The State Historical Society of COLUMBIA, MISSOURI COVER DESCRIPTION: "The Boys" a 29x60-inch watercolor by Richard L. Greeves, is one of the recent art works presented to the State Historical Society's Contemporary Artists Collection. The gift was acquired from the artist through the cooperation of Mrs. Herman Wunderlich of the Kennedy Galleries, New York City. Richard L. Greeves was born and reared in St. Louis. Before graduating from high school in St. Louis, the artist had visited Fort Washakie, lo­ cated on the Wind River Indian Reservation in Wyoming. That experience, plus his earlier inter­ est in the West, helped Greeves decide to become an artist. Today, he lives at Fort Washakie and devotes himself to the study and painting of the American Indian. His work is represented in the Whitney Museum of Western Art, Cody, Wyo­ ming, and in a number of private collections. xmtxmttt MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR MARY K. DAINS ASSOCIATE EDITOR JAMES W. GOODRICH ASSOCIATE EDITOR

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is owned by the State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 201 South Eighth Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communi­ cations, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to The State Historical Society of Missouri, Corner of Hitt and Lowry Streets, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri. The REVIEW is sent free to all members of The State Historical VOLUME LXVIII Society of Missouri. Membership dues in the Society are $2.00 a year or $40 for an individual life membership. The Society assumes NUMBER 4 no responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. JULY 1974 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1959, Chapter 183.

OFFICERS 1971-1974 WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington, President L. E. MEADOR, Springfield, First Vice President RUSSELL V. DYE, Liberty, Second Vice President JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry, Third Vice President MRS. AVIS TUCKER, Warrensburg, Fourth Vice President REV. JOHN F. BANNON, S.J., St. Louis, Fifth Vice President SHERIDAN A. LOGAN, St. Joseph, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer RICHARD S. BROWNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society

RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1974 LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia R. I. COLBORN, Paris ROBERT A. BOWLING, Montgomery City W. W. DALTON, St. Louis FRANK P. BRIGGS, Macon RICHARD B. FOWLER, City HENRY A. BUNDSCHU, Independence VICTOR A. GIERKE, Louisiana

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1975 GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis RONALD L. SOMERVILLE, Chillicothe L. E. MEADOR, Springfield JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry W. WALLACE SMITH, Independence HENRY C. THOMPSON, Bonne Terre ROBERT M. WHITE, Mexico

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1976 WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington ELMER ELLIS, Columbia JAMES W. BROWN, Harrisonville ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis RICHARD J. CHAMIER, Moberly JAMES OLSON, Kansas City WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-seven Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, President of the University of Missouri and Chancellor of the University of Missouri-Columbia constitute the Executive Committee.

FINANCE COMMITTEE Five members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President, who by virtue of his office constitutes the sixth member, compose the Finance Committee. ELMER ELLIS, Columbia, Chairman WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield 5glIXll»lI«HllllK]I

NEW SOCIETY MEMBERSHIPS The State Historical Society of Missouri is always interested in obtaining new members. For more than seventy years thousands of Missourians who have be­ longed to the Society have been responsible primarily for building its great research collections and libraries. They have given it the support which makes it the largest organization of its type in the . i The quest for interested new members goes on i continually, and your help is solicited in obtaining m them. In every family, and in every community, there i are individuals who are sincerely interested in the i collection, preservation and dissemination of the his- | tory of Missouri. | m Why not nominate these people for membership? | Annual dues are only $2.00, Life Memberships $40.00. | I Richard S. Brownlee Director and Secretary State Historical Society of Missouri Hitt and Lowry Streets Columbia, Missouri 65201

iiiaiMSisiaiiiiHiia iii i^rasKKisisisiKHisiira^ H IS is ^ is _ H IS

IS M ISI IS 1 AN IMPORTANT MESSAGE m

The editorial staff of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL RE­

VIEW asks that members of the State Historical Society

of Missouri, who are moving or have moved to a new m IS IS M location, please inform the Society of changes of address, ~ m §j as soon as possible.

I To remail a returned issue of the REVIEW under new is _ is is II postal rates is very expensive. In addition to eliminating this costly procedure, the immediate notification of a m s H change of address will enable the member to receive the ==, REVIEW at an earlier date.

i is m m m g Changes of address should be sent to: jS m ® IS State Historical Society of Missouri m ® Corner of Hitt and Lowry Streets |j IS === Columbia, Missouri 65201 S U S s m s m m m m m m m m m n is SI s s s fefaraisraisraisisisisra CONTENTS

POTAWATOMIS IN THE PLATTE COUNTRY: AN INCOMPLETE. By R. David Edmunds 375

THE MORMON EXPERIENCE IN MISSOURI, 1830-1839, PART II.

By R. J. Robertson, Jr 393

SOCIETY TO PRESENT AWARD 416

RICHARD PARKS BLAND: ALMOST A CANDIDATE. By Cynthia Shook 417

THE GOLDEN AGE OF GERMAN SONG. By Irene E. Cortinovis 437

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Marie Woods Receives Distinguished Service Award at

Retirement Reception 443

Editorial Policy 445

Views from the Past: Missouri Courthouses 446

News in Brief 448

Local Historical Societies 450

Gifts 462

Missouri History in Newspapers 467

Missouri History in Magazines 471

In Memoriam 473

BOOK NOTES 475

INDEX TO VOLUME LXVIII 479 FEE FEE BAPTIST CHURCH Inside Back Cover v

Potawatomis in the Platte Country: An Indian Removal Incomplete

BY R. DAVID EDMUNDS*

Historians traditionally have viewed the removal of the In­ dian tribes of the eastern United States to lands west of the Mississippi as one of the more sordid chapters of American history. Recent scholarship has attempted to vindicate the motives of the federal government in formulating such policy, yet most scholars still agree that the actual removal process was characterized by misadministration and poor planning. The federal government often removed Indians to areas in the West that already were targets for white settlement, or placed the tribesmen in regions where govern­ ment officials were hard pressed to provide annuities and other provisions guaranteed by treaty. Moreover, communication on the frontier was so poor that federal officials sometimes worked at counter purposes due to lack of coordination.1

* R. David Edmunds is an assistant professor of History at the University of Wyoming, Laramie, and has accepted a post-doctoral fellowship at the Center for the History of American Indians, Newberry Library in Chicago for 1974-1975. Dr. Edmunds has the B.A. Degree from Millikin University, Decatur, Illinois; the M.A. from Illinois State University, Normal; and the Ph.D. from the University of Oklahoma, Norman. 1 Francis Paul Prucha, "'s Indian Policy: A Reassessment," Journal of American History, LVI (December, 1969), 527-539; Francis Paul 375 376 Missouri Historical Review

The temporary settlement of the Potawatomis in northwestern Missouri during the middle 1830s provides an interesting case study in such frustration. In 1820, when Congress granted state­ hood to Missouri, the extreme northwest corner of the state, en­ compassing modern Platte, Buchanan, Andrew, Holt, Nodaway and Atchison counties was omitted. The reason for the omission is uncertain, but upon statehood, the western boundary of Missouri continued in a straight line due north from the mouth of the to the present Missouri-Iowa border. The excluded area, known as the "Platte Country," comprised approximately 3,125 square miles of fertile, well-watered prairie and timberland. It soon became a region much desired by whites, and Missourians were anxious to include it within their boundaries.2 The area also was desired by Indians. The Platte Country originally had been claimed by wandering bands of Sacs, Foxes, Iowas and Missouris. But these tribes, in conjunction with the Sioux, Omahas and Otoes relinquished their claim to the region

Prucha, ''Indian Removal and the Great American Desert," Indiana Magazine of History, LIX (December, 1963) , 299-322. 2 Howard I. McKee, "The Platte Purchase," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXXII (January, 1938) , 129-132. McKee discusses the confusion arising over the exclusion of the Platte Country from the original borders of Missouri. Also see "Thomas C. Duggins Views Northwest Missouri in 1840," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LV (Januarv, 1961), 124-126, and Perry McCandless, A , Vol. II: 1820-1860 (Columbia, 1972) , 116-117. The region was named after the Little Platte River which flows through the area and joins the a few miles north of modern Kansas City, Missouri.

Prairie Du Chien, Wisconsin, Site of Indian Treaty Signing, July 15, 1830 Potawatomis in the Platte Country 377 in a treaty signed at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, on July 15, 1830. The treaty stipulated that although the above tribes gave up their claims to the area, the federal government was to utilize the Platte Country as a resettlement area for tribes removed from the East. Government officials were anxious to put the region to use. Accordingly, in September 1833, they met with the united band of Chippewas, Ottawas and Potawatomis at Chicago. In the en­ suing treaty negotiations, the Potawatomis and their allies gave up claims to northeastern Illinois, southeastern Wisconsin and several scattered reserves in southern . In return for cash and other benefits, they agreed to remove to a vast tract of 5,000,000 acres bordering the Missouri River in southwestern Iowa and northwestern Missouri. The lands in the West included the Platte Country.3 The inclusion of the Platte Country within those lands as­ signed to the Potawatomis proved to be unwise. Throughout the 1820s, Missourians had expressed a growing interest in the region and in 1832 Governor John Miller had addressed the Missouri General Assembly urging the annexation of the region as neces­ sary for the political and economic growth of the state. When news that the Platte Country might permanently be given to the Potawatomis reached state officials, they raised a storm of pro­ test. In the , Senators Lewis F. Linn and Thomas Hart Benton exerted their influence to block the treaty as negotiated at Chicago and successfully amended the document so that the Platte Country was deleted from those lands allotted to the Potawatomis. Instead, on May 22, 1834, the Senate ratified the Chicago treaty upon condition that the Potawatomis accept a similar acreage which would be attached to their lands in Iowa.4 The Potawatomis were reluctant to accept the change. By 1834 the tribe had fragmented into numerous bands whose mem­ berships were quite flexible. Political leadership also was frag­ mented, but the united band of Chippewas, Ottawas and Pota-

3 For details of the treaties see Charles J. Kappler, ed., Indian Treaties, 1778-1883 (New York, 1972) , 305-310, 402-414. 4 McKee, "The Platte Purchase," 131-137; Report from the Committee on Indian Affairs, on the resolution relative to exchanging lands with the Pot- tawatamie Indians, U.S. 24th Cong., 1st Sess., Senate Document 348 (1836) in Thomas C. Cochran, ed., The New American State Papers: Indian Affairs (Wilmington, Del., 1972), IV, 387. Also see Cass to Owen, June 26, 1834, Office of Indian Affairs, Letters Sent, National Archives, Washington, D.C. (microfilm in the University of Wyoming Library, Laramie, Wyoming) . This letter is from Microcopy 21, Roll 13, 69-71. Also see Elbert Herring to Owen, June 28, 1834, ibid., 80. Herring was Commissioner of Indian Affairs. 378 Missouri Historical Review watomis living near Chicago were led by several chiefs of mixed blood lineage. Prominent among this group were Sauganash, or , and Chechebinquay, or Alexander Robinson. In an attempt to obtain Potawatomi approval of the western land exchange, Secretary of War instructed Thomas J. V. Owen, Indian agent at Chicago, to approach the chiefs and to propose the new terms. Owen encountered only limited success. During the summer of 1834 he met with the Potawatomi chiefs at Chicago, but the Indians were reluctant to exchange the Platte Country for additional lands in Iowa. Led by the shrewd mixed bloods, the Potawatomi chiefs argued that they had not initiated the 1833 treaty proceedings, and that they had agreed to the terms only from "a desire and a disposition to further the views of gov­ ernment." They stated that they had no intention of relinquishing: a portion of the country ceded to us by the said treaty, and that portion too, that is admitted to be the best and most favorable for cultivation, and the most eligibly suited for hunting and to receive in lieu thereof an equal number of acres neither so well situated for agricultural purposes nor yet so good for hunting without an offer of any addi­ tional consideration as an equivalent for the difference in value of the property proposed to be exchanged.5 The Potawatomis countered with two proposals of their own. They offered to give up the Platte Country if the federal govern­ ment would reserve for them four hundred sections of land of their choice within the boundaries of their recent cession in Illinois, or if the government would furnish them with an extensive list of livestock, agricultural implements and provide ten white farmers to instruct them in agricultural techniques on their lands in the West. Such proposals were rejected by Owen and the renewed treaty negotiations continued throughout the late summer and early autumn of 1834. Finally, in October, a compromise was reached. The Potawatomi chiefs at Chicago, led by Caldwell, relinquished their claims to the Platte Country for a tract of lands extending along the Little Sioux River in northern Iowa. The government consented to pay them an additional $10,000 and to provide $3,000 to certain whites at Chicago for services rendered to the tribe.

5 Thomas G. Conway, "Potawatomi Politics," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, LXV (Winter, 1972), 409-411. Also see Owen to Cass, August 22, 1834, Office of Indian Affairs, Letters Received, National Archives, Washington, D.C., Microcopy 234, Chicago Agency, Roll 132, frames 426-427. Also see Speech by Potawatomi Chiefs to Owen, enclosure in Owen to Cass, August 22, 1834, ibid., 428-430. An Indian Camp

Government officials also agreed to pay the expenses of a party of chiefs who would go west to explore the new western lands prior to the removal of the Potawatomis to Iowa. The Senate, accepting the compromise with the Potawatomi chiefs as binding on the tribe, ratified the provisions and the treaty became final on February 21, 1835.6 Problems soon emerged. Not all of the Potawatomis who had signed the original treaty in September 1833, supported the com­ promise relinquishing the Platte Country. Several of the Pota­ watomi chiefs from northern Indiana and southern Michigan pro­ tested the new terms and sent messages to Washington stating that Caldwell's faction did not represent the wishes of the tribe. Mean­ while, as the government attempted to clear Potawatomi title to the Platte Country from Potawatomis at Chicago, other members of the tribe were moving into the region from the west. During the summer of 1833, prior to the Chicago treaty negotiations, fed­ eral officials in Indiana had removed a small band of Prairie Potawatomis from Logansport, Indiana, to the Kickapoo Agency at , Kansas. These Potawatomis learned of the original treaty provisions and assumed that the Platte Country was part of the new Potawatomi lands in the West. Accordingly, in 1834, they crossed the Missouri and established villages in the

6 Potawatomi Chiefs to Owen, enclosure in Owen to Cass, August 22, 1834, ibid.; Potawatomi Chiefs to Owen, October 1, 1834, ibid., 448-449; Owen to Cass, October 3, 1834, ibid., 446-447. Also see Anselm J. Gerwing, "The Chicago Indian Treaty of 1833," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, LVII (Summer, 1964) , 138-142. Gerwing includes a good description of the events surrounding the 1833 treaty at Chicago. 380 Missouri Historical Review region. To add to the confusion, Indian agents in the West were ill-informed about the continued negotiations at Chicago. Al­ though they realized that Missouri wanted the Platte Country and tried to discourage the Potawatomis from settling there, Indian agents at Fort Leavenworth remained uncertain over just which western lands the Potawatomis were to receive.7 In the summer of 1835, the exploring party of Potawatomis from Chicago crossed the Mississippi and surveyed their lands along the Missouri in Iowa. They also traveled through the Platte Country. In September, upon their return to Chicago, they com­ plained that they had been mistaken in giving up the Platte Country and that it was the most desirable place that they had visited in the West. The exploring party described Iowa in dismal terms, stating that it lacked trees, especially sugar maples, and that it was too close to the Sioux. The Potawatomis decided to send a letter to President Andrew Jackson asking him to intercede in their behalf and to allow them to occupy the northern part of the Platte Country for a few years until they could decide upon a permanent home in Iowa.8 The pessimistic report of the exploring party was unwelcome among Indian agents at Chicago. They had spent the summer preparing the Potawatomis for removal and had collected almost one thousand Indians who were preparing to leave upon the ex­ ploring party's return. To insure that the removal took place, the Military Disbursing Agent, Captain John B. F. Russell, convinced the Potawatomis that they should first cross the Mississippi before lodging their appeal to Jackson. He argued that such actions would convince the government that the Potawatomis were honoring their promises to remove and would make government officials more

7 Owen to Cass, November 17, 1834, Office of Indian Affairs, Letters Rec'd., M-234, Chicago Agency, Roll 132, 464-465; R. David Edmunds, "The Prairie Potawatomi Removal of 1833," Indiana Magazine of History, LXVIII (September, 1972) , 240-253. Also see Quish-Queh-Lah to the President of the United States, November 20, 1835, in Cochran, ed., New American State Papers, IV, 388-389; Anthony Davis to , January 7, 1835, Office of Indian Affairs, Letters Rec'd., M-234, Osage River Sub-Agency, Roll 642, 80. Quish- Queh-Lah or Quiquito was a chief of the Prairie Potawatomis near Fort Leaven­ worth. Davis was an assistant Indian agent at Fort Leavenworth. Clark was Superintendent of Indian Affairs at St. Louis. 8 Luther Rice to John Tipton, April 23, 1836, in Nellie Armstrong Robert­ son and Dorothy Riker, comps. and eds., The John Tipton Papers, III, of Indiana Historical Collections (Indianapolis, 1942) , XXVI, 265-266. Rice was a mixed-blood Potawatomi employed by the government as an interpreter. Tipton was a United States Senator from Indiana. Also see Grant Foreman, The Last Trek of the Indians (Chicago, 1946) , 105. Potawatomis in the Platte Country 381

receptive to their plea. Russell also promised the Indians that they could remove to the Platte Country and remain there until their plea was answered.9 The Potawatomis followed Russell's advice. In the fall of 1835, approximately 700 tribesmen left Chicago and started for the West. A few days west of Chicago they split into two parties. Caldwell led 252 of his tribesmen on to the Platte Country where they arrived on December 2. The remaining Potawatomis crossed the Mississippi near the mouth of the Rock River and spent the winter along the Skunk River in eastern Iowa.10 After crossing the Mississippi, Caldwell's band met in council and decided to send a delegation of chiefs to Washington to plead their cause. The chiefs were instructed to ask that the Potawatomis be allowed to remain on the northern part of the Platte Country for a period of twenty years, or until they were able to find a perma­ nent home to their liking. Therefore, in the winter of 1835-1836, a delegation of six chiefs led by Alexander Robinson journeyed to Washington and met with government officials in February. The Potawatomis achieved some success. Although the government still insisted that they must accept the lands in Iowa, Commis­ sioner of Indian Affairs, Elbert Herring gave them permission to settle temporarily in the Platte Country until they could find a permanent site for new villages near Council Bluffs.11 The Potawatomis were not the only people moving into the Platte Country. Scattered lodges of Sacs, Foxes and Iowas were strung along the eastern bank of the Missouri. More important was the influx of white settlers into the region. Believing that the region soon would be added to Missouri, settlers from adjoining areas crossed over into the Platte Country and began to clear land, plant crops and to erect cabins. Since the land still was

9 Russell to Cass, January 19, 1836, Office of Indian Affairs, Letters Rec'd., M-234, Chicago Agency, Roll 133, 420-421; Davis to Tipton, January 19, 1836, Tipton Papers, III, 207-209. 10 Rice to Tipton, April 23, 1836, in ibid., 265-266; Russell to Cass, January 19, 1836, Office of Indian Affairs, Letters Rec'd., M-234, Chicago Agency, Roll 133, 420-421. Also see Foreman, Last Trek of the Indians, 106, and Jacob Van der Zee, "Episodes in the Early history of the Western Iowa Country," Iowa Journal of History and Politics, XI (July, 1913) , 340. 11 Russell to Herring, January 19, 1836, Office of Indian Affairs, Letters Rec'd., M-234, Chicago Agency, Roll 133, 425; Potawatomi Chiefs to Andrew Jackson, no date, ibid., 426-429; Petition of Potawatomi Chiefs to Andrew Jackson, December, 1835, ibid., 422-423. Also see W. L. Ewing to Cass, February 18, 1836, ibid., Indiana Agency, Roll 355, 534-536; Cass to Ewing, February 20, 1836, Office of Indian Affairs, Letters Sent, M-21, Roll 18, 91; Herring to Clark, April 8, 1836, ibid., 271. Ewing was a United States Senator from Illinois. 382 Missouri Historical Review

designated as , federal officials in the West at­ tempted to stop the white im­ migration. In September 1835, Indian agents in the West is­ sued a proclamation warning all persons that had trespassed into the Platte Country that they might remain long enough to harvest their crops, but that they must leave the region by December 1, 1835, or federal troops would force their re­ moval.12 Most of the settlers complied with the govern­ ment's demand, but in Febru­ Diet, of Amer. Ports. ary 1836, a force of dragoons Lewis Cass, Secretary of War from Fort Leavenworth burned the cabins and outbuildings of two settlers still remaining in the area.13 The removal of the settlers and the growing number of Pota­ watomis in the Platte Country were viewed with alarm by state officials in Missouri. Not only did Caldwell's band increase the Potawatomi population in the region, but in 1834 and 1835 the ranks of the Indians also were augmented by small bands of Potawatomis who arrived from Indiana. Missouri reacted by in­ creasing her efforts to gain control of the area. In February 1836, Senators Thomas Hart Benton, Lewis F. Linn, and Congressman Albert G. Harrison of Missouri petitioned the War Department to remove the region from Indian lands and to make it available for annexation to Missouri. Both Lewis Cass and Andrew Jackson

12 Richard M. Cummins to Clark, March 24, 1835, Office of Indian Affairs, Letters Rec'd., M-234, Fort Leavenworth Agency, Roll 300, 698-699; Clark to Herring, April 8, 1835, ibid., 696. Cummins was an Indian agent at Fort Leaven­ worth. Also see Proclamation by Andrew S. Hughes, September 13, 1835, ibid., St. Louis Superintendency, Roll 751, 75, and McKee, "The Platte Pur­ chase," 137-138. Hughes was sub-agent for the Iowas at Fort Leavenworth. 13 Andrew S. Hughes to Colonel Henry Dodge, February 11, 1836, Office of Indian Affairs, Letters Rec'd., M-234, St. Louis Superintendency, Roll 751, 76; Dodge to Clark, February 15, 1836, ibid., 78; Phillip R. Thompson to Dodge, February 16, 1836, ibid., 80. Dodge was commandant at Fort Leaven­ worth. Lieutenant Thompson of the First Dragoons led the force that burned the settlers' cabins. Potawatomis in the Platte Country 383 were receptive to the plea, but Cass reminded the petitioners that the Prairie du Chien Treaty of 1830 stipulated that the lands were to be used for the resettlement of Indians. The secretary of war also informed the Missourians that the government was hesi­ tant to break the treaty stipulations, since such actions might have a negative effect upon future Indian land cessions or removals. Therefore, Cass proposed that government officials would meet with the tribes that signed the Prairie du Chien treaty, and if these Indians would release the United States from the resettlement stipulations, the Platte Country could be cleared of Indians.14 Cass obviously did not believe that the Potawatomis had any claim to the region, for in his answer to the petitioners he pointed out that Jackson thought the Platte Country eventually would become part of Missouri and had taken pains to prevent any In­ dians from permanently being resettled there. Cass later wrote to William H. Ashley, another congressman from Missouri, that: I cannot think it possible that the Potawatomie can lay claim to any permanent residence on the strip of land be­ tween the state of Missouri and the Missouri River. Should they be guilty of such duplicity, this Department would not hesitate to cause them to be forcefully removed when­ ever such a measure should become necessary.15 Following Cass's proposal, the federal government proceeded to clear the Platte Country from the relocation stipulations of the first article of the 1830 Prairie du Chien treaty. Between Septem­ ber 10 and November 30, 1836, government officials met with the Sioux, Sacs and Foxes, Iowas, Missouris, Omahas and Otoes, se­ curing agreements from these tribes that the Platte Country would no longer be designated a resettlement region. The treaty ne­ gotiators had little difficulty in securing the release. Since the tribes no longer had any claim to the area, they succumbed to the

14 Quiquito to the President of the United States, November 20, 1835, ibid., Osage River Sub-Agency, Roll 642, 84-85; Petition of Thomas H. Benton, L. F. Linn and Albert G. Harrison, February 8, 1836, ibid., Fort Leavenworth Agency, Roll 300, 840-842; Cass to Benton, Linn and Harrison, February 13, 1836, ibid., 835-839. Additional correspondence regarding Missouri's attempt to clear Indian title from the Platte Country can be found in Documents Relating to the extension of the northern boundary line of the State of Mis­ souri, and Report in the Senate, U.S. 24th Cong., 1st Sess. (1836) , Senate Docu­ ments 206 and 251, respectively. 15 Cass to Benton, Linn and Harrison, February 13, 1836, Office of Indian Affairs, Letters Rec'd., M-234, Fort Leavenworth Agency, Roll 300, 835-839; Cass to Ashley, August 23, 1836, Office of Indian Affairs, Letters Sent, M-21, Roll 19, 404-405. 384 Missouri Historical Review

government proposal in exchange for a few thousand dollars worth of trade goods.16 Meanwhile, Congress hurried to facilitate the annexation of the Platte Country to Missouri. On May 14, 1836, the Senate ap­ proved a bill providing for the inclusion of the Platte Country within the state of Missouri as soon as all Indian claims to the region could be terminated. The measure passed the House on June 3, and was signed by Andrew Jackson on June 7, 1836. The treaties negotiated with the Sioux, Sacs and Foxes, Iowas, Mis­ souris, Omahas and Otoes in the fall of 1836 were ratified early in 1837. On March 28, 1837, President issued a proclamation stating that the Platte Country belonged to Mis­ souri.17 Throughout the state, Missourians welcomed the annexation of their new territory. They did not welcome the growing number of Potawatomis residing upon it. During the summer of 1836, many of the Potawatomis who had spent the previous winter on the Skunk River in Iowa joined Caldwell's band in the Platte Country. Their numbers were increased by a party from Chicago which ar­ rived on November 11. In addition, a significant number of Prairie Potawatomis who had been residing with the Kickapoos also re- crossed the Missouri River from Kansas. By March 1837, there were approximately 1,600 Potawatomis inhabiting the region which had been added to Missouri.18 The large number of Potawatomis in the Platte Country,

16 Cass to William Clark, June 30, 1836, ibid., 104-107; "Report From the Office of Indian Affairs, December 1, 1836," in Cochran, ed., Nexo American State Papers, I, 395-396. The separate treaties with the Sioux, Sacs and Foxes, Iowas, Missouris, Omahas and Otoes can be found in Kappler, ed., Indian Treaties, 466-470, 473, 479-482. 17 Congressional Globe, III, 24th Cong,. 1st Sess. (1836), 372, 421; U.S. Statutes At Large, V, 34; ibid., 802. 18 Davis to Russell, June 25, 1836, Office of Indian Affairs, Letters Rec'd., M-234, Chicago Agency, Roll 133, 441; Gholson Kercheval to George Gibson, November 15, 1836, ibid., Roll 134, 259. Kercheval was the agent in charge of the Potawatomis who arrived in the Platte Country in November 1836. Gibson was Commissionary General of Subsistence. Also see "Quarterly Muster Roll of Chicago Agency Putawatamie Indians Subsisted on the North Side of the Missouri River near Fort Leavenworth west of the Mississippi River under the direction of Anthony Davis, Asst. Agt., in the quarter ending 31st Decem­ ber, 1836," ibid., Fort Leavenworth Agency, Roll 300, 1049; Stephen W. Kearney to General Roger Jones, January 26, 1837, ibid., Chicago Agency, Roll 134, 87-88. Kearney replaced Dodge as commandant at Fort Leavenworth in the summer of 1836. Jones was adjutant general of the U.S. Army. The muster roll lists approximately 1,300 Chicago Potawatomis drawing rations at Fort Leavenworth. The other 300 Potawatomis in the Platte Country were from Indiana or from the Prairie band that removed west in 1833. Potawatomis in the Platte Country 385 coupled with the growing interest of whites in the region, resulted in a series of incidents which increased the tension between the two races. In violation of the Indian Intercourse Acts, white traders from Missouri plied the Potawatomis with whiskey and often cheated them out of their possessions. The Indians sometimes left the Platte Country and wandered through the settlements to the east, causing alarm among the white settlers living in the area. In July 1836, as a party of Potawatomis who had wintered on the Skunk River journeyed across western Missouri toward the Platte Country, a gang of white horse thieves stole eight of their horses. The Potawatomis pursued the outlaws and recovered seven of the animals, but in the resulting encounter one Indian and two whites were killed. An investigation of the affair exonerated the Pota­ watomis, but Governor Daniel Dunklin of Missouri mustered 600 Missouri volunteers to drive the Potawatomis across the Missouri River. Federal agents and troops from Fort Leavenworth stopped the volunteers, yet bad feelings between the whites and Indians continued through the winter of 1836-1837.19 To forestall further difficulties between the Potawatomis and settlers who soon would be moving into Missouri's new state lands, federal officials decided that the Indians would have to leave the Platte Country. They were unsure just where the Pota­ watomis would go. Although the Potawatomi chiefs at Chicago, led by Caldwell, had agreed to accept the amended treaty, many other Potawatomis had not. These tribesmen, primarily from In­ diana and southern Michigan, had no intention of removing to lands north of Missouri. Many Indiana and Prairie Potawatomis continued to live on Kickapoo lands near Fort Leavenworth, but these Indians also were reluctant to move to Iowa, although they desired lands of their own. Indian agents at first attempted to persuade all of the Potawatomis to accept the lands in Iowa, but when many refused, government officials decided to establish another Potawatomi resettlement area in eastern Kansas. Therefore, all Potawatomis, including those in the Platte Country, among the Kickapoos near Fort Leavenworth, or tribesmen still remaining

19 John Dougherty to Clark, June 9, 1836, ibid., Council Bluffs Sub-Agency, Roll 215, 3; Dougherty to Clark, July 14, 1836, ibid., St. Louis Superintendency, Roll 751, 107-108; Andrew S. Hughes to Clark, July 14, 1836, ibid., 106. Dougherty was the Indian agent for the Upper Missouri Agency. Also see Bert Anson, "Variations of the Indian Conflict: The Effect of the Emigrant Indian Removal Policy, 1830-1854," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LIX (Oc­ tober, 1964), 81-82. 386 Missouri Historical Review

east of the Mississippi would have a choice; they could either go to Iowa, or to the new subagency in Kansas.20 The site of the new subagency in Kansas was to be along the Osage (Marais des Cygnes) River. The Prairie and Indiana Pota­ watomis had been interested in the region as early as 1835, and government officials responded to this interest by assigning lands in that region to them. In February 1837, chiefs of the Prairie and Indiana bands met with federal agents in Washington and agreed to accept "a tract of country, on the Osage River southwest of the Missouri River, sufficient in extent, and adapted to their habits and wants."21 The exact location and acreage was unspecified, but the government later followed a suggestion by Indian Agent Isaac McCoy and designated lands south of the Marais des Cygnes River and bordering tracts assigned to the Weas, Piankashaws, Peorias, Kaskaskias and Ottawas. At first, the western boundary

20 Cass to Abel C. Pepper, April 28, 1835, Office of Indian Affairs, Letters Sent, M-21, Roll 16, 3-4; Quiquito to the President of the United States, November 20, 1835, ibid., Letters Rec'd., M-234, Osage River Sub-Agency, Roll 642, 84-85; Cass to H. S. White, April 28, 1836, ibid., Letters Sent, M-21, Roll 18, 348-349. Also see Petition of the Potawatomi Chiefs to the President, undated, ibid., Letters Rec'd., M-234, Osage River Sub-Agency, Roll 642, 100- 104; and Carey A. Harris to B. F. Butler, January 9, 1837, ibid., Letters Sent, M-21, Roll 20, 402-416. Pepper was the agent in charge of the removal of the Wabash Potawatomis from Indiana. White was the chairman of the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs. Harris succeeded Herring as commissioner of Indian affairs in July 1836. Butler was secretary of war, ad interim, in January 1837. 21 Quiquito to the President of the United States, November 20, 1835, ibid., Letters Rec'd., M-234, Osage River Sub-Agency, Roll 642, 84-85. For details of the treaty see Kappler, ed., Indian Treaties, 488-489. Potawatomis in the Platte Country 387 of the new Potawatomi lands was left open, but it later was drawn to include parts of modern Coffey and Osage counties, Kansas. Anthony Davis, who served as assistant agent at Fort Leavenworth, was appointed in charge of the new subagency.22 Although the Prairie and Indiana Potawatomis seemed willing to accept the lands at the Osage River Subagency, the Chicago Potawatomis still refused to leave the Platte Country. As an induce­ ment for their removal to Iowa, in April 1837, the federal govern­ ment established a new subagency near Council Bluffs which was designed to attract them. Dr. Edwin James, formerly a physician in the U. S. Army, was appointed subagent at the new facility. The post, named the Subagency of Council Bluffs, was to be located on the east side of the Missouri River near the mouth of the Big Platte.23 The new subagency in Iowa held little attraction for the Potawatomis. They remained reluctant to leave the Platte Country. The citizens of Missouri remained determined that they should go. When news of the region's annexation reached Missouri, white settlers, anxious to preempt farmland, poured into the new state lands. Once again state militia units threatened to drive the Indians into Iowa or Kansas and both state and federal officials were hard pressed to prevent violence.24 Yet, certain federal actions contributed to the problem. The 1833 Chicago treaty had stipulated that the government would furnish provisions to the emigrating Potawatomis as they traveled to their new homes and for one year after their arrival. The Potawatomis in the Platte Country argued that since they were settled there temporarily, they still were enroute to their permanent home and entitled to provisions. Officials in the Indian Department

22 Harris to McCoy, April 22, 1837, Office of Indian Affairs, Letters Sent, M-21, Roll 21, 308-309; Harris to Davis, April 24, 1837, ibid., 315. Also see McCoy to Harris, June 14, 1837, ibid., Letters Rec'd., M-234, Fort Leavenworth Agency, Roll 301, 114-116; enclosure in Dougherty to Clark, July 31, 1838, ibid., St. Louis Superintendency, Roll 751, 430. 23 Harris to Clark, April 28, 1837, ibid., Letters Sent, M-21, Roll 21, 344-345; Van der Zee, "Early History of Western Iowa," 342-343; Ruth A. Gallagher, "Indian Agents In Iowa, II—Agents at the Winnebago, St. Peter's, Council Bluffs, and Tama Agencies," Iowa Journal of History and Politics. XIV (Oc­ tober, 1916), 572-574. 24 Henry Atkinson to Roger Jones, May 26, 1837, Office of Indian Affairs, Letters Rec'd., M-234, Wisconsin Superintendency, Roll 948, 96-97; Lilburn W. Boggs to Clark, June 22, 1837, ibid., Chicago Agency, Roll 134, 142-143; Davis to Harris, May 13, 1837, ibid., 138-139. Brigadier General Atkinson was com­ mandant at Jefferson Barracks near St. Louis. Boggs was elected governor of Missouri in 1836. 388 Missouri Historical Review

disagreed with the Pota­ watomi position, yet they had continued to furnish the Indians with provi­ sions. On June 30, 1837, in an attempt to force the Potawatomis to leave the Platte Country, these pro­ visions were cut off.25 Such actions were dis­ astrous for the Indians. They had assumed that the government would con­ tinue to subsist them and they had made no pro­ visions to conserve those rations issued to them in the past. Faced with star­ vation, the Potawatomis began to butcher the livestock of white settlers moving into the Platte Country.26 Fearing that bloodshed might occur if the Potawatomis did not leave Missouri, the federal government turned from persuasion to force. During June 1837, the War Department made plans to use military personnel to force the Indians from the Platte Country if they did not leave of their own accord. Secretary of War Joel Pointsett wrote to Major General Alexander Macomb, Command­ ing General of the U. S. Army, instructing him to order Brigadier General Henry Atkinson, at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, to proceed to Fort Leavenworth and to remove the Potawatomis to Iowa.27 Before Atkinson could act, Major General Edmund P. Gaines intervened. Gaines was in command of the Western Department of the U. S. Army and during the summer of 1837 he was visiting

25 Harris to Clark, November 3, 1836, ibid., Letters Sent, M-21, Roll 20, 88; Davis to Clark, June 30. 1837, ibid., Letters Rec'd., M-234, Chicago Agency, Roll 134, 150. 26 James to Clark, June 27, 1837, ibid., 146-148; Edmund P. Gaines to Joel Pointsett, July 12, 1837, ibid., 205-206. Gaines was in command of the Western Department of the U.S. Army. Pointsett was secretary of war. 27 Pointsett to Macomb, June 19, 1837, ibid., Letters Sent, M-21, Roll 21, 504-505; Harris to Clark, June 27, 1837, ibid., Roll 22, 34-35; Macomb to Atkinson, June 20, 1837, ibid., Letters Reed., M-234, Indiana Agency, Roll 360, 790-791. Potawatomis in the Platte Country 389 the western posts on an inspection tour. While at Fort Leaven­ worth, he was informed of the situation in the Platte Country and decided to take matters into his own hands. In early July, he met with the Potawatomis, learned that their provisions had been terminated, and promptly ordered officials at Fort Leaven­ worth to resume furnishing the Indians with rations. In defending his actions, Gaines argued that the provisions were necessary to keep the Potawatomis from either starving or going to war. He justified his efforts by pointing out: While I am honored with the command of the Western Division, I would deem myself fully authorized to do any thing authorized by existing treaties or other laws or regu­ lations, to afford protection to the frontier people of my division. Gaines reported that the Potawatomis were friendly and now will­ ing to move to their new lands, but that they lacked a means of transportation and enough food to make the trip. Therefore, Gaines informed them that the government would furnish both food and transportation. To facilitate their removal, he hired two steamboats, the Howard, and the Kansas, to carry those Potawatomis who could not travel overland, to Council Bluffs. Believing that the problem had been solved, Gaines waited until Atkinson arrived at Fort Leavenworth before continuing on his tour of inspection.28 Gaines's superiors were unhappy over his actions. Secretary of War Pointsett wrote to him criticizing him for taking too much authority and for feeding the Potawatomis. Yet, Pointsett and other officials in Washington were more concerned for another reason. Unknown to both Gaines and Atkinson, during July, the Office of Indian Affairs had decided to settle all of the Potawatomis on the newly established Osage River Subagency. On July 21, 1837, the new Commissioner of Indian Affairs, C. A. Harris, wrote to Atkinson instructing him to urge all the Potawatomis to remove to the new lands in Kansas since budget minded officials in the War Department were afraid that Potawatomi occupation of lands in Iowa might cause trouble with the Sioux and force the

28 Gaines to Harris, July 26, 1837, ibid., Chicago Agency, Roll 134, 208-209; E. A. Hitchcock to Harris, August 2, 1837, ibid., 237-238; Gaines to the Citizens of Missouri, July 20, 1837, in Baltimore [Md.] Niles Register, September 16, 1837. Also see Roger L. Nichols, General Henry Atkinson: A Western Military Career (Norman, Okla., 1965), 202. Lieutenant Hitchcock was a military dis­ bursing agent stationed at Jefferson Barracks. 390 Missouri Historical Review government to station large numbers of troops in the Council Bluffs region to keep the peace.29 Harris's letter arrived too late. Atkinson reached Fort Leaven­ worth on July 15 and immediately followed Gaines's plan for removal. He spent one week collecting the Indians, issuing pro­ visions and organizing the trek to Iowa. Atkinson found that the Potawatomis were anxious to go. They were being overrun by settlers and victimized by white whiskey peddlers. He assembled the Indians on the Missouri River, near the Blacksnake Hills, at the site of modern St. Joseph, Missouri. On July 22, between ninety and one hundred Potawatomis who were too ill to travel over­ land boarded the Kansas, and accompanied by Atkinson and James, they steamed up the river toward Council Bluffs. A few days later the Howard picked up another seventy Potawatomis and followed the Kansas to Iowa.30 The Potawatomis aboard the Kansas arrived at their destina­ tion on July 28, 1837. They were unloaded approximately fifteen miles north of the mouth of the Platte River, on the Iowa shore. On August 8, they were joined by the Potawatomis from the Howard. The other Indians, those traveling overland, did not arrive until August 16. They were escorted north by a body Edmund P. Gaines of troops from Fort Leaven­ Diet, of Amer. Ports. worth. The trip had been rela­ tively uneventful, except for the accidental explosion of a

29 Pointsett to Gaines, July 28, 1837, Office of Indian Affairs, Letters Sent, M-21, Roll 22, 169-170; Point­ sett to Gaines, August 9, 1837, ibid., 218-219. Also see Harris to Tipton, July 17, 1837, ibid., 116; Harris to Louis Sands, September 12, 1837, ibid., 316; Harris to Atkinson, July 21, 1837, ibid., 141-143. Sands was an Indian removal agent responsible for the further removal of Potawa­ tomis from Illinois. 30 James to Clark, June 27, 1837, ibid., Letters Rec'd., M-234, Chicago Agency, Roll 134, 146; Hitchcock to Harris, August 2, 1837, ibid., 237-238; Atkinson to Macomb, July 21, 1837, ibid., 98-99; Atkinson to Macomb, August 6, 1837, ibid., 101-103. Also see Nichols, General Henry Atkinson, 202. Potawatomis in the Platte Country 391 powder keg which wounded two of the Indians. James estimated that 1,455 Potawatomis moved north from Missouri to Council Bluffs.31 The other Potawatomis in the Platte Purchase moved to the Osage River Subagency. In late July, Davis left Fort Leavenworth and moved to the new subagency along the Marais des Cygnes River. During August, those Potawatomis in the Platte Country who did not go to Iowa joined with their fellow tribesmen in Kansas and withdrew to the Marais des Cygnes. By September 1837, all of the Potawatomis who formerly had resided in the Platte Country were gone.32 The Potawatomi occupation of the Platte Country was indica­ tive of the lack of organization that plagued Indian removal during the 1830s. Part of the dilemma was the result of poor communica­ tion upon the western frontier, but federal policy makers, Indian agents, and Indian leaders also contributed to the problem. Federal officials never should have acquired the Platte Country as a relo­ cation region for Indians. Surely, a precursory glance at western geography should have convinced them that the area soon would be overrun by whites and attached to Missouri. The renegotiation of the September 1833 Chicago treaty also was a mistake. Over one hundred and twenty Potawatomis signed the original docu­ ment, but the revised treaty bore the signatures of only seven Indians. Both the Potawatomis and the government realized that these few Indian leaders did not speak for their band, and cer­ tainly not for the entire tribe, yet federal officials were anxious to acquire the lands in Illinois and Wisconsin and ratified the treaty anyway.

31 Entry for July 28, 1837, "Extracts From the Diary of Rev. Moses Merrill, A Missionary to the Otoe Indians From 1832 to 1840," in Transactions and Reports of the State Historical Society, IV, (Lincoln, 1892) , 28. Also see Atkinson to Macomb, July 21, 1837, Office of Indian Affairs, Letters Rec'd., M-234, Chicago Agency, Roll 134, 98-99; James to Clark, July 28, 1837, ibid., 156-157; Atkinson to Macomb, August 6, 1834, ibid., 101-103; James to George McGuire, August 16, 1837, ibid., 161-162; James to Clark, December 14, 1837, ibid., 446-448; James to Clark, August 11, 1837, ibid., Council Bluffs Sub-Agency, Roll 215, 55-57. McGuire was chief clerk at the St. Louis Super­ intendency. 32 Harris to Clark, July 8, 1837, ibid., Letters Sent, M-21, Roll 22, 90-91; McGuire to Harris, July 3l', 1837, ibid.. Letters Rec'd., M-234, Indiana Agency, Roll 361, 46; "Muster Roll of Putawatamie Indians in the Osage River Sub- Agency South West of the Missouri River who were parties to the treaty of 26th September, 1833, concluded at Chicago, March 15, 1838," ibid., Osage River Sub-Agency, Roll 642, 138-142. Also see Louise Barry, comp., "Kansas Before 1854: A Revised Annals, Part Nine, 1836-1837," Kansas Historical Quarterly, XXIX (Spring, 1963) , 71-72; Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, U.S. 26th Cong., 2nd Sess., House Document 3 (1840) , 253-254. 392 Missouri Historical Review

Government officials also erred in allowing the Potawatomis to settle temporarily upon the Platte Country in the fall of 1835. Although this action later was upheld by officials in Washington, it was a tactical mistake. Once ensconced within the region, Cald­ well's party refused to leave and became a magnet for other Potawatomis in the West. The large number of Indians who col­ lected in the Platte Country became unmanageable and Indian agents had trouble in supplying them with provisions. Yet, the sudden termination of rations in the summer of 1837 only aggra­ vated the problem and contributed to the growing antagonism between the Potawatomis and the white Missourians. Finally, the decision to establish two Potawatomi subagencies, Council Bluffs and Osage River, may have facilitated the removal of the Indians from the Platte Country. But the last minute change of policy to remove all Potawatomis to Kansas reflected a con­ tinuing confusion on the part of the government over the Potawa­ tomis' final destination. Ironically, neither the Council Bluffs, nor the Osage River subagencies became the Potawatomis' final home. In 1846, the tribe gave up all claims to both regions and five years later they were consolidated into one reservation in north-central Kansas. From there, part of the tribe was removed to Oklahoma during the 1860s.33

33 Frederick W. Hodge, ed., Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico (New York, 1971), 290; Foreman, Last Trek of the Indians, 120-121.

