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The Impact of Boating on Lakescape Aesthetics

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The Impact of Boating on Lakescape Aesthetics THE VIEW FROM SHORE: THE IMPACT OF BOATING ON LAKESCAPE AESTHETICS ... A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research In partial fulflllment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts by Darren Robert Bardati Department of Geography McGill University, Montreal May 1996 © Darren Robert Bardati 1996 0 ii ABSTRACT Rooted in the psychophysical approaches to landscape evaluation, this thesis focuses on a quantitative examination of the public's assessments of the aesthetic quality of the landscape at a recreational lake in southern Quebec. A sample of 430 local cottagers and day-visitors to the area was surveyed on-site through personal structured interviews during the summer of 1995. Each respondent was asked to provide information about his or her recreational activities, permanent residence, access to a cottage, ownership of boats, and other socio-economic data, and to rate a set of computer-generated photographs, or "photo-cards" of the lake with various combinations of boating activities. The combination of eight boat types, three density levels, and two distance from shore levels were determined using a 78 fractional factorial design, which was then decomposed into 481akescape variables. People's preference ratings were regressed against these 48 variables, and against a set of variables specific to the individual, obtained from the survey responses. The results suggest that density of motorized boats near shore is the most important factor in influencing an individuals' preference rating of the lake scene, while variables specific to the individual play a very minor role. iii RESUME Cette these est basee sur les approches psychophysiques de I' evaluation du paysage. Celle-ci est une examination quantitative d'une evaluation publique concernant la qualite esthetique du paysage au bord d'un lac au sud du Quebec. Des entrevues individuelles et structurees avec 430 residents saisonniers, ainsi que des visiteurs journaliers ont eu lieu sur place durant l'ete 1995. Chaque personne interrogee a foumi des informations de ses activites recreatives, de son adresse permanente, de son acces a un chalet, de sa possession d'embarquations, et d'autres questions socio-economiques. De plus, les individus interviewes ont evalue, selon leurs preferences esthetiques, des photographies informatisees du lac (les "cartes­ photos") sur lesquelles sont representees plusieurs activites a bord d'embarquations. Les combinaisons de huit embarquations, trois niveaux de densite, et deux niveaux de proximite du rivage ont ete determinees par un calcul fractionnel factorial de r ;lequel a ensuite ete decompose en 48 variables refletant les qualites du paysage. Les evaluations ont ete regressees contre ces 48 variables, et contre les variables specifiques aux personnes interrogees. Les resultats suggerent que la densite d'embarquations motorisees est le facteur influen~nt le plus I' evaluation de la qualite esthetique du paysage; les variables specifiques a l'individu joueraient un rOle mineur. 7o the ')lor!J of ')o.t t 0 iv CONTENTS ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................ii RESUME .........................................................................................................................iii CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................vi LIST OF TABLES ..........................................................................................................vii LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................viii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION_______________ 1 1.1 Objectives of the Study ................................................................................. 1 1.2 Aesthetics,"Lakescape", Boating, and lmpact.. ............................................. 4 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW_____________ 7 2.1 Landscape Aesthetics ..................................................................................7 2. 1. 1 "Objective" and "Subjective" Approaches................................. ..... .7 2.1.2 Previous Studies in Landscape Aesthetics................................... 11 2.1.3 Use of Photographs in Landscape Aesthetics Research ............... 16 2.2 Recreational Boating on Lakes ...................................................................20 2.2. 1 Previous Studies in Boating ........................................................ 20 2.2.2 Regulation of Boating ................................................................ 22 2.2.3 Need for Further Research on Boating Impacts on Aesthetics..... 27 CHAPTER THREE: LAKE MASSAWIPPI, QUE.____________ 31 3.1 Location, Population and Physical Description ........................................... 31 3.2 History of Recreational Development. ..................... :~ ................................. 35 3.3 Environmental Impacts of Recreation ......................................................... 37 3.4 Boating Regulation and Enforcement. ....................................................... 38 CHAPTERFOUR: METHODOLOGY_______ ---------40 4.1 Data Collection Procedures ........................................................................40 4.2 Design of the Photo-Cards .........................................................................43 4.3 Development of the Regression Model. ..................................................... .48 V CHAPTER FIVE: DATA ANALYSIS & RESULTS __________53 5.1 Characteristics of the Sample ..................................................................... 53 5.1.1 Socio-Economic Data ................................................................... 53 5.1.2 Permanent Address lnformation ................................................... 59 5.1.3 Cottage Ownership and Access................................................... 60 5. 1.4 Boat Ownership and Use............................................................. 61 5. 1. 5 Outdoor Recreation Activities....................................................... 65 5. 1. 6 Photo-Card Ratings ...................................................................... 69 5.2 Regression Analysis ...................................................................................71 5.2. 1 The Photo-Card Variables ............................................................ 71 5.2.2 The Respondent Variables ........................................................... 73 5.2.3 The Regression Model.................................................................. 77 5.2.4 Reducing the Regression Mode/................................................... 83 5.3 Interpreting the Regression Model... .......................................................... 83 5.3.1 The Significant and Insignificant Respondent Variables ................ 83 5.3.2 The Significant and Insignificant Photo-Card Variables .. ............... 88 5.4 Testing for Interaction Effects ................................................................... 100 5.5 Analsysis of Residuals and Partial Residuals .......................................... 106 CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSIONS_______________ 110 6.1 Summary of the Main Results ................................................................... 11 0 6.2 Implications of the Research ..................................................................... 113 REFERENCES .......................... : ................................................................................. 115 APPENDIX 1: The Survey Questionnaires .................................................................. 124 APPENDIX 11- Part A: The Fractional Factorial Design .............................................. 139 APPENDIX 11 - Part 8: The 48 Fractional Factorial Design Dummy Variables ........... 140 APPENDIX Ill: The Photo-Cards ................................................................................. 142 0 vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the many people who have provided me with assistance throughout the development and completion of this thesis research, particularly: • Dr. Gordon Ewing, my supervisor, for his direction from the beginning, and for setting aside time out of his busy schedule to see me as often as he did; • Dr. Jan Lundgren, for his comments and his knowledge of the study area; • Dr. Simon Milne, for providing funding for a portion of my field expenses; • Dr. Don Anderson, formerly of the University of Wyoming, for generating the fractional factorial design used in creating the photo-cards; • Lorelei Reeder, for her work in scanning the many lake and boat images; • The Department of Computer Science, Bishop's University, for graciously letting Lorelei and me use its scanning equipment; • Dr. Michael Fox, Department of Geography, Bishop's University, for his continued encouragement and advice - and for the keys to the computer lab; • My brother Ric, for assisting me during the summer of 1995 in interviewing people around the lake and his wife Morgen and son River, for helping in constructing the photo-cards; • All the cottagers and visitors around Lake Massawippi who participated in the survey. Their kindness and helpfulness made my work a joy. Financial assistance in the form of a fellowship from Fends pour la Formation de Chercheurs et I' Aide a la Recherche (FCAR), is also gratefully acknowledged.
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