big Four and Others of the Peace Conference (Boston, Mass., 1921) PP·40-2. 3. For details, see J. W. Wheeler-Bennett, The Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics, 1918-1945 (New York, 1964). 4. The full annotated text of the Fourteen Points and the subsequent Wil• soni#ln pronouncements may be found in Ferdinand Czernin, Versailles, 1919 (New York, 1965 ed.) pp. 10-22. NOTES AND REFERENCES 163

5. The definitive study of the armistice is Harry Rudin, Armistice, 1918 (New Haven, Conn., 1944). 6. For wartime Czech efforts, see Vera Olivova, The Doomed Democracy: Czechoslovakia in a Disrupted Europe, 1914-1938 (London, 1972). 7. A convenient summary of the secret treaties may be found in H. W. V. Temperley, History 'If the Peace Conference ofParis, 6 vols (London, 1920) I. 8. On the Russian situation, see John Bradley, Allied Intervention in Russia, 1917-1920 (New York, 1968); George F. Kennan, The Decision to Intervene (Princeton, N.J., 1958); Richard Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1917-192I, 3 vols (Princeton, N.J., 1961-7); and Arno Mayer, Politics and Diplomacy of Peace• making: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967). 9. See Laurence W. Martin, Peace without Victory (New Haven, Conn., 1958); N. Gordon Levin, Jr, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics (London, 1968); and Harold Nicolson, Peacemaking, 1919 (London, 1933). 10. On the Shantung question, see Russell Fifield, TVoodrow Wilson and the Far East (New York, 1952) .. I I. See Ann Williams, Britain and France in the Middle East and North Africa, 1914-1967 (London, 1968) and Peter Mansfield, The Ottoman Empire and its Successors (London, 1973). 12. Warren F. Kuehl, Seeking World Order: The United States and International Organization to 1920 (Nashville, Tenn., 1969) p. 199. On wartime efforts toward international organisation, see Kuehl and also Henry R. Winkler, The League 'If Nations }vlovement in Great Britaill, 1914-1919 (New Brunswick, N.J., 1952). 13. The standard work on this subject is Z. A. B. Zeman, The Break-up of the Habsburg Empire, 1914-1918 (London, 1961). 14. See F. L. Carsten, Revolution in Central Europe, 1918-1919 (Berkeley, Cal., 1972), and also Bradley. Despite factual errors, Edmond Taylor, The Fall 'If the Dynasties: The Collapse of the Old Order, 1905-1922 (New York, 1963) is also useful. 15. While literature on the League of Nations from start to finish tends to be skimpy, David Hunter 1-filler's The Drafting of the Covenant, 2 vols (New York, 1928) provides a detailed participant's account ofthe deliberations at Paris. 16. On Hankey's important role, see S. W. Roskill's excellent Hankey: Man of Secrets (London, 1972) II. 17. Christopher Seton-Watson, Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, 1870--1925 (London, 1967) p. 537. 18. A detailed and noticeably sympathetic study of the German delegation may be found in Alma Luckau, The German Delegation at the Paris Peace Conference (New York, 1941). 19. For the full annotated text of the , see FRUS PPC, xm. 20. A lively and subjective summary of the chief battles of the conference may be found in Thomas Bailey, Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace (New York, 1944). See also Seth P. Tillman's Anglo-American Relations at the Paris Peace Con• ference of 1919 (Princeton, N.J., 1961), and Czernin. 2 I. This attitude is most fully explored by Martin and by Levin. 22. The definitive study of the formation of the German frontiers is Harold Nelson, Land and Power: British and Allied Policy on Germany's Frontiers, 1916-19 (Toronto, 1963). 23. Czernin,p. 31. 24. For the 1839 treaties, see British and Forei,(!n Slate Papers, XXVII, 990-1002. For Bethmann-Hollweg's statement, see J. H. R. O'Regan The German "Var of 1914 (London, 1915) pp. 49-50. 164 THE ILLUSION OF PEACE 25. On the impracticality of collective security, see Inis. L. Claude, Jr, Swords into Plowshares, the Problems and Progress of International Organization (New York, 1971 ed.) ch. 12. 26. See, among others, Bailey, pp. 312-14, and Eyck, I 80-5. 27. The classic exposition of this view isJohn Maynard Keynes, The &onomic Consequences of the Peace (London, 1919). It should be read in conjunction with ttienne Mantoux, The Carthaginian Peace, or the &onomic Consequences of Mr. Keynes (Oxford, 1946). 28. FRUS PPC, II 139, XII 12-13, 16-26, 28-g, 33, 82-6. See also Eyck, 1103; Robert Waite, Vanguard of Nazism (Cambridge, Mass., 1952) pp. 6-8; J. W. Wheeler-Bennett, Hindenburg: The Wooden Titan (London, 1936) pp.215-21, 229, 235-8; A. J. Nicholls, Weimar and the Rise of Hitler (London, 1968) pp. 53-61. 29. For texts of all four treaties, see Fred L. Israel, Major Peace Treaties of Modern History, 1648-1967 (New York, 1967) III. 30. On this fear, see Mayer and also Levin. 31. On the Austrian financial collapse and its aftermath, see Charles A. Gulick, Austria from Habsburg to Hitler, 2 vols (Berkeley, Cal., 1948) I ch. IX and Stanley Suval, The Anschluss Question in the Weimar Era (Baltimore, Md, 1974) ch. XI. 32. On the negotiation of the Treaty of Trianon, see Francis Deak, Hungary at the Paris Peace Conference (New York, 1942). 33. See Paul C. Helmreich,FromParis to sevres (ColumbU&, Ohio, 1973)· 34. DBFP, First Series, VIII, 9. 35. For all the texts concerned and an Arab analysis of them, see George Antonius, The Arab Awakening (New York, 1939). For more recent studies, see Ann Williams, Mansfield, and Z. N. Zeine, The Struggle for Arab Independence (Beirut, 1960). 36. On all three questions, see Rene Albrecht-Carrie, Italy at the Paris Peace Conference (New York, 1938). See also Ivo Lederer, Tugoslavia at the Paris Peace Conference (New Haven, Conn., 1963). 37. On the Turkish national movement, see Mansfield and also Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey (London, 1968 ed.). A brief account of the negotiation of the is provided by Roderic H. Davison, 'Turkish Diplomacy from Mudros to Lausanne,' in Gordon A. Craig and Felix Gilbert (eds), The Diplomats, 191!}-1939 (Princeton, N.J., 1953). The nego• tiations may also be traced in DBFP, First Series, XVIII. 38. For example, Eyck, I 106. 39. For details, see C. A. Macartney, Hungary and Her SlJt;ctSsors, 191!}-1937 (London, 1937) and also Macartney and A. W. Palmer, Independent Eastern Europe (London, 1966). 40. The late correspondent and Professor Elizabeth Wiskemann so remarked to the author, London, March 1971. 41. Emile Cammaerts, Albert of Belgium, Defender of Right (London, 1935) p. 347· 42. For text, see Israel, III.