Missouri's All-Star Team Missouri Magazine, September, 1934. Coach Frank Carideo of The Tigers has aspirations to whip into shape an all-star aggregation of football players at M. U. Strict observance of the ten o'clock bedtime rule is required. No alcoholic beverages, not even 3.2 beer, one date a week and that on Saturday evening. And the entire football squad will attend classes in unconventional corduroys, soft-collared shirts minus neckties and vests.

The Weekly Chaos Club Mexico Intelligencer, April 11, 1889. Louisiana has a Chaos Club. The inference is that the members meet once a week and have a hell of a time. The Mormon Experience in Missouri 1830-1839 Part n

BY R. J. ROBERTSON, JR.15

Even the most cursory examination of the Mormon experience in Missouri reveals wide differences between the Mormon and non-Mormon forms of social organization in the 1830s. An in­ tensive investigation reveals that the two societies were in oppo­ sition, and that some form of conflict between the two was virtually inevitable, especially when considered in the larger context of Jacksonian America. Although earlier histories of the Mormon experience in Mis­ souri have often tried to place that experience in a larger con­ text, unfortunately none of these histories related the Mormon experience in Missouri to the great wave of social disorder and

* R. J. Robertson, Jr., is presently a law student at the University of Mis­ souri-Columbia. He received a B.A. Degree from the same institution in 1973. 393 394 Missouri Historical Review violence that swept through the United States in the 1830s. During this period slaveholders feared the voluminous harranguing of abolitionist propaganda that swept the United States in the early 1830s and nativists bemoaned the existence of a Masonic or Cath­ olic conspiracy that threatened to destroy the American ideals of freedom of thought and individual initiative. The slaveholders and nativists did more than just lament the existence of per­ ceived threats to their ways of life. Although they had a respect for the law, they also believed that an existing society possessed an inherent right to take action to correct potential social problems whenever the judicial system was unable or unwilling to act.1 As a result, a wave of antiabolitionist, anti-Masonic and anti- Catholic violence spread throughout the land. This violence often enjoyed the support of the local elite,2 as well as the majority of the populace in the effected area, since it "was not basically an at­ tack on the social system itself,"3 but an attack on groups perceived to be a threat to the existing social system.4 One scholar has argued convincingly that this violence was the result of what was thought to be an attempt by Masons, Mor­ mons or Catholics to subvert the existing Jacksonian society.5 By carefully analyzing the "counter-subversive" literature of Jack­ sonian America, the stereotypes of Masons, Mormons and Cath­ olics portrayed in those works were the "precise antithesis of American ideals."6 Hence, these minority groups were seen as real threats to Jacksonian society, and they had to be dealt with before they accomplished their supposed goal of subversion. Al­ though the Jacksonians distrusted these minorities, they were also committed to the ideal of freedom of thought.7 As a result of this seeming paradox, the Jacksonians were forced to establish some criterion to distinguish between honest, well-meaning dissent and subversive propaganda. This criterion was the degree of secrecy with which these minority groups carried on their activities, be-

i David Grimstead, "Rioting in Its Jacksonian Setting," American His­ torical Review, LXXVII (April, 1972), 365. 2 Leonard L. Richards, "Gentlemen of Property and Standing"; Anti- Abolitionist Mobs in Jacksonian America (New York, 1971) , passim. 3 Grimstead, "Jacksonian Rioting," 364. 4 An impressive evaluation of the large part that concern for social status played in the nativist movement is John Higham, "Another Look at Nativism," Catholic Historical Review, XLIV (July, 1958) , 147-158. 5 David Brion Davis, "Some Themes of Counter-Subversion: An Analysis of Anti-Masonic, Anti-Catholic, and Anti-Mormon Literature," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, XLVII (September, 1960) , 205-244. Qlbid., 208. 7 Ibid., 211. The Mormon Experience in Missouri, 1830-1839 395 cause "in a virtuous republic, why should anyone fear publicity or desire to conceal activities, unless these activities were somehow con­ trary to the public interest."8 As a result, the greater the amount of secrecy which shrouded the ac­ tivities of a minority, the greater was its perceived threat to Jack­ sonian society. Thus, the social disorder and violence, arising from the believed existence of conspira­ torial groups dedicated to under­ mining the American social struc­ Joseph Smith ture, is the background against which the differing Mormon and non-Mormon forms of social organization and the anti-Mormon violence in Missouri must be examined. Early Mormon society was characterized by a very hierarchical structure. In its earliest days Joseph Smith virtually monopolized decision-making in Mormon society. He was, after all, the Prophet of God and his decisions were looked upon by his followers as divinely sanctioned. Smith successfully met every challenge to his authority7 or to the unity of the Mormon church through the use of shrewd political and psychological maneuvers. These actions were usually accompanied by a convenient revelation from God sanctioning his decision. Examples of this phenomenon are Smith's handling of the Sidney Rigdon-Oliver Cowderey dispute over the importance of a Missouri branch of the church9 and the apostasy of Ezra Booth in 1831.10 In this way, Smith kept the church uni­ fied and insured that control of the church remained firmly in his hands. Early Mormon society was also highly controlled, in the sense that any deviation from the standard norms of behavior was

8 Ibid. 9 See R. J. Robertson, Jr., "The Mormon Experience in Missouri, 1830- 1839," Part I, MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LXVIII (April, 1974), 283. The accompanying revelation is in Doctrine and Covenants, of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Salt Lake City, 1951) , section LX, verse 17. Here­ after cited as Doctrine and Covenants. 10 Joseph Smith, History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Salt Lake City, 1948) , I, 215-217. The accompanying revelation is given in Doctrine and Covenants, section LXIV, verses 5-16. 396 Missouri Historical Review

met with contempt by the leaders of the church. Nonconforming members were often harassed until they left the church. The Mor­ mon church also made many demands of its members. Almost every male member was given some title in the church hierarchy.11 As a result, each was expected to conform to the accepted church standard of behavior and to perform the tasks delegated to him by the leaders of the church. It is not surprising that a society like this one should have as its central goal, collective welfare, and not the prosperity of in­ dividual members. As a result, as one student of Mormon group life reported: group consciousness and group morality developed. The individual shifted his personal responsibility upon the group to which he belonged. He lost sight of his personal ideals and sacrificed himself entirely to the group.12 This tendency contributed to a great deal of group cohesiveness and integration which characterized early Mormon society. The collapse of the Kirtland branch in 1837 and the rumors of financial dishonesty by Smith and Rigdon strained this bond and resulted in a growing, but still small, number of dissenters. Born in the great age of Utopian social planning, the Mormon church developed a unique economic system, called the United Order of Enoch,13 that reflected, in many ways, the socio-economic experimentation of the time. Its basic goal was to redistribute property to insure a degree of relative economic equality among the members of the church. New members of the church "con­ secrated" their property to the church. In return, they were given an "inheritance," or the amount of property and goods deemed necessary to provide their family's livelihood. Any surplus received by the church in this transaction went into the "Bishop's Store­ house" to provide inheritances for impoverished new converts, or for distribution to the rest of the community, according to the needs of each family.14 Partially as a result of this economic sys-

11 There are two levels of priesthood in the Mormon church, the Mel- chesidek, or spiritual priesthood, consisting of apostles, patriarchs, high priests, seventies and elders; and the Aaronic, or temporal priesthood, consisting of bishops, priests, deacons and teachers. Most Mormons belong to the Aaronic priesthood. 12 Ephraim Edward Ericksen, The Psychological and Ethical Aspects of Mormon Group Life (Chicago, 1922) , 20. 13 The most exhaustive study of this economic system is Joseph A. Geddes. The United Order Among the Mormons: Missouri Phase (New York, 1922) . 14 This system was altered, and its name changed, after the expulsion from Jackson County. However, it was later revived, and became a matter The Mormon Experience in Missouri, 1830-1839 397

Mormon Baptism

tern, the Mormon church constantly faced an influx of impoverished new converts, which threatened the economic stability of the Mormon community, and also troubled the non-Mormon settlers.15 Since the Mormon economy was a self-contained entity, it had very little direct contact with the neighboring economy. Due to the high level of group cohesiveness and a "law" of the church,16 Mormons tended to do business predominantly with other Mor­ mons, except for land sales. Therefore, the Mormon economic system, although not communistic,17 did emphasize intragroup cooperation and self-sufficiency. The Mormons tended to draw their converts from the north­ eastern and Upper Ohio Valley areas of the United States. This characteristic contributed somewhat to the idealogical makeup of the church, in that attitudes prominent in those areas of the country were still held by many Mormons residing in Missouri. The most important of these attitudes was the belief that slavery was undesirable. Although Mormons were not slaveholders, neither were they abolitionists. The church leadership was anxious to

of some disagreement between Smith and the dissenters in and around Far West in 1838. 15 See "Anti-Mormon Circular Issued July 18, 1833, at Independence," in Kirtland, Ohio, The Evening and the Morning Star, December, 1833; and History of Jackson County, Missouri (Kansas City, 1881), 254-255. 16 That law is: ". . . let all thy garments be plain, and their beauty the beauty of the work of thine own hands, . . . contract no debts with the world." See Independence, Missouri, The Livening and the Morning Star, July, 1832. iTGeddes, United Order, 32. 398 Missouri Historical Review

"shun every appearance of evil"18 with regard to slavery. As a result, the leaders attempted to avoid the issue of slavery when­ ever possible. They were not always successful, however, in this attempt. Another attitude widely held among the Mormons emanated from their religious doctrine. They believed that the Indians who lived on the western border of Missouri were descendants of one of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel, and were among the chosen people of God. Consequently the Mormons sent missionaries to the Indians to try to convert them, and urged other white men to treat them with kindness and respect. In Jackson County, Missouri, during the early 1830s, the social organization of the non-Mormon population differed significantly from that of the Mormons. For one thing, the frontier society em­ phasized the ideal of individualism. Although such highly visible cooperative activities as cabin-raisings were relatively common, a person was expected to make his own way. Cleverness and initiative were considered the determining factors in the indi­ vidual's success or failure. Since Jackson County was a young community "at the very extremity of civilization,"19 it had not yet developed a significant institutional structure. As a result, a person's primary identity was as an individual, not as a member of a group, except, of course, for the slaves. As this individualism suggests, the economy of the Missouri frontier emphasized competition. As in all frontier areas, fortunes could be made or lost very rapidly. Hazards included a bad harvest, an Indian raid on a trader's mule train bound for Santa Fe, or a breakdown in the primitive transportation system that linked the frontier with the eastern part of the United States. In addition, the sporadic economic fluctuations of the 1830s put addi­ tional pressure on the frontier entrepreneur.20 Thus, frontier busi­ nessmen were constantly seeking to insure some degree of stability for their local markets, and at the same time to expand their efforts into new areas of economic endeavor. Since this latter effort required some capital, and since banking facilities were nonexistent

18 "Elders Stationed in Zion to the Churches Abroad in Love Greeting," Independence, Evening and the Morning Star, July, 1833. 19 Columbia Missouri Intelligencer, November 16, 1833. 20 For a systematic discussion of the role of businessmen in frontier society, see Lewis E. Atherton, The Frontier Merchant in Mid-America (Columbia, Mo., 1971) . The Mormon Experience in Missouri, 1830-1839 399 and currency chronically short,21 frontier businessmen had to rely on connections in the East to pursue these projects. One of the projects for economic expansion was westward trade into the Indian Territory (present-day Kansas). The Indians residing there were viewed as obstacles to peaceful trade expan­ sion, and, hence, the Mormons' friendly attitude toward the In­ dians was viewed with suspicion and distrust by the businessmen of Jackson County. The presence of numerous other religious sects in and around the county, each of which wanted to spread its own form of religion to the Indians, compounded the problem. The Mormon doctrine, emphasizing friendship and respect for the Indians, no doubt was more appealing to the Indians than other religious doctrines. The more orthodox Christian sects resented Mormon intrusion into their territory, and were envious of Mormon successes with the Indians.22 Another attitude toward the Indians was that of racism which plagued the westward expansion of white America throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Most settlers had no use for the Indians and could not comprehend how the Mormons saw them as brothers. Jackson County was also a slaveholding county. In 1830 there were 186 slaves out of a total population of 2,822.23 Six years later

21 Jonas Viles, "Old Franklin: A Frontier Town of the Twenties," Missis­ sippi Valley Historical Review, IX (March 1923), 275. 22 Parley Parker Pratt, The Autobiography of Parley Parker Pratt (Salt Lake City, 1970), 91. v 23 U.S. Census, Fifth Report, 1830, "Jackson County, Missouri," 316 400 Missouri Historical Review the number had increased to 620 out of 4,522.24 Slaves were used as domestics as well as agricultural laborers, but not on the im­ mense scale of the southern plantations. Even though the slave population was not vast, the non-Mormon county residents were victims of the paranoid fear of a slave uprising that seems to have been present in almost all slaveholding areas. The early non-Mor­ mons, many from Kentucky, Virginia, Tennessee and North Caro­ lina, viewed any potential threat to the institution of slavery with great trepidation.25 In 1833, Independence, the Jackson County seat had been in existence for only six years. It was a very mobile community, com­ prised largely of transients preparing to leave or returning from a trip on the Santa Fe trail.26 As a result, the niceties of legal pro­ ceedings often were lost in this frontier community, and disputes were usually settled with a gun instead of a gavel. Sometimes fugitives from the law inhabited these frontier communities and further enhanced the proclivity for violence.27 In general, the eastern and central parts of the state viewed the inhabitants of the western frontier as "turbulent and lawless,"28 an opinion not totally unjustified. In short, a frontier community like Independ­ ence was more likely to react forcefully to any perceived threat to its existence, than would a more stable, well-established community. Since this settlement was new and devoid of any well-estab­ lished institutional relationships, it followed the general frontier pattern of being politically and socially dominated by two groups of people—merchants and lawyers. Generally speaking, lawyers tended to set the social tone of the community, whereas the pros­ perous merchants occupied positions of community leadership and dominated local political offices.29 Due in part to their permanent nature, the merchants and lawyers were elevated to elite positions of political influence and social prestige. As mentioned before, the early Mormon and non-Mormon forms of social organization were vastly different. In fact, the Mormon social organization might be called a "contraculture,"

24 Jefferson City Jeffersonian Republican, December 17, 1836. 25 Lyle Wesley Dorsett, "Slaveholding in Jackson County, Missouri," Mis­ souri Historical Society Bulletin, XX (October, 1963) , 25. 26 Cornelius Utz, ''Life in Missouri, 1800-1840, As Pictured in Travellers' Accounts, Letters, and Journals" (unpublished Master's thesis, Universitv of Missouri, Columbia, 1933) , 120. 27 ibid., 124. 28 Columbia Missouri Intelligencer, November 16, 1833. 29 Viles, "Old Franklin," 277; Atherton, Pioneer Merchant, 163. The Mormon Experience in Missouri, 1830-1839 401

Jackson County Courthouse, Independence, 1836 i.e., a group that contains, as a primary element of its normative system, a theme of conflict with the values of the larger society.30 Early Mormon society, with its emphasis on group welfare and cohesion, was the antithesis of the frontier ideal of individualism. Their economic systems differed, and they held different attitudes about the issues of slavery and policy toward the Indians. The two societies agreed on almost nothing. Having no common in­ terests, there was no basis for any sort of "peaceful coexistence." Indeed, when reconstructing the situation in Jackson County, the most surprising thing is not that violence broke out between the Mormons and non-Mormons, but that they were able to live to­ gether peacefully for any length of time at all. The period of peace can best be explained by the fact that the Mormon community was quite small at first, and the non-Mormon population looked upon the Mormons "as a set of harmless fanatics."31 When wave after wave of new converts streamed in from the East, however, the non-Mormons of the county realized that if the influx of Mormons continued they would soon become the dominant group. As the Mormon community grew, the inevitable skirmishes with the non-Mormons became more frequent. Mormons were accused of "tampering" with the slaves, but that problem was

30 For a more complete discussion of the concept of contraculture, see J. Milton Yinger, "Contraculture and Subculture," American Sociological Re­ view, XXV (October, 1960) , 625-635. 31 Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed., Early Western Travels, 1748-1846 (Cleveland, Ohio, 1905) , XX, 94. 402 Missouri Historical Review solved, for the time being, when Mormon leaders promised that it would not happen again. The underlying societal incompatibility, however, emerged repeatedly. Because many new Mormon con­ verts were poor, the frontiersmen viewed them, according to their ethics of individualism, as being lazy, shiftless and probably crimi­ nally inclined. Any small theft or unexplained crime was blamed on the Mormons.32 When no evidence could be found implicating them the old settlers assumed that the clannish, secretive Mormons were merely protecting their own by suppressing any incriminat­ ing evidence. In spite of these difficulties, resistance to the Mormons was unorganized, sporadic and ineffective at first. There was no specific focal point which the non-Mormon settlers of Jackson County could identify as being a concrete threat to their society. All they knew was that the Mormons were poor, owned no slaves, behaved oddly, were very clannish and growing rapidly in numbers. The July issue of The Evening and the Morning Star crystal­ lized this sporadic opposition to the Mormons into an organized movement. The people who emerged as leaders of the anti-Mormon struggle proved to be the community's elite. A study of the twenty- two people most often mentioned as actively leading the anti- Mormon faction,33 confirms their elitist status. This group in­ cluded: Russell Hicks, the first lawyer in Independence, a former county treasurer (1827), a deputy clerk of the county court and a partner in the Rocky Mountain Fur Company; Robert Johnson, a member of the Missouri House of Representatives in 1830; Henry Chiles, a prominent attorney; Joel F. Chiles, a future mem­ ber of the Missouri House of Representatives (1838); James H. Flournoy, a doctor and postmaster of Independence; S. D. Lucas, a future clerk of both the circuit and county courts (1842), a future land commissioner (1847), and a future clerk and recorder of deeds (1852), who was at this time a prosperous merchant and a general in the state militia; William Brown, the constable of Jackson County; S. D. Sears, a judge of the county court; Colonel Richard Fristoe, a judge of the county court in 1827 and again in 1844, and a future member of the Missouri House of Representa­ tives (1834); Samuel C. Owens, a former county treasurer (1827),

32 ibid., 119. 33 These are the men who were specifically mentioned as having taken a significant part in the anti-Mormon agitation in Jackson County in at least four histories or newspaper accounts of the period. The Mormon Experience in Missouri, 1830-1839 403 the clerk of the county court, a general in the state militia, a partner in the Rocky Mountain Fur Company, and the principal wholesale dealer connected with the Santa Fe trade in Inde­ pendence; Thomas Pitcher, deputy constable of Jackson County, a colonel in the state militia, and a future sheriff of Jackson County (1844); John Smith, a justice of the peace and a future judge of the county court (1838); Samuel Weston, a former deputy clerk of the county court (1828) and justice of the peace in Independ­ ence; Hugh L. Brazeale, an attorney; Isaac McCoy, a minister; and Lilburn W. Boggs, former member of the Missouri House of Representatives (1826), former county clerk (1827), former state senator (1828), lieutenant governor of Missouri (1832-1836), and future governor of Missouri (1836-1840). The other six men were James Hambright, Richard Simpson, Thomas Linville, Thomas Hudspeth, Richard McCarty, and James M. Hunter, whose occupa­ tions could not be positively determined. As this list indicates, the men who are credited with taking a significant leadership role in the anti-Mormon agitation and violence clearly formed the elite group in Jackson County. The July issue of the Star made this elite group suddenly aware that if the Mormons ever became dominant the institution of slavery might be placed in jeopardy. This was a threat to their dominance in Jackson County, since many of them owned slaves,34 and slaves were a source of prestige. They called a public meeting on July 20 to determine what action should be taken with regard to the Mormons. Although the minutes of this meeting are not extant, one can imagine what must have occured. The elite group faced an agoniz­ ing problem. The Mormons had committed no crimes, so the judicial process could not be used against them. Mass violence and widespread destruction of property would be much too dis­ orderly, and might actually threaten their own position. A violent mob might not stop with the Mormons, but also deal forcefully with its own local social and economic grievances. In addition, widespread violence might discourage eastern businessmen from investing critically needed capital in Jackson County enterprises.

34 in the 1830 United States census, twelve members of this group were identified. Of these twelve, seven (Flournoy, Owens, Lucas, Smith, Hudspeth, Hambright and Fristoe) owned a total of thirty slaves. In the 1840 United States census, twelve members of this group were identified, and ten (Hudspeth, Weston, Owens, Simpson, J. F. Chiles, McCoy, Lucas, Fristoe, Pitcher and Hicks) owned a total of fifty-two slaves. 404 Missouri Historical Review

Eventually, the meeting adopted a set of resolutions, which sug­ gested that the Mormons leave the county, and contained a thinly veiled threat of violence if they refused to comply. The pattern of gradually escalating anti-Mormon violence in Jackson County emanated from the elite group's dedication to the preservation of the social order. To maintain order, however, they felt no compunction to resort to disorder. The initial outburst of anti-Mormon violence wTas directed at symbols of Mormon in­ fluence and power, the office of the Star and the Gilbert, Whitney and Company general store. This was probably an effort to persuade the Mormons to leave by using a minimum level of violence. When this effort failed to produce the desired result, the violence escalated to the tarring and feathering of Charles Allen and Edward Partridge. An offer from two or three Mormon leaders to give up their lives in return for allowing the rest of the Mormons to remain in Jackson County was categorically turned down. The leaders of the anti-Mormon group replied that "the Mormons must leave the county en masse, or every man will be put to death."35 The Mormons agreed to leave. Since this initial, socially purposive violence seemed to have achieved its desired result, a period of relative peace ensued. Several weeks later, the Mormons announced their intention to remain in the county and defend their lives and property. This reversal forced another difficult decision upon the elite group.

35 The Petition of the Latter-Day Saints, Commonly Known as Mor­ mons .... U.S. 26th Cong., 2nd Sess., House Doc. 22 (1840), 2-3.

Tarred and Feathered The Mormon Experience in Missouri, 1830-1839 405

Encampment of Mormons on the Missouri River

Characteristically, they held another public meeting to decide what course of action to pursue, and to lend an aura of orderliness and legality to the proceedings. They decided to use as much force as necessary to expel the Mormons. A period of widespread destruction of Mormon property followed. After the skirmish at Christian Whitmer's farm, violence became directed against per­ sons as well. Indicative of the elite mind, this last phase of anti- Morrnon violence was enacted under the guise of calling out the county militia, in order to make the expulsion seem more legal and orderly. This increased hostility finally convinced the Mor­ mons that they could not remain in the county, and after they fled to nearby counties, the fighting ceased. This escalating pat­ tern of violence can only be explained as the result of its socially purposive and elite-led nature. However, one point must be reemphasized. The question of slavery, although it provided the immediate provocation for the anti-Mormon sentiment, was only one of the many underlying causes for hostility and social incompatibility in 1833. Had the issue of slavery not triggered the explosion in July, it would simply have been a matter of time until the underlying social incom­ patibility would have surfaced, and fighting broken out. After their expulsion from Jackson County, the majority of the Mormons settled in Clay County. In this county, due north 406 Missouri Historical Review

of Jackson County, the Mormons were, by all accounts, received with kindness and treated with respect by the non-Mormon inhab­ itants.36 In fact, many of the homeless and powerless Mormons ob­ tained employment from the non-Mormon citizens of Clay County, which helped the Mormons survive the bitter winter of 1833-1834. Why was there such vast difference between the treatment of the Mormons in two otherwise similar communities, separated only by the Missouri River? Two reasons explain this seeming paradox. First was the decidely pro-Mormon reaction to the violence in Jackson County that was widespread in Missouri immediately following the expulsion. Although some Missourians viewed the Mormons as "a set of deluded fanatics"37 led by a group of "gross impostors"38 with "absurd and fanatical modes of worship,"39 the anti-Mormon violence was condemned by the Columbia Missouri Intelligencer as "the greatest outrage of the kind committed since the foundation of our government."40 The Jefferson City Jeffer- sonian Republican further remarked that Mormon persecutors should be "expiated on the gallows."41 Not even a thinly disguised apologia for the anti-Mormon violence by Lieutenant Governor Lilburn W. Boggs42 could alter the general conclusion that anti- Mormon cruelty in Jackson County was a violation "of one of the noblest principles engrafted in our constitution,"43 i.e., religious freedom. With regard to the non-Mormon citizens of Jackson County who participated in the anti-Mormon disturbances, a Pike County newspaper editorialized: "it is doubtful whether in this contest they have the sympathies or even the respect of a large portion of the state."44 The residents of Clay County probably shared, in part at least, this view, which accounts for their humane treatment of the Mormons. The second reason for the kind treatment is that the Mormons in Clay County were, for several months, a very disorganized community. They made no attempt to establish a permanent set­ tlement, since they fully expected to be restored to their lands in

36 Pratt, Autobiography, 103; Smith, History of the Church, I, 438. 37 Columbia Missouri Intelligencer. November 30, 1833. 38 Editorial from the Painesville [Ohio] Gazette, reprinted in ibid., Sep­ tember 17, 1833. 39 St. Louis Free Press, August 15, 1833. 40 Columbia Missouri Intelligencer, February 1, 1834. 41 Jefferson City Jeffersonian Republican, November 30, 1833. 42 Columbia Missouri Intelligencer, December 14, 1833. 43 ibid., November 30, 1833. 44 Editorial from the Bowling Green Salt River Journal, reprinted in ibid July 21, 1834. The Mormon Experience in Missouri, 1830-1839 407

Jackson County.45 Therefore, the resi­ dents of Clay County were not initially faced with an organized, permanent settlement which might have con­ stituted a perceived threat to the non- Mormon community. The Mormons were destined to be disappointed in their hopes for restora­ tion of their Jackson County lands. Although Governor Daniel Dunklin had promised executive support to the Mormons if judicial proceedings failed, he did not carry out this pledge. There are several conceivable reasons for this failure to act. One is that the state government was dominated by people from the Daniel Dunklin eastern and central portions, who viewed Jackson County as a semi- civilized area.46 Thus, the members of the state government be­ lieved that if force had to be used to restore the Mormons to their lands in Jackson County, the likelihood of physical resistance by the non-Mormon settlers would create even more chaos. A second possible reason for Dunklin's failure to act is that, during the summer of 1834, a compromise solution appeared to be in the offing. A group of Mormon leaders were negotiating with a group of Jackson County citizens about the possibilities of one group buying out the holdings of the other. Any forceful action by Dunklin at this time could have wrecked any chances for a negotiated settlement. A final possible reason for Dunklin's conduct is the tradition of "localism" and "self-reliance" which pervaded American society during the Jacksonian era. It was widely believed that a given locality should be allowed to solve its own problems, if at all possible. This attitude is reflected in the concept of federalism, which dictated that riot control was largely a local problem, to be coped with by local officials.47 With all these considerations in mind, Dunklin's refusal to forcefully restore the Mormons to their lands in Jackson County 45 This opinion was voiced in several letters printed in ibid., June 7, 1834. 46 See page 400. 47 Grimstead, "Jacksonian Rioting," 395. 408 Missouri Historical Review becomes understandable in terms of the political realities of the times. The Mormons, however, saw this as a betrayal of their legal rights and lost faith in the state .48 This distrust had a profound influence on Mormon actions during the violence in the northern counties in 1838. Once the Mormons became convinced that they would be unable to return to their old lands they began to establish a permanent settlement in Clay County, which grew steadily. On June 29, 1836, however, the residents of Clay County held a public meeting in Liberty, and expressed their displeasure that Mormons were apparently planning to make their homes in the county, and "requested" that the Mormons leave before the peace and harmony of that area was broken by an outbreak of violence.40 Once again, the issues of slavery and Indian policy, combined with the widespread poverty among the Mormons and their repeated assertions that the Lord had promised them the land in and around Zion, proved to be too much for the non-Mormons to accept. The Mormons responded by holding their own public meeting on July l,50 at which they agreed to leave and accepted the Clay Countians' offer to help them resettle in another part of the state. The following day the non-Mormons held a second public meeting, and delegated a committee to raise money for the impoverished Mormons51 as well as assist them to find a place to live, where they would be "in a measure, the only occupants; and where none will be anxious to molest them."52 The northern part of Ray County offered the most promise for this relocation. On November 29, 1836, Alexander Doniphan, whose mediating efforts had probably kept peace in Clay County, proposed that two new counties, Daviess and Caldwell, be created out of the northern part of Ray County. It was tacitly understood that Caldwell County was to be settled only by the Mormons and that they would restrict themselves to that county. The bill was passed by the Missouri House of Representatives on December 23 and the Senate on December 27. Shortly thereafter, the Mor­ mons moved en masse to Caldwell County, where they estab­ lished the county seat at Far West.

48 Kirtland The Evening and the Morning Star, August, 1834. 49 The minutes of this meeting are reprinted in Smith, History of the Church, II, 448-452. 50 ibid., 452-454. 51 Ibid., 454. M Ibid., 455. The Mormon Experience in Missouri, 1830-1839 409

During the ensuing eighteen months, Far West prospered. Crops were good and money plen­ tiful for the Mormon settlers.58 After the collapse of the Kirt­ land church in 1837, thousands of Mormons poured into Far West and it became the headquarters of the Mormon church. Mormon settlements were also founded in Daviess and Carroll counties. In contrast to the large, cen­ tralized and expanding Mormon population in Caldwell County, Alexander W. Doniphan the non-Mormon settlements in adjoining Daviess County were very small and scattered, with relatively stable populations. Caldwell County's Far West, for example, contained hundreds of buildings and had a population of several thousand, while Gallatin, the county seat of Daviess County, contained only a few people and a handful of buildings. The rest of the population of the county dwelled in isolated farms. Despite the stable population, political, social and economic sys­ tems were fluid and ill-defined. There were no clearly designated "leaders" of society. Because of the newness and small size of the non-Mormon population in this area, the non-Mormon settlers were fearful of any outside threat which might jeopardize their existence. With these fundamental demographic characteristics in mind, it is understandable that non-Mormon settlers in the northern counties were unnerved during the summer of 1838. Just a few miles to the south existed a large, clannish Mormon community that had twice been expelled from previous settlements. The underlying societal differences that had led to those previous ex­ pulsions remained, and were compounded by the huge imbalance in population. Non-Mormon insecurity in the northern counties was further compounded by the growing number of Mormon dissenters, driven

53 Edward Partridge to James H. Partridge, October 12, 1837, Partridge Letter File, and Jamon Aldrich to Daniel Aldrich, October 10, 1838, Jamon Aldrich Letter File, both in Western Historical Manuscripts Collection, Uni- versitv of Missouri-Columbia. 410 Missouri Historical Review

Fight at Gallatin Between Mormons and Non-Mormons from Caldwell County in the spring and summer of 1838. These bitter outcasts spread exaggerated accounts of Mormon tyranny and aggressive plans.54 Since Mormon society was so self-contained and secretive, dissenters were the only source of information to the non-Mormons, and they were, no doubt, readily believed. Another factor compounding this non-Mormon insecurity was the new Mormon attitude of self-confidence and self-reliance. Buoyed by the peace and prosperity of recent months, the Mor­ mons found themselves firmly in control of their own destiny for the first time. Moreover, they had accomplished all this with no help from anyone. Sidney Rigdon's Fourth of July speech exempli­ fied this attitude of self-confidence and self-reliance. To an already insecure and suspicious non-Mormon population, however, Rigdon's speech signaled Mormon belligerence. This non-Mormon suspicion, combined with a liberal dose of alcohol, precipitated the brawl at the Gallatin election on August 6. Over-reacting to this scuffle (which was far from unusual at frontier elections), the Mormons had little respect for the legal process since it had failed to previously support them. Instead, bouyed by the new aura of self-confidence and self-reliance, Joseph Smith led a band of 150 men north into Gallatin on August 8 and compelled Adam Black to sign a document guaranteeing protection

54 See Letters from Oliver Cowderey and David Whitmer in Smith, History of the Church, III, 17-19, and an affadavit by John N. Sapp in Document Con­ taining the Correspondence, Orders, &c. in Relation to the Disturbances with the Mormons; and the Evidence. . . . (Fayette, Mo., 1841), 17. Hereafter cited as Correspondence, Orders. The Mormon Experience in Missouri, 1830-1839 411 of Mormon civil rights in Daviess County. The Mormons thought they were merely protecting their own from "an overwhelming band of desperadoes."55 The non-Mormons saw this as "steps of treason,"56 and appealed to the rest of the state to aid them before "our country is ruined."57 Sporadic raids by both Mormons and non- Mormons on each other's property followed. Governor Boggs re­ sponded to this violence by ordering out a portion of the state militia to keep the combatants apart. The situation seemed to improve,58 but the undercurrent of fear and distrust was still present. Then, on October 18, the Mormon leadership in Caldwell County blundered. Apparently in retaliation for non-Mormon raids into Caldwell County, an armed Mormon force rode into Gallatin and Millport and sacked and burned the villages.59 To the citizens of Missouri, this act symbolized an armed insurrection. Rumors of Mormon atrocities spread throughout the state.60 Combined with the Jacksonian proclivity to see conspiracies wherever a secretive minority group existed, the rumors convinced most Mis­ sourians that the Mormons were preparing to overthrow the gov­ ernment and were guilty of treason. Even General , one of the staunchest supporters of the Mormons through­ out their settlement in Missouri, agreed that they had "set the laws of the country at defiance, 61 and are in open rebellion." Lnburn w Boggs Governor Boggs responded to this mood of fear and social

55 Smith, History of the Church, III, 59. 56 St. Louis Missouri Argus, September 6, 1838. 57 ibid. 58 For optimistic accounts of peaceful settlements to the difficulties in the north­ ern counties, see Jackson Southern Advo­ cate, October 20, 1838, and St. Louis Mis­ souri Argus, September 27, 1838. 59 The official Mormon explanation is that a band of non-Mormons burned these villages to incriminate the Mor­ mons, but there is no evidence of this. 60 Many of these rumors may be found in a series of letters to the editor of the St. Louis Missouri Argus, November 1, 2, 8, 1838. 61 David Rice Atchison and S. D. Lucas to Governor Lilburn Boggs, October 28, > .\ — 1838, in Correspondence, Orders, 76. 412 Missouri Historical Review panic by ordering out a large part of the state militia and promul­ gating the "Extermination Order." This order has been used for too long by Mormon apologists to prove the ferocity of the hatred towards the Mormons, and the lengths to which the state would go to expel them. When one considers the context in which this order was issued, however, it becomes understandable, even if inexcusable. Boggs's commanders in the field told him that the Mormons were in open rebellion and rumors of Mormon outrages were appearing daily in Missouri newspapers. In a rash and thoughtless attempt to keep control of the situation, he issued the order. Fortunately, cooler heads prevailed in the field and the Mormons were not massacred. In a few days, the militia had surrounded Far West and the Mormons capitulated on November 1. A brief period followed in which the militia looted Mormon property. However, the extent of this violence has been exaggerated in earlier histories. Although Missouri newspapers gave extensive coverage to anti-Mormon vio­ lence in 1833 and before the fall of Far West in 1838, there is no mention of excessive anti-Mormon violence following the fall of Far West in 1838 in these newspaper accounts. Immediately after the fall of Far West public opinion was decidely anti-Mormon. It was widely believed that the Mormons, and especially their leaders, should not go "unwhipt of justice."62 As a result, several Mormon leaders were arrested and held for trial, and the rest of the Mormon community in Missouri was ordered to leave the state. As time passed, however, the climate of opinion changed and, by the time of Joseph Smith's escape in April 1839, a newspaper writer could refer to him and his compatriots as a "precious set of scamps."68 Another newspaper merely reported the escape in a one-sentence article, without comment, safely tucked away in the same section of the paper as advertisements for horse liniments and the newest wonder drugs.04 Although the complicity of Sheriff William Morgan and his deputies in this escape was known, no calls for proceedings against the officers appeared in Missouri news­ papers. Two factors account for this change in public opinion after

62 St. Louis Missouri Argus, November 8, 1838. wibid., May 3, 1839. 64 Boonville Western Emigrant, May 2, 1839. The Mormon Experience in Missouri, 1830-1839 413 the fall of Far West. The first was boredom. The long, drawn-out judicial proceedings against the Mormon prisoners soon lost the interest of Missourians. In short, the Mormons were yesterday's news. The second factor was that the Mormons, all of whom had left the state, by April, no longer presented a perceived threat to any non-Mormon community in Missouri. As a result, no one was especially upset when the last of the Mormon prisoners escaped from Missouri in July 1839. In this atmosphere of apathy and boredom, the most disturbing periods in the history of Missouri ended. In viewing the Mormon experience in Missouri in the turbulent 1830s, one important fact emerges. Whenever an organized Mormon community existed in close proximity to a non-Mormon com­ munity, the vast differences in social organization between the two communities generated a great deal of social tension, and, all too often, violence as well. In Jackson County in 1833 this social tension took the form of the non-Mormon elite group's fear of losing its position of political dominance and social prestige to a rapidly growing Mor­ mon community. This group, mobilized by the apparent attack on slavery in the July issue of The Evening and the Morning Star, organized opposition to the Mormons in a series of public meet­ ings. Since widespread violence and disorder could have been injurious to their own position, they apparently decided to employ the minimum level of force necessary to achieve their purpose, i.e., expulsion of the Mormons from the county. This interpretation of the violence in Jackson County as being elite-led and socially purposive accounts for the escalating course of anti-Mormon con­ flict, the series of public meetings, and the calling out of the Jackson County militia, in a way earlier interpretations cannot. In Clay County the dispossessed Mormons at first were re­ ceived with kindness and humanity. However, once the Mormons began to organize in preparation for establishing a permanent community, the non-Mormons in that county asked them to leave, citing basically the same reasons for their discontent as did the non-Mormons in Jackson County three years earlier. The Mormons agreed to the non-Mormon demands, and violence was avoided. In the northern counties in 1838 this social tension took the form of a non-Mormon panic engendered by a perceived pattern of Mormon aggression in Daviess County. Due to the secretive 414 Missouri Historical Review

Frontier Meetings At Times Led To Violence

nature of the Mormon community, non-Mormons were very sus­ ceptible to rumors of Mormon tyranny and aggression which were promulgated by Mormon dissenters. The problem was com­ pounded by the new Mormon attitude of self-confidence and self- reliance, which could easily be interpreted by suspicious non- Mormons as belligerence and disregard for the law. This social tension led to widespread, but sporadic, violence in Daviess and Caldwell counties. The non-Mormons in Daviess County, aware of their powerlessness in comparison to the huge Mormon popula­ tion, appealed to their fellow citizens for aid. The rest of the state, horrified at the destruction of Gallatin and Millport, which to them symbolized the beginning of an armed Mormon insurrec­ tion, responded by surrounding and capturing Far West. Convinced that the Mormons were incapable of living in peace with non- Mormons, they saw to it that the Mormons were expelled from the state. The three periods of relative peace for the Mormons in Mis­ souri occurred when their community was either small (Jackson The Mormon Experience in Missouri, 1830-1839 415

County, 1831-1832), disorganized (Clay County, 1833-1835), or isolated (Caldwell County, 1837-1838). In these circumstances, social tension was kept at a minimum, and conflict was avoided. The course of Mormon history after their expulsion from Missouri adds credibility to this interpretation of social tension as the basis for the anti-Mormon violence in Missouri. The Mormons resettled in and around Nauvoo, Illinois, where they prospered for a few years. However, the growing political and economic power of the Mormons, combined with the explosive issue of polygamy, eventually led to non-Mormon fear and tension. The results were the destruction of Nauvoo, the murders of Joseph and Hiram Smith, and the great Mormon trek westward to Utah. In that lonely and desolate place, the Mormons were finally able to establish their own unique social organization, unmolested by suspicious non-Mormon neighbors. This interpretation of the anti-Mormon violence in Missouri must call into question earlier historians' attempts to blame one side or another. In reality, it was the social characteristics of both sides that determined that tension would surface, and it was the failure of either side to compromise that determined that violence would result. Both sides committed atrocities, and both sides at­ tempted to whitewash their own role in the conflict. In that sense, both sides were "guilty." But in a more fundamental sense, each group's only "guilt" lay in their being different from the other.

Exodus from Nauvoo 416 Missouri Historical Review

| SOCIETY TO PRESENT AWARD

At the Annual Meeting in October the Society will

M confer an award for the REVIEW article which has COll- Mi ^ g tributed most in depth in a scholarly and popular sense to f| M m n m |j the history of our State. An engraved citation and a one p ^ hundred dollar cash award will be given. The prize-win- M iM.' j}t] i iS % ning article will be selected bv three historians appointed |§j [^ " M >M\ bv the editor of the REVIEW. The selection committee is M m

jr g 1 "x1 changed each year with the exception of one member who will be replaced after two years.

SmisiSiaigigisiisg^^ Richard Parks Bland: Almost a Candidate

RY CYNTHIA SHOOK*

The Democratic National Convention of 1896 was the most emotion-packed convention since the days of the Civil War. An atmosphere of national crisis pervaded the country due to a series of events involved with the economic panic of 1893. Differences in opinion over policies to alleviate the national dilemma caused a split in the Democratic party between the president, Grover

* Cynthia Shook, a native of Lebanon, Missouri, received the B.A. Degree in history from the University of Missouri-Columbia. A member of Phi Beta Kappa, she now resides in Santa Fe, New Mexico. 417 418 Missouri Historical Review

Cleveland, and several Democratic leaders who favored the free and unlimited coinage of silver. The chief spokesman for was Congressman Richard Parks Bland from Lebanon, Missouri. Bland's twenty-year effort as a leader in Congress for free silver made him the Democratic party's leading contender for the presidential nomination of 1896. Born in 1835 and reared in Kentucky, Bland was on his own by the age of fourteen due to the death of both his parents. He taught school for a few years, moved to Missouri where some of his relatives lived, and soon traveled to California. In the spring of 1856 he went to the northern California mining region and then to when silver was discovered there. While working in the Nevada mines, Bland studied law and established a practice in Virginia City and Carson City. His experience in the mining towns of the West marked the beginning of Bland's lifelong interest in silver and monetary issues. In 1866 Bland returned to Missouri and three years later he settled in Lebanon and began to practice law there. Following the Civil War, the Radical Republican administration had re­ stricted voting rights of many . Bland first attracted political attention through his defense of these disen­ franchised Missouri Democratic voters. Friends urged him to run for United States Representative from the Fifth District in 1872. Bland objected and suggested that Charles C. Bland, his brother—and former law partner—of Rolla would be a better candidate. He wrote to his brother saying, "I do not think I can secure the nomination, even if I wanted it, so would like to see you win."1 Charles refused and gave Richard Bland his support. As a candidate Richard had several points in his favor. He knew the problems of the West, he was a good lawyer, and he was a Democrat without the adverse aspects of Civil War affiliation since he had been in the West during those years. To his disadvantage were the factors that the district was a Republican stronghold and Bland was not well known. His work to reen- franchise Democrats and his campaign efforts helped him to win the nomination despite the disadvantages, and to win the election. Bland continued to be reelected every two years until 1894. Richard Bland's major efforts in Congress centered on the monetary issue of silver coinage. In 1873 the Demonetization Act

1 Wilfred R. Hollister and Harry Norman, Five Famous Missourians (Kansas City, 1900), 120-121. Richard Parks Bland: Almost a Candidate 419 was passed by the lame duck session of Congress. Bland explained his posi­ tion on this act in a paper written in 1895: From the pas­ sage of our first mint act in 1792 until the demone­ tization act of 1873, the standard silver dollar, 371J£ grains of pure sil­ ver, was the unit of account or standard of value. The amount of pure silver in this Richard P. Bland dollar was never altered, whereas the gold dollar had been twice changed. For over eighty years and up to 1873 the standard silver dollar, as now coined in pure silver, was the unit of our coinage.2 The Demonetization Act provided that silver would no longer be coined as legal tender therefore leaving gold as the only full legal tender. Bland believed that the bill had been passed in a stealthy manner and that most of the members of Congress and the American people were unaware of the real effects this act would have. He believed that a contraction of currency due to the Demonetization Act was the cause of the depression experi­ enced in 1873. During the Forty-third Congress, which was Bland's first term, the country was on a paper money basis. This Congress passed the Resumption Act which provided for the resumption of specie payments on January 1, 1879. Bland recalled that: Congress prior to that had prohibited the coinage of anything but gold as full legal tender money, so that the act of 1873, passed in the Forty-second Congress, demone­ tized silver and the act passed in the subsequent Forty- third Congress, providing for the resumption of specie payments, was evidently intended to compel a resumption

2 William Vincent Byars, "An American Commoner" The Life and Times of Richard Parks Bland (St. Louis, 1900) , 101-122. This chapter is a reprint of a manuscript written by R. P. Bland in 1895. 420 Missouri Historical Review

of specie payments on the single gold standard of pay­ ments.8 The Demonetization Act provided the stimulus for Bland's struggle for free silver. The monetary issue of bimetallism (silver and gold) versus gold only was inextricably tied to other forces prevalent in society. In the post-Civil War years the United States entered the industrial era with full force. More and more money moved into the hands of a few rich industrialists and the country became more sharply divided along class lines. The return to a single gold standard and specie payments for paper currency caused a currency contraction which placed debtors and all poor people in an even worse condition and made class distinctions more prominent. Bland and others who favored the cause of free silver felt that bimetallism should be resumed because that was the original monetary basis of the country and because it would expand the currency and thus help the poor farmers, workers and Westerners who were suffering from Northeastern capital control over gold. As one scholar concluded: "Free silverites proclaimed that silver was the money of the masses while gold was the money of the classes."4 Bland's constituency was of the masses, small Ozarkian farmers and workers, and he fought for free silver because he believed that it was the most beneficial program for his con­ stituents. In 1875 Bland was appointed chairman of the House Com­ mittee on Mines and Mining, On May 3, 1876, he introduced his first free silver coinage measure. The bill was never passed but a joint House and Senate committee was established to dis­ cuss the silver question. In 1877 Bland pushed his bill for the "free and unlimited coinage of silver" through the House. The vote was 164 yeas (97 Democrats and 67 Republicans) to 34 nays (10 Democrats and 24 Republicans). In the Senate the bill was amended by Senator W. B. Allison to the effect that there would not be free coinage of silver but that two to four million dollars worth of silver bullion would be purchased per month and the legal tender power of silver would be restored. This proposal easily passed the Senate by a vote of 48 to 21. Although this amendment put limits on Bland's desired goal, he agreed to the

*lbid., 105. •4 Gilbert C. Fite, "Election of 1896," in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Fred L. Israel and William P. Hansen, eds., History of American Presidential Elec­ tions 1789-1968 (New York, 1971), II, 1794. Richard Parks Bland: Almost a Candidate 421 compromise. The bill went to President Rutherford B. Hayes who vetoed it. On February 28, 1878, the House and Senate were able to override the veto by a two-thirds vote and the Bland-Allison Act became law. In the 1880s the Bland-Allison Act came under attack. Several European nations had gone to a strict gold standard and dumped great amounts of silver on the international market. Eastern finan­ cial interests felt the United States should follow their course. For Bland and the silver forces the next major test came in 1890 with the proposal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Bill. The Sherman Bill stated that silver would still be purchased but would be used to back certificates and not for the issuance of coins. By 1890 the economic situation of the country which sur­ rounded the whole monetary question had caused a break in Democratic party unity. The Sherman Bill was an attempt to hold the two sides together. Bland was very much opposed to this bill since it would remove silver from the status it had gained in the Bland-Allison Act. Bland called the bill "a masterpiece of duplicity and double-dealing."5 Silver was not to be totally removed from the monetary scene, but, since the secretary of the treasury could act at his own discretion, Bland felt that would be the ultimate result. He said, "The law is a two-faced monstrosity—one face look­ ing with smiles of golden promise to the East, but, on the other side, one radiant with the image of the Goddess of Liberty en­ graven in silver, beckoning the plaudits of the West."6 Never­ theless, the Sherman Silver Purchase Act became law in 1890. In the early 1890s the nation's economic situation steadily worsened. After 's inauguration as president in 1893 the economy completely collapsed. The country experienced the worst depression in its history. Root causes of the depression were varied and intertwined. An agricultural slump and industrial disorders led to reduced purchasing power. Abroad, United States markets diminished causing trade and manufacturing to decline. The stock market tumbled and banks and businesses went bank­ rupt.7 Cleveland saw the major cause of the depression as the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. He felt that its provisions had drained the gold reserves and consequently he demanded its repeal. The

5 Richard Parks Bland, "A [anus-Faced Statute," North American Re­ view, CLI (September, 1890), 344.' 6 Ibid., 350. 7 J. Rogers Hollingsworth, Whirligig of Politics (Chicago, 1963), 10. 422 Missouri Historical Review agrarian and debtor poor sectors only knew that money was scarce and they wanted more of it. One scholar has stated that: "To the farmers, low prices for crops stemmed from the shortage of circu­ lating currency, and the currency shortage resulted from the selfish policies of Wall Street bankers who pulled the financial strings of the nation."8 Because of these opposing ideas, silver became the emotional battle cry of the day. Bitter debate ensued over Cleveland's plan to repeal the Sher­ man Silver Purchase Act. Although Bland had opposed its passage he also opposed its repeal unless it was replaced with the free and unlimited coinage of silver or the former Bland-Allison Act. If the repeal passed without other measures, then silver would be virtually removed from the monetary system. The South and West agrarian regions were opposed to repeal because they had the most to lose from a further tightening of the currency. In protest of the repeal movement, Bland delivered his most famous speech, "The Parting of the Ways," during the Congressional debates: I do not intend, we do not intend, that any party shall survive, if we can help it, that will lay the confiscating hand upon Americans in the interest of England or of Europe . . . We have come to a parting of the ways. I do not pretend to speak for anybody but myself and my con­ stituents, but I believe that I do speak for the great masses of the great Mississippi Valley when I say that we Grover Cleveland will not submit to the domination of any politi­ cal party, however much we may love it, that lays the sacrificing hand upon silver and will demone­ tize it in this country. For myself I will not support such a policy here or else­ where, but will denounce it, and as a democrat I will denounce it as un­ democratic and un-Amer­ ican, and will ask the peo­ ple of this country to condemn it as they ought to have condemned the so-called democrats en-

8 Ibid., 5. Richard Parks Bland: Almost a Candidate 423

gaged in it as the agents, the tools—I withdraw that word, but I will say as the representatives, unintentionally, of the money power and the moneyed interests, and not of the masses of the American people.9 Congressmen were under great pressure from the president, from important interest groups, and from a sense of party unity. Resistance collapsed and the repeal passed on October 30, 1893. The repeal did not improve economic conditions as Cleveland had predicted, in fact they became worse. Agricultural prices were extremely low and in 1894 unemployment affected 20 percent of the labor force. Radicalism and labor violence broke out across the country. On May 1, 1894, Coxey's Army of unemployed ar­ rived in Washington. In June and July, Illinois suffered a strike by Pullman railroad workers. In the House of Representatives the Bland bill for coining the silver seigniorage10 passed in March 1894. It also passed in the Senate but was vetoed by Cleveland. Cleveland's actions in response to the depression had failed and the people blamed the Democrats for the situation. At the same time Cleveland had caused a decisive split within the Demo­ cratic party. Consequently, in the midterm elections of 1894 the Republican landslide captured both houses of Congress and many state and local positions. Among the Democrats defeated in 1894 was Richard Parks Bland. In 1895 the Democratic party division widened. Many men, who were anti-Cleveland but had not previously been prosilver, were joining the silverites. Before Congress adjourned in March, had a petition signed by thirty-one mem­ bers of the House in favor of making the Democratic party the party of free silver. In June 1895, a nation-wide free silver convention was held in Memphis. The purpose was to bring all those who favored free silver—whether Populist, Republican or Democrat—into the ranks of the Democratic party. A big publicity campaign began, and in August 1895, free silverites met in Washington and established the Bimetallic Democratic National Committee. They set up agencies in the states in the hope of gaining control of the party

9 Byars, American Commoner, 339-340. Reprint of R. P. Bland's "Parting of the Ways" speech, delivered in the House of Representatives, August 12, 1893. 10 Seigniorage is the gain to the government from purchasing bullion at a price less than the value stamped on the metal when coined. 424 Missouri Historical Review

before the convention in 1896. Throughout 1895 several states had held special con­ ventions. Illinois, whose governor, Peter Altgeld, was an important silver supporter, led the way when its state Democratic committee issued a resolution in favor of silver. Bland, the man who had been nicknamed "Silver Dick" for his relentless work for free silver, was not about to give up the fight simply because he was out of Congress. The Missouri State Democratic Conven­ tion had met in May 1894. Bland was chair­ man of the platform committee and per­ suaded the group to vote for a silver plank resolution.11 In 1895 there was still much dissent within the state over the silver issue so a convention was called in Pertle Springs to settle the question.12 Bland chaired the Pertle Springs convention and at this meet­ ing the silver wing of the Democratic party secured control of the state party and reorganized the Democratic state commit­ tee. The convention passed a platform for silver and called a state convention for April 15, 1896, to elect delegates to the national convention. The convention wanted to endorse Bland for president but he was against it and nothing further was said about it at that time. However, the New York Times printed a speech by Governor William Joel Stone of Missouri to about fifty Missouri Democratic editors in which he named Bland as the cure for the general dis­ tress and hard times of the recent panic. In spite of Mr. Bland's seeming indifference to the chatter and gossip connecting his name with the Presi­ dency, it is not denied here tonight by his friends that he

11 Harold Alanson Haswell, Jr., "The Public Life of Congressman Richard Parks Bland" (unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Missouri-Columbia. 1951), 257. 12 There is a discrepancy of information in sources concerning the calling of the Pertle Springs Convention. The July 26, 1895, Lebanon Republican states that the Democratic State Central Committee called the convention. However. Hollister and Norman in Five Famous Missourians, page 157, sav that the separate counties called the convention on their own initiative. Richard Parks Bland: Almost a Candidate 425

may attempt to go before the next National Democratic Convention with a hope of becoming its nominee. He re­ fuses to discuss the matter, except to say that his political aim at present is simply to get the Democratic party upon its feet and to give it an issue.18 Strangely contrary to Stone's endorsement of Bland, in September and December 1895, the Lebanon Republican printed lists of possible Democratic candidates and Bland was not included. The Missouri State Democratic Convention met in Sedalia on April 15, 1896. Ewing Mitchell, who was active in Missouri politics and who was also Bland's brother-in-law, wrote to his wife that: "Mr. Bland's friends are insisting on instructing the Mo. delegation for him for Prest. and he has about decided to permit it to be done."14 The delegates wanted to endorse Bland for president and they also wanted him to attend the convention but he said, "if I am the candidate of this state for the presidential nomination, it would not be becoming in me to go as a member of the delegation from this state to the convention."15 Missouri's endorsement of Bland was virtually thrust on him against his will. During the convention he repeatedly made statements to the effect that Mis­ souri must not jeopardize the principles of the fight by trying to get her candidate nominated. He also stated that he did not really want the nomination but his supporters were insistent so he ac­ cepted the endorsement of Missouri. Bland's hometown newspaper, the Lebanon Republican, re­ ported on the Sedalia convention and, among its comments, in­ cluded a telling prophesy: . . . Mr. Bland, who is esteemed as a good citizen, and who, although he hasn't the ghost of a show the presidency, stands as one of the most prominent politicians in the country . . . Mr. Bland is entitled to all the honor he can get out of the empty honor conferred upon him at the Sedalia free silver convention, but he will have to be content with that.16 Bland took no active part in the campaign for his nomination. This was carried out solely by his Missouri supporters. His friends urged him to go to the Chicago convention to consolidate support

i*New York Times, July 24, 1895. 14 Ewing Mitchell to Mrs. Ewing Mitchell, April 14, 1896, in Ewing Young Mitchell, Jr., Papers, 1841-1949, in Western Historical Manuscripts Collection, University of Missouri-Columbia. 15 Byars, American Commoner, 231. 16 Lebanon Republican, \pril 17, 1896. 426 Missouri Historical Review

Democratic National Convention, Chicago, 1896 and thus insure his nomination. But he said, "I don't want that nomination, and my friends must not put my personal interests above principles. I will accept the nomination if it is given me, but so far as making an effort to secure it myself, that I will not do."17 Bland, however, apparently assumed he would receive the nomination. A month before the convention when asked by a re­ porter if he would accept the nomination if it were offered, he is reported to have wired the answer, "Yes, and would be elected."18 Other Democratic state conventions had followed the lead of Illinois and Missouri in supporting the silver faction. Among these were Mississippi, Tennessee, Iowa, South Carolina, Wyoming, Oklahoma, Virginia, Texas and Kentucky. Cleveland made some attempts to counter the silver forces but the silverites were united in aims, well organized and optimistic, while the gold Democrats had no candidate for whom they could rally. Missouri campaigners sent agents to other state conventions to secure their support for Bland. Endorsements soon followed so that by the eve of the con­ vention Bland had 98 votes pledged from Missouri, Texas, Arkansas and Arizona, New Mexico and the Indian territories. By convention time, "a national movement for the free and unlimited coinage of silver had crystallized; only a dynamic leader

17 Hollister and Norman, Five Famous Missourians, 160-161. Stated in an interview with Major T. O. Towles. iSHaswell, "Public Life of Bland," 259-260. Richard Parks Bland: Almost a Candidate 427 was lacking."19 Several men were being mentioned as the possible presidential candidate including Governor of Iowa. However, to most observers Richard Parks Bland was a strong contender and the most logical candidate. He had a long political career and was an outspoken advocate of free silver. To his credit were the Bland-Allison Act of 1878 and the fact that he was nationally known because of the recent Sherman Silver Purchase Act and Seigniorage Bill debates. Bland had influential backing from Senator James K. Jones, Governor William J. Stone of Mis­ souri, and the Bimetallic National Committee. In April 1896, Sen­ ator Benjamin R. Tillman of South Carolina announced his inten­ tion to support Bland, as did Governor Altgeld of Illinois. Washington papers were endorsing Bland in June as his support increased. At a campaign rally Governor Stone said, If you will elect Bland to the presidency, he will restore the democracy as it was under the administration of Jack­ son. He is the plain man of the people, a friend of the people, and closer to the common people than any man who has served in recent years in our Congress.20 Judge James Gibson of Kansas City said that Bland's record in Congress made its own platform.21 Bland's name was that most closely linked with the issue of free silver and thus he was felt to be the strongest candidate to face the Republicans who had passed a "gold plank" at their convention. The Democratic National Convention met in Chicago on July 7, 1896. Bland's campaign managers had been in the city for days pushing the "Bland Boom." Other silver men also were in the city but no general caucus of silver supporters was held. How­ ever, these men all had one aim in common, which was to secure a majority in the convention for silver so that the gold forces could not gain control of the convention. The fight began with the silver forces trying to replace Sen­ ator David B. Hill of New York who was the temporary chairman of the convention and avidly in favor of gold. Alter the motion was presented and speeches made, Senator John W. Daniel of Virginia, a silver man, was made temporary chairman by a vote of

i9Fite, "Election of 1896," 1806. 20 St. Louis Refmblic. June 18, 1896. 21 Ibid., June 24, 1896. 428 Missouri Historical Review

556 to 349. Later Stephen White of California, also acceptable to the silver faction, was made permanent president. There were contests over the seating of delegates from some states and among these was the Nebraska delegation headed by William Jennings Bryan. Bryan's silver group eventually was seated.22 The next major battle was fought over the platform. The Committee on Resolutions and Platform presented its report to the convention with a platform favoring free silver. A minority amendment was presented against free silver. During the ensuing debate William Jennings Bryan presented his famous "Cross of Gold" speech which had a powerful appeal to the delegates. Speak­ ing in favor of free silver, Bryan said: If they dare to come out and in the open defend the gold standard as a good thing, we shall fight them to the uttermost, having behind us the commercial interests and the laboring interests and the toiling masses, we shall answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them, you shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.23 The vote on the majority platform was 625 yeas to 301 nays.24 The following excerpt from the adopted platform clearly shows that the Democratic party planned to stand firmly for free silver: Recognizing that the William Joel Stone money question is paramount to all others at this time, we invite attention to the fact that the Federal Constitu­ tion names silver and gold together as the money metals of the United States, and that the first coinage law passed by Congress under the Constitution made the silver dollar the monetary unit and admitted gold to free coinage at a ratio based upon the silver-dollar unit.

-- Official Proceeding of the Democratic Xational Convention held in Chicago, Illi­ nois, July 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, and lfth, 1896 CLogansport, Ind., 1896) . 23 ibid., 234. -'4 ibid., 190-250. Richard Parks Bland: Almost a Candidate 429

We declare that the act of 1873 demonetizing silver without the knowledge or approval of the American people has resulted in the appreciation of gold and a correspond­ ing fall in the prices of commodities produced by the people; a heavy increase in the burdens of taxation and of all debts, public and private; the enrichment of the money-lending class at home and abroad; the prostration of industry and impoverishment of the people. . . . We demand the free and unlimited coinage of both silver and gold at the present legal ratio of 16 to 1 without waiting for the aid or consent of any other nation. We de­ mand that the standard silver dollar shall be a full legal tender, equally with gold, for all debts, public or pri­ vate, . . ,25 Other statements in the platform showed that the Democratic party was opposed to interest-bearing bonds, national banks, the Mc­ Kinley Tariff and the importation of foreign pauper labor. The platform also stressed more control over trusts and opposition to life tenure in civil service. Another plank, obviously aimed at Grover Cleveland, emphasized the unwritten law that no president should seek a third term. Senator Hill called the platform "un­ wise, revolutionary and unnecessary."26 The New York Times had written prior to the convention that the division of the Democratic party caused by the silverites would lead the party to ruin,27 a prediction that remained to be seen. Regardless of the merits of the platform, the convention, at this time, was faced with nomi­ nating a presidential candidate. Before the convention Bland was the leading candidate. The New York Times had reported on July 5, 1896: It is not yet safe to say that Bland will be the candidate for president, but he leads. Next to Bland comes Boies, al­ though this is disputed by the Democrats and Republicans, who urge the nomination of [Henry] Teller [who was a sil­ ver Republican] as the one man who would hold the larg­ est number of Democrats and attract silver Republicans. The newspaper continued by stating that the "selection of a can­ didate will be a troublesome matter."28 Bland held the West except for Iowa and Idaho, while the Eastern gold Democrats fav­ ored Robert E. Pattison. Thus the choice would be greatly de-

25 Kirk H. Porter and Donald Bruce Johnson, comps., National Party Plat­ forms 1840-1956 (Urbana, 111., 1956) , 97-98. 2% New York Times, July 10, 1896. 27 ibid., July 4, 1896. 28 ibid., Julv 5, 1896. Discussing Gold and Silver in Corridors of Palmer House, Chi­ cago, 1896

termined by the South. Bland supporters believed that the south­ ern states would go over to their candidate on the second ballot after they had nominated their favorite son candidates on the first. In all the preliminary talk about candidates, William Jen­ nings Bryan's name was never mentioned. His boom centered around the "Cross of Gold" speech that he gave during the plat­ form debates. At the evening session of the Chicago convention on July 9, 1896, the roll call of states was begun to make nominations for president. Senator James K. Jones of Arkansas yielded the floor to George Vest of Missouri. "Through the courtesy of the Arkansas delegation, for which we are very grateful, the Democrats of Missouri are able at this time to present as a candidate for the Presidential nomination from this convention the name of RICH­ ARD PARKS BLAND, of Missouri."29 The nomination was sec­ onded by David Overmeyer of Kansas, J. R. Williams of Illinois, Paul Jones of Arkansas, J. W. Bailey of Texas, and J. L. Rawlins of Utah. Bryan's name was placed in nomination by Henry Lewis

29 Official Proceedings, Demo. Nat'l. Conv., 1896, 258. Richard Parks Bland: Almost a Candidate 431 of Georgia and seconded by T. K. Klutz of North Carolina and George Williams of Massachusetts. Although there were fourteen candidates on the first ballot, the real fight was to be between "Silver Dick" Bland and Bryan, the "Boy Orator of the Platte/' This was ominously shown by a telegram sent by Ewing Mitchell to his wife: "Bland will be nominated by 4th ballot tomorrow, lookout for Bland and Bryan. . . ."30 The balloting began on the morning of July 10. Bland secured 235 votes to Bryan's 137. The second ballot gave Bland 281, Bryan 197. On the third, each man gained a few more votes with Bland receiving 291 and Bryan 219. Pattison, the man supported by gold Democrats consistently received about 100 votes on all the ballots. The fourth ballot swung the lead to Bryan and changed the course of the convention. Alabama transferred 22 votes from Bland to Bryan, Idaho 6 from Bland to Bryan, Kansas 20 from Bland to Bryan, Nevada 6 from McLean to Bryan, Oregon gave 3 more votes to Bryan, and there were other minor changes in the balloting. This vote brought Bland's total down to 241 and Bryan's up to the lead with 280. After this fourth ballot gave the lead to Bryan, ex-Governor Stone of Missouri read a letter he had re­ ceived from Bland: I wish it to be understood that I do not desire the nomi­ nation unless it is the judgment of the free silver delegates that I would be the strongest candidate. If it should at any time appear that my candidacy is the least obstruction to the nomination of any candidate who is acceptable to the free coinage delegates in the convention, or one more ac­ ceptable to a majority of those delegates than myself, I wish my name at once unconditionally withdrawn from further consideration. I am willing to waive the state in­ structions for me, if need be, and let the free silver dele­ gates decide the whole matter. The cause must be put above the man.31 Consequently, Stone withdrew Bland's name and stated that the delegates from Missouri would instead support Bryan. On the fifth ballot Bryan received 652 votes and his nomination was then declared unanimous.32 Bland was not totally forgotten in the upsurge of support for Bryan, however, and by the third ballot of nominations for vice

30 Telegram from Mitchell to his wife, July 19, 1896, Mitchell Papers. 31 Official Proceedings, Demo. Nat'l. Conv., 1896, 311-321. 32 ibid., 327-328. 432 Missouri Historical Review president Bland had acquired 255 votes. Ex-Governor Stone of Missouri again took the floor and addressed the gathering, Gentlemen of the convention: I desire, on behalf or Missouri and as a friend of Mr. Bland, to express to you our grateful appreciation of your kindness. I am now in receipt of a telegram from Mr. Bland, in which he says substantially that he would deem it unwise and impolitic to nominate both candidates from the west side of the Mississippi River. He directs me to say that the nomination of Mr. Bryan has his hearty approval, and he thinks the nomination for the Vice-Presidency should be made with one object in view, and that is of strengthening the ticket. Accordingly, he directs me to say that he wishes his name withdrawn from the consideration of this convention for that purpose.33 Finally on the fifth ballot, Arthur Sewall of was chosen as the Democratic nominee for vice president. Thus ends the history of Richard Parks Bland in the Chicago Democratic Convention of 1896. Numerous reasons contributed to Bland's defeat as a presi­ dential candidate, even though he had been an outstanding free silver spokesman and he had possessed a political ideology that appealed to the common people. Considered honest and sincere, nevertheless, there were those who viewed him as a one-issue candidate and, therefore, doubted his ability to adequately fill the

S3 Ibid., 361.

Scene at Chicago Convention When Bryan Was Nomi­ nated Richard Parks Bland: Almost a Candidate 433 office of the president. William Jennings Bryan was a younger man with a captivating personality. He was the emotional choice and in an emotion-packed convention such as the 1896 Democratic convention this helped him to the fore. Bland was a Southerner and Bryan was free from the implications connected with a candidate from the South. Bland was unpopular with the Populists and his wife was a Catholic.34 Bland was the front runner for many months but he lacked personal charm and appeal. Although many of these reasons probably contributed to Bryan's final triumph, his charis­ matic appeal and oratorical ability, especially in the "Cross of Gold" speech at the convention, helped immensely to turn the tide his way. Bland was not at the convention and would never say anything in his own behalf as a candidate, thus he did not strike the delegates as a leader and a fighter in the way that Bryan was able to do. Bland's attitude and actions concerning his possible nomina­ tion are intriguing. He did not want to run for Congress in 1872, lacking confidence in himself as a candidate at that time. Then when his name began to be mentioned as a presidential possibility, he constantly refused. With great reluctance he finally agreed to let his supporters begin a campaign in his behalf. He took no active part whatsoever in the campaign and would not attend the convention. Had he participated in his campaign possibly the course of events would have been different. However, even during the convention he stayed at home in Lebanon working on his farm and affected an air that bordered on indifference to the excitement in Chicago. Yet, at this time Bland thought he would win. On the night of the nominations Bland said to his wife, "Let us go to bed early for we may be awakened in the night and have to get up, for I believe I will be nominated and they will come out here in num­ bers."35 When asked by one of the local residents if he thought he would be nominated, Bland replied, "Yes, I am sure of it. I do not want it but it seems to be coming my way."36 Somewhat contrary to his statements that he did not want to run, was Mrs. Bland's report of what he said when he learned that he was being nominated for vice president. "I would not have the nomination if

34 Fite, "Election of 1896," 1806. 35 Byars, American Commoner, 296. 36 ibid., 296. 434 Missouri Historical Review

they gave it to me 16 times over. If they wanted me on that ticket why didn't they put me where I belonged."37 After Bryan's nomination Bland constantly expressed his relief at not having received the nomination. In a letter to his cousin, Mary Belle Nichol­ son, he wrote: I am obliged to you for your very kind let­ ter written just on the assembling of the Chi­ cago Convention. At that time everything looked favorable to my nomination. In­ William Jennings Bryan deed there was but little doubt of it, but the results of conven­ tions are always uncertain. This was no exception. . . . For myself I feel as tho' a very great responsibility and burden had been lifted from me. I am not at all disappointed. Mr. Bryan is a very able man and will make a good President— I hope all my friends will do whatever is possible to secure his nomination.38 Bland urged others to support Bryan and did so himself. On his way home after the Chicago convention Bryan stopped in Jefferson City to make a speech. Bland introduced him saying, "I served with Mr. Bryan for years in the House of Representatives, and know him thoroughly. I know his heart is with the people in this fight and I repeat now, what I have said on other occasions today, That if I had been the one to select the leader in this great con­ test, I would have selected my friend, the Hon. William J. Bryan."39 Bryan replied that, "Mr. Bland, whose vote was next to my own, devoted himself to the cause with voice and pen."40 Obviously

37 ibid., 297. 38 Bland to cousin Mary Belle Nicholson, July 13, 1896, in Richard Parks Bland Letters 1896-1945, in Western Historical Manuscripts Collection, University of Missouri-Columbia. 39 William Jennings Bryan, The First Battle (Chicago, 1896), 236. 40 ibid., 219. Richard Parks Bland: Almost a Candidate 435

Bland felt no antagonism towards Bryan and willingly continued to espouse the cause of free silver no matter who the leader might be. Some of Bland's attitudes and statements are incongruent, yet, he truly was more interested in the cause of free silver than in any personal fame. An unpretentious man, he simply fought for the cause in which he believed. In fact, he continued to sup­ port free silver after new gold strikes were discovered and the issue was essentially a dead one. Despite some of Bland's state­ ments to the contrary, perhaps subconsciously he would have liked to have been president, not for personal motives but for the reason that he probably believed himself to be the real leader of the movement. However, Bland's personality kept him from being the dynamic leader that was needed. And he did not appear to have the thirst for power necessary for achieving a position such as president of the United States. Bland's disinterest in the nomination closely paralleled the reactions of his home community. The people of Lebanon re­ garded Bland's campaign in a rather matter-of-fact way, much the same as Bland did. The St. Louis Re­ public reported that the apparent calm Statue of Richard Parks in the town was due to the facts that Bland in Lebanon the local people were not demonstra­ Massie—Div. of Cow,. & Ind. Dev. tive, that Bland was not a local leader, and that Bland did not arouse enthusi­ asm in people.41 The first reason is subjective but the others possibly might have been correct. Despite the ap­ parent lack of excitement, Lebanon's citizens were certain that their towns­ man would be nominated. One local historian wrote that:

Elaborate preparations were made for a big celebration when the message should come announcing the fact. Of course, there would be a torchlight parade headed by the Lebanon band. One con­ fectionary store bought milk

41 St. Louis Republic, July 5, 1896. 436 Missouri Historical Review

from the Bland cows to have "Bland ice cream" for sale on this night. Then came the fatal message. Groups of friends who were at the home waiting to hear the news remarked at the way in which Mr. Bland received it. With characteristic simplicity he quietly remarked, "If that is the will of the party it is all right."42 Once called "Lebanon's most distinguished citizen" there is little there today to remind the people of his fame. The author, Harold Bell Wright, honored Bland by using him as a model for the statesman of Corinth in his book, The Calling of Dan Matthews. Also a statue of Richard Parks Bland stands on the courthouse lawn in Lebanon, printed with an inscription from his "Parting of the Ways" speech. At his death in 1899, only three years after the Democratic convention of 1896, there was no mention in the newspapers of his role as a possible candidate. Thus it is with men, they are not remembered for the things they almost became but for the things they did become or did accomplish. So, Richard Parks "Silver Dick" Bland is remembered primarily as an "American Commoner," a spokesman for free silver, but not as a man who was almost a candidate.

42 Frances Ethel Gleason, comp., The First Hundred Years (Lebanon, 1949), 40.

A Missouri First Columbia Tribune, April 8, 1935. I wonder how many readers know that . . . Missouri was the first state to pass a law authorizing the giving of aid to fatherless children by means of an allowance to their mother? . . . this first act of the legislature was in 1911, an authorization for Jackson County (Kansas City) , followed later in the same session by one for St. Louis; and the statewide authorization was passed in 1917.

A Foot on Dinner Charleston Enterprise, August 10, 1876. An awkward man, attempting to carve a goose, accidentally dropped it on the floor. "There, now," exclaimed his wife, "we've lost our dinner." "Oh, no, my dear," answered he, "it's safe; I've got my foot on it." The Golden Age of German Song

BY IRENE E. CORTINOVIS*

Musical development in nineteenth-century St. Louis was shaped by the flood of immigrants streaming west in the early decades of the century, who planted their European culture wher­ ever they made their homes. This was especially true of the Ger­ mans who settled in St. Louis beginning in the 1830s and came in great numbers until 1914. They came singly or in groups; they arrived educated or ignorant, but they carried with them that part of the German Kultur which had made music a part of life. Many played instruments and brought them along. Some had received formal musical training and were prepared to play and to teach the music of the great European masters. The Germans brought to St. Louis their love of choral singing and ensemble music; other immigrant groups such as the Swiss and the Hungarians who came later were also devoted to singing. Because of these Central European influences, choral music always

* Irene E. Cortinovis is director of the Oral History Program and assistant director of the Archive and Manuscript Division at the University of Missouri- St. Louis. She received her B.A. and the M.A. degrees in history from the University of Missouri-St. Louis. 437 438 Missouri Historical Review enjoyed a larger following in St. Louis than orchestras, at least until the early decades of the twentieth century due, no doubt, to this enthusiastic amateur participation in singing. Choral clubs were started in St. Louis as early as 1846 and, keeping pace with the German immigration, by 1872 there were so many clubs in St. Louis that the annual National Saengerfest was held in St. Louis in a hall especially built for the occasion. The gesangvereins, or singing clubs, in America have always been almost exclusively German-American, and so have been strong­ est in the cities which have had the largest immigration from Germany, such as Cincinnati, Philadelphia and St. Louis. The Philadelphia Maennerchor was founded in 1835 and the first annual Saengerfest, or singing meet, was held in Cincinnati in 1849 when clubs from Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana took part. The roots of German choral singing lay in the folk songs of the distant past. During the Middle Ages troubadours called Minnesingers wandered among the German royal courts, composing and singing songs of love and simple tunes from the countryside. They also held song contests. By the twelfth century they had disappeared, but during the fifteenth century there was a revival of interest in singing among the burghers of the large towns who set up schools and organized guilds for singing. Like other guilds, the singers were strictly classified from the masters, the Meister- singers, down to the pupils. Wagner has immortalized the Minne­ singers in two operas, Tannhauser and Parsifal, and the masters in Die Meistersinger von Numberg. The music from all three operas has always been favored by singing clubs. During the sixteenth cen­ tury, Martin Luther was interested in music as an aid to worship and the first Kantoreien, or spiritual singing club, was formed by his musical advisor. Later, choral singing became an important part of the German secondary school curriculum.1 In 1846 a group of men who worked at the Washington Brew­ ery in St. Louis met at an inn at First and Walnut streets and formed the first organized choral club, the St. Louis Saengerbund.2 Soon other clubs were formed in neighborhoods or among people in the same trade or profession. The Socialer Saengerchor was formed in 1850, the Germania in 1859 and the prestigous Lieder-

i Marion Bauer and Ethel R. Peyser, Music Through the Ages (New York, 1967) , passim. 2 McCune Gill, The St. Louis Story (St. Louis, 1952) , 159. Exposition and Music Hall, St. Louis, 1884 kranz in 1870.3 Clubs were for men or women or both and they sang everything from opera and German lieder, or art songs, to popular songs of the day. New groups were formed continually. National Saengerfests were held in St. Louis in 1872, 1888, 1903, 1934 and 1964. During the 1888 Saengerfest three thousand singers performed in the city's new Exposition Hall under the direction of Egmont Froehlich, the Festival Director, who had come from Germany. Also the 130-man Theodore Thomas Orchestra of New York City performed and accompanied Egmont Froehlich the singers in seven concerts. The musical program for this festival was impressive. The soloists sang arias from Wag­ ner, von Weber, Mozart and Gounod, the orchestra played the symphonies of Schumann and Dvorak and the chorus sang art songs by Schubert and others.4 Although participants

3 J. Thomas Scharf, History of Saint Louis City and County (Phila­ delphia, 1883) , II, 1632-1633. 4 Souvenir Program of the Twen­ ty-fifth National Festival of the North American Saengerbund, June 13-16, 1888 (St. Louis, 1888) . 440 Missouri Historical Review listed in the program are overwhelmingly German, some An­ glo-American names do appear, indicating a spreading civic in­ terest. In 1934 National Saengerfest featured 2,000 singers under the baton of Walter Damrosch, by then the grand old man of American music. Choral clubs from all over the country joined the St. Louis groups in the new arena. The St. Louis soprano, Helen Traubel, soloed in two Wagner compositions. The occasion was considerably marred, however, by a con­ troversy brought on by the appearance of the German Ambassador to the United States in a prominent box draped in the Nazi swastika flag. Many protests had been heard in the city prior to the appear­ ance and both Governor Guy B. Park and Mayor Bernard F. Dickmann refused to attend the event in order to protest the use of the Nazi flag and all it represented.5 With war memories faded, it was a different story in 1964 when Mayor Raymond Tucker welcomed the German Ambassador to St. Louis and declared that he was, "most pleased and honored by your presence in St. Louis in this, our Bicentennial year."6 Even though interest in the singing societies had waned all over the country, one hundred clubs sent representatives to the event in Kiel Auditorium. The giant German composers were still heard, but many more American and other European works were per­ formed as well. In the nineteenth century, social stratification was still very much a feature of life in Germany. The gulf between the owning, or bourgeois, class and the working, or arbeiter, class was deep and wide, pervading nearly every facet of life. Especially in social life, separate institutions for each class always existed. Although this concept was somewhat weakened in the German immigrants by the conditions found in America, they usually erected the same class divisions in their recreational clubs as they had known at home in Germany.7 The Liederkranz was formed in 1870 by a group of Germans who included merchants, bankers and lawyers. Until World War I they held a position of eminence among Germans and membership

5 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 1, 1934. 6 "Souvenir Program of the 45th National Saengerfest, May 22-24, 1964," in Archive and Manuscript Division, University of Missouri-St. Louis. 7 Walter Hoops, tape recorded interview and typescription, August 17, 1971, Oral History Program, Archive and Manuscript Division, University of Missouri-St. Louis. The Golden Age of German Song 441 was regarded as a mark of prominence. Most of the Germans in St. Louis who became wealthy belonged to this club and the news of their balls and activities appeared on the society pages of St. Louis newspapers. Members were admitted only on the recommendation of other members and working men did not apply. The Apollo Club and the Arion were somewhat similar to the Liederkranz, which is still in existence.8 But since Germans of all classes liked to sing, the working men formed their own groups. Typical of the latter is the Vorwaerts, which has always been composed of men and women with a decided liberal bent, and the Sozialistische Liedertafel, which was composed of people interested in promoting socialism.9 Not only were the clubs divided by class structure, but also by their regional origin in Germany. The Rhinelanders formed the Rheinishcher Frohnsinn and the Germans who had originated in the south of Germany and were mostly Catholic formed the Harmonie Saengerbund. The Swiss had their Schweizer Maen- nerchor and Dammenchor. From the founding of the first club in 1846, the gesangvereins increased in membership with the numbers of German immigrants who came to St. Louis. During the period of greatest German immigration between 1840 and 1870, over fifty thousand Germans settled in St. Louis.10 Whereas in 1850 they were one-third of the St. Louis population,11 by 1900 the German-born were only about one-tenth, because of the city's rapid growth.12 The effect on the singing societies of the decreased immigra­ tion from Germany was pronounced, since most of the members had been Germans who were born in the "old country." Second- generation Germans usually did not feel the strong need to con­ gregate and relatively few sons and daughters of the singers ever joined the singing clubs. The attraction of the clubs had never been exclusively musical and some Germans had joined to find employment, to look for wives or husbands or just to join in the

8 Henry Buschmann, tape recorded interview and typescription, May 19, 1971, Oral History Program, Archive and Manuscript Division, University of Missouri-St. Louis. 9 Walter Hoops, interview, August 17, 1971. 10 Walter B. Stevens, St. Louis, the Fourth City (St. Louis, 1909) , I, 987. 11 Statistical View of the United States, Compendium of the Seventh Census (Washington, D. C, 1854), Table II, p. 398 and Table III, p. 399. 12 Abstract of the Twelth Census of the United States 1900, U. S. Bureau of the Census (Washington, D. C, 1902), 101, 108. 442 Missouri Historical Review parties and good times. Convivality usually exerted as strong a pull as music.13 But the same factors in American life which affected so many of our social institutions in the twentieth century, such as the automobile, vaudeville, movies and radio, affected the membership of the singing clubs, which always had fraternal over­ tones anyway. The distraction of new amusements meant the decline of the clubs. World War I also brought drastic changes to the gesangvereins. With the rise of anti-German feelings throughout the whole country, some members deemed it more politic to drop out of German- speaking clubs which met in German social halls. Besides, rowdies liked to gather around the halls and bait the members going in and out, and on occasion people were injured. During this period, some clubs disbanded and others consolidated. In the Liederkranz where membership had once been eagerly sought, many of the wealthiest and most prominent members gave up their member­ ships. After the war, the Liederkranz was still active, but the upper class character of the club had changed and it welcomed interested members with good voices, regardless of status. Six singing societies are still in existence in St. Louis and all of the clubs annually join together to give a united concert. Nevertheless, with the average age of the members rising, the end is in sight, for the gesangvereins are now only remnants of the nineteenth-century "golden age of song."

13 These conclusions were reached after many conversations with members of the remaining singing societies in St. Louis. Henry Buschmann joined the North St. Louis Bundeschor in 1913 and celebrated his fiftieth anniversary as a singing member of Liederkranz in 1974. Walter Hoops sings with Vorwaerts, and John Rausch sings with Liederkranz.

A Podiatric Remedy Jonesburg Journal, May 12, 1881. A story is told of a doctor in Springfield who assured a woman that he had driven her disease into one of her great toes, which therefore ought to be amputated. She submitted to the operation. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS MARIE WOODS RECEIVES DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARD AT RETIREMENT RECEPTION

On April 6, at the University of Missouri-Columbia Memorial Union, more than 350 guests attended a reception honoring Marie Woods, who retired April 1 from her duties as Administrative Assistant of the State Historical Society after serving the Society for more than thirty years. During the reception, Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, Director, on behalf of the Executive Committee, presented Miss Woods with the Society's Distinguished Service Award and Medallion. She is the first woman to be so honored by the Society. Among those in attendance at the reception were members of Miss Woods' family: O. W. Woods, brother, of Gillespie, Illinois; Mrs. Mar­ garet Unger, niece, and Phillip and Vernon Unger, great nephews, all of Marietta, Ohio; Powell Woods, nephew, of Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Dr. Frank Diebold, nephew, Tina Diebold, great niece, Todd Diebold, great nephew, all of Butte, Montana. Marie Woods was born and reared near Pierce City, in Lawrence County, Missouri, the daughter of J. C. and Annie (Boucher) Woods. She spent her early years on a farm not far from that community with her parents and two older brothers, Dr. Parks Woods, now deceased, and O. W. Woods. Her father was a farmer and a carpenter for the Frisco Railroad. Miss Woods originally planned to become a nurse, but her physical health prevented such a career. A graduate of Pierce City High School, she enrolled in the Springfield, Missouri, Business College. After gradu­ ation she accepted her first secretarial position with St. Paul's Methodist

443 444 Missouri Historical Review

Church in Springfield. In 1929 Bishop W. F. McMurry, President of Central Methodist College, visited the church and a few weeks later wrote Miss Woods to ask her to consider moving to Fayette, Missouri, as secretary to the president and board of curators of Central Methodist College. Miss Woods accepted the invitation and served in those ca­ pacities from 1929 until 1943. She was secretary to three of the college's presidents: Bishop McMurry, Dr. Robert H. Ruff and Dr. Harry S. Devore. In 1943 Miss Woods resigned from her position with Central Meth­ odist College to become Administrative Assistant of the State Historical Society of Missouri, in which capacity she served until retirement. The mark of her service was her devotion to the Society's well-being. In addition to her time-consuming duties at the Society, Miss Woods gave of her talents to her church and to several professional and civic organizations. During her years spent in Columbia she has been a member of the Missouri United Methodist Church. She is a past president of the Wesley an Service Guild and since 1966 has been sec­ retary to the Board of Stewards and the Administrative Board of the church. In the mid-1940s Miss Woods became a member of the Columbia Business and Professional Women's Club. She is a past president of that organization and for a number of years served as chairwoman of the Hauschild Park Committee. Miss Woods has also been active in the Missouri Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs. She was elected as recording secretary of the state-wide organization during 1959-1960, and was appointed Public Affairs Chairman in 1960- 1961. She was also the first chairperson of the federation's Young Career Women program. Since 1955 Miss Woods has been a member of the Altrusa Club, Columbia, Missouri, and has served as recording secretary, publicity chairman and editor of the club bulletin. A Past Matron and District Deputy Grand Matron of the Order of Eastern Star, Miss Woods re­ ceived her twenty-five year pin from Ferguson Chapter, Fayette, in 1958. In 1967 she was elected an honorary member of Omicron Chap­ ter, Phi Chi Theta, a professional business fraternity for women in the College of Administration and Public Affairs, University of Missouri- Columbia. Miss Woods was elected in 1973 as secretary to the board of directors of the Missouri State Employees' Credit Union. She has been appointed by Governor Christopher S. Bond as an Honorary Commissioner of the Missouri American Revolution Bicentennial Com­ mission. On April 22, 1974, the Missouri House of Representatives adopted House Resolution No. 152, to "extend their heartiest congratulations and warm best wishes for the future to Miss Marie Woods. . . ." The reso­ lution offered by Representative S. Sue Shear, noted that "all citizens of Missouri owe a debt of gratitude for her tireless efforts on behalf of our state's treasured past." In the truest sense, Miss Woods has devoted her professional life to the State Historical Society of Missouri. Historical Notes and Comments 445

EDITORIAL POLICY

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is always inter­ ested in articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Articles pertaining to surrounding states and other sections are considered for publication when they involve events or personalities having a significant bearing on the history of Missouri or the West. Any aspect of Missouri history is considered suitable for publication in the REVIEW. Genealogical studies are not accepted because of limited general reader interest. In submitting articles for the REVIEW, the authors should examine back issues for the proper form in foot­ noting. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used in research, interpretation and the style in which it is written, are criteria for acceptance for pub­ lication. The original and a carbon copy of the article should be submitted. It is suggested that the author retain a carbon of the article. The copy should be double-spaced and the footnotes typed consecutively on separate pages at the end of the article. The maximum length for an article is 7,500 words. All articles accepted for publication in the REVIEW become the property of the State Historical Society and may not be published elsewhere without permission. Only in special circumstances will an article previously published in another magazine or journal, be accepted for the REVIEW. Because of the backlog of accepted articles, publica­ tion may be delayed for a period of time. Articles submitted for the REVIEW should be ad­ dressed to: Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, Editor MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW The State Historical Society of Missouri Corner Hitt and Lowry Streets Columbia, Missouri 65201 One of the oldest courthouses in Northeast Missouri, the Lewis County Courthouse, was built at Monticello in 1875. J. T. Mc­ Allister was architect of the structure which cost $10,175. The building has been re­ modeled and repaired through the years.