2. THE EFFORT TO ENFORCE THE PEACE

I. Senator Kenneth Wherry of Nebraska in 1940, as quoted by T.R.B. (Richard L. Strout), 'The tarnished age', New Republic (26 Oct 1974) p. 4. 2. Leonard Mosley,Curzon: The EndofanEpoch (London, 19OO) p. 210. 3. Jose Ortega y Gasset, The Revolt of the Masses (New York, 1930, 1957 NOTES AND REFERENCES 165 ed.) P.55. See also his ch. 14, urging both European union and the necessity for European domination of the world. 4. Maj.-Gen. Sir C. E. Call well, Field A{arshal Sir Henry Wilson, His Life and Diaries, 2 vols (London, 1927) II 193. 5. Olivov3. provides a convenient summary of the central-European ramifi• cations of the Russo-Polish conflict. 6. Summary treatments of the Russo-Polish war and settlement may be found in Hans Roos, A History of Modem Poland (New York, 1966), and in Bernadotte E. Schmitt (ed.), Poland (Berkeley, Cal., 1945). For more detail, see Piotr Wandycz, Soviet-Polish Relations, I9I7-I92I (Cambridge, Mass., 1969). 7. FRUS PPC, XIII 8. 8. DBFP, First Series, XVI 864. g. This nervousness is clearly revealed in Committee of Imperial Defence papers and meetings. See, for example, CAB 2/3, passim. 10. DBFP, First series, XVI 862. I I. Pierre Rain, L'Europe de Versailles (Paris, 1945) p. 141. 12. Sir Robert Vansittart, 'An aspect of International Relations in 1931' (n.d.) p. 29, F.O. 371/15205. 13. See R. Machray, The Little Entente (London, 1929). For a brief but more recent and well-researched analysis, see Robert L. Rothstein, Alliances and Small Powers (New York, 1968) ch. 4. 14. The Spa negotiations may be traced in DBFP, First Series, VIII. The Spa Protocol dividing reparations was published as Cmd. 1615 (London, 1922). 15. Gaston A. Furst, De Versailles aux experts (Nancy, 1927) pp. 124-6, 133-4, 346. Also indispensable on any question concerning German reparations is Etienne Weill-Raynall, Les reparations allemandes et la France, 3 vols (Paris, 1947)· 16. The Text of the London Schedule appears in Reparation Commission, Official Documents (London, 1922) I. The London Conference may be traced in DBFP, First Series, xv. 17. For the Franco-Belgian negotiations, see DDB, I. For the eastern alliances, see Piotr Wandycz, France and her Eastern Allies, I9I!}-I925(Minnea• polis, Minn., 1962). 18. The only substantial studies of the Washington Naval Conference are Yamoto Ichihashi, The Washington Conference and After (Palo Alto, Cal., 1928), and Ian Nish, Alliance in Decline: A Study in Anglo-Japanese Relations, I90B-I923 (London, 1972). See also the summary account in SIA. 1920-1923. For docu• ments, see Cmd. 1627 (London, 1922); DD, Conjirell<:e de Washington (Paris, 1923); and especially FRUS, 1921, I, and 1922, I. Minutes of meetings may be found in United States, 67th Congress, Second Session, Senate Document No. 126, Conference on the Limitation of Armament (Washington, D.C., 1922). 19. See Georges Suarez, Briand: sa vie, son lEuvre, 6 vols (Paris, 1938-52) v. 20. Frank Owen, Tempestuous Journey: Lloyd George, his Life and Times (New York, 1955) pp. 598-9. On the Anglo-French negotiations, see also Cmd. 2169 (London, 1924) and DD, Documents relatifs aux negociations concernant les garanties desecuriti .... (Paris, 1924). 21. Jacques Bardoux, Lloyd Georgeet LaFrance (Paris, 1923) pp. 18, 19,30. 22. A thorough study of the remains to be written. The Rapallo negotiation is summarised in Eyck, 1 202-8. For the conference itself, documentary material is contained in Cmd. 1667 (London, 1922); DD, Corifirence economique internationale de genes (Paris, 1923); and Jane Degras (ed.), Soviet Documents on Foreign Policy, 3 vols (London, 1951-3) I. 23. For details, see Hans Gatzke, 'Russo-German military collaboration 166 THE ILLUSION OF PEACE during the \Veimar Republic', in European Diplomacy between Two Wars, ed. Hans Gatzke (Chicago, 1972). For the memoir of a participant, see Gustav Hilger and Alfred G. Meyer, The Incompatible Allies, German-Soviet Relations, 1918-1941 (New York, 1953), especially chs VI and VII. 24. Le Temps (4 May 1922 et seq.). 25. See Cmd. 1812 (London, 1923), Cmd. 2258 (London, 1924), and DD, Demande de moratorium du gouvernement allemand . ... (Paris, 1924). 26. F.O. memo (23 Nov. 1922) F.O. 371/7487. 27. Crowe memo (27 Dec. 1922) F.O. 371/7491; Ryan to Lampson (5 Jan 1923), no number, F.O. 371/8626. 28. Commission des Reparations, Rapport sur les Iravaux de la commission des reparations de 1920 ti 1922,2 vols (Paris, 1923) 1 241-7," 465-88, 430-1. 29. For text, see Cmd. 1812. 30. Godley to War Office (7 Jan. 1923), tel. C.O. 371!7 /1, F.O. 37118703; Crewe to Curzon (11 Feb. 1923), tel. 173, F.O. 37118712; Cabinet 10 (23) (15 Feb. 1923) CAB 23/45. 31. DD, Demande de moratorium • .• , pp. 93-7; Grahame to Curzon (I Mar. 1923) tel. 39, F.O. 371/8718; Crewe to Curzon (14 ) no. 680, F.O. 371/8643; Phipps to Tyrrell (8 Sept. 1923), Phipps to Crowe (6 Nov. 1923), Phipps papers (London). To this should be added the substantial evidence from French sources in Stephen A. Schuker, The End of French Predominance in Europe (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1976), pp. 20-4, 117, 123, 179. 32. Germany, Akten der Reichskanzlei, Das Kabinett Cuno (Boppard am Rhein, 1968) pp. 158-g. 33. Cole to Wigram (30 Jan. 1923) F.O. 371/8709; Ramsbottom to Bennett (24 Aug. 1923) F.O. 371/8651; Board of Trade memo (25 Aug. 1923) F.O. 37 1/ 865 1• 34. For details, see Nicholls. 35. Ultimately nearly 900 million gold marks or almost £45 million. FRUS PPC, XIII, 785. 36. Most published accounts of Rhenish separatism are unreliable. Materials on the subject may be found in F.O. 371/8682-8691, F.O. 371/977o-g776, and papers (Brussels), files 235, 240 and FMAE, Serie Z, Rive Gauche du Rhin, files 30-47. 37. For text, see Reparations Commission, Official Documents, XIV (London 192 7). 38. S.D. 462.00R 296/376. 39. For heavily edited minutes of the technical work of the London Con• ference, see Cmd. 2258 (London, I924) and Cmd. 2270 (London, 1924). There were no minutes kept of political discussions except those with Germany (CAB 29/104). The least inadequate notes were those of Paul Hymans, Belgian Foreign Minister (Hymans/157). Stresemann's exchanges with Berlin are also helpful (German Foreign Ministry microfilm, GFM, 3398/1736 series). For texts of agreements, see Cmd. 2259 (London, 1924). 40. Schuker, pp. 302-18, 349-53.