VIEWS FROM THE PAST

Gentry County's two-story brick courthouse, with a portico on the south end, was proposed, Dec. 7, 1852, to be built in Athens. Thirty- one years later a violent wind storm wrecked the structure and in 1884 a new courthouse replaced it.

Construction of Audrain County's third courthouse in Mexico began on June 17, 1868. Completed in 1869 at a cost of $42,870, the two-story brick Colonial-style structure con­ tained ten rooms with tall ceil­ ings and paneled walls. In 1934 the building was entirely re­ decorated. Its high dome and town clock had become institu­ tions. The establishment of the Iowa-Missouri boundary and consolidation of Dodge and Putnam counties necessitated move­ ment of the county seat of Putnam. In 1853 the permanent seat of justice was established at Harmony, which later became Unionville. This courthouse was completed in 1858 at a cost of some $11,000, and served until 1890 when it was condemned and replaced.

MISSOURI COURTHOUSES

After the burning of the first courthouse of Chariton County dur­ ing the Civil War, this Italianate- style, two-story brick structure was built at Keytesville in 1865-1866 for a cost of $75,000. When it burned, August 27, 1973, it was one of the oldest courthouses in the state and one of the first three named to the National Register of Historic Places.

William Jewell superintended con­ struction of Boone County's second courthouse, built at Columbia in 1847. James L. Stephens donated the clock for the cupola in 1872. The center door of the building was due north of the center door of the uni­ versity's main building and when the courthouse was torn down in 1909 the columns were left standing to face the famed university columns several blocks away. 448 Missouri Historical Review

NEWS IN BRIEF

On March 12, a centennial celebra­ in Sedalia. Some 60 members attended tion in honor of Father Ferdinand the meeting held in the Heard Me­ Helias, S.J., pioneer missionary in Cen­ morial Clubhouse. tral Missouri, was held at St. Joseph Cathedral, Jefferson City. Presiding Judge Anthony Hiesberger, of Cole The Sixteenth Annual Missouri Con­ County, was master of ceremonies and ference on History was held, April Bishop Michael F. McAuliffe, S.T.D., 5-6, on the campus of Central Mis­ of the Catholic Diocese of Jefferson souri State University, Warrensburg. City, welcomed participants. The Hon­ The Honorable Gale S. McGee, United orable Christopher S. Bond, governor States Senator from Wyoming, was of Missouri, spoke on the centennial, the principal speaker for the Harry S. 1974, and the bicentennial, 1976. The Truman Lecture Series on Friday eve­ Very Reverend Paul C. Reinert, S.J., ning. The Saturday sessions included president of St. Louis University, pre­ Missouri history, Missouri urban sented the centennial lecture. Special studies, the Truman Era, colonial music was provided by the Jefferson America and late nineteenth-century City Cantorum, under the direction America. of J. Patrick Healey. Dr. James I. Spainhower, treasurer of the state of Missouri, gave the benediction. Two sites in Northwest Missouri were recently entered into the Amer­ ican Presbyterian/Reformed Historical The fifth Missouri Historic Preser­ Sites Registry. The Registry was vation Conference was held March 23 created in order to commemorate the at St. Joseph Parochial School, West­ phalia. Sponsors for the conference fulfillment of the Presbyterian min­ were the Missouri State Park Board istry across America. The two sites Historical Survey and Planning Office, are Park College, Parkville, and First the Missouri Historic Preservation Co­ United Presbyterian Church, Inde­ ordinator of the American Institute pendence. of Architects, the Department of Art History and Archaeology at the Uni­ versity of Missouri-Columbia and the The Friends of the University of Preservation Committee of the Society Missouri Library held their annual of Architectural Historians. Following dinner meeting, April 20, at the Me­ reports from around the state con­ morial Union, Columbia. As a part cerning current preservation activities of the events of the day, the State and a luncheon, participants toured Historical Society's Contemporary Art­ Westphalia. The tour was arranged ists Exhibition was open for public in cooperation with the Westphalia viewing. Other special exhibits in Ellis Historical Society. Library included Renaissance, Greek, Roman and Western Art, the Ancient Mediterranean World, the Friends of James W. Goodrich, associate editor the Library Collections and the John of the REVIEW, spoke on "Local His­ G. Neihardt Collection. Bill Vaughan torical Societies and Their Importance" of the Kansas City Star was the guest at the February 4 meeting of Sorosis speaker for the evening program. Historical Notes and Comments 449

The New City School, 5209 Water- except one, were open to the general man Avenue, St. Louis, sponsored a public for the first time. The tour tour of houses in the historic Central included a variety of houses, archi- West End of St. Louis on April 23. tecture and gardens in the area. Pro- Eight houses and the school building ceeds from the sale of tour tickets were on the tour. All of the homes, benefited the New City School.

Barnum's Day Macon Republican, August 26, 1880. An immense concourse of people took possession of Macon on Tuesday. Visitors commenced to come the evening before and continued coming all night and up till noon Tuesday. It is estimated that there were not less than 10,000 people here. All the streets, avenues, stores and public places were filled with the restless crowd. The fifty or sixty cars that transported Barnum's great show came in early in the day, and in a short time with his three hundred men the tents were up and arrangements completed for the grand procession, which took place at 9 1-2 a.m. Both in the afternoon and evening the large tents were crowded almost to suffocation. In the afternoon two babies died in the arms of their mothers from the heat, while they were witnessing the per­ formance of the ring. All of this great throng of people that surged on the streets and under the canvass, were well dressed and seemed well supplied with money, which was freely expended. With the show also came the usual followers of thieves and burglars, and quite a number of our citizens met with losses. Mr. D. A. Black's safe was unlocked and four hundred dollars in money abstracted . . . Mr. Gus Maffrey's till was emptied of about ninety dollars. Mr. Spriestersbach's money drawer was robbed of about thirty-five dollars. We saw very few cases of drunkenness or attempts at disorder. After the show departed a splendid rain set in that was vastly of more benefit to the people and county, and gave a great deal more genuine pleasure than a half dozen shows.

Wordiness of Modern Times St. Joseph Weekly Gazette, November 7, 1845. Long Sermons—A sermon should never, except under peculiar circumstances, exceed thirty minutes in its delivery. When longer than this, it begets a weari­ ness very unfavorable to the spiritual advancement of the hearers. It had been said that Demonsthenes never spoke more than half an hour in his noblest efforts. It is very doubtful whether he would have produced a great result, had he doubled his words.—Wordiness is a fault of modern times.—There is a delicacy in speaking to a minister of the gospel on this subject, and unless his own discrimination points out to him the just limit, he may unconsciously become painfully prolix. 450 Missouri Historical Review

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

Andrew County Historical Society retary; Hartley G. Banks, Jr., treas­ Officers for 1974-1975 are Mrs. Mary urer; and Mrs. Wilbur E. Longstreth, Helen Hower, president; Gene Zahnd, historian. vice president; Ina Wachtel, secretary; and Mrs. Leola Nicholas, treasurer. Historical Society The Society met April 3, at Kemper The Society reports that histories Military School and College, in Boon­ of area churches have been featured ville, for their annual spring banquet. in the column, "Diggin' History," Members received copies of the So­ published in the Savannah Reporter ciety's second booklet, Historical Per­ during the past year. sonalities of the Boonslick Area. Barton County Historical Society Guest speaker for the May 8 meet­ "Looking Forward From Days of ing at Central Methodist College, Yore to 1974," was the program sub­ Fayette, was Ken White, executive ject during the April 7 meeting of secretary of the Missouri American the Society at the Golden City Com­ Revolution Bicentennial Commission. munity Building. Aspects of Golden He discussed the various activities City's history accompanied by displays being undertaken throughout Missouri of historic photographs were presented to celebrate the bicentennial. by Mrs. Nelle Hunt. Mrs. Gladys Coil described the background and develop­ Cape Girardeau County ment of the Community Building. Historical Society Representatives of the Dade County Some 100 persons attended the So­ Historical Society, Ruth Rubenstein ciety's annual banquet, April 27, at and Mrs. Retha Twaddell, both of the Masonic Temple in Cape Girar­ Greenfield, described the work being deau. Congressman Bill D. Burlison, done toward restoration of Hulston Cape Girardeau, presented the address Mill. Following the meeting, refresh­ on " and other Great ments were served by members of the Speakers of the House." At the close Golden City Business and Professional of his talk, Mrs. Arthur W. Thilenius Women's Club. honored him with a life membership Officers of the Society are Mrs. in the Society. Dr. Robert R. Hill Opal Lucietta, president; L. B. "Ben" reported on the historical projects in Veale, vice president; Mrs. Phyllis the county. A number of items of Wright, secretary; and Arch Crouch, historical interest were on display. treasurer. Carondelet Historical Society Boone County Historical Society The Society met February 11, in The Society held its annual dinner the auditorium of the Carondelet meeting, April 23, at the Memorial Branch Library. Dr. John Wickersham Student Union, University of Missouri- was the guest speaker for the evening. Columbia. Dr. William Peden, pro­ He presented an illustrated program fessor of English at the University, on the subject, "Ghost Towns of spoke on Thomas Jefferson and the the Old West." The president and new journalism. committee chairmen reported on the Officers elected were Thomas Botts, progress of the Society. Refreshments president; Charles W. Digges, vice were served following the meeting. president; Henrietta Park Krausc, sec­ The Societv's auxiliary has officially Historical Notes and Comments 451 changed its name to the Wednesday Fashion." Exquisitely dressed dolls, Afternoon Meeting of the Carondelet each representing a president's wife Historical Society. These meetings are from Martha Washington to Pat open to all members who are unable Nixon, were featured. Mrs. Baker and to attend the general membership Mrs. Pollard described the details of meetings in the evening. At the April the costume characteristic of each 10 meeting of the Wednesday After­ period of history and added interest­ noon group in the Carondelet Library ing anecdotes about the personalities members enjoyed an old film of the and activities of the first ladies. 1936 American Legion Convention in St. Louis. Civil War Round Table Of Kansas City Carroll County Historical Society At the February 26 meeting in Twin Members held their March 28 meet­ Oaks Apartments, Kansas City, Robert ing in the Hale Baptist Church and K. Krick spoke on "Brig. Gen. William viewed a film on the Holy Land, Barksdale." Barksdale is best remem­ taken recently by the Reverend Wen­ bered for his heroic efforts at Gettys­ dell Estill on a tour to the Middle burg where he sacrificed his life lead­ East. Edith Furry explained how she ing Pickett's charge. Krick is chief keeps records for the Society's museum. historian of the Fredericksburg & State Senator Ike Skelton spoke on Spottsylvania National Military Park, plans for the American Revolution Virginia. Bicentennial at the May 23 meeting Dr. Francis A. Lord addressed the in the Bosworth Methodist Church. Round Table, March 26, on "Military Winners of the high school essay con­ Weapons and Artifacts." Dr. Lord is test also read their papers on "What curator of History in the University Carroll County Means to Me." Museum, Columbia, South Carolina. At the April 23 meeting, E. W. Cedar County Historical Society Smith spoke on the "Buck and Ball," At the January 28 meeting in the a newspaper printed by Confederate Stockton Methodist Church, Marion forces stationed in Arkansas. A news­ and Mina Althen showed slides of paperman, Smith has lived in Em­ their recent trip to Hawaii. poria, Kansas, for over 40 years. Members viewed slides of early days in El Dorado Springs at the February Civil War Round Table 25 meeting in the Christian Church, Of the El Dorado Springs. Members held their February 13 Wayne Horine, continuing education meeting in the 89er Restaurant, programmer for the extension service, Springfield. Dr. James N. Giglio, as­ told about his work at a meeting sistant professor of History, Southwest in the Stockton Methodist Church, Missouri State University, Springfield, March 25. addressed the group on "American- Anglican Relations During the Amer­ Chariton County Historical Society ican Civil War: The Issue of British Some 50 members attended a regular Recognition of Southern Independ­ quarterly meeting and carry-in din­ ence, 1861-1863." ner, April 21, at Dulany Library, A talk on "Skirmish at Dug Spring, Salisbury. Mrs. H. T. Baker and Mrs. August 2, 1861, Prelude to Wilson's Billie Pollard, of Moberly, presented Creek," was given by Lt. Col. Leo E. a program entitled, "First Ladies of Huff at the March 13 meeting. Huff 452 Missouri Historical Review is assistant professor of History at and heard Sam Sherwood, the museum Southwest Missouri State University. curator, speak on the history of that "The Barons of Brandywine" was city. presented by Jack Randall at the April A number of committees are doing 10 meeting. Mr. Randall asked the research on cemeteries, churches, gene­ question: "Would America be as great alogy, schools, lodges and other or­ today if the du Ponts had remained ganizations. in France?" He pointed out the many The county court recently appointed contributions of the family to U.S. seven members, on recommendation of development. the Historical Society, to the Clay County Historic Landmarks Commis­ Civil War Round Table sion. On April 6, the commission Of St. Louis members and the presiding judge At the February 27 meeting in made a tour of the county, viewing Le Chateau, guest speaker Robert K. 65 sites and cataloging the importance Krick presented the program on "Gen­ of each. The commission has received eral William Barksdale, CSA." Barks­ a matching grant from the State Bi­ dale rose from the rank of colonel centennial Commission for the project to brigadier general after distinguished and plans to mark some 25 sites in service with the Army of Northern 1974. Other sites will be marked in Virginia and was mortally wounded 1975 and 1976. at Gettysburg. The Society now has some 200 mem­ An address on "Tactics of the Civil bers. War" was presented by Dr. Francis A. Lord at the March 27 meeting. Lord, Clay County Museum Association who teaches history and is assisting in The Reverend Leon F. Kenney the University of South Carolina's mu­ spoke at the February 28 meeting in seum expansion, is a noted author and the Clay County Historical Museum, scholar of the Civil War. He is a Liberty, on "The Yankee and the fellow of the Society of Military His­ Slave Trade." He emphasized that al­ torians, served as advisor to the na­ though most settlers in Clay County tional headquarters of the Civil War came from Virginia, Kentucky or Ten­ Centennial Commission and has been nessee with southern sympathies, a consulting editor of the Civil War few, like "Yankee Smith," who Times. founded Smithville, or David Man­ Richard Blake portrayed Abraham chester, who was nominated as county Lincoln through costume, make-up and surveyor, came from the north. words at the annual Ladies Night, At the March 28 meeting, Lee Ober- April 27. holtz, spoke on "The Fiftieth Anni­ versary of the Missouri Park System." Officers for 1974-1975 are Vernon W. The Association held its 8th Annual Piper, president; George Gunn, Jr., Spring Dinner, April 20, at William vice president; Leonard L. Naeger, Jewell College Dining Room, Liberty. secretary; Ray Hoffstetter, assistant Guest speaker, Horace Warren Kim- secretary; William Stoudt, treasurer; brell, executive administrator of public and Ron Rathgeber, assistant treas­ affairs, Kansas City Life Insurance urer. Company, spoke on "Yesterday, Today Clay County Historical Society and Tomorrow." William Jewell Col­ Members held their April 11 meet­ lege music majors, Jeannie Russell ing in the Excelsior Springs Museum and Tony McCarthy, presented a mu- Historical Notes and Comments 453 sical program. They were accompanied vice president; Retha Twaddell, secre­ by . Ladies were invited tary; Lorene Jones, assistant secretary; to wear old-fashioned dresses. Mae Hughes, treasurer; and Barbara Watkins, assistant treasurer. Clinton County Historical Society Society president Mrs. Tom Holman Dallas County Historical Society spoke on the history of the county On April 21 members held their to the Plattsburg High School history meeting at the home of Mrs. Sarah class in January. Greer in Springfield. The purpose of Mrs. Howard Taylor, treasurer of the meeting was to view old pictures the Smithville Historical Society spoke which had been loaned for publica­ at the January 26 meeting in the tion in the forthcoming history of First National Bank of Plattsburg. the county and to select those of She told about the Smithville Pater- greatest interest. son Museum, how the group acquired, restored and maintained it. DeKalb County Historical Society At the March 9 meeting in the Beginning a new policy of meeting courthouse, Plattsburg, members in various places in the county, the viewed two films, "A Portrait of Mis­ Society held the February 17 meeting souri" and "Missouri, Gateway to the in the Amity school building. The West." The films were shown by Don Old Timers Club presented the pro­ Pelzel, a history teacher at Plattsburg gram which featured a "show and High School. tell" and a display of Amity scenes Several articles from the old Grants painted by seventh grade students. Grocery Store in Lathrop have been At the March 17 meeting in the Oak donated to the Society. Christian Church, Sherman Township, Mrs. Noland Pulley and Jerry Pop­ Cole County Historical Society ple well gave a program on the area. The Society has initiated two new Photographs and antiques were on docent programs. A group of volun­ display. teer guides are present at the museum A history of Clarksdale, with Ken­ on Tuesday and Thursday mornings neth Davis as master of ceremonies, to handle the overflow from tours was given at the April 21 meeting in of the Governor's Mansion. The new­ the Clarksdale school auditorium. The est docents display "suitcase exhibits." program featured talks illustrated with Historic objects are taken from the pictures, maps, paintings and antiques. museum in a suitcase to fourth grade At the close of the program members school rooms, and a story is woven celebrated the Society's fifth birthday around the historic items. All public, anniversary with a candle-lighting parochial and county schools are ceremony. Each year's accomplishments visited by the docents who help to were given by Society members. bring the past to the children. The Society held a quilt and cover­ Dent County Historical Society let show, June 20 and 21, at the Some 22 persons attended a covered- Episcopal Church in Jefferson City as dish supper and the annual meeting, a fund-raising project. March 8, at the Community Center, Salem. Joe and Grace Wingfield pre­ Dade County Historical Society sented a slide program of their recent Officers of the Society are Joseph trip to Hawaii. They were assisted Landreth, president; Oda Brewer, first by Marguerite Campbell and Betty vice president; Hazel Ryals, second Rathburn. Alice Dent reported on 454 Missouri Historical Review the progress of the Dent County mond, Darlington, corresponding sec­ Museum. Officers elected were Louise retary; Mrs. Chester Burks, King City, Bradford, president; Mrs. Janet recording secretary; Homer Kennedy, Bowles, vice president; Ralpha Peck, Albany, treasurer; Robert Birbeck, secretary; and Mrs. Blanche Bowman, Stanberry, historian; Mrs. Sarah Cox, treasurer. King City, associate historian; George W. Manning, Albany, parliamentarian; Florissant Valley Historical Society and Mrs. Helen Henton, Albany, li­ Phil Brech presented a program on brarian. antique clocks at the April 18 meeting in Taille de Noyer. Mr. Brech dis­ Graham Historical Society played clocks from his own collection In conjunction with the bicenten­ and answered members' questions nial celebration, May 5, in Graham, about clocks. the Society opened the Simpsons' Col­ Officers of the Society are Frank lege Museum. Korte, president; Evah Johnson, first Grand River Historical Society vice president; Kate Schallert, second The April 18 meeting at the Liv­ vice president; Mary Kay Gladbach, ingston County Memorial Library, secretary; Ann Wilmes, treasurer; and Chillicothe, was attended by some 50 Charlotte Bindbeutel, historian. members. Mrs. Charles Arthaud, local Friends of Keytesville chairman of the American Revolution The General Sterling Price Museum Bicentennial celebration explained the opened, May 1, for the summer season. activities to date and plans for the Hours are 2-5 p.m., Tuesday-Sunday. future. Ken Saucier, survey chairman There is no charge but donations are for the Community Betterment Pro­ accepted. gram, discussed that organization's plans. The Society is cooperating with Gasconade County both groups. Historical Society The Society held its spring dinner Greene County Historical Society meeting on March 10, at the American Leo Huff spoke on the "Battle of Legion Hall, Rosebud. Anna Hesse Dug Spring Prelude to Wilson Creek," presented a slide story on Gasconade at the February 28 meeting at Calvert's County. The group decided to con­ Cafeteria, Springfield. tinue their efforts to have markings Dr. B. B. Lightfoot presented the placed on the Old Iron Road from program at the March 28 meeting St. James to Hermann. of the Society. The topic of the pro­ gram was "Traveling with E. M. Shep- Gentry County Historical Society ard; an illustrated jaunt through the In late December the Society was tropics at the turn of the century." the recipient of a brick building in At the April 25 meeting, Michael Albany and $2,000 for its renovation, Fuller presented the program on the both gifts of the Gentry County Bank. James River Basin Archeological Proj­ The building will be used to house ect. the Society's museum and archives. Two historical markers were re­ Officers of the Society are Mrs. Joyce cently dedicated in Springfield. One Lupfer, McFall, president; Mrs. Goldie was placed, May 9, at the remaining Phillips, Stanberry, Ezra Mauk, Al­ bases of two 1858 courthouse columns. bany, and Mrs. Aletha Whittington, The building originally stood on the Gentry, vice presidents; Loy Ham­ public square. The following day a Historical Notes and Comments 455 historical marker was erected by the bicentennial story at the Association's Frisco Railway Company at the corner March 11 meeting in the Glenn House. of Commercial and Washington streets. Michael McClard also made a slide On May 18-19, the Society spon­ presentation on "The Restoration of sored a bus trip to historic Ste. Gene­ the Glenn House," which he prepared vieve. as a university art project. The Association held its First An­ Grundy County Historical Society nual Heritage Tour, May 19, under At the February 10 meeting in the the leadership of Mrs. Paul Lueders Farm and Home Loan Building, Tren­ and Mrs. E. Lawrence Bahn, Jr. Five ton, Pearl Lowrance, of Carrollton, houses including Glenn House were was the guest speaker. She told how feaured on the tour. the Carroll County Historical Society acquired their museum. Projects of the Historical Association of Society are increasing membership and Greater St. Louis raising funds for a museum. James S. Pope, cartographer at the Defense Mapping Agency, Aerospace Phoebe Apperson Hearst Center, St. Louis, was speaker at the Historical Society Association's March 8 meeting in The annual Arbor Day planting Brown Hall Lounge, Washington Uni­ and Easter egg hunt was held by versity. He presented an illustrated the Society at Hearst Memorial Park, talk on "The Wagon Road to Santa near St. Clair on April 7. Fe: The Cimarron Cutoff."

Heritage Seekers (Palmyra) Holt County Historical Society The group met March 18 at the Mrs. Bland Hinkle presented an Episcopal Parish House, Palmyra. The illustrated history of Big Lake State Reverend Willard Heimbeck, minister Park at the February 24 meeting at of the First Presbyterian Church, Han­ Evans Circle Lounge, Mound City. Mr. nibal, presented the program. He dis­ and Mrs. John Dudeck, Oregon, were cussed the Mississippi River's influence given a life membership in the Society on the land and people near it. The in recognition of their marking the program was illustrated with slides site of the first Highland School in of the many boats that traveled up the Highland Cemetery, Forbes Town­ and down the Mississippi from the ship. The marker is a bronze plaque early days to the present. on a permanent base. The history of Hickory Township Hickory County Historical Society was the program topic for the So­ Eight members attended the March ciety's March 31 meeting in New Point 5 meeting in the home of Otto Mabary at the Presbyterian Church. Mrs. Lois in Galmy. Roy Kirchner, Bolivar, re­ Hood and Clarke Lentz discussed early ported on his genealogy research. settlers and gave dates and facts con­ Members discussed the offer of a cerning the farms, churches, schools, home for the Society and numerous and other buildings in the township. genealogical inquiries. Howell County Historical Society Historical Association of Some 35 members and guests rep­ Greater Cape Girardeau resenting West Plains clubs met, April Ken White, executive secretary of 1, at the Holiday Inn in West Plains. the American Revolution Bicentennial Ken White, executive secretary of the Commission of Missouri, presented the Missouri American Revolution Bicen- 456 Missouri Historical Review tennial Commission, was the guest have begun a fund-raising drive with speaker. He discussed Missouri's in­ Judge Robert Russell serving as chair­ volvement in America's 200th birthday man and Lynn Harmon and Mrs. celebration in 1976. Plans and ideas Nancy Smith, vice chairmen. The for celebration projects by some Mis­ money will be used for further restora­ souri communities were related to tion of the Old Courthouse. the group. The Society plans to launch a program of restoration and preserva­ Joplin Historical Society tion in conjunction with the Mis­ A museum guild was recently or­ souri celebration in 1976. Representa­ ganized to operate and raise funds tives from West Plains, Mountain for the Dorothea B. Hoover Museum. View and Willow Springs serve on Members of the guild made a trip a steering committee for the Howell to Kansas City to visit the Museum County project. of History and Natural Science and the Nelson Art Gallery. Jasper County Historical Society New hours at the Hoover Museum The Society conducted a business are 12-4 p.m., Wednesday-Saturday, meeting on March 22 at the First and 1-4 p.m. on Sunday. Special group Baptist Church, Joplin. Following tours also may be arranged by ap­ completion of business, the group pointment. moved to the temple of the United Officers of the Society are Mrs. Hebrew Congregation where members David Blair, president; Mrs. Chester and friends attended a regular Sab­ Chickering, corresponding secretary; bath service at the only synagogue Mrs. Clyde Dixon, recording secretary; in the district. Rabbi Joel Schwartz- and Mrs. Ray Sharp, treasurer. man conducted the service which was followed with a lecture on the devel­ Kansas City Westerners opment of Reformed Judaism and Some 70 persons attended the the ways it differs from Orthodox February 12 dinner meeting, 30th Judaism and the Classical Reform birthday celebration and "ladies night" movement. The group also toured the at Hotel Bellerive. Mrs. Maxine Schell, synagogue and Mrs. Bonita Smoller, staff librarian for the Kansas City of Joplin, reviewed the congregation's Museum of History, presented a slide history. lecture on "Kansas City: Upstart Community, 1865." Johnson County Historical Society At the March 12 meeting Betty At the April 29 meeting in the Old Clifford gave the evening program on Courthouse, Warrensburg, Dr. William "An Analysis of Indian Activity, 1865- E. Foley spoke on the "History and 90." The director of the Heart of Background of Some of Missouri's America Indian Center, Ms. Clifford Famous Historical Sites." Dr. Foley told about Indians of today, showed is associate professor of History at a movie of Indians of the past and Central Missouri State University, then pointed out problems of adjust­ Warrensburg, and a member of the ments for Indians of recent years. Society's board of trustees. Colonel O. W. Martin, Fort Leaven­ The Society received a grant of worth, Kansas, spoke on the life of $4,000 from the Missouri American Colonel Ezra Bond Fuller at the Revolution Bicentennial Commission April 9 meeting. Colonel Fuller once contingent upon the Society raising served with the Seventh Cavalry and $8,000 in matching funds. Members was later librarian at the Command Historical Notes and Comments 457 and General Staff School at Fort spoke on "The Santa Fe Trail." The Leavenworth. program was of special interest to the Society as the trail crosses Lafay­ Kingdom of Callaway ette County. Mrs. Hamilton has re­ Historical Society searched this topic extensively for The Society held an open house at various publications and a television the Tuttle House museum in Fulton, documentary. December 23. The house was decorated with yuletide flowers and Christmas Landmarks Association of St. Louis bows and greenery. Don Stassel gave St. Louis Mayor John H. Poelker a program of Christmas music played and St. Louis County Supervisor on an old-fashioned organ. Lawrence K. Roos declared the month At the February 18 meeting in of May, "Historic Preservation the community center, Fulton, Pro­ Month." During the month Land­ fessors Christian Hauer and John marks and United Missouri Banks Page, both of Westminster College, sponsored a "Historic Preservation presented the program on "Arch- Pilgrimage" of 27 historic homes and aelogical Findings in Callaway Coun­ museums in the St. Louis and nearby ty." The talk was illustrated with Illinois area. Each person could pur­ color slides. chase a single ticket for $5 which An address on "Champ Clark, Mis­ enabled him to tour all the attrac­ tions at his leisure during the usual souri Statesman" was given by Judge open hours throughout the month. Hugh P. Williamson at the March Many of the houses and museums 18 meeting in the community center. featured special events such as demon­ Officers of the Society are W. C. strations of arts and crafts, antique Murphy, president; Mrs. Orville shows, herb plant sales and photo­ Sheets, first vice president; Shirley graphic exhibits. John Scholz was Dunavant, second vice president; Mrs. general chairman and Mrs. John S. Opal Acree, secretary; and Gene West, Lionberger, Jr., coordinator of the pil­ treasurer. grimage. The purpose of the event was to call attention to the rich architec­ Kirkwood Historical Society tural and historic heritage of the St. A special "Irish Night" was held, Louis area. March 12, at History House, 549 E. Argonne. Members of early Irish fami­ lies in Kirkwood gave talks on old Lawrence County Historical Society times in the community. Irish music Tom E. Higdon, Newtonia, pre­ and Irish refreshments were featured. sented a program on the Civil War in Southwest Missouri at the April 21 Knox County Historical Society meeting in the First United Presby­ The Society held its annual antique terian Church, Mt. Vernon. Mr. show, April 21, at the Edina Grade Higdon illustrated his talk with maps School. and charts of the area.

Lafayette County Historical Society Macon County Historical Society The winter meeting of the Society Mrs. Howard Tedford presented a was held February 17 at the West program on "Pioneer Life in Macon Central Electric Building, south of County," at the spring dinner meet­ Higginsville. Mrs. Jean Tyree Hamil­ ing, April 25, at the Gaslight Coffee ton, of Marshall, showed slides and Shop in Macon. 458 Missouri Historical Review

Marion County Historical Society nual Azalea-Dogwood Festival, in The Society met April 23, at St. Charleston, April 20-21, with a bake John's Lutheran School, Hannibal. sale. With the cooperation of mem­ Ralph Rogers, assistant to the Dean bers of the Retired Senior Volunteer of Agriculture, University of Missouri- Program, the museum was open during Columbia, was the guest speaker. He the festival. In addition to the regular spoke on the life and accomplishments museum exhibits, sculptures, artifacts of Congressman William Flenry Hatch and replicas made by students at of Hannibal. Members of the Society Charleston High School were on dis­ heard reports on the progress of efforts play. to preserve and restore the home of Mrs. Rowe Powell, a member of Congressman Hatch. A display of an the Society, is compiling a history of assortment of antique farm tools and the county. household items also was featured. Missouri Historical Society McDonald County Historical Society The Women's Association of the Dr. Marian Ohman, of Columbia, Society and the Missouri Botanical presented a two-part program at the Garden invited members to a selection February 17 and 24 meetings at R-l of "Costumes in Garden Settings," High School, Anderson. The topic March 1 at Jefferson Memorial Build­ of the programs which included a ing, St. Louis. Members and guests slide presentation was "Show Me enjoyed refreshments and music. Courthouses and City Squares in Mis­ On March 27, the Society saluted souri." The program was arranged Florissant Community Betterment, through the efforts of C. E. Ricketts, with a program in the auditorium area programmer with the University of the Jefferson Memorial Building, of Missouri extension division and St. Louis. Mrs. Fred W. Gladbach, Jr., Mrs. Zella Spears, county librarian. presented an illustrated lecture on Mercer County Historical Society "Florissant, Old and New." A recep­ Thirty-six members and guests at­ tion followed the program. tended the March 31 meeting in the Moniteau County Historical Society Mercer County Library, Princeton. A On March 18 the group met at the program on early-day automobiles and California Christian Church. Mrs. La- auto dealers of the county was pre­ Dean Drissen, of Versailles, presented sented by Dr. T. W. Miller. Society the program on her years as a teacher president Mary Casteel Linn an­ on various Indian reservations of the nounced plans to publish a new West. She also displayed many objects county history as a 1976 Bicentennial of Indian handicraft and culture as project. No history of Mercer County well as several portraits of her Indian has been written since 1911. Mrs. friends. Linn appointed Elford Horn chair­ James Martin, historical sites com­ man of the Bicentennial Committee, mittee chairman, organized a tour for and members decided to cooperate 52 members and friends of the Society with the Bicentennial Committee of on April 21. Major points of interest Cornelia Beekman Chapter, Daughters on the tour were the J. F. Tising's of the American Revolution. Sons general store in the village of Mississippi County High Point and the ruins of the Historical Society George Ratcliffe stone house, built on The Society participated in the an­ the highest point in the arcn. Historical Notes and Comments 459

Morgan County Historical Society sion on "Furniture Refinishing." She Fifty-three members and guests at­ was assisted by Jean Muetze and asked tended the March 25 meeting in the that members bring questions and/or Motor Bank of Versailles. A program small items to be refinished. on old-time music and musical in­ struments was presented by Mrs. Gene Pemiscot County Historical Society Bartram, with special demonstrations Jean Walker presented a program and musical numbers by Claude Lut- on old jewelry at the November 27 man, Glenn Houseworth, Neal Baum- meeting in the courthouse, Caruthers- gartner, Mrs. Paul Hilty and Moss ville. Members displayed antique jew­ elry. McDonald. Mrs. E. E. Archer also told about the antique Edison phono­ At the February 26 meeting in the R.E.A. Building, Deering, Mrs. Erma graph in her possession. Richardson gave an account of Bakers- Native Sons of Kansas City ville and surrounding country over The Native Sons and their ladies the past 40 years. George Phipps dis­ attended the spring party, May 16, played his Indian artifacts and told at Indian Hills Country Club. Guest stories about them. Several members speaker was Frank J. Harrington, re­ displayed old glassware. gional director of the American Revo­ Twenty-four members and guests lution Bicentennial Administration. attended the March 25 meeting in the Mr. Harrington's region includes the home of Alberta Klemp and heard a Plains States of Iowa, Kansas, Missouri program on old Graphophone records. and Nebraska. Pettis County Historical Society Nodaway County Historical Society The first of a series of monthly The group met on January 28, at meetings was held, March 19, at the the First Christian Church, Maryville. Sedalia Public Library. Ambrose Mc- The program, entitled "Stranger than Vey and Pat Clark presented the pro­ Fiction," was presented by Dr. James gram on historical roads and trails. Lowe and Thomas Carneal. Mem­ The purpose of the meetings is to bers also participated by telling a stimulate interest and participation in superstition or a tall tale. Gifts of a the Scott Joplin Festival scheduled for photograph of the late Warren Jones July and for the forthcoming national and the Curfman family history were bicentennial. presented to the Society. They will At the April 16 meeting, Glenn be placed in the Missouriana Room Houseworth, Versailles, and Dr. Tom at Northwest State University, Mary­ Hoyne, Stover, spoke on Indian ville. mounds and Indian relics. They dis­ Mrs. J. Dorr Ewing presented the played projectile points found in the program at the February 25 meeting area. at the First Christian Church, Mary­ Recently elected officers are P. Cecil ville. She spoke on place names and Owen, president; Larry C. Melton and their many sources of origin. Mem­ Clinton Mueller, vice presidents; Hazel bers participated by relating unusual Gray, secretary; and Mrs. Donald Mc- Missouri place names. Mullin, treasurer.

Old Trails Historical Society Pleasant Hill Historical Society At the March 20 meeting in Jeffer­ At the April 29 meeting in the son Savings, Ballwin, Mrs. Theo Ster- Pleasant Hill Bank, Pat Thomas had benz gave a demonstration and discus­ charge of the program which featured 460 Missouri Historical Review

oral history presented through taped Charles Monaghan, the town's first interviews with elderly Pleasant Hill dentist and former chamber of com­ citizens. merce president; and Luther Robin­ son, businessman and former mem­ Pony Express Historical Association ber of the state legislature. The annual appreciation dinner on April 7, at Patee House Museum, St. Joseph Historical Society St. Joseph, featured State Parks Di­ The Society recently purchased at rector James L. Wilson as the guest 3rd and Poulin streets, an old building speaker. Wilson stressed the impor­ erected circa 1850 by the founder of tance of historic preservation and the St. Joseph, Joseph Robidoux. The state's role in the 1976 Bicentennial Society plans to restore the building celebrations to the 200 persons in called "Robidoux Row." attendance. Charles Potter, president of the Association, paid tribute to St. Louis Westeners the volunteers and businesses who At the March 15 meeting in the helped install the Hannibal and St. Salad Bowl Cafeteria, Edward Aguado Joseph train in the museum. Gary spoke on "Arts and Crafts of the Chilcote presented a history of Patee Southwest." He illustrated his talk House since its construction as a hotel with exhibits of the silver-making art in 1858. Doug Chilcote entertained and the weaving crafts of the Navajo, the group with musical selections. Zuni and Hopi Indians. An illustrated lecture on "The Pulaski County Historical Society Barlow Road—The Last 85 Miles of Officers for 1974-1975 are Patsy the Oregon Trail," was presented by Kubisiac, president; Mabel Mottaz, Robert L. Mooers, Jr., at the April 19 vice president; Mrs. Betty Pritchett, meeting. Mr. Mooers had hiked the secretary; and George Lane, treasurer. old road which took Oregon emigrants from the Columbia River into the Ray County Historical County Williamette Valley via the south The Society sponsored a quilt show shoulder of Mt. Hood. at the museum at the Ray County Recreational Center, Richmond, start Schuyler County Historical Society ing on May 5 and continuing through­ An overflow crowd attended the out the month. The new History of Society's April 21 meeting in the Ray County, published by the Society, Schuyler County Courthouse, Lan­ was available on the opening day of caster. William D. Collins, Kirksville, the show. Proceeds from the sale of gave his interpretation of Mark the history will support the museum. Twain, recreating a scene from a Twain lecture of 1906-1908, complete Raytown Historical Society with humor, satire and social reflec­ At the April 24 quarterly meeting tions that made him so much in in St. Matthew's Episcopal Church, demand on the lecture circuit. Raytown, members honored six Ray­ town citizens for their contributions Shelby County Historical Society to civic and community life. Hon- Thirty-six persons attended the orees were Roy Cox and Minor Smith, April 9 meeting at the Emden Grange the city's first two mayors; Mrs. Marvel Hall. Mrs. Weldon Johnson, Shelby- Burch, former history teacher; Mrs. ville, spoke on the importance of pre­ Merle Glover, past executive secretary serving the county's history through of the chamber of commerce; Dr. documents and news articles. She also Historical Notes and Comments 461 emphasized the value of preserving home furnishings. It was reported that 750 copies of the new Shelby County history had already been sold.

Scotland County Historical Society The Society recently voted to clean up and maintain as a historical site, the 1872 Memphis cemetery. Several clean-up days have been held. Barnett Log House Recently Re­ Smithville Historical Society stored by the Stoddard County His­ The Paterson Memorial Museum, torical Society. Smithville, opened to the public on April 7, and will remain open each building each year as a headquarters Sunday, 1-5 p.m. through October. for displays during homecoming week Stoddard County Historical Society at Bloomfield. Plans are to furnish it In February 1972, Ted and Ruby permanently in the style of the early Davis, Hunterville, donated a four- 1900s or to use it as a museum in room, two-story, dog-trot log house to the future. the Society. Built about 1888 by Mor­ ton Barnett on Clines Island, the Westport Historical Society building was torn down, marked and Over 100 persons attended the reerected in the Bloomfield City Park. March 1 meeting in the Westport A new roof of cypress shakes was United Presbyterian Church. Colonel hand-made by members of the So­ O. W. Martin, Jr., president of the ciety. In order to offset the expenses, Historical Society of Fort Leaven­ a donation of $5 enabled the donor worth, spoke on "Col. Ezra Bond Ful­ to have his name carved on the ler: Soldier and Scholar of a Transi­ underside of the roof board in such tional Age." a manner that it could be read from Officers for 1974 are Russell H. the upstairs floor. It was planned Bettis, president; Arthur E. Lowell, that one name would be placed in Adolph R. Pearson and Howard L. each space framed by the several Brickey, vice presidents; Opal C. rafters and laths. The idea was over­ WTatts, recording secretary; Alice Mc­ subscribed, however, and some boards Kinley, corresponding secretary; Vir­ have as many as four names carved ginia R. Goff, treasurer; and William on them. Nearly $2,000 was raised in A. Goff, historian. A newly created this manner. The labor on the dis­ Executive Committee, made up of past mantling and reconstruction was all Society presidents, has been established voluntary and members worked for to work in conjunction with the board nearly two years with a total of 1,776 of directors. Five members now serve hours to date. The Society uses the on that committee.