3. THE REVISION OF THE PEACE

I. The early negotiations may be traced in DBFP, First Series, VIII, XII, ana Degras, Soviet Documents, I. 2. The Times (London, 25 October 1924). NOTES AND REFERENCES 167

3. On the Comintern, see Julius Braunthal, History of tire International, 2 vols (New York, 1967) II; Jane Degras (ed.), The Communist International, 191!}-1913: Documents, 3 vols (London, 1956-65); and Gunther Nollau, Intemational Com• munismand World Revolution (New York, 1961). 4. NolIau, p. 62. 5. The definitive study is James Barros, Tire Corfu Incident of 1923: Mussolini and tire League oJ Nations (Princeton, N.J., 1965). 6. Alan Cassels, Mussolini's Early Diplomacy (Princeton, N.J., 1970) pp. 116-19. 7. League of Nations Covenant, Article 15. 8. Very little has been written about the Draft Treaty. However, some material may be found in: Bruce Williams, Stote Security and the League of Nations (Baltimore, Md, 1927); Francis P. Walters, A History of the League oj Nations (London, 1952); and J. T. Shotwell and Marina Salvin, Lessons on Security and Disarmament (New York, 1949). 9. There have been no recent scholarly studies of the Geneva Protocol. The leading contemporary accounts are David Hunter Miller, The Geneva Protocol (New York, 1925) and Philip J. Noel-Baker, Tire Geneva Protocol Jor the Pacific Settlement ojInternational Disputes (London, 1925). 10. I"inal Report, I.M.C.C., 15 Feb. 1925, F.O. 371/10708. I I. For D'Abernon's role, see F. G. Stambrook, , "Das Kind"-Lord D'Aber• non and the origins of the Locarno Pact', Central European History (September 1968). 12. A close textual comparison of Cabinet instructions to Stresemann before Locarno (Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, Ministerium fUr Auswartige Angelegenheiten, Locarno-KonJeren::;, 1925: Eine Dokumentensammlung, Berlin, 1962, p. 143), British minutes of meetings (F.O. 371/10742), and Vandervelde's reports to Brussels (DDB, II) with Stresemann's diary accounts (Eric Sutton (ed.), Gustov Stresemann: His Diaries, Letters, and Papers, 3 vols, London, 1937 II, especially pp. 180-201) leads inescapably to this conclusion. 13. For similar assessments based on different evidence, see Annelise Thimme, 'Stresemann and Locarno' in European Diplomacy between Two Wars, ed. Hans Gatzke; and also Godfrey Scheele, Tire Weimar Republic (London, 1956). The best book-length studies of Stresemann in English are Henry A. Turner, Jr, Stresemann and the Politics oJthe Weimar Republic (Princeton, N.J., 1956) and Hans Gatzke, Stresemann and the Rearmament oj Germany (Baltimore, Md, 1954). 14. Unfortunately Suarez, Briand, VI, lacks the detail and documentation of the earlier volumes. 15. A major study of Chamberlain's diplomacy is needed. See Sir Charles Petrie, Tire Lift and Letters of the Right Honourable Sir Austen Chamberlain, 2 vols (London, 1940) II. 16. For Vandervelde's attitude, which expressed the reaction of socialists everywhere to the Matteotti murder, see Pierre van Zuylen, Les Mains libres: politique extirieure de la Belgique, 1914-1940 (Brussels, 1950) pp. 215-16. For the Matteotti murder itself, see Elizabeth Wiskemann, Fascism in Italy (London, 1969). 17. Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick, Mussolini: A Study in Power (New York, 1964) P·249· 18. Ibid. See also Emery Kelen, Peace in their Time (London, 1964) pp. 155-6· 19. Stresemann, Diaries, II 228. 20. The negotiations may be traced in F.O. 371/10726-10744 and FMAE, Serie Z, Grande-Bretagne, files 72-88. 168 THE ILLUSION OF PEACE

21. For example, LOC/122/Con, F.O. 371/10744. 22. The only detailed reports of the work of the jurists are to be found in DDB,1I316-25· 23. For the public aspect of Locarno, see Kelen, pp. 152-61. 24. For text, see DDB, 11345-6. 25. Kelen, pp. 159, 161; van Zuylen, p. 217; Petrie, II, 287-90; Suarez, VI, 129-30. 26. For texts of the Locarno treaties, see Cmd. 2525 (London, 1925). 27. Stresemann, Diaries, II 216-17; van Zuylen note, 8 June 1932, Hy• mans/151. 28. See S. Harrison Thomson, 'Foreign Relations', in Schmitt (ed.), Poland, p. 393, and Wandycz, France and her Eastern Allies, pp. 361-8. 29. DDB, 1I21 3· 30. DBFP, Series lA, I 249-51. 31. See George A. Griin, 'Locarno, Idea and Reality', International Affairs (October, 1955) pp. 477-85· 32. Turner, p. 216. 33. Minutes of the I talks are to be found in DBFP, Series IA,I.

4. THE YEARS OF ILLUSION I. On this episode, see James Barros, The League of Nations and the Great Powers: The Greek-Bulgarian Incident, 1925 (Oxford, 1970). 2. SIA, 1926, p. 3. 3. Walters, p. 319. 4. See Erik Lonnroth, 'Sweden: the diplomacy of Osten Unden', in Craig and Gilbert, The Diplomats.' 5. For text, see SIA, 1927. 6. D'Abernon to Foreign Office (II Aug. 1926) tel. 202, F.O. 371/11270; Cab 33 (26) (19 May 1926) CAB 23/53; Chamberlain to D'Abernon (13 Aug. 1926) tel. 93, FO 371/11270. 7. Suarez, VI 197. 8. Walters, p. 343. 9· Ibid., pp. 342-3· 10. Stephen Bonsai, Unfinished Business (Garden City, N.Y., 1944) p. 26. II. Walters, p. 346. 12. Cf. Stresemann, Diaries, III 17-26, and Suarez, VI 219-27. (See p. 171.) 13. On the Belgian and Polish crises, see Richard H. Meyer, Banker's Dip• lomacy (New York, 1970). On Stresemann's eastern manoeuvres, seeJ. Korbel, Poland between East and West (Princeton, N.J., 1963) p. 198. On the French situation, see Jon Jacobson, Locamo Diplomacy (Princeton, N.J., 1972) pp. 84-90. While inclining habitually to Stresemann's view, Jacobson provides an invaluable study of the period 1926-g. 14. See Ervin Hexner, The International Steel Cartel (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1943). 15. Cassels, P.390. This is the best study of Mussolini's diplomacy in the 1920S. 16. For text, see SIA, 1927. 17. Ibid., 1927. 18. Ibid., 1926. 19. Ibid., 1926. 20. Ibid., 1927. 21. Cassels, p. 313. NOTES AND REFERENCES 169 22. The negotiations may be traced in DBFP, Series' lA, III. On Anglo• American naval policy in general and the Geneva conference in particular, see S. W. Roskill, Naval Policy between the Wars (London, 1968) I. 23. R. H. f'errell, The American Secretaries tif State ami their Diplo1tlllCY, XI: FrankB. Kellogg,HenryL. Stimson (New York, 1963) pp. 171-2. 24. See DIA, 1930, for texts. The negotiations may be traced in DBFP, Second Series, I. A good account of the London conference may be found in David Carlton, MacDooold versus He7ldeTson (New York, 1970) ch. 6. 25. A summary may be found inSIA, 1929,PP. 101-8. 26. For text, see SIA, 1926. 27. On French-Polish relations in the late twenties, see Roman Debicki, Foreign PolicytifPolalUi, 191!)-1939 (New York, 1962) ch. III. 28. Korbel, p. 223. 29. Petrie, II 304. 30. For example, D'Abernon to Foreign Office (25 Sept. 1926) no. 664, F.O. 371/11279; Belgian Army GIS, Study of German Army Budget (25 Feb. 1926) Vicomte Prosper Poullet papers (Brussels), file 232; DBFP, Second Series, II 585-87. 31. DBFP, Series lA, I 381. 32. For text of speech, see DIA, 1928. 33. The negotiations may be traced in Cmd. 3109 (1928) and Cmd. 3153 (1928). For final text, see Cmd. 3410 (1929) or DIA, 1928. The leading study is R. H. Ferrell, Peace in their Time (New Haven, Conn., 1952). 34. DDB, II 528. 35. Stresemann, Diaries, III 383-92; Hymans notes (28 Aug. 1928) Hymansl 159; DDB, II 528-30. 36. For text, see DIA, 1928, or DBFP, Series lA, v 335. 37. The handiest compendium, containing background, text, analysis, account of subsequent events through the Hague Conferences, and conference documents, is Denys P. Myers, The Reparations Settlement (Boston, 1929). Carl• ton, MacDonald versus Henderson provides a clear narrative of both the Labour government's response to the Young Plan (ch. 2) and the restoration of rela• tions with Russia (ch. 7). 38. Texts may be found in Myers or DIA, 1929. 39. For details, see Nicholls, pp. 136-g, or K. D. Bracher, The German Dic• tatorship (New York, 1970) pp. 160--62. 40. For texts, see Myers or Cmd. 3484 (1930), Cmd. 3763 (1931), and Cmd. 3766 (193 1) . •p. For text, see DBFP, Second Series, I 487-8. 42. Eyck, II 263-4. 43. DBFP, Second Series, I 486. 44. For text, seeDBFP, Second Series, I 314-24 or DIA, 1930.