Sick Headache Relief St. Joseph Weekly Gazette, August 22, 1845. Two teaspoonfuls of powdered charcoal drank in a tumbler of water will relieve the sick headache. 462 Missouri Historical Review GIFTS

AUGUST F. BARNHOUSE, Eldon, donor: "Record of Marriages, Morgan County, Mo.," 1860-1893, copied by Ilene Sims Yarnell. R*

BLANCHE A. PORTER BEBERMEYER, Columbia, donor: "Genealogical History of the Haughawout-Mansell Families," by donor. R

MRS. HOWARD BEGGS, Ensign, Kansas, donor: Newspaper clippings of obituaries of persons born in Missouri. R

MRS. VIRGINIA BOTTS, Columbia, donor: Misc. material pertaining to Columbia and Missouri businesses. R

MRS. HOMER L. BRIDGES, Hornersville, donor: Pamphlet on Dunklin County Courthouse which includes pictures and history. R

MRS. MARTHA BRIDGFORD, Orlando, Florida, donor: Xerox copies of four letters from Jefferson Bridgford to his wife during his trip to California, May-October, 1850. M

MRS. CHURCH BROOKS, Rocheport, donor: Account book of William Redmond, Tipton, Missouri, 1872. M

REVEREND MONK BRYAN, Columbia, donor: Directories of the Missouri Methodist Church, Columbia, 1968 & 1973. R

GLORIA JUNE BURNEY, donor, through KINDERHOOK REGIONAL LIBRARY, Lebanon: Burney Family Bulletin, Vol. I. R

MRS. ERNEST B. BUZZARD, Racine, donor: The Elias Link Family, Linking the Past and Present 1823-1973, compiled by donor. R

MRS. LEON E. CAMPBELL, Dallas, Texas, donor: That Kentucky Hutcherson, compiled by Kathryn Hutcherson Campbell. R

MRS. LEWIS CARSTARPHEN AND FAMILY, Kansas City, donors: Genealogical records of the Woodson, Watson and Tutt families compiled by Emily Marion Watson and Lewis Carstarphen; and Glascock and Car­ starphen family records compiled by Lewis Carstarphen. M

PAUL E. CARVER, Neosho, donor, through MRS. PAULINE CARNELL, Jane: Copy of a plat of Enterprise, Missouri. R

MRS. GRACE H. CHANCEY, Tulsa, Oklahoma, donor: Histories of the Hendon, Chitwood and Duncan families. R

*These letters indicate where the gift materials are filed at Society head­ quarters: R refers to Reference Library; E, Editorial Office; M, Manuscript Collection; N, Newspaper Library; A, Art Room; and B, Bay Room. Historical Notes and Comments 463

TOM CLATWORTHY, Fayette, donor: Boonville-New Franklin Telephone Directory, 1973. R

CYRIL CLEMENS, Kirkwood, donor: Letter, dated June 5, 1934, from Mrs. Nettie Beauregard to Mrs. James Ross Clemens. M

R. I. COLBORN, Paris, donor: Photograph of Paris, Monroe County, street scene. E

MRS. JOHN COOK, Morro Bay, California, donor: Teacher's certificates granted to Oliver Perry Moran to teach in the public schools of Oregon Co., for 1897, 1898 and 1901. M

MRS. LEON CO WELL, Memphis, donor: "Cowell Records and Notes," compiled by donor. R

MRS. B. L. CURTIUS, JR., Tulsa, Oklahoma, donor: "Descendants of Rev. Francis Pelot of South Carolina and Henry J. Pelot of Blackburn, Saline County, Missouri," compiled by donor. R RALPH E. DAVISON, Des Moines, Iowa, donor: The Pioneer McCart Family, by donor. R

CLARKE DUNLAP, LOS Angeles, California, donor: Table of organization for Brig. Gen. James H. McBride's 7th Div. Con­ federate Missouri State Guard, 1861, R; photograph of Brig. Gen. James H. McBride. E

WILLIAM E. ELDRIDGE, Liberty, donor: Xerox copy and typescript of minutes of Smithville Town Meeting, 1861, to organize volunteer company of mounted minute men in preparation for Civil War. M

PRISCILLA EVANS, Columbia, donor: Map, Missouri Population Trends by Counties, 1890 to 1970. R

FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, Ironton, donor: "A History of the First Baptist Church, Ironton, Missouri, 1858-1974," by Anniversary History Committee. R MRS. ERNEST FRENCH, Farmington, Iowa, donor: Histories of Clark County, Mo. Churches, compiled by church history committee. R

GORDEN J. GATEWOOD, Tulia, Texas, donor: Xerox copy of "To California in Year 1865," by Mrs. William F. Shackel­ ford. R

B. JAMES GEORGE, SR., Kansas City, donor: "The Gregg Biography, Captain William Henry Gregg, Confederate and Quantrillian Officer." R. The Society is most pleased to be the recipient of the original typed copy of "The Gregg Biography." Over fifteen years of intensive research by the donor have gone into the preparation of this informative and unique manuscript. 464 Missouri Historical Review

RAYMOND GEORGE, JR., Hazelwood, donor: Photograph of group of Confederate veterans of the John B. Clark Camp, no. 660, at Fayette, ca. 1905-1906. E MRS. VARION E. GOIN, Jefferson, Oregon, donor: Copies of genealogical materials for the John Groce (Gross) family. R MRS. ROY M. GREEN, Lincoln, Nebraska, donor: Photograph of a group of high ranking Missouri Masons, including Samuel Arch Gilliland and Harry S. Truman. E

LIDA L. GREENE, IOWA STATE DEPT. HISTORY AND ARCHIVES, Des Moines, Iowa, donor: Copy of typescript of Solomon Eby letter, 1847, an account of his trip by boat from Cincinnati to Boonville, Mo. M CROCKETT A. HARRISON, Grove City, Pennsylvania, donor: The Harrison Family, compiled by Lucy Harrison Martin. R

SHIRLEY HAYNES, Gilliam, donor: Index to Missouri Obituaries, Vol. Ill, compiled by donor and Avlyn Conley. R

REV. ROBERT HODKINS, Hallsville, donor: Red Top Christian Church Sesquicentennial 1822-1972, Disciples of Christ, R; photographs of the church, loaned for copying. E

MRS. LAWRENCE H. HOENIG, W7ellsville, donor: Directory, Diocese of Jefferson City, 1974. R

DR. H. LEE HOOVER, Springfield, donor: Homer Croy, "The So-So Stories," ca. 1914, a group of three stories. M

MRS. OLIVER HOWARD, Columbia, donor: Books, including Mark Twain Himself and music by Scott Joplin. R DAN JACOBSON, Kansas City, donor, through MRS. UDOLPHA PHILLIPS, Clinton: Color transparency of painting of Dorman house, Clinton, loaned for copying. E

LARRY A. JAMES, Neosho, donor: "A history of Scouting in Mawat District," Newton, McDonald and Jasper counties, Missouri, by donor; Cemeteries of Newton, County, Mo., Vols. 15, 16, 17, 18. R

CLARENCE KEATHLEY, Ironton, donor: Postcard and historical information on the Iron County Courthouse. E W. O. KROG, Slater, donor: Receipts, account book, official papers and letters of Peter R. Burns, former collector and sheriff of Morgan County; National and Missouri slate of candidates on Republican ticket, 1888. M

FRED LAFSER, Brentwood, donor, through MRS. VIRGINIA BOTTS, Columbia: "A History of Avenues of Land Travel in Missouri before 1823," research paper by donor. R Historical Notes and Comments 465

BLANCHE LAWLESS, Mount Sterling, Illinois, donor: "A Family History: Adcock, John, of Buckingham County, Virginia, Some of his Descendants," compiled by donor. R

J. GILBERT LAY, Cook Station, donor: "Soldiers, Lay Family Genealogy"; "Lay Soldier Records," 4 vols. R

BLUNT MARTIN, Naples, Florida, donor: A genealogy, Early Ozark Martins, by donor. R

MRS. J. W. MASSEY, Wichita, Kansas, donor: "Descendants of Spencer Moody and Susanna Hendricks and Allied Fam­ ilies, Tenn., 111., Mo., Kan.," compiled by Pauline and J. W. Massey. R

DR. MARTIN MAYES, Arlington, Virginia, donor: Sketch of Alexander W. Doniphan written for a history of Ray County, by donor. R

MRS. KENNETH E. MILLER, Columbia, donor: Minutes of meetings of Columbia Council of Religion and Race and misc. letters and circulars. M

C. R. MITCHELL, Kansas City, donor: Monetary donation for book purchases. R

ARTHUR PAUL MOSER, Springfield, donor: Directories of Towns, Villages and Hamlets, Past and Present of Oregon and Texas counties, Mo., compiled by donor. R

T. H. R. NEAL, Knoxville, Tennessee, donor: "Index for Harbison, Graveston, Knox County, Tenn. and the Graves Genealogy," compiled by donor. R

MARIAN OHMAN, Columbia, "doirore- Color slides of Wright, Carter, Wayne and Texas counties courthouses; slides of Benton County Courthouse and jail, loaned for copying. E

M. R. PASLEY, Kansas City, donor: A. M. Pasley Family History, compiled by donor. R

MRS. UDOLPHA PHILLIPS, Clinton, donor: Misc. material concerning the Dorman home in Clinton. E

PLEASANT HILL HISTORICAL SOCIETY, donor, through MRS. MARJORIE P. BUCK- NER, Pleasant Hill: "A History of Pleasant Hill Schools," by Mildred Blevans, R; Pleasant Hill Weekly Leader, July 28, 1871. N

FREDRIC D. REDEKER, Morrison, donor: "The 75th Anniversary of the Founding of St. James Evangelical and Re­ formed Church, Morrison, Missouri, 1880-1955." R

MRS. RALPH W. RUSSELL, Starkville, Mississippi, donor: Letters written by Col. A. W. Doniphan to his cousin H. Emma Doniphan, 1875-1878. M 466 Missouri Historical Review

HERBERT E. RYLE, Upper Marlboro, Maryland, donor, through MRS. BARNEY STEPHENS, Columbia: "Antecendents and Descendants of Benjamin Stephens of Orange Co., Va.," compiled by donor. R

DONALD A. SCHUDER, Woodland, California, donor: Monetary donation for book purchases. R

SHELBY COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, donor, through GLADYS G. POWERS, Shel- bina: "Supplement to Shelby County, Missouri, Cemeteries, 1973." R

Lois STANLEY, Richmond Heights, donor: Monetary donation for book purchases. R

G. E. TAYLOR, LaGrange, Illinois, donor: "A Brief Visit with the Old Folks," compiled by donor. R

MRS. GENE THOMPSON, Maryville, donor: "Story of Education in Atchison County, Missouri," by S. W. Skelton, loaned for copying. R

MARVIN L. VANGILDER, Carthage, donor: Copy of typescript: "Golden City's Gold," by donor. R

Ross WELSH, Laclede, donor: Day Books and Account Books of F. F. Welsh, Laclede, Missouri, 1905- 1954. M

MRS. RUTH WESTFALL, Columbia, donor: Photograph of Curtis B. Rollins, Sr., and other items on the Rollins fam­ ily. E

PAUL WHITE, KINDERHOOK REGIONAL LIBRARY, Lebanon, donor: Index to the Histories of Laclede County, Missouri, compiled by Paul and Jane White. R

RICHARD B. WINNINGHAM, Colorado Springs, Colorado, donor: Directory of Chillicothe and Livingston County, 1899-1900. R

ANDERSON WOOD, Rocheport, donor: Family Bible records, loaned for copying. R

MARIE WOODS, Columbia, donor: Hauschild Roadside Park Papers, 1950-1968, photograph of Christine Hauschild. M

MRS. ILENE SIMS YARNELL, Versailles, donor: "Morgan County, Mo., Marriage Records," Books 11 & 12, compiled by donor. R

JAMES R. YOUNG, JR., St. Louis, donor: Monetary donation for book purchases. R Historical Notes and Comments 467

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS

Ashland Boone County Top-Journal February 7, 1974—"Sturgeon Masons Display Old Historic Emblem," a history by Mrs. O. D. Bradley.

Brunswick Brunswicker February 7-April 25, 1974—A series of old area photographs. April 18—"Student Believes Home Town [Mendon, Mo.] Historv Impor­ tant Too," by Cheryl McCampbell, edited by Mary Stewart.

Butler Bates County News Headliner March 28, April 4, 25, 7W—"Pharis Family." April 25—"Long history to local church [Faith Gospel Center]," both bv Reva Stubblefield.

Carrollton Daily Democrat March 12, 1974—"Florence Hotel—Centenarian [in Carrollton]." April 24—"A [Peter Austin] Landmark House," both by Harold Calvert.

Carthage Press January 28, 31, February 4, 7, 11, 14, 18, 21, 25, 28, March 4, 7, 11, 14, 18, 21, 25, 28, 1974—"A Brief for History," a historical series on Carthage and Jasper County, by Marvin VanGilder. January 30—"[Free Methodist] Church Building Has Past, Future of Service." February 13—"On Missouri Riverfront . . . Jefferson [City] Landing Plan Focuses Upon Lohman Building." March 13—"Of Civil War Chaplain . . . Portable Candleholders Recall Campaign Experiences [of Rev. C. S. Brayton]." April 22—"K.C. [Kansas City] Philharmonic's History Colorful, Trium­ phant." April 22—"As Cornerstone is Laid . . . Sun Smiles Upon [Carthage First United] Methodists." All above articles by Marvin VanGilder.

Clinton Eye February 7, 14, 28, March 7, 14, 21, 28, April 4, 1974—Old area photos. April 25—"Dr. Ruth Seever of Osceola," reprinted.

Columbia Daily Tribune February 3-April 21, 1974—A history of Columbia and Boone County, by John C. Crighton, published weekly in the Sunday issue. February 24—"[Missouri State] Park board to restore Lohman's Landing in Jefferson City," by Bob M. Gassaway. April 28—"The Tribune story: Part 1," by John C. Crighton.

Columbia Missourian February 17, 1974—"Century-old [Conley] home," by Christine Cowling, photos by Patty Reksten. April 24—"[Andrew W. McAlester Home] A heritage for the future," by Jim Sheehan. 468 Missouri Historical Review

De Soto Press February 4, 1974—"Hostile Indians and Early Settlers," from the column, "As You Were," by Eddie Miller.

Fayette Democrat-Leader February 2, 1974—An article on historical Fayette. April 20—"[John Smith T] Varmit's salty past, geology meet in saline springs," by Judy Murphy.

Houston [Texas] Chronicle February 6, 1974—"Missouri Meteor Crater Is Geological Curiosity," by Charles J. Oswald.

Kansas City Star February 17, 1974—"[Kansas] City's History Shown in Film." February 24—"When President [Harry S.] Truman Was 'Promoted' to Mr. Citizen'," by Al Bohling. March 13—"Time Harsh on City's Oldest [Andrew Drips] Park," by Mike Zakoura. March 24—"Violence, Death Marked Citv Election 40 Years Ago," by William L. McCorkle. April 21—"Fort [Osage], 1850s Town Relive the Past," by Terrence Thomp­ son. April 27—A postcard from the collection of Mrs. Sam Ray featured a panoramic view of downtown Kansas City, 1899. April 2S-"The Nevada, Mo., Jail Of The 1860's Was A Thing to Avoid," by Shirl Brenneke, photos by Charles Brenneke.

Kansas City Times February 20, 1974—"Frank James Died a Free Man," by Fred L. Lee. March 2, 23, April 6, 13, 20—Postcards from the collection of Mrs. Sam Ray featured respectively, 8th Street hill, Walnut to Main; Y.M.C.A. Building; Old Well, Mission Hills, Country Club District; Dr. Generous L. Henderson*s mansion; and the Kansas City Club in 1921. March 29—"[German battleship] Bismarck Foiled by a Missourian [Leon­ ard B. Smith]," by Brian Dunning. March 30—"Area's First Mass Transit Franchise [Kansas City and Westport Horse Railroad Company]," by Henry Gerling. April 3—"Good OP Days in Kansas City," by Hildur Ek. April 6—"Treasure Hunting [for the steamboat Arabia] on the Missouri," by David Dary. April 13—"The Interurban [electric railways] Opened Up Suburbia," by William E. Dye. April 19—"St. Louis Politics Endangers Architectural Landmark [Wain- wright building]." April 24—"They Are Villagers [Osceola] in Every Sense," by Lawrence E. Brown.

Maysville DeKalb County Record-Herald February 28, 1974—"Some memories of railroads." March 14—"Others remember railroads, too." March 21—"Chautauqua brings culture to Mavsville." Historical Notes and Comments 469

April 11— "Fuel [for Railroads] is where you find it." April 11—"Early Stewartsville history." April 18—"The Inter-urban shortened traveling time." This and the above articles by Bessie L. Whiteaker.

Oak Grove Banner February 14, 21, 28, March 7, 14, 21, 28, April 18, 25, 1974-"Uck Skillet," a historical series by Dorothy Butler.

Paris Monroe County Appeal February 7-March 21, 1974—"History of Monroe County," reprinted from an 1884 history of the county.

Ste, Genevieve Fair Play February 8, 1974—"The Inn St. Gemme Beauvais Now Open to Visitors." February 8-April 26—"History of Our Town," a series by Lucille Basler.

St. James Leader-Journal February 28, 1974—An article about Phoebe Apperson Hearst.

St. Louis Globe-Democrat February 24, 1974—"The ins and outs of Inn St. Gemme Beauvais [in Ste. Genevieve]," by Shirley Althoff, photos by Dick Weddle. March 2-3—"Florissant: Trench settled it, Germans own it, Irish rule it'," by Carol Reng. March 30-31—"St. Louis and Missouri kidnapings," a history of the Greenlease, Orthwein, Donnelly and Kelley cases, by Mary Kimbrough.

St. Louis Post-Dispatch February 10, 1974—"Historic [John B.] Myers House vs. Dunn Road- Hearing At Capital Wednesday," by Toni Flannery. February 18—"The Days When Mail Was Slow [in St. Louis]," by Wayne Leeman. March 17—"Northside [Murphy-Blair] Neighborhood Holds Out for Better Days," by Florence Shinkle, photos by Abby Sadin. March 31—'"A Little House [at 914 Russell Blvd.] And A Big House [at 2322 S. 12th St.] In Soulard Restorations," by Toni Flannery. April 8, 9—A two-part history of the St. Louis Bar Association, by Myles Standish. April 21— "[St. Louis] Junior League Over 60 Years," a brief history. April 24—"Her [Kate Chopin] Masterwork Was Taboo," by Harry Wilensky. April 28—"On Erecting Monuments: Civilizing The Common Man," with special emphasis on St. Louis monuments, written by George McCue, with photos by Robert C. Holt, Jr. and George McCue.

Seligman Ozark Sunbeam January 7, 1974—'An Ozarks Statesman [Richard Parks Bland]," by Clyde C. Hammers.

Springfield News & Leader February 24, 1974—"The Star-Spangled Scotsman [R. Ritchie Robertson]," by Don Burns. 470 Missouri Historical Review

Steelville Crawford Mirror February 7, 21, March 14, 21, April 18, 25, 1974—Souvenir photos. March /^—"Missouri's Many Meaningful Names," by J. I. Breuer.

Wellsville Optic-News April 17, 1974—"Beginning History Of Wellsville Public School."

Clinton Promoters Kathleen White Miles & Kathleen Kelly White, comps., Tattle Tales (Clinton, Mo.) , 85, 86. The team wore red suits with big white letters "CLINTON PROMOTERS" across the front of their shirts. They boarded at the Heckler House and rode to the ball park in a horse- drawn street car, followed by numerous small boys, who wanted to get as close to the players as possible. They were a salaried team and a great ball club and they played teams from Kansas City, Sherman, Texas, Joplin and St. Joseph. Just about everyone in Clinton was a fan back around the turn of the century. Home games were played on Saturday and Sunday afternoons and, even on Saturday, many stores on the Square would close during the game. Paid admissions usually totaled around 1,000. One player, Emery Vogelvaugh, who was in his 80's back in 1954, when he told a Daily Democrat reporter about the Promoters, recalled that he was 20 years old when he first signed with Clinton. ". . . . They paid me $5 a game plus board and room at the Heckler House. I was living like a king. . . ." Not only did Clinton fans attend the games in large numbers, but sup­ porters came from Deepwater, Urich, Montrose, Brownington and Calhoun and most of them made the trip in buggies. Baseball hasn't changed too much since those days, though the Promoter's catcher and first basemen wore padded gloves and infielders and outfielders wore an almost skin-tight glove, similar to a dress glove.

Wife Wanted Jefferson City Jefferson Inquirer, September 28, 1843. Another Wife Wanted—A down-easter advertises for a wife in something like the following manner: "Any gal what's got a cow, a fus rate feather bed with comfortable fixins,— $500 in the hard pewter, one wat's had the meezles, and understands tending children, can find a customer for life, by writing a small BILL DUX, ad­ dressed to Z. Q., and stick it in the crack of Uncle Ebenezar's barn, back side, jinin the hog pen." Historical Notes and Comments 471

MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES

American History Illustrated, April, 1974: "Over the Atlantic Alone Charles Lindbergh's $25,000 Flight," by Allan Keller.

Bulletin of Johnson County Historical Society, April, 1974: "[John William] Blind Boone of Warrensburg," by Jeanette Welch; and "The Civil War In Johnson County, Missouri," from thesis by Bruce Nichols.

Bulletin, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, April, 1974: "Eads Bridge: The Celebration," by John A. Kouwenhoven; "Downtown St. Louis As James B. Eads Knew It When The Bridge Was Opened A Century Ago," com­ mentary by John A. Kouwenhoven; "The Revival of an Image: Grant and the 1880 Republican Nominating Campaign," by Spencer L. Leitman; and" 'Mysterious Names' Riddles In The Ozarks," by Douglas McReynolds.

Cass County Historical Society Newsletter, March, 1974: "Jenkins Family His­ tory," by Anna Ruth Carmichael.

Clay County Museum Association Newsletter, February, 1974: "As I Remember Clay County in 1865-66," conclusion, by O. W. Williams.

, March, 1974: "The John Samuel Lancaster Family in Clay County," by Mrs. Ruth (Wilson) Covington.

, April, 1974: "John Waid, Centerville's [now Kearney] First Mer­ chant," by Evelyn Petty.

Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly, Spring, 1974: "The Brazeau, Missouri, Scene, 1852-1856," by Mary Alice Bull Cody.

DeKalb County Heritage, January, 1974: "Horse Breeding at the Turn of the Century," by Mrs. Marie (Ted) Dunham Bartlett; "History of a Once Thriving Negro Colony a Few Miles Northwest of Maysville, Mo.," by Opal Pearce; "My People—My Home in DeKalb County," by Mrs. Jo Etta McDonald Campbell; "The Pie Supper," by Hallie Barrow; and short school histories.

, April, 1974: "The Hapenstall Mill—Adams Township," researched by Mrs. Lawrence Lockhart; "The Conrad Kochan Home," information by Paul C. Kochan; "Rev. Barnes Clark"; and short school histories.

Florissant Valley Historical Society Quarterly, April, 1974: "St. Louis Firsts."

Jackson County Historical Society Journal, March, 1974: "Core of [Independ­ ence] Square Courthouse 'Treasure'"; "[William C] Quantrill No Ruffian, T. J. Walker Remembered Him as Kindly"; " 'Commerce of the Prairies' Author [Dr. Josiah Gregg] Has Link [to Jackson County]," by Marie Lentz.

Jefftown Journal [Jefferson City], April, 1974: "Triple Hanging Ends Bloody Story After Escape From MSP [Missouri State Penitentiary]." 472 Missouri Historical Review

Kansas City Magazine, March, 1974: "Kansas City Vaudeville Always Left 'em Laughing!" by Ruth St. Dennis. Kirkwood Historical Review, March, 1974: "Big White Brown House [at 598 North Taylor, Kirkwood]," by Ric Sides.

Ozarks Mountaineer, February, 1974: "Another Ozarks [Turnback] Mill for Bill Cameron," by Charles McRaven.

, April, 1974: "Slovakian Hillbillies [Rusnak family] In the Land of the Tlumma Tar'," by Eva Rusnak Divin; "Ozarks Roads and Bridges— From pioneers to the present," by Milton D. Rafferty.

Prairie Gleaner, March, 1974: "History of the Besonia Baptist Church, Jackson County," by Mrs. Carl Hutcherson; "History of the First Baptist Church of Independence," a reprint. Raytoxvn Trail News, April, 1974: "Raytown Hero [W. W. Cox] Remembered." Rundschau, February, 1974: "Carl Schurz—A Rational Forest Policy." Saint Louis Commerce, February, 1974: "The New Homesteaders [restorations in older St. Louis areas]," by Mary Duffe, photos by Terry Linhardt.

, March, 1974: "The Greening of St. Louis [by the Irish]," by Man Duffe. South Dakota History, Spring, 1974: "The Steamboat and Indians of the Upper Missouri," by Max E. Gerber. Virginia Genealogist, January-March, 1974: "George Key, Virginia Soldier and Missouri Pioneer," by Marcus M. Key, Rhoda (Freei) Newman and Helen (Kay) Yates. Westport Historical Quarterly, December, 1973: "Three Generations of Business Enterprise in a Midwestern City: The McGees of Kansas City," by R. Richard Wohl (reprinted) ; "Captain Dick Yeager, Guerrilla," by William A. Goff.

, March, 1974: "Captain Dick Yeager, Guerrilla," Part II, by William A. Goff.

White River Valley Historical Quarterly, Winter, 1973-1974: "The John R. Young Family of Stone County," by Lucille A. Brown; "The Kimberlings of Silver Lake Mill," by Mary Scott Hair; "The Harlin House," reprinted; "1890 Special Census Schedules Civil War Union Veterans and Their Widows. . . . Taney County, Mo.," submitted bv William L. Wood.

Way Back Yonder Ozarks Mountaineer, March, 1956. Women at a quilting bee would "shake up the cat" in the quilt while standing in a circle. The girl toward which the cat jumped would be the first to get married. Historical Notes and Comments 473

IN MEMORIAM

EDDIE MILLER BAHN, MELBA GRACE, St. Louis: Artist-author Eddie Miller, of De February 10, 1922-April 17, 1973. Soto, died, February 14, at the St. Joseph's Hospital, Kirkwood. A native BATES, MRS. FERD, Liberty: July 19, of De Soto, where he was born Sep­ 1896-December 6, 1973. tember 5, 1905, he attended Central College, Fayette, night school at Wash­ BOWDRY, MRS. W. P., Dallas, Texas: ington University, St. Louis, and the September 29, 1877-May 7, 1973. Chicago Art Institute. Mr. Miller was BROWN, PERCY J., Kansas City: May a designer for the 1933-1934 Chicago 11, 1908-September 11, 1972. WTorld's Fair, and later became head of the art department for Sears, Roe­ BUNDSCHU, C. C, Independence: buck International. Returning to De March 16, 1890-July 17, 1973. Soto in 1942, he worked as a free lance commercial artist, illustrated BURGESS, MRS. CORA, Lyons, Kansas: children's books and drew a comic August 18, 1891-February 8, 1974. strip for the Louisville, Kentucky, Courier-Journal. In collaboration with CALLAWAY, EVA M., Conway: No­ Mrs. Betty Mueller he produced books vember 29, 1888-January 26, 1974. on five American presidents which included the presidential libraries and CHEAVENS, JOHN W., Columbia: Oc­ museums of Franklin D. Roosevelt, tober 22, 1902-November 1, 1973. Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower. His latest work was the CORDES, FRANK J., JR., St. Louis: historical series, "As You Were," pub­ February 11, 1906-August 16, 1973. lished in the De Soto Press. COURTNEY, W. R., Mexico: February Mr. Miller is survived by his wife, 4, 1901-November 17, 1972. Mrs. Lucille Kaufman Miller of De Soto. CREW, MRS. W. H., Buffalo: May 8, 1893-February 26, 1974.

EDWARD HECKMANN DARNEAL, LOUISE, Richmond: Oc­ Noted riverboat captain Edward tober 25, 1891-November 2, 1973. Heckmann died, April 20, in Hermann at the age of 90. A native of Her­ DESLOGE, MARCEL, Chesterfield: Died, mann, he started working on the October 8, 1973. river at the age of 14 and piloted boats on the rivers from the Yukon EDWARDS, DORIS M., Ashland: Decem­ in Alaska to the Gasconade in Mis­ ber 8, 1925-May 23, 1973. souri. He also was with the Coast Guard from which he retired in 1945. GEORGE, RALPH D., Raytown: Oc­ Mr. Heckmann is survived by a daugh­ tober 2, 1887-July 29, 1972. ter, Mrs. William Shrader, Ames, Iowa. GRAVES, IDA L., Macon: January 2, 1900-September 29, 1973.

APPLEBY, ANNA, Orlando, Florida: GUSTORF, FRED, San Francisco, Cali- November 21, 1890-March 4, 1974. fornia: March 26, 1904-January 4, 1974. 474 Missouri Historical Review

HART, MARTIN M., Salem: May 6, RIDGEWAY, ROY D., Staunton, Vir­ 1918-November 14, 1973. ginia: September 2, 1904-April 1, 1974.

HORROM, A. K., Rolla: December 27, SCHWARZ, PAUL, St. Louis: Septem­ 1906-March 24, 1974. ber 27, 1887-January 28, 1973.

JACKSON, MRS. CHARLES T., Colum­ SIMRALL, MRS. H. F., Liberty: Oc­ bia: December 17, 1881-November 19, tober 6, 1881-September 26, 1973. 1973. SMITH, SHERMAN A., Joplin: June 19. KRAHL, A. K., Independence: De­ 1892-November 19, 1973. cember 14, 1902-September 3, 1973. SUTTON, NELLE K., Bethany: Died, LARUE, LON H., Elsberry: September March 10, 1974. 20, 1889-February 5, 1974. THOMPSON, ROBERT G., St. Joseph: LAY, DR. CHESTER F., Lakeland, September 1, 1893-November 12, 1973. Florida: February 8, 1895-October 2, TWITCHELL, LUCILE, Kansas City: 1973. June 7, 1895-December 5, 1973. LESLIE, JOHN J., St. Louis: Septem­ WHITELEY, DR. PHILIP W., Denver, ber 17, 1901-March 13, 1974. Colorado: September 12, 1895-Novem- LIMBAUGH, LEONARD L., Cape Girar­ ber 1, 1972. deau: April 9, 1906-January 6, 1974. WIDMER, MRS. A. J., Cadet: August MARR, MRS. G. LOGAN, Versailles: 12, 1882-March 4, 1974. August 21, 1904-February 22, 1974. WRIGHT, LESTER S., Shawnee Mis­ MOELLER, LEW, JR., Clayton: April sion, Kansas: Mav 29, 1899-June 27. 10, 1915-August 14, 1973. 1973.

Turnback River (By Bernice Griffith, Greenfield, Mo.) Missouri Magazine, September, 1930. TURNBACK RIVER has its source near Aurora, in Lawrence County. Missouri, and winds northward for some fifty miles, crossed by U.S. Highways 66 and 160, to a junction with Sac River at Hulston Mills ten miles north­ east of Greenfield, Dade County. Tradition has it that the name "Turnback River" was given the pretty little stream by a party of settlers from Tennessee who arrived on its banks in the spring of 1830. They found the river in flood and therefore, impassable. Some of the party, discouraged and heartsick with the trials of the long weary trail, held council to determine whether or not they should push on through the wilderness or turn back and once more seek their old homes in Tennessee. The council ended in a division of the party, a number of them turning back while others waited until the flood abated then crossed the river and settled on the fertile prairie lands of western Lawrence County. Many of their descendants are now numbered with the prominent citizens of the county. . . . Historical Notes and Comments 475

BOOK NOTES

Life on the River A Pictorial History of the Mississippi, the Missouri, and the Western River System. By Norbury L. Wayman (New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1971). 338 pp. Illustrated. Indexed. Glossary. Bibliography. $12.50. Using prints and photographs from a number of private and public collections, Norbury Wayman has prepared a handsome pictorial history of the Mississippi, the Missouri and the western river system. In addition to the numerous illustrations, the author has written an easily read, general survey of the western water­ ways that begins with the years before the introduction of the steamboat and ends with river traffic during the mid-twentieth century. Within the narrative are sections pertaining to life on the river, steamboat accidents, navigation diffculties and river im­ provements. Seventeen rivers comprise the river system and com­ ments appear about each one, as well as the over eighty cities that front these rivers. Naturally St. Louis is one of the major cities connected with this river system. Among the other Missouri communities included are: Kansas City, Weston, Lexington, Frank­ lin, Hannibal, Ste. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau and New Madrid. The bulk of Wayman s material relates to the steamboat era. However, he also presents the history of the decline of the steam­ boats' importance and the competition that they received from the river barges and the railroads. The author has judiciously se­ lected his illustrations and he has included a glossary of steam­ boat and river terms. Those interested in steamboat and western river history will find this volume enjoyable and informative. The book can be purchased from Crown Publishers, Inc., 419 Park Avenue South, New York, N.Y. 10016.

Adventures at Mark Twain Cave. Written by Dwight Weaver and illustrated by Paul A. Johnson (Jefferson City: Discovery En­ terprises, 1972). 64 pp. Maps. Illustrated. Not indexed. List of references. $1.50. Onondaga, The Mammoth Cave of Missouri. Written by H. Dwight Weaver and illustrated by Paul A. Johnson (Jefferson City: 476 Missouri Historical Review

Discovery Enterprises, 1973). 94 pp. Illustrated. Map. Not indexed. Annotated bibliography. $1.75. Missouri has become known as a cave state with more than 2,700 recorded and no two exactly alike. Nearly 30 caves are com­ mercial, with lights and guide service provided for public touring. A perusal of these two volumes will point out the vast differ­ ences of Missouri caves. Mark Twain Cave, whose creative waters have long ago disappeared leaving no mud or dampness to impede its visitors, has had a long and colorful history; Onondaga, dis­ covered much later, has many passages once navigable only by boat, but its history is equally as interesting. Located south of the historic town of Hannibal, Mark Twain Cave's fame is world-wide, but its complete story and past had never been told before the writing of this book. The adventures of Mark Twain and Becky Thatcher in the cave became a part of Samuel Clemen's book, Tom Sawyer. The first commercial cave in Missouri, it is also one of the first commercially developed west of the Mississippi River. It was dis­ covered in 1819 by Jack Simms, who tracked a panther to its opening. Through the years it has had various names including Simm's Cave or the Panther Den, and later Saltpetre Cave for the manufacture of gunpower made from the bat droppings. When it was purchased by Dr. Joseph Nash McDowell, famed St. Louis surgeon, it became McDowell's Cave. From early years the cave had become a favorite outing spot, but McDowell closed it to visitors. Local boys knew of other en­ trances and when they sneaked in they found preserved inside the body of the owner's 14-year-old daughter. More than one sin­ ister event occurred at Mark Twain Cave in the 1850s and 1860s. During the Civil War draft evaders of the Union army concealed themselves inside and explorers found the bones of several who became lost. It was also a part of the underground railroad and Jesse and Frank James supposedly used it for a hideout at one time. In the 1850s steamboats stopped to let passengers visit the cave, and by 1880 guide service was initiated. Onondaga Cave was discovered by Charles Christopher in 1886. Hopes for the exploitation of its onyx deposits vied with its possibilities for tourist trade in its early years. Called the "Mam­ moth Cave of Missouri" after the famous Kentucky site, it was opened to visitors of the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904, and its popularity spread. Historical Notes and Comments 477

Boundary line disputes near the entrance of the cave con­ tinually plagued the property owners, and when a nearby land owner opened an artificial entry into the caverns and claimed a large portion for a competing tourist attraction, an underground real estate battle ensued. Eventually both caves came under the ownership of the Barnard Hospital in St. Louis and they were again operated as one. Onondaga Cave is considered by most authorities to be one of the ten most beautiful caves in America, but its future is in doubt. If the Meramec River is dammed, the cave will be in- nundated by water. Author H. Dwight Weaver is a speleohistorian who is cur­ rently manager of Stark Caverns in Eldon. He is also president of the Camden County Historical Society, secretary-treasurer of Missouri Caves Association, member of the National Speleological Society, member of the board of directors of the Missouri Speleo­ logical Survey and a co-founder and past editor of Missouri Speleology. Illustrator Paul A. Johnson is a civil engineer for the Missouri State Highway Department. A cave enthusiast for some nineteen years, he has explored, studied and surveyed many caves in Mis­ souri, Oklahoma and Kentucky. He also is a member of the Na­ tional Speleological Society. These books may be purchased from Discovery Enterprises, 604 Beck Street, Jefferson City 65101.

Boonslick Historical Personalities. By Boonslick Historical So­ ciety (Columbia, Mo.: Kelly Press, 1974). 76 pp. Illustrated. Maps. Not indexed. $3.00 (which includes membership in Boonslick Historical Society). The second of a series of booklets published by the Boonslick Historical Society, this book was prepared under the direction of Nicholas A. Brunda, chairman of the Historical Personalities Committee. Writers who contributed to the publication along with Mr. Brunda were Anna Mae Birch, Mrs. Nicholas A. Brunda, Mrs. Dorothy Cline, Mrs. Robert W. Lacy, Jr., Lyn McDaniel, Mrs. Estelle Snow and Mrs. J. W. Stevenson. Stephanie B. Witte did the art work. Brief biographical sketches of the more prominent personalities 478 Missouri Historical Review of Cooper and Howard counties, including the Osage warriors, Daniel Boone and sons, Sarshall Cooper and sons, Hannah Cole and son, William Becknell, Kit Carson, and governors Claiborne Fox Johnson, Hamilton R. Gamble, Lil- burn Boggs, Sterling Price, Thomas Reynolds, John Miller and Lon V. Stephens, are only a few of the more than seventy persons mentioned. Also included are a list of sources, articles of incorporation, brief history and lists of officers and members of the Boonslick Historical Society. The book is dedicated to the memory of Alice Mary Chambers, immediate past secretary-treasurer of the Society. It may be pur­ chased from Mrs. N. A. Brunda, 811 7th St. Terr., Boonville, Mo. 65233.

Etiquette Points for Girls Lebanon Republican, April 17, 1896. It is quite proper for even a very young girl to wear a watch. In entering a house the lady precedes the gentleman. It is not considered good form for a girl of 16 to wear diamonds. The gentleman is presented to the lady, and not the lady to the gentleman. Ices, wafers and lemonade form a suitable collation for a small enter­ tainment. The announcement of an engagement usually comes from the mother of the young lady. It is never proper for a young girl to accept presents from a young man unless he is betrothed to her. In meeting one's betrothed on the street one should bow pleasantly as one would to any other gentleman. When one's pardon is asked for some slight inattention an inclination of the head and a smile is the best answer. When there are several callers, either ladies or gentlemen, those that come first should, as a rule, leave first. It is in very bad taste for a young woman to eat candy during a theatrical performance, or, indeed, in any public place.

Never to Meet Again Charleston Courior, June 19, 1875. A country divine . . . thus condoled with the widow of a deceased mem­ ber of the Legislature: "I cannot tell how pained I was to hear that your husband had gone to heaven. We were bosom friends, but now we shall never meet again." INDEX TO VOLUME LXVIII

COMPILED BY ROBERT BOUILLY

Archer, Mrs. E. E., 459 Archivists'-Historians' Wrorkshop-Con­ Ackerman, Cletus R., art. on, listed, ference (12th), 240 159 Arellano, Fay L., donor, 148 Ackerman, Jerry, 373 Army Supply Service, 308 Acree, Mrs. Opal, 457 Arms, Leo M., obit., 160 Adam-ondi-Ahman, 287-288, 290; art. Arrow Rock, art. on, listed, 365; Tav­ on, listed, 365 ern, 129-130; 130 (illus.) Adams, Mrs. Virginia Boyd, 352 Arrowhead Club, Kansas City, 243 Adamson, Don 6., 352 Art Adventures at Mark Twain Cave, by —"Contemporary Artists Exhibi­ Dwight Weaver and Paul A. John­ tion," 28-54; (illus.) son, noted, 475-476 —Jake K. Wells mural, Southeast Agriculture, Trail herds, Jasper Coun­ Missouri State University, 347 ty, art. on, listed, 253 Arthaud, Mrs. Charles, 454 Aguado, Edward E., 146, 460 Asbell, Dr. Milton B., donor, 148 Aid-Hodgson Mill, Ozark County, 325 Ashby, L. D., donor, 357 Aitchison, Ned, 243 Ashby, Manzey Q., 166 Aker, Mrs. Mary B., donor, 148 Ashe, Thomas, 84 Alexander, Thomas B., donor, 248 Ashland, art. on, listed, 154 Allen, Charles, 284, 404 Ashley, William H., 96, 383 Allen, Mrs. Dorothy, 352 Associated Advertising Clubs of the Allen, Fred D., obit., 259 World, 303 Allen, Mrs. Ruth Melcher, obit., 367 As tor, John Jacob, 88 Allison, Sen. W. B., 420 Atchison County, 376; courthouse, 345 Altgeld, Peter, 424 (illus.) Althen, Marion, 451 Atchison County Historical Society, Althen, Mina, 451 136, 238 Ameiss, Elmer C, 136 Atchison, Gen. David Rice, 288-289, American Academy of Arts and Let­ 411; 288 (illus.) ters, 29-30 Athens, courthouse, 446 (illus.) American Association for State and Atherton, Dr. Lewis E., 22, 234 Local History, 17, 20, 238, 347 Atkinson, Gen. Henry, 388-390 American Miller (magazine) , 325 Atlas Corporation, 302 American Missionary Association, St. Aubry, Francis X., art. on, listed, 158 Louis, 132 Audrain County American Revolution Bicentennial —Courthouse, 446 (illus.) Celebration, 234, 350 —Farber, book on, noted, 166 Anchor Milling Companv, Tuscum- -Red Cross, 216 bia, 321, 326 Audrain County Historical Society, 14 Anders, Leslie, book reviewed by, 261- Audrain, James H., 103 262; donor, 148, 360 Audubon, John James, 108 Anderson, Judge A. Lyon, obit., 160 Aull, William, III, 232-234; 232 (illus.) Anderson, Don, 247 Aull, Mrs. William, III, 232 (illus.) Anderson, James, 146 Aurora Colony, Oregon, 223, 231 Anderson, Mrs. Lucille Adams, 247 Automobiles, Lampher Motor Bug­ Anderson, Peter, 220 gy, art. on, listed, 154 Andrew County, 376 Aviation Andrew County Historical Society, 450 —Ben Gregory, art. on, listed, 254 Anheuser-Busch Brewery, see St. Louis —Carrollton Aero Club, art. on, Antioch Community Church Histori­ listed, 253 cal Society, 238 Aylward, Joan, 356 Appleby, Anna, obit., 473 Archaeology B —Missouri, book on, noted, 167 —Upper Meramec Valley caves, art. Bahn, Mrs. E. Lawrence, Jr., 455 on, listed, 156 Bahn, Melba Grace, obit., 473 479 480 Index

Bailey, Dr. Alan H., 349 Bell, Mrs. Betty Tuggle, donor, 248 Bailey, J. W., 430 Bell, Liz, 348 Bailey, Ralph D., 367 Bell, M. Frederick, 347 Bailey, William Preston, art. on, list­ Bell, Nicholas, 194 ed, 157 Bell, Prudence, 355 Baker, Mrs. H. T., 451 Belle Fontaine, 81 Baker, John T., 220 Beller, Augustus, 16, 19 Baker, Randall, obit., 160 Bellis, Genevieve H., donor, 148 Baker, Thomas E., donor, 248 Bellissime, Alexander, 107 Baker, Wade F., donor, 357 Belton Centennial Historical Com­ Baldwin, Caleb, 291 mittee, The First Hundred Years, Baldwin, Roger, 205 noted, 166 Ball, Hampton, 111 Benecke, Eleanor Magruder, 259 Banks, Hartley G., Jr., 136, 450 Benecke, Josephine Amerlan, 259 Banks, Mary, 352 Benecke, Louis W7aldo, 259 Baptist Youth Organization, St. Jo­ Benecke, Ruby W., obit., 259 seph, 218 Benne, Max, 352 Barber, Andrew, 285 Benney, Mrs. Richard, 148 Barkley, Alben, 312 Bentley, Jordan, 137 Barnes, Col. J. P., donor, 148 Benton County Historical Society, 136, Barnett, Ray, 354 238, 348 Barnhouse, August F., donor, 148, 357, Benton, Maecenas E., 196; 195 (illus.) 462 Benton, Thomas Hart (artist) , 15, 23- Barns, Mrs. James Harrison, 367 24, 29-30, 36, 136, 266; arts, on, Barnum, Theron, 128-129 listed, 156, 157; lithograph, front Barry County, art. on, listed, 366 cover, Jan. issue; lithograph by, 45 Barry County Historical Society, 136 (illus.) Bartlett, Donald L., 23, 28-29; 233 Benton, Thomas Hart (Senator) , 96, (illus.) ; sculpture by, 45 (illus.) 97, 99, 102-103, 118-120, 126-128, Bartlett, Mrs. Donald L., 233 (illus.) 172, 377, 382 Barton County, Golden City, art. on, Berg, John W., obit., 259 listed, 361 Bergen, George E., obit., 160 Barton County Historical Society, Berndt, Betty, donor, 357 348, 450 Berninghaus, O. E., 77; painting bv, Barton, David, 96-97 55, 85 Barton, Mrs. Jason E., donor, 248 Berri, George, 136, 245 Bartram, Mrs. Gene, 245, 459 Berry, Francis, donor, 148 Bartshe, Mrs. Hadley, 141 Berry, Ralph, 238 Bass, Henry B., donor, 148 Berryman, Jim, 301, 314 Bates County Bethel, art. on, 223-231; (illus.) —art. on, listed, 253 Bettis, Russell H., 247, 356, 461 —courthouse, 344 (illus.) Betts, Curtis A., 279 —Harmony Mission, art. on, listed, Bickley, W. B., obit., 160 154 Biddle, Maj. Thomas, 97 —Pinchem, art. on, listed, 361 Bieber, Ralph P., 243 Bates, Mrs. Ferd, obit., 473 Bien, Kenneth L., 245 Bates, Gov. Frederick, art. on, listed, Bienville, Jean-Baptiste LeMoyne, 65 365 Bienville, M. de, 76 Big Cedar Creek, 322 Baue, Fred, 245 Billikopf, Jacob, 206, 209 Baumgartner, Neal, 459 Billings, art. on, listed, 159 Bay, j. Christian, 14, 15 (illus.) Bindbeutel, Charlotte, 454 Beal, Mrs. John, 353 Bingham, George Caleb, 16, 19, 21, Bebermeyer, Blanche, A., 462 22-23, 126; painting, "Watching the Beck, Glenna, donor, 357 Cargo," 16 (illus.) Beckman, Max, 30 Birbeck, Robert, 454 Beedle, Mr. & Mrs. Randall, 144 Birkenholtz, Mrs. Tom, obit., 145 Beggs, Mrs. Howard, 462 Bishop, Esther Downs, obit., 160 Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Black, Adam, 288, 290, 410 Library, Yale University, 225 Black, Wilbur, 238 Beirne, D. J., donor, 248 Blackford, Ivo, 247 Belk, Mrs. Colleen, 352 Blackford, Mrs. J. L., 245 Index 481