5. THE CRUMBLING OF ILLUSION

I. Tyrrell to Henderson (14 Jan. 1931) no. 37 (France, Annual Report, 1930) F.O. 371/15646. 2. Granville to Henderson (16 Feb. 1931) no. 150 (Belgium, Annual Report, 1930) F.O. 371/15632. 3. For texts, see DIA, 1929. 4. Vansittart memo, 'An Aspect of International Relations in 1931' (n.d.) F.0·371/ 1520 5· 170 THE ILLUSION OF PEACE

5· For example, Belgian General Staff note (30 July 1930), Comte papers (Brussels), file 650; Belgian Study of German Reichs• wehr Budget (n.d.) 1931, de Broqueville/648; D'Abernon to Foreign Office (3 1 March 1926) no. 178, F.O. 371/11279; Tyrrell to Henderson, no. 661, F.O. 371/15187; DBFP, Second Series, II 515-25. 6. Campbell to Vansittart ('25 Aug. 1931) pers., F.O. 371/15195. 7· See William S. Allen, The Nazi Seizure of Power (Chicago, 1965) pp. 12, 24,34; Eyck, II 278-79. 8. DBFP, Second Series, I 50'2. 9· See his essay under this title, SIA, 1931. 10. Newton to Foreign Office (I July 1931), tel. 91, F.O. 371/15184. II. F. G. Stambrook, 'The German-Austrian customs union project of 1931', in European Diplomacy between Two Wars, ed. Gatzke, P.98. The best studies of the Customs Union proposal are Stambrook, Suval and Edward W. Bennett, Germany and the Diplomacy of the Financial Crisis, 1931 (Cambridge, Mass., 1962), to which this analysis of the events of 1931 owes much. A simplified account of the Austrian crisis may be found in Carlton, ch. 10. The negotiations over the Customs Union may also be traced in DBFP, Second Series, II. 1'2. Bennett, p. 48. 13. For text, see DIA, 1931. 14. For text, see FRUS, 1931, I 33-5. 15. Tyrrell to Foreign Office (2'2 June 1931) tel.,no number, F.O.371/1518'2. 16. Bennett, p. 177. 17. For text, see DIA, 1931. 18. For the diplomacy of the Manchurian crisis, see Christopher Thorne, The Limits ofForeign Policy (London, 1972), on which this analysis relies heavily. The diplomatic manoeuvres may be traced in DBFP, Second Series VIII-XI. 19. See, for instance, hvestiia article ('22 Nov. 1931) in Xenia Joukoff Eudin and Robert M. Slusser, Soviet Foreign Policy, 1928-1934, Documents and Materials (University Park, Penna, 1966) I 345-7. '20. For text, seeFRUS,]apan, 1931-1941, I 76. 21. See the portrait by Henry R. Winkler in Craig and Gilbert, The Dip- lomats. '22. Toynbee, SIA, 193'2, p. 175. '23. Thorne, p. 306. '24. The standard work on the Disarmament Conference isJ. W. Wheeler• Bennett, The Pipe Dream of Peace (London, 1935). The negotiations may be traced in DBFP, Second Series, III-VI. '25. Tyrrell to Foreign Office (13Jan. 1932) tel. 19S, F.O. 371/16369. '26. On the Austrian situation, see Gulick, II. 27. For text of report, see DIA, 1931. 28. Memo on German reparations (31 May 1932) F.O. 371/15910. 29. Tyrrell to Simon (16 Jan. 19331 no. 70 (France, Annual Report, 1932) F.O·371/17299· 30. Key documents may be found in DIA, 1932. The negotiations may be traced in DBFP, Second Series, III. The standard work is J. W. Wheeler• Bennett, The Wreck ofReparations (London, 1933). 31. FRUS PPC, XIII, 4og. 32. The curious may consult the World Almanac, 1974, p. 510. During the winter war of 1939-40, Finland gained enormous American sympathy as 'the only country to pay its war debts'. NOTES AND REFERENCES 171

33. Extracts may be found in DIA, 1932. 34. Thorne, pp. 332-3·

6. TilE END OF ALL ILLUSION

I. Gerhard Weinberg, The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Gennany, DiploTTUJtic Revolution in Europe, 1933-36 (Chicago, 1970) p. 14. 2. Edgar B. Nixon (ed.), Franklin D. Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs, 3 vols (Cambridge, Mass., 1969) 1122. 3. On Nazi penetration in Czechoslovakia, see Elizabeth Wiskemann, Czechs and Germans (London, 1967 ed.). 4. Rothstein, pp. 149, 152-5. See also Robert Machray, The Struggle for the Danube and the Little Entente, 1929-38 (London, 1938). Text of the Statute of the Little Entente may be found in DIA, 1933. 5. For final text, see DIA, 1933. The negotiations may be traced in DBFP, Second Series v. 6. For texts, see Poland, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Official Documents con• cerning Polish-GerTTUJn and Polish-Soviet Relations, 1933-1939. The Polish White Book (London, n.d.) pp. 20-1, and Leonard Shapiro (ed.), Soviet Treaty Series, 2 vols (Washington, DC., 1950) II 55--6. For analysis of the German treaty, see Weinberg, ch. 3. On the Russian pact, see Bohdan B. Budorowycz, Polish• Soviet Relations, 1932-1939 (New York, 1963) ch. I. 7. Clerk to Simon, 27 Jan. 1934, no. 57 (Belgium, Annual Report, 1933) F.O. 371/17616; Simon to Bland (10 July 1933), F.O. 371/17282; Sargent to Ovey (31 July 1934) F.O. 371/17630; F.O. Memo (30 May 1934) F.O. 37 1 /17630 • 8. Minutes of meeting at French Ministry of War (10 March 1933) F.O. 371/16668. 9. Ibid. 10. Tyrrell to Foreign Office (31 Jan. 1933) tel. 20S, F.O. 371/17290; Campbell to Simon (30 Nov. 1934) tel. 130, F.O. 371/17670; Clerk to Eden (13 Nov. 1936) no. 1469, F.O. 371/19860. I I. Thorne, p. 267. 12. Hitler's intent was eventually demonstrated not only by the disputed Hossbach memorandum (Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945, Series D, I no. 19) but also by the Blomberg Directive (ibid., VII App. III k).