Blacks Boone, Daniel, 80, 99; arts, on, listed, —art. on, listed, 366 157, 365 —Maysville colony, art. on, listed, Boone's Lick Road, 124 471 Boonslick Historical Personalities, bv -Politics, 328-329 Boonslick Historical Society, noted, -St. Louis, 132, 328-329 477-478 —Slavery, thesis on, listed, 258 Boonslick Historical Society, 14, 450 -Soldiers, 244 Boonville, 90, 92 Blacksmiths, 321 -City Hotel, 188 Blair, Mrs. David, 456 —Homes, art. on, listed, 254 Blake, Richard, 452 Booth, Acena, donor, 248 Bland-Allison Act, 421, 423 Booth, Ezra, 395 Bland, Charles C, 418 Borden, Duane L., donor, 248 Bland, Richard Parks (Silver Dick) Botts, Elizabeth, donor, 357 187, 188, 190, 193-195, 197-198, 201 Botts, Tom, 136, 450; donor, 148 art. on, 417-436; art. on, listed, 469: Botts, Mrs. Virginia, 136, 462; donor, 193, 419, 435 (illus.) 248, 357, 359, 464 Bland, Mrs. Richard Parks, 433-434 Bourne, Edward Gaylord, "The Ro­ Blanton, H. J., 17 mance of Western History," 55-73 Bleckschmidt, Alfred, donor, 148 (illus.) Bloomington, tavern, 115-116 Bowdry, Mrs. W. P., obit., 473 Blumer, James R., obit., 160 Bowles, Mrs. Janet, 454 Blunt, Roy D., 350-351 Bowles, Joe, 139 Bly, Lt. Albert O., 244 Bowles, S. O., obit., 160 Boan, Fern, donor, 248 Bowling Green, art. on, listed, 255; Boccia, Edward Eugene, 30, 234; Mann's Tavern, 100-102 drawing by, 46 (illus.) Bowman, Mrs. Blanche, 454 Boernstein, Heinrich, 172 Bowman, Mrs. Charles L., donor, 149 Bogart, Capt. Samuel, 289 Bowman, Mrs. Jess, 136 Boge, Mrs. E. R., donor, 248 Bowmar, Herman, 213 Boggs, Gov. Lilburn W., 288, 289, 295, Boyd, Trenton, donor, 149 403, 406, 411-412; 411 (illus.) Brackenridge, H. M., 78, 88-89 Boies, Horace, 427 Bradbury, John, 88-89 Boliver Courthouse, clock, arts, on, Bradford, Louise, 241, 454 listed, 361 Bradford, Dr. Sam, 241 Bollinger County, Courthouse, Marble Bradley, Dr. Frank R., obit., 259 Hill, 237 (illus.) Bradley, Kenneth, 356 Bond, Gov. Christopher S., 132, 138, Brady, Thomas W., 236 234, 444; donor, 248; 232 (illus.) Brandom, Marguerite, 348 Bond, Mrs. Christopher S. (Carolyn) , Brant, Joshua B., 129 138; art. on, listed, 363; 232 (illus.) Branton, Mrs. William Coleman, 352 Bond, Mr. & Mrs. Peter, 264 Bray, William A., 234 Book Notes, 166-168, 263-266, 371-373, Brayton, Rev. C.S., art. on, listed, 467 475-478 Brazeale, Hugh, 285, 403 Book of Mormon, 282 Brazeau, art. on, listed, 471 Book Reviews, 162-165, 261-262, 368- Brech, Phil, 454 370 Breckenridge, William Clark, 12 Boone County—see also Columbia Brewer, Oda, 453 -arts, on, listed, 154, 253, 362, 467 Brickey, Howard, 356, 461 —Circuit Court, 3 Bridges, Capt. Franklin G., 349 —Courthouse, Columbia, 447 (illus.) Bridges, Mrs. Homer L., donor, 357, —Red Top Christian Church (Halls- 462 ville) , verso back cover, April Bridges, Sandy Creek Covered Bridge, issue (illus.) art. on, listed, 156 —Van Horn's tavern, 124; art. on, Bridgford, Mrs. Martha, 462 listed, 362 Briggs, Robert, 356 —Vivion's stagestand, 124 Bringier, L., 89 Boone County Co-operative Society of Brinkley, Thelma, 353 the Christian Church, verso back Broadhead, Garland C, 12 cover, April issue Broadhead, James O., 120 Boone County Historical Society, 136, Brock, Elinor, 239 238, 450 Broermann, Harry, 136 482 Index

Brooks, Mrs. Church, 462 —D. J. Hayde & Co., construction, Brooks, Mrs. Hubert, 244 236 Brooks, Jeane Ingram, 243 —Julius Conrad R: Co., construction, Brookshire, Rubey F., donor, 149 236 Brown, Mrs. Cinita, 247 —McGees of Kansas City, art. on, Brown, Hazel M., donor, 149 listed, 472 Brown, James W., 233 —Scotia Iron Works, art. on, listed, Brown, Norman, 139 363 Brown, Omer E., Son of Pioneers, —Walsworth Publishing Co., Mar- "Recollections of an Ozarks Law­ celine, art. on, listed, 361 yer," noted, 371 Bussabarger, Robert F., 31, 234; sculp­ Brown, Percy J., obit., 473 ture by, 46 (illus.) Brown, W. L., obit., 259 Butler, Edward, 336-340; 338 (illus.) Brown, Dr. Walter L., 140 Butler, Faith Gospel Center, art. on, Brown, William, 402 listed, 467 Brownlee, Dr. Richard S., 20, 22, 23, Butterfield Overland Mail Centennial. 26, 133, 232-233, 238, 443; 232 (il­ 1958, 20 lus.) ; coauthor, "The State His­ Buzzard, Mrs. Ernest B., donor, 462 torical Society of Missouri, 1898- 1973: A Brief History," 1-27; (illus.) Brumback, Mrs. Jack, 144 C Brunda, Mr. & Mrs. N. A., donors, 357 Cable, Velma, comp., History of Win- Bruner, Mrs. Jewel, 137 nigan Beginning 1873-1973, noted, Bruns, Mrs. W. A., Sr., 351 167 Brunswick, arts, on, listed, 154, 253, Cabool History Society, 238 361, 467 Cadillac, Antoine de la Mothe, 63, 64 Bryan, John R., 140 Caldwell, Billy, see Sauganash Bryan, Rev. Monk, donor, 462 Caldwell County, Mormons, 286-290, Bryan, William Jennings, 197-199, 201, 408, 410-411, 415 423, 428, 430-431, 433-434; 200. 434 Caldwell, Mrs. Dorothy J., 22, 136 (illus.) Callaway County Bryant, Billie, 348 —Boone's Lick Road tavern, 112 Buchanan County, 376 —Drover's Inn, 124 —Courthouse, art. on, listed, 254 -Duley's Mill, 322 —Matney Mills, art. on, listed, 257 —Grant stagestand, 124 Buchanan, R. H., 105-106 Callaway County Historical Society, 11 Buckner, Mrs. Marjorie, 348; donor, Callaway, Eva M., obit., 473 465 Calvert,' Harold, donor, 149 Buffum, Mrs. Charles G., 355 Camden County, Ha Ha Tonka, 348 Bullock, Mrs. William, 353 Camden County Historical Society, 348 Bunch, Ann, 356 Camdenton Junior Historians, 348 Bundschu, C. C, obit., 473 Cameron, Mrs. Jennie, 145, 355 Bundschu, Judge Henry A., 243 Camp Dubois, art. on, listed, 36(5 Bunker, Richard T., obit., 367 Campbell, Mrs. Leon E., 462 Burch, Mrs. Marvel, 460 Campbell, Marguerite, 453 Burch, Judge T. C, 291 Canada, Irma, 240 Bureau of Finance, 307 Cape Girardeau, 88 Buresh, Lumir F., 348-349 Cape Girardeau County Historical So­ Burgess, Mrs. Cora, obit., 473 ciety, 14, 238-239, 450 Burghard, August, donor, 248 Caperton, B. M., donor, 252 Burks, Mrs. Chester, 454 Carberry, John Cardinal, 246 Burlison, Rep. Bill D., 450 Cardenas, Lopez de, 60, 61 Burney, Gloria June, donor, 462 Carl, Eugene H„ 244 Bushman, Mrs. Katherine G., 149 Carneal, Thomas, 145, 459 Bushman, Richard L., 297 Carnegie, Dale, 166 Business, see also industry Carnell, Mrs. Pauline, 353 Business in World War II, art. on, Carondelet 299-316; (illus.) —Eclipse Park, art. on, listed, 256 Businesses —Railroads, art. on, listed, 365 —Bank of Carthage, art. on, listed, Carondelet Historical Society, 136, 239, 253 348, 450-451 —Carthage Hotel, art. on, listed, 361 Carpenter, Claude, 242 Index 483

Carr, Mrs. Mable, 354 Centerville, see Kearney Carroll County, 409 Central Christian College of the Bible, —Bowdry Lake, art. on, listed, 154 donor, 357 —Fair, art. on, listed, 154 Central College, 20 —Mormons, 289 Chadwick, Mary L., 128 —Wakenda Creek, art. on, listed, Chamber of Commerce 253 -Kansas City, 303 Carroll County Historical Society, 239, —Mexico, 217 451 Chamier, Richard J., 233; donor, 357 Carroll, Capt. William F., 246 Champlain, Samuel de, 66 Carrollton Chancey, Mrs. Grace H., donor, 462 —Aviation, art. on, listed, 253 Chandler, Rev. John, 136 —Florence Hotel, art. on, listed, 467 Chapin family, Bates County, art. on, Carson, Kit, art. on, listed, 157 listed, 253 Carstens, Carl Christian, 207 Chapin, Velah Hunt, art. on, listed, Carstenson, Blanche, 31-32, 234; wood­ 154 cut by, 47 (illus.) Chapman, Charley, 353 Carstenson, Cecil C, 23, 32-33, 234; Chariton County, courthouse, Keytes­ sculpture by, 47 (illus.) ville, 447 (illus.) Carter Spring, Carthage, art. on, listed, Chariton County Historical Societv, 253 137, 239, 451 Carthage Charless, Joseph, 95, 96; 95 (illus.) -arts, on, listed, 154, 253, 361, 467 Charless, Sarah, 94-95 —Bank of, art. on, listed, 253 —Carter Spring, art. on, listed, 253 Charlevoix, Father Pierre Francois —Courthouse, art. on, listed, 154 Xavier de, 66, 67, 73; 67 (illus.) —Early industry, art. on, listed, 253 Chase, Darwin, 291 —Lemp Building, art. on, listed, 154 Chautauqua, art. on, listed, 468 —McCune-Brooks Hospital, art. on, Chauvin, Lafreniere J., 104 listed, 154 Cheavens, John W., obit., 473 Carthage Historic Sites Commission, Chechebinquay, 378, 381 347 ' Chicago Coliseum, 197 (illus.) Carver, Dr. George Washington, arts, Chicago World's Fair, art. on, listed, on, listed, 157, 365 253 Carver, Judge Paul E., 353; donor, 462 Chickering, Mrs. Chester, 456 Casey, Michael E., 16, 220 Chilcote, Doug, 460 Casner, Dr. Vernon, obit., 260 Chilcote, Gary, 460 Cass County Chilcote, Mary, 355 —art. on, listed, 471 Children's Code Commission, Mis­ —Belton, 166 souri, art. on, 204-222; (illus.) Cass County Historical Society, 136- Children's Code Sunday, January 137, 239, 348 1919, 214 Cass, Lewis, 378, 382-383; 382 (illus.) Chiles, H. W., 126 Cassels, Louis, 263 Chiles, Henry, 402 Castaneda, Pedro de, 60-61 Chiles, Joel F., 402 Cauger, Ted R., 352 Chillicothe, 350; tavern, 108 Cecil, Byron R., obit., 160 Chinn, H. C, 1 Cedar County Historical Society, 348, Chipman, Mrs. Eugene, 140 451 Cholera, see also disease; arts, on, Cedar Fork, 355 listed, 158, 254, 35^ Cemeteries Chopin, Kate, art. on, listed, 469 —Cain Cemetery, 354 Chouteau, Auguste, 78, 83 —Emmons Cemetery, Ripley Coun­ Chrisman, William, art. on, listed, ty, art. on, listed, 257 365 —Freedom Baptist Church Cemetery, Christensen, Lawrence O., 132 Carthage, art. on, listed, 253 Christian County, 371 —Hickory County, 242 Christian, Mrs. Howard, obit., 260 —Montrose, art. on, listed, 361 Christisen, Don, 136 —Oakdale Cemetery, Monett, art. on, listed, 158 Churches —Toliver Graveyard, art. on, listed, —Antioch Community Church, Clay 158 County, 238 484 Index

-Atherton United Methodist —Sarcoxie, Trinity Lutheran, art. Church, Jackson County, art. on, on, listed, 253 listed, 256 —Stone Church, Independence, art. -Baptist Youth Organization, St. on, listed, 257 Joseph, 218 —Valley Center United Church of -Basilica of St. Louis, the King Christ, art. on, listed, 253 (Old Cathedral), verso back cov­ Churchwell, Thomas E., 247 er, October issue; (illus.) Civil Service, 307 -Besonia Baptist Church, Jackson Civil War County, art. on, listed, 472 -arts, on, listed, 154, 366, 467 -Bethel Church, 229 (illus.) —Battery I, Missouri Light Artillery -Boone County Co-operative So­ (Battle of Gettysburg, 1973 re- ciety of the Christian Church, enactment) , 240 verso back cover, April issue —Battle of Carthage (reenactment) , -Faith Gospel Center, Butler, 467 art. on, listed, 361 -Fee Fee Baptist Church, St. Louis -Battle of Cole Camp, 238 County, verso back cover, July —Battle of Forsyth, art. on, listed, issue; (illus.) 366 -First Baptist Church, Independ­ -Battle of Gettysburg, 239 ence, art. on, listed, 472 -Battle of Island Number 10, 239 -First United Methodist Church, —Carthage, art. on, listed, 154 Carthage, arts, on, listed, 154, 467 —Eads' Turret, art. on, listed, 256 -First United Presbyterian Church, —Johnson County, art. on, listed, Independence, 448 471 -Free Methodist Church, Carthage, —Veterans, Taney County, art. on, art. on, listed, 467 listed, 472 -Freedom Baptist Church, Carth­ —Westport, arts, on, listed, 257 age, art. on, listed, 253 Civil War Round Table of Kansas -Liberty Christian Church, Halls- City, 137, 239, 348-349, 451 ville, verso back cover, April issue Civil War Round Table of St. Louis, -Lutheran, Missouri Synod, 240 137, 239-240, 349, 452 -Methodist Episcopal Church, verso Civil War Round Table of the back cover, January issue Ozarks, 137, 239, 349, 450-451 -Missionary Baptist Church, 102 XUark, Sen. Bennett C, 278, 312 -Mormon, see Mormons; arts, on, Clark, Champ, 100; art. on, listed, 255 280-298, 393-415 Clark County Historical Society, 137 -Old Bethel Baptist Church, Cape Clark, Gen. John B., 290 Girardeau, 238 Clark, Pat, 459 -Old McKendree Chapel, near Cape Clark, Rolla D., obit., 260 Girardeau, verso back cover, Jan­ Clark, William, 13, 62, 63, 73, 79 uary issue; (illus.) Clatworthy, Tom, donor, 149, 463 -Old North Methodist Church, Clay, Mrs. C. C, 77 Plattsburg, 138 Clay, Cassius Marcellus, 137 -Old Presbyterian Church, Keytes­ Clay County ville, 139 -arts, on, listed, 156, 363, 365, 471 -Olive Branch Baptist Church, Se­ —hist, of, arts, on, listed, 255 dalia, donor, 152 —King, Thomas Joshua, family, art. -Pleasant Hill Catholic Church, 355 on, listed, 256 -Presbyterian, St. Louis, 95 —Lancaster, John Samuel, family, -Presbytery of Missouri, 12 art. on, listed, 471 -Red Top Christian Church, Halls- —Landmarks Commission, 137, 452 -Mormons, 286, 405-408, 415 ville, verso back cover, April issue; —Mosby School, arts, on, listed, 155, (illus.) 156 -St. Benedictine Convent, Clyde, Clay County Historical Society, 137, 144 355, 452 -St. Mary's, Independence, art. on, Clay County Museum Association, listed, 256 137-138, 240, 349, 452-453 -St. Mary's Parish, Independence, Clay, Henry, 99, 118, 122 246 Clay, James C, obit., 260 -St. Patrick's, St. Louis, art. on, Clayton, George, 238 listed, 363 Clemens, Cyril, donor, 149, 357, 403 Index 485

Clemens, John Marshall, 105 Committee on History in the Class­ Clemens, Orion, 12; art. on, listed, 158 room, 132 Clemens, Samuel L., 4, 12, 105; arts, Conception Abby, art. on, listed, 363 on, listed, 158, 365 Concordia Historical Institute, 14, 240 Cleveland, Pres. Grover, 187-188, 328, Conference of American Small Busi­ 331, 337, 340, 417-418, 421, 429; 422 ness Organizations, Missouri-Kansas- (illus.) Arkansas Region, donor, 149 Clifford, Betty, 456 Congress, see U.S. Government Clinton Congressional Medal of Honor, 132 -arts, on, listed, 154, 253, 361, 467 Conley, Avlyn, donor, 149 —Henry County Courthouse, 236 Conley, Col. Lewis H., 132 (illus.) Connolly, Dolly, arts, on, listed, 157 Clinton County Historical Society, 138, Conservation Federation of Missouri, 240, 453 donor, 149 Clopper, Edward, 207 Constant, Alberta Wilson, 243, 352 Cockrell, Sen. Francis Marion, 192 Contemporary Artists Exhibition, art. Coe, H. D., obit., 367 on, 28-54; (illus.) Coe, Joseph, 283 Contract Distribution Bureau, 307 Coe, Mrs. Maurine, 351 Controlled Materials Board, 306 Coffelt, Mrs. Faye, 141 Conway, Fred, art. on, listed, 158 Coffield, Eleanor, 243 Cook, Mrs. John, donor, 463 Coffman, Jim, 139 Cooper, Mrs. Herbert, 247 Coil, Mrs. Gladys, 450 Cooper, Mrs. James, 355 Colborn, R. I., donor, 463 Cooper, Mrs. Margaret D., donor, 360 Cold War, 369-370 Cordes, Frank J., obit., 473 Cole County Historical Society, 14, Coronado, Francisco Vasquez, 58, 61 138, 240, 453 Corrill, John, 289-290 Cole, Harry, obit., 260 Cortinovis, Irene E., "The Golden Age Coleman, Ed., obit., 260 of German Song," 437-442; (illus.) Colleges, see also University of Mis­ Coryell, Carol, 348 souri Cote sans Dessein, 88, 91-92 —Central Christian College of the Cottier, Randy L., A Selected Bibliog­ Bible, donor, 357 raphy of Missouri Archeology, noted, -Central College, 20 167 —Cottey College, 160 Cotton, W. Phillip, Jr., 242 —Park College, Parkville, 448 Coues, Elliot, 79 Collier, George, 129 "County Politics," lithograph by Collins, William D., 460 Thomas Hart Benton, front cover, Colt, John W., 238 January issue Columbia, 291, 292; see also Boone Courthouses County —Atchison County, Rock Port, 345 -arts, on, listed, 154, 362, 467 (illus.) —Chamber of Commerce, donor, 149 —Audrain County, Mexico, 446 (il­ —Conley home, art. on, listed, 467 lus.) —Courthouse, 447 (illus.) —Bates County, Butler, 344 (illus.) -Equal Suffrage Club, 216 —Bollinger County, Marble Hill, 237 —Hays Hardware building, art. on, (illus.) listed, 154 —Boone County, Columbia, 447 (il­ —hist, of, arts, on, listed, 253 lus.) —McAlester home, Andrew W., art. —Buchanan County, art. on, listed, on, listed, 467 254 —Slums, art. on, listed, 253 —Chariton County, Keytesville, 447 -Taverns, 115, 123-124 (illus.) —Crawford County, art. on, listed, Columbia Daily Tribune, art. on, 364 listed, 467; donor, 357 —Franklin County, Union, 345 (il­ Columbia Missourian, thesis on, listed, lus.) 258 —Gasconade County, Hermann, 140 Columbus, Christopher, 60 —Gentry County, Athens, 446 (il­ Comfort, Mrs. Elizabeth, 133, 136 lus.) Commerce, see also Business; Sales­ —Henry County, Clinton, 236 (il­ men, 1836, art. on, listed, 157 lus.) 486 Index

—Jackson County, art. on, listed, Curtius, Mrs. B. L., Jr., donor, 463 256; 401 (illus.) Cutman, O. P. H., 193 —Jasper County, 347; art. on, listed, 253 —Lewis County, Monticello, 446 (il­ lus.) Dade County Historical Society, 139, —Old Courthouse, Johnson County, 349, 450, 453 Warrensburg, 352 Dade County, Hulston Mill Park, 139 —Ozark County, Gainesville, 344 (il­ Dains, Mary K., coauthor, "The State lus.) Historical Society of Missouri, 1898- —Platte County, Platte City, 345 1973: A Brief History," 1-27; (illus.) (illus.) Dale, E. L., 21 (illus.) —Putnam County, Unionville, 447 Dallas County Historical Society, 139, (illus.) 241, 349-350, 453 —St. Charles County, St. Charles, Dalton, Gov. John M., 21; 22 (illus.) 237 (illus.) Dalton, Mrs. John M., 138; 232 (illus.) —Warren County, Warrenton, 236 Dalzell, W. C, donor, 150 (illus.) Damrosch, Walter, 440 —Webster County, Marshfield, 237 Dancing, 116-117 (illus.) Daniel, Sen. John W., 427-428 Courtney, W. R., obit., 473 Danville Tavern, 106-107 Cowderey, Oliver, 282-283, 395 Dare, Mr. & Mrs. Earl, 353 Cowell, Mrs. Leon, donor, 358, 463 Darneal, Louise, obit., 473 Cowell, Mrs. Marilyn, donor, 149 Dates, Donald, 136 Cox, Cyranus, 100 Daughters of the American Revolu­ Cox, Roy, 460 tion, 124, 142 Cox, Mrs. Sarah, 454 —Columbian Chapter, Columbia, Cox, Vernon G., donor, 248 donor, 149 Cox, W. W., art. on, listed, 472 —Cornelia Beekman Chapter, 458 Coyle, Elinor Martineau, 354 —Cornelia Greene Chapter, donor, Craig, Col. David, 98 357 Craig, Rev. Walter, obit., 260 Daughters of 1812, St. Louis Pioneer Crank, Rose, 355 Chapter, 360 Crawford, Ann, 145 Davey, Randall, 41 Crawford County, art. on, listed, 364 Davidson, Charles, donor, 149 Crawford County Historical Society, Daviess County, Mormons, 286-289, 138-139, 241, 349 291, 408-409, 414 Creech, B. J., 277 Davis, Anthony, 387, 391 Crew, Mrs. W. H., obit., 473 Davis, Mrs. Frances, 350 Crighton, John C, donor, 150 Davis, Kenneth, 453 Crittenden, Thomas T., art. on, 186- Davis, Ruby, 461 203 Davis, Ted, 461 Crockett, John, The Missouri Story: Davis, Vest, 349 A History of the State, noted, 168 Davison, Ralph E., donor, 463 Crockett, Mrs. P. D., 352 Dearing, Judge Eldridge, 270-271, 273- Cromer, Mrs. Marie, 352 274 Cronkite, Dr. Walter, 145 Dedman, Rebecca, 240 Crooked River, 289 Defense Contract Service, 300 Cross, J. W., obit., 160 DeKalb County, art. on, listed, 471 Crosstown, 355 DeKalb County Historical Society, 350, Crouch, Arch, 450 453 Crouch, Mrs. Mary B., 348 Democratic Party, see also Missouri Cuba, art. on, listed, 364 politics Culp, Mrs. C. L., 141 -Election of 1888, art. on, 327-343 Culver, Asa, family, art. on, listed, 361 —National Convention, 1896, art. Cummings, Albert D., 247 on, 417-436; 426, 430, 432 (illus.) Cunningham, Dr. Noble E., 233 Demoray, Pauline, comp., History of Curfman, Robert Joseph, donor, 358 Winnigan Be ginning 1873-1973, Curran, R. W., obit., 160 noted, 167 Curtis, Edward S., 234 Denslow, William R., 233 Curtis, Thomas C, 24 Dent, Alice, 241, 350 Index 487

Dent County Historical Society, 139, Draper, Daniel, 119-120 241, 350, 453-454 Dream by the River: Two Centuries Dent County Museum Board, 139 of Saint Louis Catholicism, 1766- Department of the Army, see U.S. 1967, by William Barnaby Faherty, Government S.J., noted, 265-266 Derr, Mrs. Joe, 141 Drewes, Werner, 23, 33-34; woodcut Derr, Raymond W., obit., 367 by, 48 (illus.) Desloge, Marcel, obit., 473 Drissen, Mrs. LaDean, 458 DeSmet, Father Pierre Jean, art. on, Drury, Margaretta, 246 listed, 363 Dryden, David, 107 DeSoto, Ferdinand, 75 Dudeck, Mr. & Mrs. Joe, 455 DeSoto, Hernando, 58, 60; 59 (illus.) Duden, Gottfried, 104 DeSoto, Mo., arts, on, listed, 155 Duels, 100, 101 Deters, Mrs. William, 145 Duggan, Rev. Thomas J., 353 Devault, Peter, 126 Duley, Nathaniel, 322 Devore, Dr. Harry S., 444 Duley's Mill, Callaway County, 322 DeWitt, 289 Dunavant, Shirley, 457 DeWitt, Mrs. Cecil, donor, 249 Dunham, Jay, 143 Dickens, Charles, 121 Dunklin, Gov. Daniel, 285, 286, 295, Dickmann, Bernard F., 440 385, 407; 407 (illus.) Diebold, Dr. Frank, 443 Dunlap, Clarke, donor, 150, 249, 463 Diebold, Tina, 443 Durrill, William, art. on, listed, 154 Diebold, Todd, 443 Durst, Robert D., 137 Diemer, Emma Lou, donor, 150 Dutisne, Claude-Charles, 76; art. on, Digges, Charles W., 450 listed, 256 Dillion, Capt. M. L., art. on, listed, Dyer, Emmett, 356 154 Dilthey, Mamie L., obit., 160 Disease, cholera, arts, on, listed, 158, 254, 362 Eads, [James B.], Turret, art. on, Distinguished Service Award, 234, listed, 256; Bridge, art. on, listed, 443-444; 232 (illus.) 471 Dittmer, Donald R., donor, 150 Eagle, Bill, 351 Divina, J. W., 16 Eagle, Elaine, 351 Divine family, Clay County, art. on, Early, Bishop, 124 listed, 157 Early, John, 124 Division of Contract Distribution, 300, Early, William, 124 302 East Central Junior College, Union, Dixon, Mrs. Clyde, 456 41 Dodge, Eugene, 356 Eastman, Capt. Seth, 265 Doll, Paul, donor, 150 Easton, Capt. Alton R., 107-108 Doniphan, Alexander, 286, 290, 408; Edmunds, R. David, "Potawatomis in arts, on, listed, 362, 365; 409 (illus.) the Platte Country: An Indian Re­ Donnelly, Gov. Phil M., 19 moval Incomplete," 375-392; (illus.) Dorian, Mrs. Mathew, 353 Education, 207 Dorsett, Lyle W., 269-270 Edwards, Doris M., obit., 473 Dotson, Walter, 347 Edwards, John, 453 Double Rotary Sprinkler Company, Edwards, Maj. John N., 127-128 Kansas City, 302 Edwards, Mary E., 6 Dougherty, Major John, 137-138 Eggert, Alma, 245 Douglas, Mrs. Harold, donor, 358 Ehrlich, Mrs. Donald B., 352; donor, Dow, Dr. Blanche Hinman, obit., 160 350 Dow, Carrie Ann, 160 Eisenmayer Milling Company, Spring­ Dow, Ernest Wentworth, 160 field, 320 Dow, Grove S., 160 Eisiminger, Mrs. Carl, 350 Dow, John Reneau, 160 Elder, Mrs. Ruth E., donor, 358 Dowling, Richard, 110-111 Eldridge, Mrs. Hilary, 138 Downing High License Law of 1883, Eldridge, Vera H., donor, 249 333, 334 Eldridge, William, 238; donor, 463 Dozier, J. J., Ill Elim, Bethel Colony, 225, 231 Drake, Charles D., 12, 261 Elliott, Mrs. Inez, donor, 150 Drake, Leona, 356 Ellis, Dr. Elmer, 19, 22, 233 488 Index

Ellis, Lewis, 355 Fayette Ellsberry, Elizabeth P., donor, 358 -arts, on, listed, 155, 254, 362, 468 Elmer, William, 139 —Advertiser (newspaper) , art. on, Elson, Mrs. Rosemary, 355 listed, 362 Elvas, Gentleman of, 59-60 —Mark Jackman Mill and Distillery, Ely, Mrs. Russell, 351 art. on, listed, 155 Ely, Tom, 274 —Tavern, 110 Embargo Act, 1807, 281 Fechtel, Alice, 356 Emigrant Aid Company of Kansas, 318 Fee, Robert, 242, 351 Emmons, Benjamin, 103-104 Felling, Dr. Raymond J., 143 Emmons, Charles Shepard, 104 Ferguson, Carl, 352 Emmons, Wallis K., 104 Ferola, John, 136 English, Dr. W. Francis, 22 Festivals Equal Suffrage Club, 215 — Autumn Festival, Orgeon, 243 Esely, Sen. William, 140 —Bushwhacker Days, Nevada, 146 Esler, Mrs. Margaret, 349 —Fall Festival, Plattsburg, 240 Estill, James, 100 —General Sterling Price Festival, 139 Estill, Rev. Wendell, 451 —Jour de Fete, Ste. Genevieve, 139 Eubrecht, Easter, 136 —Old Threshers Reunion, Paris, 144 Evans, Priscilla Ann, donor, 463; —Scott Joplin Festival, 459 "Merchant Gristmills and Commu­ —Walnut and Cheese Festival, Stock­ nities, 1820-1880: An Economic Re­ ton, 348 lationship," 317-326; (illus.) Fiebleman, Kenny, 139 Ewing, Ella, art. on, listed, 156 Field, Edmund M., obit., 367 Ewing, Mrs. J. Dorr, 459 Field, Mrs. Esther, 141 Ewing, William L., 338; 339 (illus.) Field, Eugene, art. on, listed, 157 Excelsior Springs Historical Museum, Fields, Judge Monroe, 246 347 Fike, Henry C, 320, 322 Exon, J. James, 137 Finch, Mrs. James A., 240 Expeditions, Col. Warner Lewis, art. Fincham, Mrs. William, 350 on, listed, 365 Fink, Lawrence, 141 Explorations First Baptist Church, Ironton, donor, -arts, on, 55-73, 75-93 463 —Claude-Charles Dutisne, art on, First Hundred Years, by Belton Cen­ listed, 256 tennial Historical Committee, noted, —Lewis and Clark, 79-80 166 —Marquette and Joliet journal, art. Fischer, Fred, 354 on, listed, 158 Fitzpatrick, Daniel R., 15-16 Flannigan, Dr. Charles W., 105 Florida, Mo., R. H. Buchanan Tavern, 105-106 Fabian, John, 42 Florissant Fagg, Judge Thomas J. C, 100, 119- —Archambault House, 351 120 —art. on, listed, 469 Faherty, William Barnaby, Dream by —Casa Alvarez, art. on, listed, 363 the River: Two Centuries of Saint —Jesuit Museum, art. on, listed, 256 Louis Catholicism, 1766-1967, noted, Florissant Valley Community College, 265-266 351 Fairfield Public Use Area, Truman Florissant Valley Historical Society, Dam Reservoir, 348 241, 350, 454 Falls of the Platte Tavern, 113-114 Flournoy, James H., 402 Falsetti, Joseph, 34, 234; 233 (illus.) ; Fly, J. Byron, 352 sculpture by, 48 (illus.) Fly, Rev. John B., 142 Falsetti, Mrs. Joseph, 233 (illus.) Fly, Mrs. Letha, 142 Far West, Mo., 287-291, 294-296, 408- Flynn, Joseph, 145 409, 412-413 Foley, Dr. William E., 456 Farber, book on, noted, 166 Follet, King, 291-292 Farley, James A., 270, 275, 279; 275 Foreign Relations (illus.) —Cold War, book on, reviewed, 368- Farley, Mrs. Lester, 247 370 Farr, Charles E., 243 —Point Four Program, art. on, Farragut, David Glasgow, 109 listed, 159 Index 489

—Truman Doctrine, art. on, listed, Gardner, Frederick D., 210, 219 159 Garner, Ida E., 348-349 Forrestal, James, 308, 309 Garner, John Nance, 276, 279 Forestry, art. on, listed, 472 Garrett, Rev. E. G., 143 Forts Gasconade County, courthouse, 140 —de Chartres, 78 (illus.) -Leavenworth, 379-380, 382, 385, Gasconade County Historical Society, 387-390 139-140, 454 —Orleans, art. on, listed, 361 Gass, Patrick, 81 —Osage, 93; art. on, listed, 468 Gates, Clinton H., donor, 251 Foster, Edith, 209 Gatewood, Gordon J., donor, 463 Foundation for Restoration of Ste. Geary, Fred, 17 Genevieve, 139 Geary, Mrs. S. E., 17 Four-H, arts, on, listed, 363 Geiger, Karl, donor, 150 Fox, Mrs. Annie, 208 Geiger, Mr. & Mrs. Tim, donors, 150 Fox, Kay, 246 General Assembly of Missouri (1st) , Francis, David Roland, 132, 190-191, 102; see also, Missouri, politics 264, 347; art. on, 327-343; 327 Gentry County, courthouse, Athens, (illus.) 446 (illus.) Franklin, 89, 92 Gentry County Historical Society, 140, Franklin County, courthouse, 345 (il­ 241, 454 lus.) Gentry, Gen. Richard, 123 Franzwa, Gregory, 139, 142, 347, 354 Gentry, Sue, 352 Frater, Helen, 243 Gentzler, Mrs. Lynn, 350 Free silver movement, 186-203, 419-420 Geological Survey of the State of Mis­ Freidel, Frank, 269 souri, 75 Fremont, Jessie Benton, art. on, listed, Geology, arts, on, listed, 468 157 George, B. James, Sr., donor, 463 Fremont, John C, 126-127 George, Nelle, 356 French, Charles, 102 George, Ralph D., obit., 473 French, Mrs. Ernest, donor, 463 George, Raymond, Jr., donor, 464 Freytag, Fred C, donor, 249 Gerhardt, Tom H., 141 Friends of Arrow Rock, 241, 350 Gibbs, Mrs. Donna, 356 Friends of Historic Boonville, 139 Gibbs, Edgar Jesse, obit., 160 Friends of Keytesville, 139, 454 Gibbs, Luman, 291 Friends of the University of Missouri Gibson, Judge James, 427 Library, 448 Gideon, Clarence E., 244 Fristoe, Col. Richard, 402 Gifts, 148-153, 248-252, 357-360, 462- Froehlich, Egmont, 439; 439 (illus.) 466 "Frustrations of a Missouri Small Giglio, Dr. James N., 451 Businessman: Lou E. Holland In Gilbant, Father, 266 Wartime Washington," by Jim F. Gilbert, A. S., 283 Heath, 299-316; (illus.) Gilbert, Whitney and Co., 404 Fuerbringer, Alfred C, 233 Gilleland, Mrs. H. J., 353 Fuller, Herbert, donor, 150 Gilliam, Corneilus, family, art. on, Fuller, Michael, 454 listed, 256 Fuller, Capt. William A., 349 Gilpin, William, art. on, listed, 362 Funk, Linna-Margaret, 138 Giulvezan, Mrs. Isabel, donor, 357-358 Furry, Edith, 451 Oiadbach, Mrs. Fred W., Jr., 458 Gladbach, Mary Kay, 454 Glasgow, Lillian, 356 "Glimpses of Old Missouri by Ex­ Gaddis, Mrs. Merrill E., obit., 367 plorers and Travelers," by Francis Gads Hill Robbery, art. on, listed, 155 A. Sampson, 74-93; (illus.) Gaines, Maj. Gen. Edmund P., 388- Glover, Mrs. Merle, 460 389; 390 (illus.) Glynn, Dr. Robert, obit., 367 Gale, Barbara, 350 Galeras, Juan, 62 Goatcher, Carl, 145, 355 Gallatin, 288-289, 409-410, 414; Mor­ Goddard, Clyde, donor, 249 mon battle, 410 (illus.) Goe, Mrs. Emmett, 247 Gamble, Hamilton, 102, 261 Goff, Mr. & Mrs. William A., 356, 461 Gardner, Mrs. Earnest, donor, 151 Coin, Mrs. Varion E., donor, 464 490 Index

"Golden Age of German Song," by Gunn, Mrs. Sylvia Liggett, donor, 358 Irene E. Cortinovis, 437-442; (illus.) Gustorf, Fred, obit., 473 Golden City, 349; art. on, listed, 361 Guthrie, Dr. Charles C, Sr., 25 Goldsmith, Katherine, 244 Gwinner, Myron W., donor, 249 Gonnerman, Mrs. John, 353 Goodrich, James W., 139, 241, 448; H coauthor, "State Historical Society of Missouri, 1898-1973: A Brief His­ Hadden, Gordon, 145 tory," 1-27; (illus.) Hains, Arthur, 146 Gorin, Major Henry M., 356 Hains, Mr. & Mrs. Randall, 146 Graduate Theses Relating to Missouri Hakluyt, Richard, 59 History, 258 Hale, Donald R., 243 Graf, Mrs. Laura, 351 Hall, Durwood G., 25 Graff, Mrs. John, donor, 249 Hall, Mrs. Eugene, 145 Graham, 371-372 Hall, Lt. Francis, 120 Graham Historical Society, 241, 350, Hall, James, 108 454; On the Banks of the Elk Horn, Hall, Wilma, 145 1839-1973, noted, 371-372 Halliburton, Mrs. Hazel Peek, 358 Grand Canyon, 60-62; 61 (illus.) Hallsville, arts, on, listed, 361 Grand Pass, 124 Halstead, J. S., 122 Grand River Historical Society, 140, Ham, Raymond D., donor, 151 241, 350, 454 Hambright, James, 403 Grant, H. Roger, "The Society of Hamilton, Hal, 240 Bethel: A Visitor's Account," 223- Hamilton, Mrs. Henry, 241, 457 231; (illus.) Hammer, O. W., 278 Grant, Ulysses S., 109; arts, on, listed, Hammond, Fred R., obit., 260 256, 471 Hammond, Loy, 454 Graves, Ida L., obit., 473 Hancock, Gen. Winfield Scott, 109 Graves, John, 108 Hanlon, Harvey, 354 Gray, Cowan A., obit., 161 Hanna, Charles, 136 Gray, George, 11 Hansen, Klaus J., 297, 298 Gray, Hazel, 459 Hanson, Dr. Theodore, 211, 213, 217- Green, A. H. "Abe," family, 141 218 Green, A. P., 24 Hardeman, Dr. Glen O., 129-130 Green, Duff, 102 Harding, Earl, obit., 367 Green, Mrs. Henry, donor, 150 Hardy, T. Walter, Jr., 356 Green, John Raeburn, obit., 161 Harlow, Mr. & Mrs. John, donors, Green, Mrs. Roy M., donor, 464 358 Greene County, art. on, listed, 156 Harmon, Lynn, 456 Greene County Historical Society, 140, Harmon, Mrs. Ruth Hancock, 350 241-242, 350, 454-455 Harmony, see Unionville Greene, Lida A., donor, 464 Harmony Mission, Bates County, art. Greene, Nathaniel, art. on, listed, 156 on, listed, 154 Greer, Mrs. Sarah, 453 Harrington, Frank J., 459 Greeves, Richard L., watercolor, "The Harrington, Mrs. W. H., 142 Boys," front cover, July issue Harris, C. A., 389-390 Gregg, Dr. Josiah, art. on, listed, 471 Harris, Margaret, donor, 249 Gregory, Ben, art. on, listed, 254 Harris, Martin, 282-283 Gregory, Ralph, 351 Harrison, Albert G., 382 Gresham, Walter Q., 188 Harrison County Historical Society, Griffen, Mrs. Vernon S., obit., 161 140, 242 Griffith, Paul, 141 Harrison, Crockett A., donor, 464 Griffiths, Dr. C. M., obit., 367 Harrison, Mrs. Marjorie Dysart, donor, Grimes, Nina, donor, 152 151 Grindstead, John L. N., donor, 150 Harrison, Gen. William Henry, 97 Gristmills, art. on, 317-326; (illus.) ; Harrisonville, art. on, listed, 157; hist. see also Mills of, art. on, listed, 256 Grundy County Historical Society, 455 Hart, Martin M., obit., 474 Gualdoni, Louis, 270-271, 277-278 Hart, William S., 143 Guitar, Odon, 12 Harvey, Mrs. Ernestine, 160 Gulick, Luther, 307 Harvey, Dr. M. D., art. on, listed, 361 Gunn, George, Jr., 452 Hatch, Mrs. John, 141 Index 491

Hatch, William Henry, 458 Higgs, Robert, 35-36; paintings by, Hattaway, Dr. Herman, 137, 348 front cover, October issue, 49 Hauer, Christian, 457 (illus.) Haukenberry, Mrs. H. H. 352 Hildebrand, Sam, arts, on, listed, 158, Haun's Mill Massacre, 289, 295; 290 257, 366 (illus.) Hill, A. Ross, 8 Hawthorne Players, 241 Hill, Sen. David B., 427, 429 Hayden, Peyton R., 102 Hill, Fred L., donor, 151 Hayes, Pres. Rutherford B., 421 Hill, Howard, obit., 367 Haynes, Mrs. Dick, 145 Hill, Opal S., art. on, listed, 362 Haynes, Richard, The Awesome Pow­ Hill, Dr. Robert R., 450 er, reviewed, 368-370 Hill, William Moberly, art. on, listed, Haynes, Shirley, donor, 149, 464 365 Hazelrigg, Mrs. Earle, 137 Hilty, Mrs. Paul, 459 Head, Lt., 127 Himelhoch, Myra, 132; "St. Louis Op­ Hearnes, Gov. Warren E., 25 position to David R. Francis in the Hearst, Phoebe Apperson, art. on, Gubernatorial Election of 1888," listed, 469 327-343; (illus.) Hearst, Phoebe Apperson, Historical Hinckel, Col. George, 289-290 Society, 242, 351 Hinkle, Mrs. Bland, 455 Heath, Jim F., "Frustrations of a Hinkson, Robert, 123 Missouri Small Businessman: Lou Hinshaw, Dr. George, 144-145 E. Holland in Wartime Washing­ Hirth, William, 270-271, 279 ton," 299-316; (illus.) Historic Florissant, 351 Hebron, Bethel Colony, 225, 231 Historic Hermann, 141, 351 Heckmann, Capt. Edward, 351; obit., Historic Missouri Churches, series 473 —Basilica of St. Louis, the King Heil, Arthur J., obit., 367 (Old Cathedral), verso back cov­ Heimbeck, Rev. Willard, 455 er, October issue; (illus.) Heiskell, J. N., obit., 260 —Fee Fee Baptist Church, St. Louis Helmers, Dale, 348 County, verso back cover, July Helmick, Richard H., Jr., 34-35; sculp­ issue; (illus.) ture by, 49 (illus.) —Old McKendree Chapel, Cape Helmsing, Bishop Charles H., 246 Girardeau, verso back cover, Janu­ Henderson, Lucy Ann, art. on, listed, ary issue; (illus.) 158 —Red Top Christian Church, Halls- Hennepin, Father Louis, 75, 76 ville, verso back cover, April issue; Henning, John, 238 (illus.) Henry County, Courthouse, Clinton, Historical Association of Greater Cape 236 (illus.) Girardeau, 141, 242, 351, 455 Henry, Maj. Dean T., 142 Historical Association of Greater St. Henton, Mrs. Helen, 454 Louis, 14, 141, 242-243, 351-352, 455 Hereford, Mrs. John, obit., 161 Historical Notes and Comments, 131- Heritage Seekers (Palmyra), 140-141, 161, 232-260, 344-367, 443-474 242, 351, 455 Historical Society of Polk County, 352 Hermann History of Missouri, Volume HI, 1860 —arts, on, listed, 362 to 1875, by William E. Parrish, re­ —Reiff House Bank, art. on, listed, viewed, 261-262 363 History of Scotland County, 1830 to —Stone Hill Winery, 141 1971, compiled by Mabel Wildman Herring, Elbert, 381 Rice, noted, 263-264 Herring, J. P., donor, 249 History of Winnigan Beginning, 1873- Heslar, George, donor, 151 1973, by Pauline Demory, Velma Hesse, Anna, 454 Cable and Darlene McCollum, Hickam, Harold, donor, 151; obit., noted, 167 367 Hockaday, Laura Rollins, donor, 358 Hickok, Wild Bill, art. on, listed, 365 Hodkins, Rev. Robert, donor, 464 Hickory County Historical Society, Hoemann, Al, 143 141, 242, 351, 455 Hoener, Ted, 242 Hicks, Russell, 402 Hoenig, Lawrence, donor, 151 Higdon, Mr. & Mrs. Tom E., 457 Hoenig, Mrs. Lawrence H., donor, 464 492 Index