Addendum to note 12, Chapter 4 (page 168)

It is now established that the French account is inaccurate. (Jacques Bariety, address at Conference on European Security in the Locarno Era, Mars Hill, N.C., 17 Oct. 1975.) It does not necessarily follow, however, that Stresemann's version is reliable. Index

Aachen 52 102; 1929 stock market crash Adalia 6 112; depression 121-2; and 20, 21 Manchurian crisis 123-7; and Agent-General for Reparations Hitler 141 53,98 6, 21, 32, 59 agrarian bloc 93 Anglo-French alliance 34, 40, 6, 56, 59, 81, 86-7, I 10 42,60,62,63,69, 71 Albert, King of the Belgians 23 Anglo-Russian trade treaty (1921) Alexander, King of Yugoslavia 44,57,58 140 Annunzio, Gabriele d' 23 n. Allied and associated powers 'annus terribilis' (193 I ) II 4, 115. (Allies) 1-7 120, 121 Alsace-Lorraine 4, I I, 50, 84 Anschluss 18, 66, 101, III, 114, Alto Adige see South 116 Ambassadors, Conference of Anti-Pan-Europa 86 32-3, 56, 5g-60, 87 Arabs 5. 6, 20, 22, 29 America passim; and First World 20, 58 War I, 26; peace planning Armistice 2-3. 7-8, 134 1-3; and Germany I I; and Australia 5 peace structure 24, 32-3; Austria 19, 37, 56, 59, 114, 138; separate peace 24; withdrawal Treaty of Saint-Germain 13, from Europe 24, 32-3; eco• 16, 18, II 6, I 17; reparations nomy and finances 28, 72, 17, 35; Anschluss 18, 66, 101, 83-4,85, 103,112,117-18,122; II I, 114, 116; economy and and Japan 40-1; Washington finances 18, 35, 92, II 6--1 7, Conference 40-2; and Dawes 130-1; Geneva Protocol (1922) Plan 5 1-4; and League of 18, 116-17; and steel cartel 85; Nations 76-7; economic rela• customs union 115-17, II9; tion to Europe 91-2, 98-g, Nazis 130; and Hitler 139 105, 108, 112, 114, 119; Euro• Austria-Hungary see Habsburg pean debts to see war debts; Empire at World Economic Confer• Austro-German customs union ence 92; isolation 99-I 00, 141; 115-17, 119 peace movements 100, 141, 142; and Young Committee Baldwin, Stanley 58 174 INDEX Balfour, Arthur James 10 Brazil 77-80 Balfour Declaration 20 66, 139 Balfour Note (1922) 47, 104 Briand, Aristide 39, 42, 76, 8 I, Balkan Locarno 86 87, 96, 121, 129; assessment 5, 9, 32, 34, 56, 88, 109 64-5; and Locarno 64-74; and Baltic states 8, 17, 24, 32, 93, German League entry 80; and 101, 109 Thoiry 80, 82-4; and treaty 19 revision 82; and pan-Euro• Bank for International Settlements pean movement 85; post• 103, 119, 120, 132, 133 Locarno policies 97-107; and Bank of England 103, 122 reparations 99, 102; and Hague Bank of France 103, 120 Conference 104; and Euro• Bank of Italy 103 pean union 104-5, 106-7, 116 Banker's Committee 120 Britain passim; peace planning Barthou, Louis 139 1-3; and secret treaties 5; and Basle 103 Poland 10, 12, 34-5, 84, 94; Bavaria 8, 34, 57 and France I I, 24, 34, 42, 63, Belgium 30, 40, 45, 57, 62, 64, 71-2,96-7; and Germany II, 97, 103, 130 ; peace settlement 38, 48-9, 96-7; territorial 4, II, 12, 13,23; economy and gains 19-20, 26 ; Greco-Turkish finances 28, 83-4; and peace policy 20-I, 24, 32, 34, 35; structure 32-4; and Western economy and finances 28, 39, Entente 37; and reparations 43-4,47,5 1,57,85,108,121-2; 39,46,48-9; and Ruhr occupa• and peace structure 32-5; and tion 49-51; and Rhineland Western Entente 37-8; and 52; and British guarantee 62, reparations 38-9, 46-9, 103-4, 139; and Locarno 66, 67, 69, 1I9; at vVashington Conference 70, 7 1; and League of Nations 40-2; and naval disarmament 78, 81; and Locarno tea-parties 41, 89-90; and Russia 44, 8 I; and steel cartel 84; and 57-8, 95, 96, 102, 140; war 1930 German election 108 ; debts 46-7; and Ruhr occu• and Hitler 139, I4I; rearma• pation 49-54; mandates 76; ment 141 and Thoiry 83-4; and America Benes, Edouard 37, 66-7, 81, 93 96; depression 120 ; National Berlin, Treaty of (1926) 79, 93 Government 120, 121; off Bessarabia 56, 57, 87, 88, 93 Gold Standard 12 I -2; and Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von Manchurian crisis 125-7; and 13 collective security 125, 140; Bolsheviks 4, 8 disarmament 140; 1935 elec• , Andrew 48,49 tion 140, 143; and Hitler Boris, King of Bulgaria 88 140; rearmament 140; peace Bosnia- 18 movements 142 boundary commissions 23, 32, British Commonwealth of Nations 35, 56, 59 61, 129 INDEX 175 British dominions 27,30,61, 100 Communist International 57--8 26,34,42,60,61, Concert of Europe 8 I, 82, 138 72, 95, 96, 12 7, 129 Conference of Ambassadors see Briining, Heinrich I I I, 114, 115, Ambassadors 118, 119-20, 121, 128; and Conference on the Final Liquida• customs union 115-16 tion of the War 103 18 Conferences: San Remo (1920) Bulgaria 58, 75, 87-8, 130 ; 20; Locarno (1925) 36, 49, TreatyofNeuilly 16-17,19,23 68--74; Spa (1920) 38-9; Lon• Biilow, Bernhard von 116 don (May 1921) 39; Washing• 18 ton (1921-2) 40-2, 60, 89; Cannes (1922) 42;Genoa 42, Canada 40, 60 44-5, 56; Paris (1923) 49; Cannes Conference (1922) 42 London (1924) 53-4; London cartels 84,85, 91, 116 (1925) 73-4; Geneva Naval Cecil, Lord Robert 60 (1927) 8g-g0; London Naval central banks 103 (1930) 90; Disarmament I, 3, 7, 39, 85 (1932) 91, 114, 127-8, 136, Chamberlain, Austen 58, 62, 79, 137, 142-3; Geneva Economic 81, 129; assessment 65; and ( I 92 7) 92-3 ; Geneva Eco• Locarno 65-74; attitudes 82, nomic (1930) 93; The Hague 89, 96-7, 98; illness 98, 101; (1929) 103-4; The Hague fall 102 (1930) 105-6; Ottawa (1923) Chanak 48 127, 129; Lausanne (1932) Chiang Kai-shek 109, 123 132; London Economic (1933) Chicherin, Georgi 58, 95, 101, 134 110 Coolidge, Calvin 52, 89, 90 China 22, 24, 26, 55, 58, 77, 95, cordon sanitaire 17, 93, 145 96, 109, 141; and Shantung 5, Corfu 59-60 40; civil war 26,32, 109, 123; Costa Rica 79 and Washington Conference Coudenhove-Kalergi, Count 40-1; and Manchuria 123-6, Richard 85 135-6 Creditanstalt 116-17 Churchill, Winston 140 19,87, 130 Clemenceau, Georges 10, I I Crowe, Sir Eyre 10, 63 Coblenz 52, 102, 105, 113 Cruiser B 115, I 17, 119 collective security see League of Cruiser C I 15 Nations Cuno, Wilhelm 5 I Cologne 62-3, 64, 69, 70- 1, 73, Curtius,julius 105, 115, 121 74 Curzon, G. N. (Marquess Curzon colonies 26-8; see also German of Kedleston) 27, 34 colonies, mandates customs union 115-17. 119 Comintern 57-8 19 Communism 7, 17, 109 Czech Legion 5 176 INDEX Czechoslovakia 4, 8, 40, 43, 62, Estonia 24 78, 8 I; and peace settlement Ethiopia 87, I I I I I, 15, 18, 19; minorities 21, Eupen II, 70,80,82-3 130; and Little Entente 37; European Economic Community and Locarno 66-7,68,69, 71; 103 and steel cartel 85; and European economic union 29, France 87; economy 91; and 85, 92, 104-5, 106-7, 1 I I; see Poland 93 ; depression 130 ; also European union and Hitler 138; Russian al• European economy 7-8, 91-2, liance 138 108, 114, 117, 144, 145 European union 65, 104-5, 116 D'Abernon, Viscount (Edgar Vin- European world view 26-31 cent) 62, 63, 65 6, 18 Fabian Society 6 Danubia 87-8, 91-2, 115, 138 Federal Reserve System 103, 119, Danzig 12, 55, 95 120 Dawes bonds 82-4 Finland 5, 8, 17, 24, 32, 93, 135 Dawes, Charles G. 52 First , 50, 97, 108, Dawes Plan 39, 52-4, 98, 102-3 122, 135, 144; secret treaties Denmark I I, 30, 78 4-6, effects 26-g depression 112-15, I 17-18, Fiume 19, 20, 23, 32, 35, 56, 59, 121-2, 123, 125, 127, 129-30, 60,87 13 1, 134, 135, 141 Five-Power Naval Treaty (1922) Deutschland II 5 41 disarmament 60-1,62-3,69, 71, Four-Power Pact (1933) 138 72, 89-91, 1I5, 125, 141-2; Four-Power Treaty (1922) 41 military 90- I; naval 8g-g0, Fourteen Points 2, 3, 6, 12, 16 91 France passim; peace planning Disarmament Conference (1932) 1-2 ; territorial gains 4, I I, 91, 114, 127-8, 133, 135-6, 19-20, 26; Anglo-American 142-3 guarantee I I, 40; and Ger• 19 many I I, 25, 38, 47-9, 76, Islands 6 108, 109; and reparations 12, DUsseldorf 39 38, 39, 46-g, 101-4, 118-19, 132-3; and eastern Europe I 7 ; Ebert, Friedrich 63 Greco-Turkish policy 20- I , economic change 28-g, 42-4; 24, 34, 35, 48 ; and Britain 24, see also European economy 40, 42; economy and finances Economic conferences see Con- 28, 43, 50, 52, 53, 59, 72, 83-4; ferences and peace structure 32-5; and Egypt 19,34 Poland 32-4, 40, 94; and EI Salvador 77 Little Entente 37, 87-8; and England see Britain Western Entente 37-8, 40; (190 4) 37 and Belgium 40, 139; and INDEX 177 Czechoslovakia 40, 87; at 113; Versailles Treaty provi• Washington Conference 4(}-2; sions 11-12, 35, 144; disarma• and Versailles Treaty 40, 50, ment 12, 35, 38, 45, 97-8, 128, 65; and naval disarmament 41, 131, 137; and Poland 12, 32, 89-90, 91, III; at Genoa Con• 94-6, 101, 137, 138--g; public ference 42-5; Ruhr occupa• opinion 16,24,25,38,51, 113, tion 49-55; and Dawes Plan 132-3; reparations 35, 38--g, 53-4; and security 61-2, go--I, 42,45-9, 112, 118, 119, 131; at 97, 99, 107, 128, 139; and steel Genoa Conference 43-4; and cartel 84-5; and Italy 87, Russia 43-4,67, 79, 94-6, 98 ; 89, 90, III ; and Austria economy and finances 44, 46, I 16-17; and Hoover mora• 5(}-1, 52, 61-2, 83, 91, 98, 108, torium 118-19; depression 112, 113, 114, 117-18, 119-20, 121; and Manchuria 125-7; 131, 132; Ruhr occupation and Lausanne Conference 132; 49-54; Dawes Plan 53-4; and F our-Power Pact 138; and 56; military Hitler 139-40; and Russia forces 73, III, 114; and 140; rearmament 14(}-1 France 76, 84-5, 109; para• Franco-German commercial treaty military forces 84; and steel 84-5 cartel 84-5; and League of Franco-Prussian War 101 Nations 96, 98, 137 ; 1930 Franco-Romanian treaty 87-8 election 107, 108, 112-13, Franco-Russian alliance 138, 114; revisionism II I, 113, 143, 139 145; 1932 elections 113, Franco-Yugoslav treaty 86, 87, I 28--g; and customs union 88 115-17, 119; rearmament 117, Frankfurt 38 13 I , 139-40; depression Francqui, Emile 52 I 19-20, 12 I ; communism 130 ; and Lausanne Conference 132 Galicia 18 Gilbert, S. Parker 53, 98 Gdynia 55 Gold Standard 121-2, 131 Geneva see League of Nations Great Britain see Britain Geneva communique (1928) 98, Greece 19,20,56,75,88, 13(}-I; 101-2 and Turkey 20-1, 32, 34, 35, Geneva Naval Conference (1927) 47-8; and Corfu 59--60; Bul• 89-90 garian War 75-6 Geneva Protocol (1922) 18, 116, 117 Habsburg Empire 4, 7, 18, 22, Geneva Protocol (1924) 61,63 106, 144 Genoa Conference 56 Habsburg 18,37 'Gentleman's Agreement' 133-4 Hague Agreements 106, 134 Germany passim; Armistice Hague Conferences: 1929 103-4; 2-3; at Paris Peace Conference 1930 105-6, 108 I I; colonies I I, 20, 67, 74, Hague Protocol 104 178 INDEX Hankey, Col. Sir Maurice 9 Istrian Peninsula 6, 18 Hedjaz (Saudi Arabia) 19-20 Italy 2, 34, 35, 37, 48, 56, 81, Henderson, Arthur 102, 104, 127 103,110-11,114,121,130,143; Herriot, Edouard 53-4, 61, 62, in First World War 2, 6, 20; 63, 121, 12g, 135, 137 and Paris Peace Conference g, Hindenburg, Field Marshal Paul 16, Ig, 22; territorial gains 18, von 63-4, 79, 106, II I, 115 20, 23; and Fiume Ig, 20, 23, Hider, Adolf 5T, 64, 107, 110, 32, 35, 56; economy and 112, 113, 116, 120, I 28-g, 130, finances 28, 131; and peace 13 I, 134, 142, 145, 146; Ig30 structure 33, 34; and Western election 113; accession 136, Entente 37; and Yugoslavia 137-41, 145; foreign policy 37,86-8; and reparations 39; 137, 138, 139, 143; and Poland and naval disarmament 41, 137; and Russia 137; Rhine• 8g, go, II I; and Ruhr occupa• land remilitarisation 140 tion 49-50; and Corfu 59; Holland 12, 30, 34, 57, 78 and Locarno 66-8, 70-1 ; holocaust 137 post-Locarno policies 86-g; 8 I and France 86, 87, 8g, go, Hoover, Herbert go, 118, 121, I 1 I; and Hungary 88; and BIg, 131 88; and Vatican Hoover moratorium I 18-I g, J 10; and Austria 139 13 1- 2, 134 Horthy, Adm. Miklos 37 Japan I, 2, 26, 32, 34, 57, 103, House, Edward M. 2, 3, 10 109, I 14; Pacific islands 5, Hungary 34, 37, 43, 57, 81, 26; Shantung 5, 40, 55; racial 87-9; Treaty of Trianon 13, equality 14; westernisation 16-lg, 22, 24, 25; 26, 124; economy and finances 18, 32, 37, 88; economy and 28, 109, 121-3; and America finances Ig, g2, 131; minori• 40-1; and Washington Con• ties 2 I; and Little Entente ference 40-2; and naval dis• 37; and steel cartel 85; and armament 41, 8g, go, 109; and Italy 88 Locarno tea-parties 81; and Hymans Paul 10,65, 81 depression 12 I ; and Man• churia 123-7, 135-6; leaves I.M.C.C. (Inter-Allied Military League of Nations 136; re• Control Commission) 35, 45, armament 141; invades China 62-3, 73, 74, 79, 82, g6, g8 141 India 27, 30, 72, 100 jaspar, Henri 65, 104, 105 Inquiry 2 jehol 136 Intermediate powers 77-g, 93 jews 21, 137 International Steel Agreement 84 Karl, Austro-Hungarian Kaiser 20,76 37 Ireland 32, 34, 100 Kellogg, Frank gg-Ioo INDEX 179 Kellogg-Briand Pact 99-101, many 57, 67, 70, 76- 80, 96; 109, 123, 144 Russia and 57, 76, 138; and Kemal, Mustapha 20-1,47 Locarno treaties 67-8, 70, 71; Klagenfurt plebiscite 56 Greco-Bulgarian war 75-6; Kuban 8 and America 76; and inter• Kun, Bela 18, 37, 57 mediate powers 77-9; Com• 20, 23 mittee on the Composition of the Council 79-80; Disarma• Labour Charter ment Preparatory Commission Lansing, Robert 2, 10 90-1; World Economic Con• Lateran Accords 110 ference 92; Manchurian crisis Latvia 24, 77 123-7, 135-6; Japan withdraws Lausanne Conference (1932) 136 132-4 League of Nations Society 6 Lausanne Convention 133 League to Enforce Peace 6 Lausanne, Treaty of (1923) 21 Lebanon 6, 20 League of Nations passim; war- Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich 8, 32, time efforts towards 6-7 ; 44,57 Covenant 9, 14, 17, 60 Art. Libya 19 4 76 Art. 10 123 Art. I I Liquidation of the Past, Com- 123 Art. 16 67, 68, 71, 75, mittee on 105, 108 123; and Saar I I ; and Danzig Lithuania 12, 24, 35, 55, 94, 95, 12; Assembly 14, 60, 68, 101 77-8, 82, 98, 104, 107; Council Little Entente 37, 81, 87-8, 89, 14, 30, 59-60, 67-8, 70, 71, III, 138 75-6, 81, 82, 102 composItIon Litvinov, l\,laxim 101, 110, 138 of 76-80, 8 I geographic allo• Litvinov Protocol 101 cation of seats 79-80 rotation Lloyd George, David 57; war of seats 79-80; limitations aims 2; at peace conference 14-15,30-1,59-60, 115, 125-6, 5,8, 10; and League of Nations 140, 144, 146; Permanent Court 7; postwar policies 39, 42, of International Justice 14; 47-8; Genoa Conference 42-5 ; Secretariat 14; Wilson and fall 48 14; mandates 20; European Locarno 36,49,59,61,75-6,77, domination of 29-30, 77-82; 79, 93, 98, 107, 139, 140, 144; membership 29-30; collective treaty negotiations 63-4, 67--9; security 30-1, 125, 138, 140, jurists' meeting 68; public 144, 146; great powers and aspects of conference 68, 69, 30-1, 144; Latin American 73; contents of treaties 69-7 I ; bloc 30, 8 I ; small powers and assessment 70-4; German atti• 30, 59, 127, 135, 144; super• tudes 72; signature of treaties vision of peace 32; unofficial 73-4; spirit of 74, 80, 84, 99; diplomacy 36, 81-2, see also tea-parties 78, 80, 81, 82, 95, Locarno tea-parties; and Ger- 98, 101; treaties 81,99; trium- 180 INDEX virate 82, 102, 129; era 89, Mussolini, Benito 48, 56, 58-60, 91,96; powers 100 81, 82, 96, 10g--1 I, 131, 138--9; London Conference (May 1921) andLocarno 65-6,68,70,86; 39 attitudes 86, post-Locarno London Conference (1924) 53-4 policies 86--g; and Vatican London Conference (1925) 73-4 110; and naval disarmament London Naval Conference (1930) III go, 109 Mutual Assistance, Draft Treaty London Schedule of Payments of 60--1 39,45, 51, 134 London, Treaty of (1915) 6, 20 Nansen, Fridtjof 81 Lorraine see Alsace-Lorraine Napoleon III 86 Luther, Hans 68, 69, 78 'Napoleonic year' 86, 87, 89 Luxemburg g, 84-5 Naval conferences: Washington, Lytton Commission 126-7, 135-6 (lg21-2) 40-2,60,89; Geneva Lytton Report 135 (1927) 89-90; London (1930) 90, 109 MacDonald, J. Ramsay 53-4, Nazi party III, 113, II 4, II9, 56, 57,58,61,62, go, 102, 120, 128, 130, 145 129, 133 see Holland Macedonians 2 I, 88 Neuilly, Treaty of (1919) 16-17, 97, 140 19,23 Mainz 102, 105, 113 New Zealand 5 Malmedy I I, 70, 80, 82-3 Nine-Power Treaty (1922) 41, Manchukuo 126 127 Manchuria 41, 114-15, 122-7, Nobel Peace Prize 64,96 135-6, 140 non-recognition doctrine 126, mandates 20, 26, 76 12 7 Matteotti, Giacomo 66 78,81 Mayrisch, Emil 85 Memel 12,55,95 'Open Door' 41 20, 34 Orange Blossom, 68-9 Metternich, Prince Klemens von Orlando, Vittorio IO 75,82 Ottawa Conference (1932) 127, minority problems, eastern 12g Europe 21 Ottoman Empire see Turkey 17 Oxford Union 142 Mohammed VI, Sultan of Turkey 20--1 Pacific security 41 12 141, 142, 146 Morgan, J. P. 54 Palatinate 52 Morocco 19, 34 Palestine 6, 20, 29, 72 Motta, Guiseppe 81 Pan-Europa 85 Mukden 123 Pan-European Congress 85-6 INDEX 181 pan-European movement 85-6, economy and finances 83--4, 92, 116 94; frontier revision 84, 94-9, 110 98, 109, 113; and agrarian bloc Papen, Franz von 128 93; and ClIechoslovakia 93; paramilitary formations 84, 97 and Germany 93, 94-5, 96, Paris Conference (1923) 49 138-9; post-Locarno policies Paris Peace Conference (19 I 9-20) 93--6; and Romania 93; and 3,4, 7-8,9-1 I, 32, 61; Russian steel cartel 85 question 8; Big Four (Council Polish-German Non-aggression of Four) 9; Council of Ten Declaration (1934) 138 9; Polish question 10; Saar Polish-Russian Non-aggression question I I; lesser treaties treaty (1932) 138 16-20 30 Paris peace settlement 114, 144; public opinion 70, 74, lesser treaties 16-20; assess• 99-100, 108, 124, 141-6 ment 2 1-5, 26, 32, 35, 37; liquidation 101-2, 108, 109 Quadruple Alliance 82 Peace Congress 3, 10 Quintuple Alliance 81 peace, lack of 31-2, 74, 89, 99-100, 107, 108, 143-4 Rand 58 peace structure 32-7, 76 Rapallo, Treaty of (1920) 23 Permanent Court of International Rapallo, Treaty of (1922) Justice 14, II 7 44-5,56,79 Persia 77 Rapidan Agreement 90 Pilsudski, Josef 93-6, 129, 13 1, Reading, Marquess of (Rufus 138 Isaacs) 120 Poincare, Raymond 36, 42 , 97, rearmament 114, 12 7, 141, 143 101, 102; premier, 1922-4 45, reparations 72, 97, 105 and 47, 53; Ruhr occupation passim; Versailles Treaty 48-53; Rhenish separatism 52 ; 12-14; Austrian 13,17,18,35; premier, 1926-g 83 Hungarian 13, 17, 18, 35; Poland 4, 5, 8, 23, 24, 25, 32, Bulgarian 19, 35; Turkish 35, 62, 81, 101, 115-16; at 19, 21, 35; Anglo-French dis• peace conference 10, 12, 15, agreement 24; German 35, 18; and Danzig 12, 55; and 38-40, 44-9, 51, 54, 55, 61-2, Corridor 12, 15,83,95, 13 1-2, 98-g, 10 I, 106, 134; non-Ger• 138; and Upper Silesia 12,32, man 35, 49, 55, 106, 134; 34, 35, 56; minorities 2 I; and Dawes Plan 5 I, 54, 82-8; France 32, 34, 40, 94; and Agent General for 53, 98; Russia 32, 34, 93-5, 10 I, 1924 settlement 55, 6 I , 62 ; 138-9; and Lithuania 35, 94; Young Plan 98,99, 101; com• eastern frontier 55; and Lo• mercialisation 83-4, 102, 103; carno 66-7, 68, 69, 70, 71; 1930 revision 106 and League of Nations 77-80; Reparations Commission 32, 33, 182 INDEX