Hoffman, William H., Kansas City, —Locust Hill [Waverly T. Ma- Missouri, Public Library, 1873-1973, gruder home], Brunswick, art. on, An Illustrated History, noted, 372- listed, 154 373 —Log Cabin, Rickey Road, Jackson Hoffstetter, Ray, 452 County, art. on, listed, 254 Hogan, John, 187 —Maplewood (Nifong) , Columbia Holland Corporation, Kansas City, 303 238 Holland Engraving Company, Kansas —McAlester home, Andrew W., Co­ City, 302 lumbia, art. on, listed, 467 Holland, Lou E., art. on, 299-316; 299 —Minnis-Chandler, art. on, listed, (illus.) 361 Holman, Mrs. Tom, 240, 453 —Myers, John B., St. Louis, art. on, Holt County, 376 listed, 469 Holt County Historical Society, 141, —Payne-Gentry House, Bridgeton, 243, 352, 455 132 Holt, Ivan Lee, 24 —Reiff House, Hermann, art. on, Holt, Laurence, 349 listed, 363 Homes —Richardson log cabin, West Plains, —Anderson House, Lexington, 23 352 (illus.) —St. Joseph homes tour, art. on, —Archambault House, Florissant, listed, 254 351 —St. Louis, 449; arts, on, listed, 469 —Austin, Peter, Carrollton, art. on, —Sites, John P., House, Arrow Rock, listed, 467 241 —Barnett Log House, Bloomfield, —Smith, F. Coleman, Butler, art. on, 461; (illus.) listed, 253 —Benjamin, John F., House, Shel- —Thornhill, art. on, listed, 365 —Williams, Warrene Tuttle, Home, bina, arts, on, listed, 254, 255 Fulton, 143, 244 —Boonville, art. on, listed, 254 —Wornall, John B., Jackson Coun­ —Campbell, Robert G., House, art. ty, 141-142, 352 on, listed, 156 Hontan, Baron le, 76 —Casa Alvarez, Florissant, art. on, Hood, Gen. John Bell, 137 listed, 363 Hood, Mrs. Lois, 455 —Clark, Champ, Home, Bowling Hook, C. E., donor, 151 Green, 144 Hoover, Dr. H. Lee, donor, 464 —Conley home, art. on, listed, 467 Horine, Wayne, 451 —Dorman, Jerubal Gideon, Clinton, Horn, Elford, 354, 458 art. on, listed, 363 Horrom, A. K., obit., 474 -Elim, Shelby County, 226 (illus.) Horse breeding, art. on, listed, 471 —Elmer, William, Home, Salem, 139 Hoskins, Mrs. Charles, 240 —Gardner House, Palmyra, 140, 351 Hosmer, Charles B., Jr., 242 —Glenn House, Cape Girardeau, 242 Hotels, see also taverns; Florence —Governor's Mansion, Jefferson Hotel, Carrollton, art. on, listed, 467 City, art. on, listed, 362 House Committee on Small Business, —Greenwood Heights, Columbia, 308 art. on, listed, 362 Houseworth, Glenn, 459 —Grossman-Barth House, Roche- How, John, 174, 177-179, 182 port, art. on, listed, 155 Howard County, Arnold's Inn, 124 -Hall, W. P. (Diamond Billy), Howard, Mrs. Oliver, donor, 464 Lancaster, 247, 356 Howard, Robert L., obit., 161 —Harding, Maj. H. H., House, art. Howell County Historical Society, 243, on, listed, 154 352, 455 —Harlin House, art. on, listed, 472 Howell, Maj. William J., 105 —Hornback House, Carthage, 347 Hower, Mrs. Mary Helen, 450 —Kansas City, art. on, listed, 365 Hoyne, Dr. Tom, 459 —Karnes, J. V. C, Kansas City, art. Hubert, Sieur, 65 Hudson, Florence, 354 on, listed, 362 Hudspeth, Thomas, 403 —Kendrick House, Kendricktown, Huff, Lt. Col. Leo E., 349, 451-452, art. on, listed, 253 454 —Kirkwood, art. on, listed, 472 Hughes, Mae, 453 Index 493

Hughes Township, Nodaway County, -Missouris, 76-77, 376, 383-384 book on, noted, 371-372 —Missourites, 66 Hull, William R., Jr., 25 —Mormon attitude toward, 398-399 Hulston Mill Park, Dade County, 139 —Mozeemleks, 70 Humphreys, Allen S., obit., 260 -Navajo, 247 Hungate, William L., 144 -Omahas, 376, 383, 384 Hunt, Mrs. Cecil, donor, 358 -Osage (Wabasha), 76-77, 80, 82- Hunt, Mrs. Nelle, 450 84, 88; arts, on, listed, 154, 253 Hunt, Wilson P., 88 -Otoes, 376, 383, 384 Hunter, James M., 403 -Ottawas, 377, 386 Huntington, James, 111 -Pawnees, 77, 81, 82, 93 Huntman, John W., 146 -Peorias, 386 Huston, Jeanette, 136 —Piankashaws, 386 Huston, Joseph S., 129 -Pioras, 87-88 Hutchings, Mrs. Caroline, 347 —Potawatomis, 82, 88, 143; art. on, Hutchinson, Ruth M., donor, 151 375-392; (illus.) Huthmacher, J. Joseph, The Truman —Quasquens, 70 Years, the Reconstruction of Post­ —Sacajawea, art. on, listed, 256 war-America, noted, 168 -Sacs, 81, 376, 381, 383, 384 Hyatt, Mr. & Mrs. Adrian, 351 —Saukee, 88 -Sauks, 91, 93; 91 (illus.) —Shawanese, 88, 90 -Sioux, 63, 66, 88, 376, 383, 384, Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne d', 68-69, 70, 389 73; 69 (illus.) —Tahuglauk, 70 Icarian Colony, arts, on, listed, 254, -Weas, 386 256 -Wolves, 70 Immigration, Irish, St. Louis, 171-185 Industry, see also business; Carthage, In Memoriam, 160-161, 259-260, 367, art. on, listed, 253 473-474 Ingenthron, Elmo, 247 Independence, 400 Ingram, Davy, 73 —Courthouse, art. on, listed, 471; Inns, see also Taverns; Inn St. Gemme 401 (illus.) Beauvais, art. on, listed, 469 —First Baptist Church, art. on, International Community Art Compe­ listed, 472 tition, 34 —Gilbert, Whitney and Company, Iowa State Department, History and 284 Archives, donor, 464 —Heritage Trail, art. on, listed, 254 Irving, Theodore, 59 -Mormons, 283-284, 393-415 Irving, Washington, 99-100 —Truman Library, 36 Italo-Americans, World War I, St. Indians, 234 Louis, art. on, listed, 256 —Acansas, 70 —Aiouez, 66 j -art. on, 375-392 (illus.) -arts, on, listed, 362, 366, 468, 472 Jablonsky, Mrs. Arthur A., donor, 357 —Assiniboils, 66 Jacks, R. K., 17 —Ayauwais, 88 Jackson, Pres. Andrew, 285, 380, 382, —Cappa, see Acansas 383, 384 —Chaouanons, 70 Jackson, Mrs. Charles T., obit., 474 —Chasseurs du Bois of Louisiana, 82 Jackson County, see also Kansas City —Chippewas, 377 —Atherton United Methodist —Creeks (Muskogees) , 82 Church, art. on, listed, 256 -, 88, '"90, 282-283 —Besonia Baptist Church, art. on, —Eokoros, 70 listed, 472 -Foxes, 91, 93, 376, 381, 383-384; —Courthouse, art. on, listed, 256; 91 (illus.) 401 (illus.) —Illinois, 66 -Mormons, 283-286, 293-296, 398- -Iowas, 91, 376, 381, 383-384 407, 413-415 —Kansas, 84 Jackson County Historical Society, 14, —Kaskaskias, 386 141, 243, 352 —Kickapoo, 79 Jackson, tavern, 111 —Miami, 66 Jacobson, Dan, donor, 464 494 Index

Jacobson, Eddy, art. on, listed, 155 Johnson, Mrs. Weldon, 460 Jails, Cuba, art. on, listed, 364; Johnston, Mrs. Thomas E., donor, 151 Nevada, art. on, listed, 468; Rich­ Joliet, Louis, 58, 75; art. on, listed, mond, 295 158 James, Dr. Edwin, 387, 390, 391 Jolly Mill, Newton County, 325 James, Frank, 238; art. on, listed, 468 Jones, Amasa, art. on, listed, 361 James, Mrs. J. D., 240 Jones, Dorothy, 25 James, Jesse, 238; arts, on, listed, 155, Jones, Dr. & Mrs. E. S., 348 156, 254 Jones, Mrs. Evelyn Milligan, 352 James, Larry A., donor, 151, 358, 464 Jones, Sen. James K., 427, 430 James, Mildred, 245 Jones, Jean, 348 James, W. C, 198 Jones, Mr. & Mrs. K. C, 245 James, Judge William Knowles, 217, Jones, Lorene, 453 219; 217 (illus.) Jones, Paul C, 24, 430 Jasper County Jones, Mrs. Richard M., 143 -arts, on, listed, 253, 361, 467 Jones, Ruby, 145, 355 —Carter Springs Wilderness Area, Jones, Mrs. Sue, donor, 249 347 Jones, Warren, 459 —Court of Common Pleas, art. on, Joplin, art. on, listed, 158 listed, 361 Joplin Historical Society, 243, 456 —Law enforcement, art. on, listed, Jorgensen, Mrs. Jean, donor, 249 361 Journal Historique, 66-67 Jasper County Historical Society, 142, 243, 352, 456 Jasper County Medical Society, art. on, K listed, 361 Kachadoorian, Zubal, 42 Jasper, Mrs. Lloyd, 141 Kandinsky, Vassily, 33 Jefferson City, 106 Kansas Border War, art. on, listed, 361 —Capitol, art. on, listed, 158 Kansas City, see also Jackson County —Lohman's Landing and Building, -Allen Library, 372 arts, on, listed, 467 —Andrew Drips Park, art. on, listed, —McCarty House, tavern, 127 468 Jefferson County -arts, on, listed, 155, 158, 159, 254, —Courthouse, art. on, listed, 155 468 —Sandy Creek Covered Bridge, art. —Board of Education, 372 on, listed, 156 —Buildings, art. on, listed, 362 Jefferson, Thomas, 63, 79 —Chamber of Commerce, 303 Jeffries, Charles B., donor, 249 —Daniel B. Dyer Museum, 372 Jenifer, Sen. D., 122 —Densmore Hotel, art. on, listed, Jenkins family, art. on, listed, 471 362 Jennens, W. C, 349 —Double Rotary Sprinkler Com­ Jennings, Warren A., 297 pany, 302 Jesse, Richard H., 2 —Farmers' Hotel (Wayside Inn) , Jesuits, 66 126 Jewell, William, 447 —Holland Corporation, 303 Jewett, W. O. L., 1, 9 —Holland Engraving Company, 302 Jewish Educational Institute, Kansas —Homes, art. on, listed, 365 City, 206 —Interurban railways, art. on, listed, Johnson, Andrew, 109-110 468 Johnson County, Civil War, art. on, —Jazz, art. on, listed, 155 listed, 471 —Jewish Educational Institute, 206 Johnson County Historical Society, 14, —McGee enterprises, art. on, listed, 142-143, 243, 352, 456 472 Johnson, Evan, 454 —Markets, arts, on, listed, 363 Johnson, Gen. Harold K., 132 —Mimm's Hotel, 102 Johnson, Paul A., coauthor, Adven­ —Mulkey Square, 147 tures at Mark Twain Cave, noted, 475-476; Onondaga, the Mammotli —National Public Welfare League, Cave of Missouri, noted, 475-477 211-213, 216, 217 Johnson, Gen. Robert, 310-313 -Nelson Gallery of Art, 37, 372; Johnson, Robert, 402 art. on, listed, 362 Johnson, Dr. Ronald W., donor, 249 —Parks, art. on, listed, 155 Index 495

—Philharmonic Orchestra, art. on, Kimberling family, arts, on, listed, listed, 467 366, 472 —Politics, art. on, listed, 468 Kimbrell, Horace Warren, 452 -Public Library, 372-373 Kinder, Leemon N., 238 —River Quay Area, 244 Kinderhook Regional Library, donor, —South Side, art. on, listed, 155 462, 466 —Swope Park, art. on, listed, 254 King, Judge Austin A., 288, 291 —Theater, art. on, listed, 254 King, Frank H., donor, 151 —Trees, art. on, listed, 254 King, John, 351 —Union Station, art. on, listed, 155 King, Thomas Joshua, family, art. on, —Vaudeville, art. on, listed, 472 listed, 256 —Western Hotel (American Hotel) King, Washington, 179, 182-184; 180 (Gillis Hotel) (Free State Hotel), (illus.) 125-127; 125 (illus.) Kingdom of Callaway Historical So­ —World War II, art. on, listed, 254 ciety, 143, 244, 457 Kansas City an Intimate Portrait of Kinkead, Mrs. Francis W., donor, 358 the Surprising City on the Missouri, Kirchner, Roy, 141, 242, 455 by the Creative Staff of Hallmark Kirkpatrick, James C, 132 Editions, noted, 266 Kirkwood Historical Society, 143, 244, Kansas City and Westport Horse Rail­ 457 road Co., art. on, listed, 468 Kirkwood, home, art. on, listed, 472 Kansas City, Missouri, Public Library, Kitchen, Waldo, obit., 161 1873-1973, An Illustrated History, by Klee, Paul, 33 William H. Hoffman, noted, 372-373 Klemp, Alberta, 145, 459 Kansas City Westerners, 143, 244, 353, Kline, L. Patton, 243 456-457 Klingensmith, Tom, 354 Kansas State Historical Society, donor, Klutz, T. K., 431 151 Kneale, Mr. & Mrs. Ernest, 350 Kearney, John Waid, art. on, listed, Knights of Labor, 331-332, 336 471 Knott, J. Proctor, art. on, listed, 365 Keathley, Clarence, donor, 464 Knott, John A., 191 Keil, William, 223-231; 229 (illus.) Know-Nothing Society, St. Louis, 171, Keller, Catherine B., donor, 151 177, 182 Kelly, Ray, obit., 260 Knox County Historical Society, 353, Kemble, E. W., art. on, listed, 158 457 Kemp, Ora, 354 Knox, Mrs. Ernest R., donor, 250 Kemper, Rufus Crosby, 311 Koeberl, Laura, 348 Kendrick, Peter Richard, verso back Koeltztown, 324 cover, October issue; art. on, listed, Korte, Frank, 454 366 Kouns, Nathan Chapman, art. on, Kennedy, Elizabeth, donor, 149, 151 listed, 157 Kennedy, Homer, 454 Krahl, A. K., obit., 474 Kennedy, John P., 136 Krause, Mrs. Henrietta, 136, 450 Kenner, Rodman, 111, 112 Krebs, Frances Johanson, 265 Kennett, Luther Martin, 172, 178-179; Kreek, Albert, 141 173 (illus.) Krick, Robert K., 451, 452 Kenney, Rev. Leon F., 452 Krog, W. O., donor, 464 Kent, Mrs. Carolyn, 141 Krolick, Marshall, 239, 349 Kershaw, Emily, 239 Krone, Robert T., obit., 367 Key, George, art. on, listed, 472 Kubisiac, Patsy, 460 Keytesville, courthouse, 447 (illus.) Kurtz, Wilbur George, Jr., 348, 349 Kidnapping, art. on, listed, 469 Kyd, Mrs. Stirling, donor, 250 Kidney, Mr. & Mrs. Guy N., donors, 358 Kieper, Mrs. Ray, 246 Kilby, Florence, art. on, listed, 159 Labor unions, 331-333, 336-337 Kilby, John William, art. on, listed, La Charette, 80 159 Laclede Landing, 77 (illus.) Kimball, Elbert E., 327, 337; 332 Laclede, Pierre (Liguest), verso back (illus.) cover, October issue Kimberlin, Charles, 352 Lafayette County Historical Society, Kimberlin, Mrs. Irene, 242, 352 457 496 Index

Lafayette, Marquis de, 107, 120 Lewis County, courthouse, 446 (illus.) Lafser, Fred, donor, 464 Lewis County Historical Society, 143- La Hontan, Baron de, 70, 72-73 144, 353; donor, 152 Lake, Delmar, 144; obit., 161 Lewis, Henry, 430-431 Lamar, art. on, listed, 254 Lewis, Meriwether, 62-63, 73, 79 Lamm, Judge Henry, 123, 128 Lewis, Col. Warner, art. on, listed, 365 Lancaster family, John Samuel, art. Lewis, Washington, 124 on, listed, 471 Liberty jails, 295 Land Lick Skillet, see Oak Grove —Carthage land disputes, art. on, Lienhard, J. H, obit., 260 listed, 253 Life on the River A Pictorial History —Ownership, art. on, listed, 366 of the Mississippi, the Missouri, and Land, Fike & Company, see mills the Western River System, by Nor­ Land, Nathan, 320 bury L. Wayman, noted, 475 Landmarks Lightfoot, Dr. B. B., 239, 454 —Rocky Tract, Monroe County, art. Ligueste, Pierre Laclede, 77-78 on, listed, 363 Limbaugh, Leonard L., obit., 474 —Tower Rock, DeSoto, art. on, Limbaugh, Rush H., 238-239 listed, 362 Limbaugh, Rush H., Sr., 347 Landmarks Association of St. Louis, Linch, Mrs. Hazel, 242 143, 457 Lindbergh, Charles A., arts, on, listed, Landreth, Joseph, 453 157, 471 Lane, George, 460 Lindenbusch, John H., 144, 245 Lansing, George E., obit., 260 Linn, Mrs. Joe D., 354 Lapinski, Dan J., 239 Linn, Lewis F., 128, 377, 382 Larson, Sidney, 23, 36-37, 136, 234; Linn, Mary Casteel, 458 art. on, listed, 154; drawing by, 50 Linville, Mrs. George, 350 (illus.) ; drawing, " '73 Flood at Linville, Thomas, 285, 403 Rocheport," front cover, April issue Lionberger, Mrs. John S., Jr., 457 (illus.) Lisa, Manuel, 89 LaRue, Lon H., obit., 474 Little, James H., donor, 358 La Salle, Nicolas de, 65 Lloyd, Thomas L., donor, 358 La Salle, Robert de, 66, 75-76 Local Historical Societies, 136-147. 238- Lathrop, Julia, 207 247, 348-356, 450-461 Latrobe, Charles Joseph, 100, 105 Locke Mill, Osage County. 324-326; Laurain, voyageur, 65 324 (illus.) Laveille, Joseph C, verso back cover, Locke, Theodore, 324, 329; 324 (illus.) October issue Locust plague, art. on, listed, 155 Law, enforcement, 400; frontier jus­ Loeb, Isidor, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 14, 15 tice, art. on, listed, 253 Lofquist, Margaret U., donor, 250 Lawless, Blanche, donor, 465 Long, Sen. Edward V., 24 Lawrence County, cemeteries, arts, on, Long, Mrs. Leona, 348 listed, 158 Long, R. A., 142 Lawrence County Historical Society, Long River, 70-72, see also Missouri 139, 143, 244, 353, 457 River Lawrence, Homer, 146 Long, Maj. Stephen H., 91, 99 Lay, Dr. Chester F., obit., 474 Longstreth, Mrs. Wilbur, donor, 151. Lay, J. Gilbert, donor, 250, 358, 465 450 Lead mining, art. on, listed, 361 Loose Creek, 324 League, William T., 12 Lord, Dr. Francis A., 451, 452 Lee, Fred L., 143, 240, 244 Lott, Henry, family, art. on, listed, Lee, Robert E., 239 157 Leeper, Chauncy L., donor, 152 Lotteries, 109; ticket, 109 (illus.) Lentz, Clarke, 455 Louden, Mrs. Claire, donor, 359 Leonard, Abiel, 13, 102 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904, Leslie, John K., obit., 474 see St. Louis World's Fair Le Sueur, A. A., 1 , art. on, listed, Le Sueur, Pierre Charles, 64, 70, 72 157 Lewis, Abasalom, 115 Lovejoy, Owen, 222 Lewis and Clark Commission, 136 Lowe, Frank, 198 Lewis and Clark Expedition, 79, 80; Lowe, Dr. James, 459 79 (illus.) ; arts, on, listed, 363, 366 Lowell, Arthur E., 356, 461 Index 497

Lowenstein, Mrs. Lucille, 206, 208, McGowan, Roger, 351 219; 209 (illus.) McHarg, Mrs. W. I., donor, 250 Lowrance, Pearl, 455 Mclntire, Ruth, 222 Lowry, Mrs. Chloe, 354 Mcintosh, Robert, 242 Lucas, James H., 179 Mcintosh, Vesper Nina, 242 Lucas, Gen. S. D., 290, 402 McKee, Mary R., donor, 359 Lucas, Scott, 312 McKendree, Bishop William, verso Lucietta, Mrs. Opal, 450 back cover, January issue Luck, Norman, obit., 161 McKinin, Lawrence, 23, 37, 234; 233 Lueders, Mrs. Paul, 455 (illus.); painting by, 50 (illus.) Lupfer, Mrs. Joyce, 140, 454 McKinley, Mrs. Alice, 356, 461 Lusk, Mrs. R. A., 141 McKinley, William, 191, 196, 201, 202; Lutesville, 237 202 (illus.) Lutman, Claude, 459 McLane, William H., 13 Luystown, 324 McLaughlin, Mr. & Mrs. Ira B., 16 Lykins, Dr. & Mrs. Johnston, 126, 127 McManus, Thelma S., donor, 250 Lyle, N. W., obit., 161 McMullin, Mrs. Donald, 459 Lyng, John, 244 McMurry, Dr. Richard M., 137 Lyttleton, Lord, 304 McMurry, Bishop & Mrs. W. F., 17, 444 Mc McNair, Gov. Alexander, 96, 102 McNeely, Paul, 240 MacArthur, Gen. Douglas, art. on McPherson, Edward B., 118 listed, 363 McPherson, J. E., 216 Macdonald, A. J., 224-225 McRae, Alexander, 291 Macdonald-Wright, Stanton, 38 McReynolds, Allen, 9 Mackenzie, explorer, 73 McReynolds, George, 245 McAllister, J. T., 466 McVey, Ambrose, 459 McBee, Mrs. DuWayne, 347 McBride, Gorman A., obit., 367 McCandless, Perry, The Missouri M Story: A History of the State, noted, Mabary, Otto, 455 168 Mabry, Mrs. Fay, donor, 250 McCarthy, Tony, 452-453 Mabry, Harold, 355 McCarty, Burr Harrison, 127-128 Mack, Rick, 353 McCarty, Richard, 403 Macomb, Maj. Gen. Alexander, 388 McClard, Michael, 455 Macon County Historical Society, 353, McCollum, Darlene, comp., History of 457 Winnigan Be ginnin g 1873-1973, Madden, Mrs. Elsie Fellows, donor, noted, 167 359 McConnell, Oscar, 350 Maddux, Mrs. William V., donor, 359 McCord, May Kennedy, art. on, listed, Maffitt, Charles C, 190-191, 194-195, 256 329-330; 194 (illus.) McCorkle, Carroll G., obit., 161 Magazines McCormick, John S., donor, 359 —Child Labor Bulletin, 211 McCoy, Isaac, 386, 403 -Public Welfare, 211-213; 212, 214 McCoy, John, 266 (illus.) McCuistion, Mary Ann, 372 Mahan, George A., 9, 12 McCullough, Frisby, 220 Mahmud, Mrs. Elaine, 350 McDaniel, Lyn, 353 Mahnkey, Douglas, 247 McDermott, John Francis, 141; Seth Major, Gov. Elliot W., 205; 206 Eastman's Mississippi, a Lost Pro­ (illus.) file Recovered, noted, 265 Majors, George, 348 McDonald County, art. on, listed, 158 Maloney, Mrs. Paul E., donor, 359 McDonald County Historical Society, 144, 244, 353-354, 458 Mandeville, Sieur de, 65 McDonald, Moss, 459 Mangold, Prof. George, 205-206, 216 McGee, E. N., 126 Manning, George W., 454 McGee family, Kansas City, art. on, Marble Hill, Bollinger County Court­ listed, 472 house, 237 (illus.) McGee, Sen. Gale S., 448 Marceline, Walsworth Publishing McGirk, Andrew, 102 Company, art. on, listed, 361 498 Index

"Marie Woods Receives Distinguished —Courthouse, 446 (illus.) Service Award at Retirement Re­ —Sunday School Association, 217 ception," 443-444 (illus.) Meyer, Alberta J., donor, 359 Marion County Historical Society, 144, Meyer, August R., art. on, listed, 255 244, 353, 458 Meyer, Ellis, obit., 260 Maritime Commission, 307 Mickiewicz, Adam, 38 Mark Twain Centennial (1935) , 10, Mid-America Heritage Council, 244 see also Clemens, Samuel L. Mid-Central War Resources Board, Markland, L. H., obit., 260 303 Marquette, Father Jacques, 58, 63, 64, Middleton, George Wash, art. on, 75, 239; 55 (illus.) ; art. on, listed, listed, 158 158 Miles, Francis Townsend, donor, 152 Marr, Mrs. G. Logan, obit., 474 Miller, Alpheus, family, art. on, listed, Marrs, Mrs. Alice, 354 253 Marshall, J. W., "Weed," 112-113 Miller, Mr. & Mrs. Barney, 132 Marshfield, Webster County Court­ Miller, Mrs. Charles L., 353 house, 237 (illus.) Miller, Chris, donor, 250 Martin, Blunt, donor, 465 Miller, Eddie, donor, 359; obit., 473 Martin, James, 458 Miller, James, 132 Martin, Col. O. W., 465 Miller, Gov. John, 377 Martin, Col. O. W., Jr., 461 Miller, Kenneth, 141 Martin, Zadock, 113 Miller, Mrs. Kenneth E., donor, 465 Mason, Harry P., 17 Miller, Mrs. Lucille Kaufman, 473 Mason, J. E., 146 Miller, Dr. T. W., 458 Mason, Lorna Doone, 348 Miller, Mrs. Viletha, 141 Masonic Order, Sturgeon, art. on, Millett, Mrs. Maurine, obit., 260 listed, 467 Millport, 289, 414 Massey, Mrs. J. W., donor, 465 Mills, see also Gristmills Matney Mills, art. on, listed, 257 —Aid-Hodgson, Ozark County, 325 Matthews, Jack, 238 -Alley Spring, 322 (illus.) ; art. on, Mattingly, Dr. Arthur, 141 listed 158 Mauk, Ezra, 454 —Anchor Milling Company, Tus- Maupin, Mrs. Eva, 348 cumbia, 321, 326 Mayes, Dr. Martin, donor, 465 —Dawt, Ozark County, 325 Mayes, Mr. & Mrs. Robert, 243 —Duley's Mill, Callaway County, Maysville 322 —arts, on, listed, 468-469 —Eisenmayer Milling Company, —Chautauqua, art. on, listed, 468 Springfield, 320 —Negro Colony, art. on, listed, 471 -Hulston Mill Park, 349 Mayview Tavern, 112-113 —Jolly Mill, Newton County, 325 Meadows, Forrest, donor, 359 —Land, Fike Sc Company, Warrens­ Means, Mary, 351 burg, 320, 322 Medill, Ensign Tavern, 115 —Locke Mill, Osage County, 324- Medsker, Mrs. Homer, 350 326; 324 (illus.) Melgosa, Capt., 62 —Mark Jackman Mill and Distillery, Melton, Larry C, 459 art. on, listed, 155 Memories of the Farber Area, noted, -Schlicht Mill, Pulaski County, 319 166 (illus.) Mendon, art. on, listed, 467 —Thacker Vivion, Carthage, art. on. Mental Health, 208 listed, 361 Menteer, W. J., obit., 367 —Turnback Mill, Ozarks, art. on, Mercer County Historical Society, 354, listed, 472 458 —Turner's Mill, Shannon County, "Merchant Gristmills and Communi­ 319-320 ties, 1820-1880: An Economic Rela­ —Zanoni Mill, Ozark County, 322 tionship," by Priscilla Ann Evans, (illus.) 317-326; (illus.) Mimms, "Uncle" John, 102 Meteorites, arts, on, listed, 363, 468 Mineola (Loutre Lick) , 99-100 Meutze, Jean, 245 Ministry of Supply (British) , 304 Mexican War, art. on, listed, 362 Minnesota (St. Pierre) River, 66, 70 Mexico, Mo. Mississippi County Historical Society, —Chamber of Commerce, 217 144, 244-245, 458 Index 499

Mississippi River, 64, 66-67, 69, 70, 72, Missouri Horticultural Society, 75 75; art. on, listed, 365; 71 (illus.) Missouri Hotel, 96-97; 97 (illus.) Mississippi Valley Historical Associ­ Missouri Land Surveying Authority, ation, 74 139-140 Missouri Missouri Museum Association, 26 —Air National Guard, arts, on, Missouri Press Association, 1, 7, 17 listed, 156 "Missouri Progressives and the Nomi­ —Capitol, Jefferson City, art. on, nation of F.D.R.," by J. Christopher listed, 158 Schnell, 269-279 —Capitol, St. Charles, art. on, listed, Missouri River, 64-67, 72, 73, 75, 81 254 Missouri State Committee For the —Constitutional Convention, 1944, Humanities, 136, 139-140, 142 371 Missouri State Conference of Charities —Democratic nomination, 1932, art. and Corrections, 205 on, 269-279; (illus.) Missouri State Council on the Arts, 42 -Division of Hygiene, 207, 221 Missouri State Teachers Association, -Election of 1888, art. on, 327-343; 20, 208 329, 341 (illus.) Missouri Story: A History of the State, -Election of 1896, art. on, 186-203; by John Crockett and Perry Mc­ (illus.) Candless, noted, 168 -General Assembly, 8, 20, 318; 49th Missouri Sunday School Association, legislature, 208-210; 50th legisla­ 213 ture, 220-221 "Missouri Tavern," by Walter B. —Highway Department, 12, 17 Stevens, 94-130; (illus.) —History of, book on, reviewed, 261 Missouri Women's Committee of the -Militia, 288-290 National Defense Council. 215 —Names, art. on, listed, 470 Mitchell, C. R., donor, 465 —National Guard, 138th Infantry Mitchell, Ewing Y„ 270-271, 273-275, Regiment, art. on, listed, 363 278-279, 425; "278 (illus.) —Park Board, 22, 448; art. on, listed, Mitchell, Franklin D., 269-270 467 Mitchell, Dr. William, 132 —Penitentiary, art. on, listed, 471 Mobile River, 70 —Politics, art. on, listed, 365 Moeller, Lew, Jr., obit., 474 —Radical Republican Constitution, Monaghan, Charles, 460 thesis on, listed, 258 Moncachet-Ape (Indian) , 73 —Slavery, thesis on, listed, 258 Moniteau County Historical Society, —Woman's Christian Temperance 354, 458 Union, 214 Monroe, Rev. Andrew, 106, 112 Missouri American Revolution Bicen­ Monroe County, 105 tennial Commission, 444, 450, 452, -arts, on, listed, 156, 255, 363, 469 456 —Glenn House Tavern, 116-117 "Missouri Art: Past, Present and for —Rocky Tract, art. on, listed, 363 the Future," art exhibit, 234 Monroe County Historical Society, 144 Missouri Botanical Garden, 458 Montevallo, 247 Missouri Children's Code Commis­ Montgomery County, taverns, 106, 124 sion, art. on, 204-222; (illus.) Montgomery, William, 111 Missouri Conference on History, 16th, Monticello, courthouse, 446 (illus.) 132, 448 Montigny, Dumont de, 76-77 Missouri Federation of Business and Mooers, Robert L., Jr., 460 Professional Women's Clubs, 444 Missouri Federation of Women's Mook, Maurice A., obit., 367 Clubs, 208, 210-216, 220 Moore, Joseph H., obit., 260 Missouri Historic Preservation Con­ Moore, Mrs. L. Amiel, obit., 161 ference, 5th, 448 Morgan County Historical Societv, Missouri Historical Revieiv, 6, 9, 11, 245, 354, 459' 18 Morgan, William, 291, 412 Missouri Historical Society, 144, 245, "Mormon Experience in Missouri, 354, 458 1830-1839," by R. J. Robertson, Jr., Missouri History in Magazines, 157- Part I, 280-298; Part II, 393-415; 159, 256-257, 365-366, 471-472 (illus.) Missouri History in Newsoapers, 154- Mormons 156, 253-255, 361-364, 467-470 -arts, on, 280-298, 393-415 500 Index

—arts, on, listed, 365 for Women's Serv­ —Baptism, 397 (illus.) ice, St. Joseph, 218 Moroni (angel) , 282 National Public Welfare League, 211- Morrison, Mrs. Howard, 347 213, 216 Morrow, J. J., obit., 367 National Register of Historic Places, Morton, George, verso back cover, 231, 347 October issue Native Sons of Kansas City, 14, 245, Morton, J. Sterling, 192 354, 459 Morville, Count de, 66 Nativism, St. Louis, 1854-1856, art. Mos, R. H., Jr., 245 on, 171-185 Moser, Arthur Paul, donor, 359, 465 Neal, T. H. R., donor, 359, 465 Mottaz, Mabel, 460 Neale, Mrs. Juanita, 348 Mowry, Mrs. Robert E., 350 Neece, James, 246 Mueller, Mrs. Bettv, art. on, listed, Neel, Bob, 241 473 Neel, Mrs. L. O., donor, 250 Mueller, Clinton, 459 Negroes, see Blacks Muetze, Jean, 459 Neilsen, Lawrence E., 356 Mullaly, Mrs. Katherine, donor, 359 Nelson, Donald M., 302, 306, 309-311, Murphy, John, donor, 250 313-314, 316; 301, 305, 314 (illus.) Murphy, W.C., 457 Nelson, Mrs. Earl F., obit., 260 Murray, Sen. James E., 308 Nelson, Kent, 239 Murray, Mrs. Robert, 36 Nelson, William Rockhill, 266 Museums Nesheim, Dr. & Mrs. H. I., donors, —Bushwhacker Museum, Nevada, 250 147 Neuner, Mrs. Edward J., donor, 250 —Daniel B. Dyer, Kansas City, 372 Nevada, Mo., art. on, listed, 468 —Dorthea B. Hoover, Joplin, 243, New Deal, art. on, listed, 366 456 New England, 281 —Excelsior Springs, 347 New England Emigrant Aid Society, —German School Building, Her­ 126 mann, 351 New Helvetia (commune) , West­ —Jesuit Museum, Florissant, art. on, phalia, 224 listed, 256 New Madrid, 78 —Kansas City, 245 —art. on, listed, 256 —Old Jail, Jackson County, 352 —Earthquake of 1812, arts, on, listed, —Patee House Museum, St. Joseph, 89, 159 246 New Market, 351 —Ray County, Richmond, 246 New York World's Fair, Missouri Music, art. on, listed, 361; art. on, Pavilion, 36 437-442 (illus.) Newell, Freeda, 246 Musick, Archie, 37-38; painting by, 51 News in Brief, 132-133, 347, 448-449 (illus.) Newspapers Musick, John R„ 106 —Anzeiger des Westerns, 172, 174 Musick, Rev. Thomas R., verso back —Carthage Free Press, art. on, listed, cover, July issue 253 —Carthage Southwest Neics, art. on, N listed,'25 3 —Columbia Missourian, thesis on, Naeger, Leonard L., 452 listed, 258 Nance, Pearl, 347 —Fayette Advertizer, art. on, listed, Napier, Milton F., obit., 260 362 Napoleon, 68 —Independence Evening and Morn­ Napton, John, art. on, listed, 159 ing Star, 283, 284, 295, 404, 413 Nation, Carry, 166 —Metz Times, art. on, listed, 158 National Better Business Bureau, 303 —St. Louis Western Examiner, art. National Child Labor Committee, 207, on, listed, 256 209, 222 Newton County, Jolly Mill, 325 National Cystic Fibrosis Research Neyon, Gov. de, 78 Foundation, Heart of American Niangua River (Yungar) , 82 Chapter, donor, 359 Nicholas, Mrs. Leola,450 National Endowment for the Hu­ Nicholson, Mary Belle, 434 manities, 142 Nickerson, Dr. Joseph, donor, 250 Index 501

Nicolaides, Kimon, 38 Overby, Osmund, 238 Nicolay, Louis H., 136 Overland Mail, art. on, listed, 256 Niedermeyer, Lt. Frederick William, Overland Trails, art. on, listed, 158 art. on, listed, 157 Overmeyer, David, 430 Nineveh, 225, 226, 231 Overstolz, Mayor Henry, 337 Nodaway County, 376 Oviedo, Gonzalo Fernandez, 59 -Graham, 371-372 Owen, Frank, 143 -Hughes Township, 371-372 Owen, Mrs. Loren, 350 Nodaway County Historical Society, Owen, P. Cecil, 459 144-145, 354-355, 459 Owen, Thomas J. V., 378 Nolan, William F., 243 Owens, Mrs. Donald, donor, 152 Nolting, Orin F., 349; donor, 359 Owens, Gen. Ignatius P., 114-115 Noonan, Judge Edward A., 335-336; Owens, Samuel C, 402-403 334 (illus.) Owsley, Mr. & Mrs. William, 351 Nordhoff, Charles, 224 Ozark County North, Mrs. Emmett P., 367 -Aid-Hodgson Mill, 325 Northeast Missouri State University, -Dawt Mill, 325 donor, 359 -Zanoni Mill, 322 (illus.) Novak, Stanley, 246 Ozarks Noyes, John Humphrey, 225 -arts, on, listed, 158, 159, 257, 365, Nuderscher, Frank B., 22 366 Nuderscher, Mrs. Joanna, 22 —German settlements, art. on, listed, 158 O —Names, art. on, listed, 471 —Turnback Mill, art. on, listed, 472 Oak Grove, arts, on, listed, 156, 255, 363, 459 Oberholtz, Lee, 452 O'Brien, E. B., obit., 260 Pacific, Buzzards' Roost Tavern, 115 O'Bryen, Raymer P., obit., 161 Page, John, 457 Odium, Floyd, 302 Paige, Mrs. Charles, donor, 250 Oetting, Albert D., 246, 355 Painter, Roy L., obit., 260 Office of Small Business Activities, 300 Palmer, George, donor, 359 Ohman, Dr. Marian, 458; donor, 465 Palmer, John M., 198 Old Mines, art. on, listed, 254 Palmer, Mrs. Leon C, donor, 250 Old Trails Association, 100 Palmer (Ringtail Painter) , Martin, Old Trails Historical Society, 245, 355, 102 459 Paradoski, Edwin A., 143, 146 Olive Branch Baptist Church, Sedalia, Parent Teacher's Association, St. Jo­ donor, 152 seph, 218 Olson, Mrs. Betty, donor, 250 Paris, 105-106; Glenn House Tavern, Olson, James, 233 116-117; 116 (illus.) On the Banks of the Elk Horn, 1839- Park, Gov. Guy B., 440 1973, by Graham Historical Society, Parkman, Francis, 70 noted, 371-372 Parrish, Mrs. Carrie Hemphill, 367 O'Neal, Mrs. Ethel P., obit., 161 Parrish, William E., A History of Mis­ O'Neill, Rose, art. on, listed, 365 souri, Volume III, 1860 to 1875, Onken, Virgil, 356 reviewed, 261-262 Onondaga, the Mammoth Cave of Parry, Mrs. Mary Banks, donor, 251 Missouri, by Dwight Weaver and Partridge, Edward, 283-284, 404 illustrated by Paul A. Johnson, Pasley, M. R., donor, 465 noted, 475-477 Pass, Jules L., 143 Oregon Trail, 354; art. on, listed, 158 Patee, John, 109 Organ, Minnie K., 3-4; 5 (illus.) Patman, Wright, 308-310, 312, 315-316 Oronogo, art. on, listed, 158 Patten, David W., 289 Osage County, 387; Locke Mill, 324- Patterson, Donald R., donor, 251 326; 324 (illus.) Pattison, Robert E., 429, 431 Osage River, 72, 81, 88, 91; 79 (illus.) Paudingville, Tavern, 111-112 Osage Trail, 241 Paxton, Frank, donor, 251 Osceola, art. on, listed, 468 Paxton, Lester H., 146 Ott, Frank, 145 Paxton, William McClung, 12, 117- Ouabache River, 70 118 502 Index

Payne, Elbridge, 132 Platte County Historical Society, 14, Payne, Mary, 132 145, 245, 355 Payne, Richard, 356 Platte Purchase, 11: art. on, 375-392 Pearson, Adolph R., 356, 461 Plattin, Jefferson County, art. on, Peavy, David, 116 listed, 155 Peck, Ralpha, 454 Pleasant Hill Historical Society, 355, Peden, Dr. William, 450 459-460, 465 Peerman, Mr. & Mrs. Leonard, 234 Ploeser, Walter C, 312 Pekitanoni River, 63 Plueard, Mrs. Evelynne, 246 Pelfrey, Lloyd, donor, 357 Poe, Edgar Allen, 38 Pelzel, Don, 453 Poelker, John H., 457 Pemiscot County Historical Society, Poinsett, Joel, 388, 389 145, 245, 459 Point Four Program, see Foreign Re­ Pendergast, Thomas J., 269, 270, 272, lations 274, 275, 277-279; 274 (illus.) Politics, see also Missouri Politics Penicaut, Andre-Joseph, 72 —Campaign, 1880, art. on, listed, 471 Penn, Mr. & Mrs. William Nelson, 105 -Cartoons, 189, 191 Pepper, Claude, 312 —Democratic National Convention, Perkins, Dorothy, art. on, listed, 362 1896, art. on, 417-436; (illus.) Perkins, James Handasyd, 77 —New Deal, art. on, listed, 366 Perry County Historical Society, 355 —Progressive Movement, 204-222 Perry County Lutheran Historical So- —Roosevelt, Franklin D., 1932 nomi­ city, 14, 245 nation, art. on, 269-279 Perry, Milton, 147, 349 -St. Louis, 1854-1856, art. on, 171- Pershing, John J., at Sedan, art. on, 185 listed, 257 Pollard, Mrs. Billie, 451 Peterson, Charles E., 226 Pollock, Elizabeth, 353 Peterson, Nellie, 352 Pomeroy, S. C, 126 Pettis County Historical Society, 14, Pony Express Historical Association, 459 145, 246, 355, 460 Pharis family, art. on, listed, 467 Pope, James S., 146, 455 Phelps, Morris, 291 Poppewell, Jerry, 350, 453 Phelps, W. W., 283 Portales, Count M. de, 100 Phi Chi Theta, 444 Post, Erastus, verso back cover, July Philip, Mrs. Mary Allyn, 353 issue Phillips, Mrs. Goldie, 454 Post offices Phillips, Mrs. Udolpha, 465; donor, —Carthage, art. on, listed, 253 464 -Fulton^ 143 Philyaw, Bill, 349 "Potawatomis in the Platte Country: Phipps, George, 459 An Indian Removal Incomplete," Phister, Laurence L., 349 by R. David Edmunds, 375-392; Phoebe Apperson Hearst Historical (illus.) Society, 242, 351, 455 Potosi (Mine a Burton) , 89-90; tavern, Pictorial Biography HST, by David 115 S. Thompson, noted, 263 Potter, Charles H., 145, 355, 460 Pie suppers, art. on, listed, 471 Powell, Naoma, 39, 234; ceramic bv, Pierce, Mrs. A. R., 141 51 (illus.) Pike County Historical Societv, 14, Powell, Mrs. Rowe, 458 355 Powers, Gladys, 247: donor, 466 Pike, (Zebulon) Expeditions, 1805- Powers, P. Joseph, " Tours Very 1807, 81-84 Truly, Thos. T. Crittenden': A Mis­ Pike, Major Zebulon M., 81, 83; 81 souri Democrat's Observations of the (illus.) Election of 1896," 186-203; (illus.) Pillman, Eloise, 355 Prairie Du Chien, Wisconsin, 377, 383; Pillsbury Milling Company, 325 376 (illus.) Pinchem, art. on, listed, 361 Pratt, Parley P., 282, 291 Pinet-King, Iva, donor, 251 Prentis, John B., Ill, 143 Piper, Vernon W., 132, 143, 452 Presbyterian/Reformed Historical Pitcher, Col. Thomas, 285, 403 Sites Registry, 448 Plank, Ben C, donor, 152 Prescott, "Gourdhead," 107 Plant, Mrs. Judy, 239-240 Prewitt, Roy A., obit., 260 Platte County, art. on, 375-392 (illus.) Price, A. M., 233 Index 503

Price, Mrs. Connie, 348 Rathgeber, Ron, 240, 452 Price, Thomas L., 128 Ratliff, Wilson, 144 Price, Tom, art. on, listed, 257 Rawlins, J. L., 430 Prichett, Mrs. Betty, 460 Ray County Historical Society, 145, Procurement Policy Division Board, 246, 355,'460 306 Ray County, Mormons, 286, 289, 291, Progressivism, see Politics 408 Prohibition, 107: St. Louis, 1888, 334- Ray, William, 246 335 Rayburn, Sam, 276, 279 , 331 Raytown, art. on, listed, 472 Prokes, Rev. Albert J., donor, 359 Raytown Historical Society, 145, 246, " 'Public Is Aroused': The Missouri 355, 460 Children's Code Commission, 1915- Rea, Mrs. Otto Newton, donor, 251 1919," by Peter Romanofsky, 204- Reading, Mrs. J. Renny, 355 222; (illus.) Red Cross, Audrain County, 216 Public Library Institute, 133 Redeker, Fredric D., donor, 465 Public Welfare (magazine) , 213; 212 Redman, Flora, 356 (illus.) Reed, Mrs. Earnest, 351 Puffer, J. Adams, 211, 216-217 Reed, Sen. James A., 270-274, 277; 271 Pulaski County Historical Society, 460 (illus.) Pulaski County, Schlicht Mill and Reed, Nell Donnelly, art. on, listed, General Store, 319 (illus.) 362 Pullen, Myrick W., donor, 360 Reeder, A. H., 125 Pulley, Mrs. Noland, 453 Reese, Mrs. Odeniah, 352 Punch, Rev. Ernest, 238 Reflections of Y ester-Years, Centen­ Purdin, book on, noted, 264 nial Purdin, Missouri, 1873-1973, by Purdin, Mr. & Mrs. Charles B., 264 Purdin Historical Committee, noted, Purdin Historical Committee, Reflec­ 264 tions of Y ester-Years, Centennial, Reform, Mo., art. on, listed, 255 Purdin, Missouri, 1873-1973, noted, Reich, Jacques, 202 264 Reichard, Mrs. Norman R., 240 Purvis, G. Elmo, obit., 260 Reinhart, Siegfried, 23 Putnam, 447 Reiter, Ebert, 353 Putnam County, courthouse, 447 Religious Utopias (illus.) -Bethel, art. on, 223-231 -Ninevah, 233 Remembering the Saint Louis World's Fair, by Margaret Johanson Wither­ Quantrill, William Clarke, 234; arts. spoon, noted, 264-265 on, listed, 254, 365, 471 Repert, Phillips, 138 Quarles, Judge John A., 105 Republican Party, 1888 election, 327- 343 Rhoads, Mr. & Mrs. Homer E., 243 R Rhodes, Mrs. Neva, 354 Rice, Bernard, 132 Rader, Perry S., 1, 4 Rice, Mabel Wildman, comp., History Railroads of Scotland County, 1830 to 1971, —Carondelet, art. on, listed, 365 noted, 263-264 —Missouri Pacific, 144 Rice, Patricia, 354 —Union Station, Kansas City, art. Rice, William G., 106 on, listed, 155 "Richard Parks Bland: Almost a Can­ —Wreck, Carthage, art. on, listed, didate," by Cynthia Shook, 417- 253 436; (illus.) Raines, Mrs. Donald, donor, 152 Richards, G. T., 348 Ralls, Daniel, 102-103 Richardson, Bobby, 145 Randall, Jack, 452 Richardson, Mrs. Erma, 459 Randolph County, 115 Richardson, James, verso back cover, Randolph, Dr. John, 143 July issue Randolph, Vance, 18 Richmond, 291; jail, 295 Rankin, Louis J., art. on, listed, 155 Ricketts, C. E., 458 Rataczak, Mrs. Lucille, 353 Ridgeway, Roy D., obit., 474 Rathburn, Betty, 453 Rieckus, Helen M., 245 504 Index

Rigdon, Sidney, 282-283, 287, 291, 395, Rotary Club of Missouri, 220 396, 410 Rothrock, Thomas, donor, 152 Ringling Brothers Barnum and Bailey Roy, Edmond, 72 Circus, 243-244 Royal, Col. W. B., 115 Rio Grande River, 60 Rozier, Sen. George A., 14-15, 24-25 "Riot and Reaction in St. Louis, 1854- Rubenstein, Ruth, 450 1856," by John C. Schneider, 171- Ruff, Dr. Robert H., 444 185; (illus.) Rugolo, Lawrence, 39-40, 234; seri- Ripley, Mrs. Billie Jo, 243 graph by, 52 (illus.) Ripley County, arts, on, listed, 257, Rugolo, Mr. $c Mrs. Lawrence, 233 366 (illus.) Ripley, Mrs. Gates, donor, 251 Rumbough, C. F., verso back cover, Rivers, art. on, listed, 254 April issue Roberson, Mrs. Ed, donor, 152 Rumery, Father Roger, 145 Roberts, Nathan, verso back cover, Rusnak family, art. on, listed, 472 April issue Russell, Charles M., 23 Roberts, Polly, verso back cover, April Russell, Jeannie, 452-453 issue Russell, Capt. John B. F., 380, 381 Roberts, Priscilla, verso back cover, Russell, Mrs. Ralph W., 465 April issue Russell, Judge Robert, 456 Roberts, Richmond T., verso back Ryals, Hazel, 453 cover, April issue Ryle, Herbert E., donor, 466 Roberts, William F., 115 Robertson, Howard E., obit., 367 Robertson, Joseph A., 196 St Robertson, R. J., Jr., "The Mormon Experience in Missouri, 1830-1839," St. Charles, 103-104 Part I, 280-298; Part II, 393-415; —Capitol, art. on, listed, 254 (illus.) —County Courthouse, 327 (illus.) Robertson, R. Ritchie, arts, on, listed, —hist, of, art. on, listed, 255 366, 469 -Petite Cote, 80, 82, 91 Robidoux, Joseph, 117-118, 460, see —Tavern, 111; advertisement, 111 also St. Joseph (illus.) Robinett, Gen. Paul M., 17 St. Charles County Robinson, Alexander, see Chechebin- —Courthouse, St. Charles, 237 quary (illus.) Robinson, H. E., 1, 9 —Kenner's Tavern, 124 Robinson, Luther, 460 St. Charles County Historical Society, Rogers, James F., obit., 161 145-146 Rogers, Ralph R., donor, 251, 458 Ste. Genevieve, 78, 79, 85-87; 85 Rollins, C. B., Jr., 19 (illus.) Rollins, George Bingham, 16 -arts, on, listed, 156, 255, 363, 469 Rollins, James S., 13; 21 (illus.) —Bicentennial, 1935, 10 Rollins, James S., II, 21; 21 (illus.) —hist, of, arts, on, listed, 255 Rollins, James S., Ill, 21 (illus.) —Inn St. Gemme Beauvais, arts, "Romance of Western History," by on, listed, 469 Edward Gay lord Bourne, 55-73; St. Joseph (illus.) —art. on, listed, 155 Romanofsky, Peter, " 'The Public Is —Baptist Youth Organization, 218 Aroused': The Missouri Children's —Buffalo Saloon, 145 Code Commission, 1915-1919," 204- —Home tour, art. on, listed, 254 222; (illus.) —National League for Women's Rooker, Mrs. Birdie R., obit., 367 Service, 218 Roos, Lawrence K., 457 —Parent Teacher's Association, 218 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 269-279, —Patee House (tavern) , 109 301, 315; 269, 314 (illus.) —Story Tellers' League, 218 Roosevelt, Theodore, 202 -Tavern, 117-118 Rosati, Joseph, verso back cover, Oc­ —War Information Bureau, 218 tober issue —Women's Council for Defense, 218 Ross, Mrs. Floyd, 242 —Women's Speakers Bureau, 217-218 Ross, Mrs. Louise, 145 -YMCA, 217-218 Ross. Willard, 246 St. Joseph Historical Society, 460 Index 505

St. Louis, 132 -Southern Hotel, 110 —Anheuser-Busch Brewery, 334 —St. Patrick's Church, art. on, listed, —Architecture, 242 363 —Artists Guild, 33; art. on, listed, -Street car strike, 1885, 338 156 -Taverns, 107-111, 128-129 —arts, on, listed, 156 —Urban restoration, art. on, listed, —Basilica of St. Louis, the King 472 (Old Cathedral), verso back cov­ —Urbanization, thesis on, listed, 258 er, October issue; (illus.) —Wainwright Building, arts, on, -Blacks, 328-331; art. on, listed, 365 listed, 363, 468 —Brewers' Association, 335 —Water towers, arts, on, listed, 156, -Catholicism, 265-266 157 -City Art Museum, 42-43 —Whiskey Ring, art. on, listed, 255 -City Hall, art. on, listed, 156 —Women, thesis on, listed, 258 -City Hotel, 121 —World War I, Italo-Americans, art. —Establishment of, 78 on, listed, 256 —Exposition and Music Hall, 439 —World's Fair, 1904, art. on, listed, (illus.) 363; book on, noted, 264-265 -Fair Week, 331 —Zoos, thesis on, listed, 258 —Forest Park, 245 St. Louis County, 1855 Riot Act, 181 —French Icarians, art. on, listed, "St. Louis Opposition to David R. 256 Francis in the Gubernatorial Elec­ —German songs, art. on, 437-442; tion of 1888," by Myra Himelhoch, (illus.) 327-343; (illus.) —Holy Cross School, art. on, listed, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 328-330, 338- 256 339, 342 —Homes, arts, on, listed, 469 St. Louis Westerners. 146, 246, 356, —Irish, 171-185; art. on, listed, 472 460 —Jefferson Memorial, 245 St. Mary's Pioneer Historical Societv, —John Burroughs School, art. on, 246 listed, 366 St. Pierre (Minnesota) River, 66 —Junior League, art. on, listed, 469 —Landmarks, art. on, listed, 158 —Lindell Boulevard, art. on, listed, 156 Sabath, Adolph J., 312 -Lindell Hotel, 109-110 Sagean, Mathieu, 73 —Mail delivery, art. on, listed, 469 Saint Louis University, 174-175 —Mercantile Library, 78 Saline County —Merchant's Exchange, art. on, -Arrow Rock Tavern, 129-130; 130 listed, 157 (illus.) -Militia, 174, 175, 178 —Washington Lewis Place, tavern, —Monuments, art. on, listed, 469 124 —Mormons, art. on, listed, 365 Saline County Historical Society, 14, —Murphy-Blair Neighborhood, art. 146, 355-356 on, listed, 469 Salman, Harvey W., 192 —National Saengerfests, 438, 439 Saltmaking, 356 -New City School, 449 Sampson, Francis Asbury, 4, 6-9, 12, —Planter's Hotel, 122; arts, on, 74-75; 8 (illus.) ; art. on, listed, 156; listed, 255, 366; 121 (illus.) "Glimpses of Old Missouri by Ex­ -Police, 177-180, 183, 184 plorers and Travelers," 74-93; —Politics, art. on, listed, 468; elec­ (illus.) tion of 1888, art. on, 327-343; Sandy, Hal, 243, 352 (illus.) Santa Fe Trail, 124; arts, on, listed, —Psyco-Educational Clinic of the 158, 257, 366; see also Transporta­ St. Louis Public Schools, 206 tion -Riot of 1854, art. on, 171-185; Sappington, John, 13 (illus.) Saubers, Mrs. W. P., 355 -Saloons, 333-338 Saucier, Ken, 454 —Shot Tower, art. on, listed, 257 Sauganash, 378-379, 381-382, 384-385, —Singing groups, 437-442; (illus.) 392 —Soulard area, arts, on, listed, 256, Say (explorer) , 91 469 Schaper, G., donor, 360 506 Index

Schell, Mrs. Maxine, 456 Selected Bibliography of Missouri Schlicht Mill, Pulaski County, 319 Archeology, by Randy L. Cottier, (illus.) Susan B. Traub and Don C. Traub, Schneider, John C, "Riot and Re­ noted, 167 action in St. Louis, 1854-1856," 171- Sellers, Paul, 353 185; (illus.) Senate Committee to Investigate the Schneider, Paula, 241 Defense Effort (Truman Commit­ Schnell, J. Christopher, "Missouri tee) , 304 Progressives and the Nomination of Sensintaffer, Mrs. Margaret Riddell, F.D.R.," 269-279; (illus.) donor, 251 Scholz, John, 239, 457 Seth Eastman's Mississippi, a Lost Schoolcraft, Henry R., 89-90; 90 Portfolio Recovered, by John Fran­ (illus.) cis McDermott, noted, 265 Schools Seton, Earnest Thompson, 244 —arts, on, listed, 471 Setzer, Glenn, 241, 355 -Big Bend School, Steelville, 349; Sewall, Arthur, 432 arts, on, listed, 362, 364 Seward, William Henry, 109 —Brick Monroe School, Liberty, art. Shallert, Kate, 454 on, listed, 155 Shane, Fred, 23, 36, 40-41; drawing —Carthage Female Academy, art. on, by, 52 (illus.) listed, 253 Shannon County —Holy Cross, St. Louis, art. on, —Alley Spring, art. on, listed, 257 listed, 256 -Turner's Mill, 319-320 —John Burroughs School, St. Louis, Shannon, Joseph B., 273 art. on, listed, 366 Sharp, Mrs. Lucille W., obit., 161 Sharp, Mrs. Mary, 100 —LaGrange School, Carthage, art. Sharp, Mrs. Ray, 456 on, listed, 253 Shaw, Henry, art. on, listed, 256 —Mosby School, Clay County, arts, Shaw, Inez, 356 on, listed, 155, 156 Shear, Rep. S. Sue, 444 -New City School, St. Louis, 499 Shearer, Norman, 291 —Rusk School, Avilla, art. on, listed, Sheets, Mrs. Orville, 457 253 Shelbina, John F. Benjamin House, —South Boone County R-l, Ash­ art. on, listed, 254 land, art. on, listed, 361 Shelby County, 105; Bethel, art. on, —Wellsville, art. on, listed, 470 223-231; (illus.) Schuder, Donald A., donor, 466 Shelby County Historical Society, 146, Schultz, Christian, 86; 87 (illus.) 247 \ 460-461; donor, 466 Schurz, Carl, art. on, listed, 472 Shelby, Gen. Joseph O., 112-113, 199- Schuyler County Historical Society, 200 146, 246-247, 356, 460 Sheldon, Bert, donor, 152, 251 Schwartzman, Rabbi Joel, 456 Shell, Mrs. Theodore, donor, 251 Schwarz, Paul, obit., 474 Shelley, Harriet, art. on, listed, 158 Schweighauser, A. A., 351 Shelton, Jack, 352 Scotia Iron Works, art. on, listed, 363 Sheppard, Mrs. Myrtle Vorst, obit.. Scotland County, 263-264 260 Scotland County Historical Society, Sherman Silver Purchase Act, 421-423 146, 356, 461 Sherwood, Sam, 452 Scott, Dred, 354 Shields, Mrs. William, 142 Scott, George Washington, 166 Shipley, Mrs. Laverna, 348 Scott, Herbert H., 350 Shobe, Mr. & Mrs. Luther J., donors, Scott, James, art. on, listed, 154 360 Scott, James Sylvester, Jr., art. on, Shoemaker, Charles F., 41-42, 234; listed, 361 serigraph by, 53 (illus.) Scott, John Anthony, 132 Shoemaker, Floyd C, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, Scott, Sister Mary V., 144 17, 20, 24, 75, 94, 118; 15 (illus.) Scott, Sir Walter, 57 Shoemaker, Mrs. Floyd C, donor, 251 Scott, Winfield, 97 Shook, Cynthia, "Richard Parks Sears, S. D., 402 Bland: Almost a Candidate," 417- 436; (illus.) Seever, Dr. Ruth, art. on, listed, 467 Shores, Marion, 354 Selby, P. O., donor, 359 Shouse, Jouett, 277 Index 507

Showalter, George W., donor, 251 Son of Pioneers "Recollections of an Showalter, J. W., obit., 260 Ozarks Lawyer," by Omer E. Brown, Shrader, Mrs. William, 473 noted, 371 Sibley, art. on, listed, 254 Sone, Guy M., 240 Silver Lake Mill, art. on, listed, 472 Sone, Mrs. Ruth Wells, 240 Silvius, Mrs. George S., 240 Souers, Mrs. E. E., 141 Simonds, N., 103 Southeast Missouri Press Association, Simpson, Richard, 403 132 Simrall, Mrs. H. F., obit., 474 Southeast Missouri State University, Sisson, Hull, 350 347 Sites, John P., 241 Southern, William, Jr., 9 Skain, Dr. Richard, obit., 367 Southwest Missouri State University, Skelly, Col. Frank H., 132, 360 139, 140, 142 Skelton, Ike, 451 Spande, Buren Goodman, obit., 367 Skelton, S. W., obit., 367 Spanish dragoons, 93 Slaughter, Carl, 242 Spaulding, Mrs. J. A., donor, 152 Slavery, thesis on, listed, 258; Mormon Spears, Mrs. Zella, 458 attitudes toward, 397-398, 405 Springfield, art. on, listed, 365 Slifer, Mrs. R. L., 245 Stack, Frank, 42; watercolor by, 53 Small business in World War II, art. (illus.) on, 299-316 Stacy, Jane, 347 Smaller War Plants Corporation, 299, Stadler, Ernst A., 146 301-303, 305-310, 312, 315 Stagecoaches, 140 Smaller War Plants Corporation Act, Standley, Charles A., obit., 161 301, 310 Stanley, Lois, donor, 251, 360, 466 Smaller War Plants Division, 301-303, Stark, Col. Charles, 353 305-307, 309-312, 316 Stassel, Don, 457 Smiser, Mrs. Mary Miller, 239 State Historical Society of Missouri, Smith, Alfred, 272 74-75; Contemporary Artists Exhibi­ Smith, Mrs. Clifton, donor, 152 tion, 448; Distinguished Service Award and Medalion, 24-25, 443- Smith, E. W., 451 444; 75th Anniversary, 232-234 Smith, Mrs. Elvin, 241 "State Historical Society of Missouri, Smith, Gov. Forrest, 17 1898-1973: A Brief History," by Smith, H. Wallace, obit., 260 Richard S. Brownlee, James W. Smith, Hiram, 291, 415 Goodrich, and Mary K. Dains, 1-27; Smith, John, 403 (illus.) Smith, Dr. John R., 146 Steamboats, 246; arts, on, listed, 468, Smith, Joseph, 281-283, 286-289, 290, 472 291, 294; 395-396, 410, 412, 415; 282, Steele, Hoy, 143 293, 399 (illus.) Steelville, arts, on, listed, 255, 364, 470 Smith, Leonard B., art. on, listed, 468 Steffen, Jerome O., 234 Smith, Minor, 460 Steiner, W. H., "Pete," 144 Smith, Mrs. Nancy, 456 Stephenoff, Jerald, 351 Smith, Ruby, 242 Stephens, Mrs. Barney, donor, 466 Smith, Sherman A., obit., 474 Stephens, Dr. & Mrs. Charles, 137 Smith, T. John, 125; art. on, listed, Stephens, E. W., 1-3, 9, 123; 2 (illus.) 468 Stephens, Earl, 242 Smith, Brig. Gen. Thomas A., 6 Stephens, James L., 447 Smithsonian Institution, 19 Stephens, Gov. Lon V., 3 Smithville Historical Society, 240, 461 Sterbenz, Mrs. Theo., 459 Smoller, Mrs. Bonita, 456 Stevens, Walter B., 9, 94; "The Mis­ Snell, Joseph W., donor, 151 souri Tavern," 94-130; (illus.) Snow, Eliza R., art. on, listed, 365 Steward, Dick, book review by, 368-370 Society of Architectural Historians, 448 Stewart, James, 120 "Society of Bethel: A Visitor's Ac­ Stewart, Tom, 312 count," by H. Roger Grant, 223- Stewart, Rev. William, verso back cov­ er, January issue 231; (illus.) Stewartville, art. on, listed, 469 Soles, M. R., donor, 360 Still, Mrs. Adrella Dockery, 215 Somervell, General Brehon, 308, 309; Stilley, Dorothy, 246 309 (illus.) Stock, Judge Charles, 354 508 Index

Stock, Gregg F., 245 Taylor, Betty, 246 Stoddard County Historical Society, Taylor, G. E., donor, 466 461 Taylor, George, R., 129 Stoff, Lee, 141 Taylor, Mrs. Howard, 453 Stokes, J. Parker, 353 Taylor, James, 246 Stokes, Mrs. Russell, 353 Taylor, Joe, 244 Stone County, art. on, listed, 472 Taylor, Rodger, 124 Stone, Gov. William Joel, 188, 194, Taylor, Gen. Zachary, 97 197, 202, 424-425, 427, 431-432; 428 Tebow, Bob, 143 (illus.) Tedford, Mrs. Howard, 457 Storckman, Mrs. Clem F., 240 Tegler, Eddie, obit., 367 Stoudt, William, 452 Teller, Henry, 429 Stouffer, David, donor, 150 Thelen, David, 205 Stouffer, Mr. & Mrs. Don, donors, 150 Thilenius, Mrs. Arthur, 450; donor, Stout, Ed. F., donor, 360 251 Strawn, Mrs. Mary E., 354 Thomas, James S., 109 Streck, Col. E., 136 Thomas Jefferson Library, University Streeter, Alson, 332 of Missouri-St. Louis, donor, 250 Strikes Thomas, Pat, 459 -Missouri Pacific, 1889, 331 Thomasson, Mrs. Velda, 141 —St. Louis horse car drivers and Thompson, Mrs. Gene, donor, 466 conductors, 1888, 331-332 Thompson, Robert G., obit., 474 Stringfellow, Col. William E., 217 Thomson, David S., A Pictorial Bi­ Stuart, Frances, 245 ography HST, noted, 263 Sturgeon, art. on, listed, 155 Thornburgh, Frank, 243 Suderow, Bryce, donor, 360 Thornfield, art. on, listed, 366 Suhre, Mrs. Elizabeth, 160 Thrasher, James M., 167 Sullivan, Joseph V., 246 Thwaites, Reuben Gold, 70, 72 Summers, H. Meade, 143 Tibbe, Mr. & Mrs. Anton, 22 Sumners, Henry, 139 Tick, Mrs. Shirley, donor, 252 Supplement to Farber, Missouri, Cen­ Tidgwell, John, obit., 260 tennial Book of 1972, noted, 166 Tilden, Jno. L., donor, 252 Survey (magazine) , 219 Todd, Anna, 259 Sutherland, H. Edwin, obit., 260 Todd, James, 233; obit., 259 Sutton, Nelle K., obit., 474 Todd, Joanna, 259 Swain, E. E., 15, 24 Todd, Marguerite Lawson, 259 Swearingen, J. T., 129 Toms, Mrs. Georgia, obit., 260 Switzler, William F., 192 Tong, Marvin E., Jr., 239 Swovelan, Edward O., 373 Tower Rock, art. on, listed, 362 Townsend, Mrs. Joanna, 259 Townsend, Riely Leon, donor, 152 Taft, William H., 22 Trail, E. B., 2l' Talleyrand, 68, 69, 73 Trans-Mississippi West, art. on, 58-73 Tallman, Beulah, 356 Transportation, Taney County, Civil War veterans, —art. on, listed, 159 art. on, listed, 472 —Carondelet Railroad, art. on, listed, Taverns, art. on, 94-130; see also 365 Hotels and Inns —Interurban railroads, art. on, —Buchanan, R. H., Tavern, Florida, listed,, 469 105-106 —Kansas City, interurban railways, —Glenn House Tavern, Paris, 116- art. on, listed, 468 117; 116 (illus.) -Osage Trail, 241 —Mann's Tavern, Bowling Green, —Overland Mail, art. on, listed, 256 100-102 —Plank roads and corduroy trails, —Mimm's Hotel, 102 art. on, listed, 158 —Missouri Hotel, 97, 103 —Railroads, arts, on, listed, 468-469 —Patee House, St. Joseph, 109 —Stage roads, Jasper County, art. —Van Bibber's Tavern (Loutre on, listed, 253 Lick) , 98-100 Traub, Don C, A Selected Bibliogra­ —Vanhorn, Boone County, art. on, phy of Missouri Archeology, noted, listed, 362 167 Index 509

Traub, Susan B., A Selected Bibli­ 312-314; House of Representatives, ography of Missouri Archeology, 292-293; Resumption Act of 1879, noted, 167 419-420 Traubel, Helen, 440 —Contract Distribution Bureau, 307 Trees —Controlled Materials Board, 306 —Jordan Oak, Columbia, art. on, —Defense Contract Service, 300 listed, 154 —Department of the Army, 147 —Kansas City, art. on, listed, 254 —Division of Contract Distribution, Trefts, Charles, 22 300, 302 Trigg, George W., 1 -Indian Policy, art. on, 376-392; Triplett, Mrs. Betty, 349 (illus.) Trova, Ernest Tino, 42-43; serigraph —Mid-Central War Resources Board, by, 54 (illus.) 303 Troy, tavern, 113 —Navy Department, 307 Trudeau, Jean Baptiste, art. on, listed, —Office of Small Business Activities, 254 300 Truman, Harry S., 18-19, 303-304, —Procurement Policy Division 311-312; 311 (illus.) Board, 306 —Administration, Puerto Rico, art. —Smaller War Plants Corporation, on, listed, 257 299, 301-303, 305-310, 312, 315 —arts, on, listed, 155, 468 —Smaller War Plants Division, 301- —Birthplace, Lamar, art. on, listed, 303, 305-307, 309-312, 316 254 —War Department, 307 —books on, noted, 168, 263; re­ —War Production Board, 301-316 viewed, 368-370 University of Missouri, Columbia, 20, —Doctrine, art. on, listed, 158 206 —Lecture Series, 448 —Academic Hall, 2, 4, 6, 7 —Library, 36 -Art Department, 28, 31, 37, 39, 40, —MacArthur controversy, art. on, 42, 43 listed, 158 —Art history and archaeology dept., Truman, Mary Jane, 18 448 Truman Years, The Reconstruction of —Board of Curators, 2 Postivar America, by J. Joseph —Byler Award, 40 Huthmacher, noted, 168 —Department of Housing and In­ Tucker, Raymond, 440 terior Design, 34 Tulloch, Eddie, obit., 367 —Ellis Library, 448 Turnbull, Roderick, 238 —Francis Quadrangle, 347 Turner, Albert, obit., 260 -Library, 6, 8, 19, 448 Turner's Mill, Shannon County, 319- Urban development, art. on, listed, 320 365 Tuscumbia, Anchor Milling Company, 321, 326 V Twaddell, Mrs. Retha, 450, 453 Twain, Mark, see Clemens, Samuel Van Ausdall, John, 145 Tweed, Mr. & Mrs. Cecil, 140-141 Van Bibber, Fanny, 99-100 Twitchell, Lucile, obit., 474 Van Bibber, Isaac, 98-100 Van Bibber, Matilda, 99-100 U Van Bibber's Tavern, 98-100; 98 (illus.) Unger, Mrs. Margaret, 443 Van Buren, Pres. Martin, 384 Unger, Phillip, 443 Vance, Mrs. Velton, donor, 252 Unger, Vernon, 443 Van de Erve, Art, 240 Union Labor Party, 331-333, 337 Vandruff, Irene, 238 VanGilder, Marvin L., 348, 352, don­ Unionville, courthouse, 447 (illus.) or, 466 United States Children's Bureau, 207, Van Horn, Ishmael, 124 222 Van Horn, Robert T., 266 United States Government Vaudeville, Kansas City, art. on, listed, —Army Ordinance Division, 310 472 —Army Supply Service, 308 Vaughan, Bill, 448 —Bureau of Finance, 307 Veale, L. B. "Ben," 450 -Congress, 301-302, 304, 307, 308, Vega, Garcilaso de la, 59 510 Index

Venables, Dr. W. Sinclair, 146 Weaver, Dwight, coauthor, Adventures Vernon County Historical Society, 146, at Mark Twain Cave, noted, 475- 247 476; Onondaga, the Mammoth Cave Vest, Sen. George Graham, 123, 192, of Missouri, noted, 475-477 430 Webb City, art. on, listed, 253 Vickery, Robert L., 139, 234, 241 Webb, Rosa, 214-215 Views from the Past: Missouri Court­ Webster County, Courthouse, Marsh­ houses, 134-135, 236-237, 344-345, field, 237 (illus.) 446-447; (illus.) Webster, Mrs. Irene, 348 Viles, Jonas, 6 Wednesday Afternoon Meeting of the Villmer, Natalie, donor, 360 Carondelet Historical Society, 451 Vinyard, Mrs. Lura, 141 Weinberg, Sidney, 311 Vogelsang, Mildred, 242 Weiser, Rev. Fred, 240 Volk, Father Norman, 239 Weitling, Wilhelm, 224-225, 231 Weller, John S., 43-44; print by, 54 W (illus.) Welliver, Warren, 233 Wachtel, Ina, 450 Wells, Jake K., 347 Wadum, Mrs. A. R., donor, 252 Wellsville, public schools, art. on, Wagner, Vernon, 242-243 listed, 470 Waid, John, art. on, listed, 471 Welsh, Ross, donor, 466 Walbridge, L. L., 110 Wenrich, Percy, art. on, listed, 157 Waldo, Ralph, 145 Wesleyan Service Guild, 444 Waldo, Ray, 355 West, Gene, 457 Waldo, William, 139 West Plains, 243 Walker, Isaac, 103 West, Ray B., Jr., 297 Walker, Jean, 459 Western Historical Manuscripts Col­ Walker, Lena Woods, 354 lection, 22 Walker, T. J., art. on, listed, 471 Western history, art. on, 55-73 Wallace, Mrs. Clyde, Jr., donor, 360 Western History Award, 25 Wallace, Mrs. Glen, 146, 247 Westfall, Mrs. Ruth Rollins, 19, 21; Wallin, J. E. Wallace, 206 donor, 252, 466 Walsh, Thomas J., 275-277 Weston, art. on, listed, 256 Wamser, Anna, donor, 152 Weston, Samuel, 403 War Production Board, 301-307, 309- Westphalia Historical Society, 147, 316 247, 356, 448 Warack, John L., donor, 360 Westphalia, New Helvetia commune, Wardin, Herbert B., obit., 161 224 Warnicke, Jasper D., obit., 367 Westport, 240; arts, on, listed, 257 Warren County Westport Historical Society, 147, 247, —Courthouse, Warrenton, 236 356, 461 (illus.) Wheeler, J. A., 278 —Saunder's Tavern, 124 Whitaker,Reed, 244 —Taylor's, Roger, Tavern, 124 White, Ken, 450, 455-456 Warren, Green L., family, art. on, White, L. Mitchell, 15 listed, 363 White, Morgan B., 106 Warrensburg, Land, Fike and Com­ White, Paul, donor, 466 pany, gristmill, 320, 322 White River Valley Historical Society, Warrenton, Warren County Court­ 147, 247 house, 236 (illus.) White, Robert M., I, 4, 9 Watkins, Barbara, 453 White, Robert M., II, 143, 238 Watkins, Beverly, 244 White, Stephen, 428 Watkins, H. L., obit., 260 Whiteley, Dr. Philip W., obit., 474 Watters, T. Ballard, 233-234; 232 Whitlow, W. C, 143 (illus.) Whitmer, Christian, 285, 405 Watts, Bill, 352 Whittington, Aletha, 454 Watts, Opal, 356, 461 Wickersham, Dr. John, 450 Wayman, Norbury L., illus. by, 97; Wicks, Mrs. Margaret B., donor, 153 Life on the River A Pictorial His­ Widmer, Mrs. A. J., obit., 474 tory of the Mississippi, the Missouri, Wight, Lyman, 287-288, 291 and the Western River System, Wilcox, Frank, 211 noted, 475 Wildwood Lake Ladies Auxiliary, 355 Index 511

Wilkerson, Stiefel J., 353 Woods, Marie, 443-444; donor, 466; Willa, Mrs. Raymond A., donor, 252 443 (illus.) Willard, Orris W., 367; donor, 252 Woods, O. W., 443 Willard, Mrs. Orris, donor, 153 Woods, Dr. Parks, 443 "William Clark: A New Perspective of Woods, Powell, 443 Missouri Territorial Politics 1813- Woods, Zadock, 113 1829," award for, 234 Woodside, Virgil, 138 Williams, A. Hedley, 304 Woodsmall, Jerry, 146 Williams, Mr. & Mrs. Bill, 234 World War I Williams family, DeSoto, arts, on, list­ —John J. Pershing, art. on, listed, ed, 155, 234 257 Williams, Frank L., 360 —Reunion, 128th Machinegun Bat­ Williams, George, 431 talion, Missouri-Kansas 25th Di­ Williams, J. R., 430 vision, art. on, listed, 253 Williams, John, art. on, listed, 471 —St. Louis Italo-Americans, art. on, Williams, Mary Lou, art. on, listed, listed, 256 155 World War II Williams, Prof. Paul, 352, 355 —art. on, listed, 468 Williams, Judge Roy D., 14-15, 24 —Kansas City, art. on, listed, 254 Williams, Walter, 4-5, 15 —Ninety-ninth Fighter Squadron, Williams, Mrs. Warrene Tuttle, 244 art. on, listed, 156 Williamson, Judge Hugh P., 354, 457 —Small business, art. on, 299-316 Willis, Clarence, 138 World's Fair, 1904, art. on, listed, 156 Wilmes, Ann, 454 World's Fair Commission, 1904, 4 Wilson, James L., 460 Worrell, Orlando, obit., 367 Wilson, Gen. Robert, 290 Wright, Harold Bell, 436 Wingfield, Grace, 453 Wright, John H., donor, 153 Wingfield, Joe, 453 Wright, Lester S., obit., 474 Winnigan, book on, noted, 167 Wright, Mrs. Phyllis, 450 Winningham, Richard B., donor, 466 Wright, Purd B., 12 Winston Churchill Memorial and Li­ Wright, Uriel, 103 brary, Fulton, arts, on, listed, 157, 158 X Witherspoon, Margaret Johanson, 354; Xenophon, Anabasis, 59 Remembering the St. Louis World's Fair, noted, 264-265 Y Witt, A. J., donor, 153 Yancey, Dr. Thomas A., 124 Witt, David, 244 Yarnell, Mrs. Ilene Sims, donor, 252, Woman's Christian Temperance 354, 360, 466 Union, 214, 216 Yeager, Capt. Dick, art. on, listed, 472 Women Yeaman, Dr. W. Pope, verso back —art. on, listed, 362 cover, July issue —Equal rights effort, art. on, listed, York, Edna, 356 254-255 Young, Brigham, 291 —St. Joseph Women's Speaker Bu­ Young, James R., Jr., donor, 466 reau, 217-218 Young, John R., family, art. on, list­ —thesis on, listed, 258 ed, 472 Women's Council for Defense, St. Jo­ Young Men's Christian Temperence seph, 218 Union, St. Joseph, 217-218 Wood, Anderson, donor, 466 Young Women's Christian Association, Wood Local Option Law of 1887, 333, St. Joseph, 218 335 " 'Yours Very Truly, Thos. T. Critten­ Wood, R. F., 243 den': A Missouri Democrat's Obser­ Wood, Capt. Thomas W., art. on, list­ vations of the Election of 1896," by ed, 366 P. Joseph Powers, 186-203; (illus.) Wood, W. T., 118 Woods, Anderson, 116-117 Woods, Annie, 443 Zahnd, Gene, 450 Woods, Betsy, 116-117 Zanoni Mill, Ozark County, 322 Woods, Mrs. Bryan, 144 (illus.) Woods, J. C, 443 Zion's Camp, 286; 287 (illus.) Woods, Mrs. Lois, 353 Zobrist, Dr. Benedict K., 352

MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly

by

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR

MARY K. DAINS ASSOCIATE EDITOR VOLUME LXVIII JAMES W. GOODRICH OCTOBER, 1973- ASSOCIATE EDITOR JULY, 1974 CONTRIBUTORS

VOLUME LXVIII

BOURNE, EDWARD GAYLORD, professor, Adelbert College, Cleveland, Ohio, co- editor, Yale Review, deceased.

BROWNLEE, RICHARD S., editor, MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, and director, the State Historical Society of Missouri.

CORTINOVIS, IRENE E., assistant director, Archive and Manuscript Division, Uni­ versity of Missouri-St. Louis.

DAINS, MARY K., associate editor, MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

EDMUNDS, R. DAVID, assistant professor of History, University of Wyoming, Laramie.

EVANS, PRISCILLA ANN, doctoral candidate, University of Missouri-Columbia.

GOODRICH, JAMES W., associate editor, MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

GRANT, H. ROGER, assistant professor of History, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio.

HEATH, JIM F., associate professor of History, Portland State University, Oregon.

HIMELHOCH, MYRA, doctoral candidate, Washington University, St. Louis.

POWERS, P. JOSEPH, doctoral fellow, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.

ROBERTSON, R. J., JR., law student, University of Missouri-Columbia.

ROMANOFSKY, PETER, assistant professor of History, Jersey City State College, Jersey City, New Jersey.

SAMPSON, FRANCIS A., secretary, State Historical Society of Missouri, 1901-1915, deceased.

SCHNEIDER, JOHN C, assistant professor of History, University of Nebraska - Lincoln.

SCHNELL, J. CHRISTOPHER, assistant professor of History, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau.

SHOOK, CYNTHIA, graduate of University of Missouri-Columbia and resident, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

STEVENS, WALTER B., historical writer, and president, State Historical Society of Missouri, 1917-1925, deceased. CONTENTS

VOLUME LXVIII

Page

THE CONTEMPORARY ARTISTS EXHIBITION 28

FRUSTRATIONS OF A MISSOURI SMALL BUSINESSMAN: Lou E. HOLLAND IN WARTIME WASHINGTON. By Jim F. Heath 299

GLIMPSES OF OLD MISSOURI BY EXPLORERS AND TRAVELERS.

By Francis A. Sampson 74

THE GOLDEN AGE OF GERMAN SONC. By Irene E. Cortinovis 437

MERCHANT GRISTMILLS AND COMMUNITIES, 1820-1880: AN ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIP. By Priscilla Ann Evans 317

MISSOURI PROGRESSIVES AND THE NOMINATION OF F.D.R.

By J. Christopher Schnell 269

THE MISSOURI TAVERN. By Walter B. Stevens 94

THE MORMON EXPERIENCE IN MISSOURI, 1830-1839, PART I, II. By R. J. Robertson, Jr 280, 393

POTAWATOMIS IN THE PLATTE COUNTRY: AN INDIAN REMOVAL INCOMPLETE. By R. David Edmunds 375

"THE PUBLIC IS AROUSED": THE MISSOURI CHILDREN'S CODE

COMMISSION, 1915-1919. By Peter Romanofsky 204

RICHARD PARKS BLAND: ALMOST A CANDIDATE. By Cynthia Shook 417

RIOT AND REACTION IN ST. LOUIS, 1854-1856. By John C. Schneider 171

THE ROMANCE OF WESTERN HISTORY. By Edward Gaylord Bourne 55

ST. LOUIS OPPOSITION TO DAVID R. FRANCIS IN THE GUBERNATORIAL

ELECTION OF 1888. By Myra Himelhoch 327

THE SOCIETY OF BETHEL: A VISITOR'S ACCOUNT. By H. Roger Grant 223

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI, 1898-1973: A BRIEF HISTORY. By Richard S. Brownlee, James W. Goodrich and Mary K. Dains 1 "YOURS VERY TRULY, THOS. T. CRITTENDEN": A MISSOURI DEMOCRAT'S OBSERVATIONS OF THE ELECTION OF 1896. By P. Joseph Powers 186

HISTORIC MISSOURI CHURCHES

Fee Fee Baptist Church _P« T? -ygee'.t

Organized in 1807 by the Reverend Thomas R. Musick, the Fee Fee Baptist Church is the oldest Protestant congregation still in existence west of the Mississippi River. In 1815 after several years of meeting in members' homes, the congregation erected a 24' x 30' log structure on three acres of land deeded for a church and cemetery by James Richardson. Located on St. Charles Rock Road some 14 miles west of St. Louis, the building featured a plank floor, seats without backs and a high pulpit. It soon became too small for the congregation and a brick meeting house with a brick floor was completed in 1829. The name Fee Fee, derived from Fee Fee Creek nearby, was a corruption of the French "Fifi."

A third church building, on a lot of five acres given the congregation by Erastus Post, was dedicated July 24, 1870. Located one-fourth mile north of the old church, this 40' x 60^ build­ ing of brick had a seating capacity of 360 and a basement for a Sunday School. Dr. W. Pope Yeaman preached the dedication sermon and returned in 1882 to conduct a Thanksgiving and memorial service when the debt on the church was paid.

In 1876 the Baptist trustees proposed to deed the cemetery and old meeting house to the three churches in the vicinity—Mizpah Presbyterian, Bridgeton Methodist and Fee Fee. Each church elected four trustees and Fee Fee Cemetery Association was incorporated May 19, 1876. The first grave had been dug in 1822 and many pioneers rest there, including Elder Thomas R. Musick and other early Baptist ministers. The old meeting house (pictured above) became the residence of the cemetery caretaker.

In 1907, the Missouri Baptist Children's Home became a neighbor of the church. The same year, Fee Fee celebrated its 100th anniversary on October 17 while the St. Louis Baptist Association met there. Ground was broken for an educational addition in 1948 and in February 1952, the John Mason Peck Memorial Educational Building was completed. The church cele­ brated its sesquicentennial year in 1957 with homecoming on August 17-18. Formal dedication of the three-story Erastus Post addition to the church took place November 9, 1958. Memorial markers were located in Fee Fee Cemetery at the graves of two soldiers by the St. Louis Pioneer Chapter of the Daughters of 1812, on June 13, 1964. Dur­ ing the annual founders day observance in 1970, a bronze historical marker wras placed on the old Fee Fee meeting house in the cemetery. Known as "Mother Baptist Church of Missouri," Fee Fee grew from a few families in 1807 to a large suburban congregation with a rich historical heritage.