35, 39, 48, 55; declares defaults I 10, 138; disarmament 90; at 48-9; reconstruction of 53-4 World Economic Conference Rhine 97 92; and Kellogg-Briand Pact Rhineland 24, 35, 49-50, 69, 70, 100-I, 109; and Asia 109-10 ; 72, 86; Versailles Treaty terms and France 110, 138; non• I I, 62; High Commission 32; aggression pacts I 10; and de• Pact 49, see also Locarno; pression 121, 130, 131; and separatism 52; Cologne zone Manchuria 125; and Czecho• 62-3, 70, 71, 73, 74; evacuation slovakia 138; revisionism 63, 64, 82-3, 95-6, 97, 98, 99, 143, 144, 145 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, Russo-Polish war 32, 34, 37 108, I I I, I 13; occupation 63, Ruthenia 19 79, 96-8, 113; demilitarised zone 66, 67, 68, 70, 72, Saar I I, 23, 33, 50, 82, 83, 84, 98, 102, 104; troop reductions 98, 103, 105, 106, 113; com• 74; Coblenz zone 102, 105; mission 33 Mainz zone 102; remilitarisa• Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Treaty of tion 140 (1919) 13, 16-18,24, 116, 117 Riga, Treaty of (1921) 24 Sakhalin 57 Romania 12, 32, 37, 57, 81, Salonica 56 87-8, 10 I , 131; peace settle• San Remo Conference (1920) 20 ment 17, 18, 19; minorities Saudi Arabia see Hedjaz 2 I; and Little Entente 37; Saxony 58 Bessarabia 56; and Italy 88; Scandinavia 56, 93 economy 92; and Poland 93 Schleicher, Gen. Kurt von 128 Rome, Treaty of (1924) 23 Schleswig I I, 23 Roosevelt, Franklin 129, 134, Second International 57, 58 141 Second World War 108,131,141, Ruhr 32, 38, 39, 48, 58, 105; 146 occupation 49-54, 55, 58, 59, secret diplomacy see Locarno tea• 62,63,64; evacuation 71 parties Rumbold, Sir Horace 106, I 13 secret treaties see First World Russia 7, 20, 23, 24, 26, 34, 36, War 58,114; civil war 4-5,8,17, Security Pact see Locarno 32, 43, 56; foreign forces in 5, Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom see 32; and Poland 32, 55, 94-5, Yugoslavia 101; and Britain 44, 57-8, 12, 17,59 95,96, 102, 140; at Genoa con• Sevres, Treaty of (1920) 16-17, ference 44-5; and Germany 19-21 ,35,36,55 44-5, 79, 94-6, I 10, 138; dip• Shanghai 27, 96, 125, 126, 127 lomatic recognition 44, 56, 57, Shantung 5,24,40 87; Bessarabia 56; economy Siam 77, 136 and finances 56, 57, 85, 110; Siberia 32 and League of Nations 76, 95, Silesia see Upper Silesia INDEX 183 Simon, Sir John 120, 12g, 140 Tardieu, Andre 10 Skyrznski, Count Alexandre tariffs 93, 121-2, 129-30 66-7, 93 Tellini, Gen. Enrico 59 Ig 'texte de bateau' 68 Slovakia Ig, 32, 37 Thoiry 80,82-4, 144 6, 20, 21, 48 Third International see Comin- Snowden, Philip 104 tern Sonnino, Sidney 10 Thrace 19, 20, 21 South Africa 30, 58, 60 Thuringia 58 South Manchurian Railway 123 Tirana, Treaty of 87 6, 18,86, 138 Toynbee, Arnold 114 Soviet Union see Russia Transjordan 20 Spa Conference and Protocol 19, 81, 88 38-9, 104 6, 18 Spain 2g, 77-80, 130 Trianon, Treaty of (1920) 13, spirit of Locarno see Locarno 16-19, 24, 89 Stahlhelm 106 6 Stalin, Josef 57, 110, Ill, 131, Tunis 19 138 Turkey 6, 7, 30, 34, 35, 37, 76, Stamp, Sir Josiah 52 87; Treaty of Sevres 16-17, steel cartel 84 19-20, 24, 25, 35; civil war Stimson, Henry go, 126, 127; 20-1, 32 ; and Greece 20-1, and non-recognition 126 24, 32, 34, 35, 47-8, 56; Treaty Stinnes, Hugo 51 of Lausanne 21 Stresemann, Gustav 51, 88, 93; Turkish straits 19, 21 1924 London conference 54; Twenty-One Demands (1915) 40 and Locarno 62-74; assess• ment 64, 81, 105; 'fulfilment' 5,8 64; and League entry 77-80; U nden, ()sten 81 and Thoiry 80, 82-4; and Union of Democratic Control 6 treaty revision 82; and Poland United States of America see 94-6; post-Locarno policies America 96-105; illness 98, 100, 101, United States of Europe see 104-5; visit to Paris, 1928 European economic union 100-1; death 105; and Rhine• Upper Silesia 12, 24, 32, 34, 35, land evacuation 106 56,83,95 submarines 24, 41, 42, go Urals 30 Sudan 19 Sweden 78,81,93 Vandervelde, Emile 57, 65-6, 57,81, 103 68-9 Syria 20 Vatican 57, 110 Venizelos, Eleutherios 10 Talleyrand, Charles de 81 Versailles Treaty (19 19) 45, 48, Tangier 24 50,53,67, 6g, 71, 72, 73, 76,84, 184 INDEX

113, 129, 132, 145; drafting Fourteen Points 2, 3; Armis• 10-11; terms 11-15, 38, 62; tice negotiations 3; European assessment 15-16; lack of en• views of 3; and secret treaties forcement 15-16, 35; German 5-6; and League of Nations attitude towards 16; relation• 7-9; at Paris peace conference ship to other peace treaties 8, 10, 14, 16, 19, 22 16-17; American rejection 24; World Economic Conference ratification 24; dismantling (1927) 92 37-8,55,64,65,72, 101-2, 105, World Economic Conference 106; reparations clauses 106, (1930) 93 134; military clauses I I I, 115, World Economic Conference 128; and Anschluss 116 (1933) 134 Vienna Protocol (1931) 116, I I 7 World Peace Foundation 6 Vilna 35,55 World War see First World War, Voldermaras, Augustinas 94 Second World War war debts 3, 7, 28, 33,44,46-7, Young annuities 118 55, 99, 102, 103, 104, 118, 119, Young, Owen D. 52, 102 121, 131, 132, 133-4, 135 Young Plan 102-4, 105, 106, 'war guilt' 13, 68 108, 111-12, 113, 114, 117, 13"2, Washington Naval Conference 133-4 (1921-2) 4Q-2, 55, 60 Young Report 102 Weimar Republic see Germany Yugoslavia 17, 19, 23, 32, 39, Western Entente 37-8, 39, 40, 56, 60, 81, 130, 131; creation 44, 48-g, 62, 64, 67, 68, 70, 73, 17, 18; minorities 21; and 76,79,81,96-7,98,99, 102 Italy 37; and Little Entente Westminster, Statute of 61 37; and France 86-8 Wilhelm II, German Kaiser 12, 35 Zaleski, August 93, 94, 95 Wilson, Gen. Sir Henry 32 Zinoviev, Gregory 57-8 Wilson, T. Woodrow 3, 4, I J ; Zionist movement 5, 6, 20