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Evolution Des Caractères Crâniens Et Endocrâniens Chez Les Afrotheria (Mammalia) Et Phylogénie Du Groupe Julien Benoit

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Evolution Des Caractères Crâniens Et Endocrâniens Chez Les Afrotheria (Mammalia) Et Phylogénie Du Groupe Julien Benoit Evolution des caractères crâniens et endocrâniens chez les Afrotheria (Mammalia) et phylogénie du groupe Julien Benoit To cite this version: Julien Benoit. Evolution des caractères crâniens et endocrâniens chez les Afrotheria (Mammalia) et phylogénie du groupe. Biologie animale. Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2013. Français. NNT : 2013MON20073. tel-01001999 HAL Id: tel-01001999 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01001999 Submitted on 5 Jun 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Thèse Pour l’obtention du grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER II Discipline : Paléontologie Formation Doctorale : Paléontologie, Paléobiologie et Phylogénie Ecole Doctorale : Systèmes Intégrés en Biologie, Agronomie, Géosciences, Hydrosciences, Environnement Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Benoit Julien Le 6 Novembre 2013 Titre : Evolution des caractères crâniens et endocrâniens chez les Afrotheria (Mammalia) et phylogénie du groupe Thèse dirigée par Rodolphe Tabuce et Monique Vianey-Liaud Jury Lecturer and Curator, Dr. Asher Robert Rapporteur University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge Directeur de Recherche au CNRS, Dr. Gheerbrant Emmanuel Rapporteur Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris Professeur, Pr. Tassy Pascal Examinateur Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris Coordinateur du groupe de Recherche en Paléomammalogie, Dr. Lehmann Thomas Examinateur Senckenberg Forschunginstitut und Naturmuseum, Frankfurt Chargé de recherche au CNRS, Dr. Tabuce Rodolphe Directeur de thèse Université de Montpellier II Professeur, Pr. Vianey-Liaud Monique Directeur de thèse Université de Montpellier II Remerciements Remerciements Dans l'ordre chrono-stratigraphique de mes souvenirs : A mon frère Jérome, pour m'avoir transmis très tôt le virus de la paléontologie, même s'il considère qu'il a "grandi" depuis ; A mon grand-père Roger, de nous avoir offert nos premières sorties fossiles dans les terrils de Rouvroy (62) ; A mes parents, Pascal et Annick, de toujours m'avoir soutenu, même quand j'ai eu la drôle d'idée de devenir paléontologue ; A Mme Morichon, excellent professeur de SVT au Lycée Lamark (Albert, 80), qui m'a un jour tendu un fossile d'orthocère de sa propre collection en disant "nous avons un futur paléontologue parmi nous". J'ai depuis précieusement conservé ce souvenir ; A Sébastien Maillet, mon plus fidèle ami et soutien, à Zouzou, la soeur que je n'ai pas eu, à Vince, à tous mes amis, à ma famille et à tous ceux sans qui ce rêve de gosse serait resté un songe ; A mon épouse adorée, Sophie, dont un seul regard, un simple sourire ou la présence inonde mon âme de bonheur au quotidien ; A tous ceux qui m'ont aidé et qui ont oeuvré à l'accomplissement de cette thèse : Mes directeurs de thèse R. Tabuce et M. Vianey-Liaud, S. Adnet, P-O. Antoine, C. Bibal, A-L. Charruault, L. Hautier, S. Jiquel, R. Lebrun, B. Marandat, L. Marivaux, M. Orliac et toute l'équipe de l'ISEM qui m'a accueilli, L'équipe de l'école doctorale Sibaghe et en particulier J. Lopez pour sa disponibilité, N. Crumpton, doctorant au Museum de Zoologie de l'Université de Cambridge, T. Lehamnn et M. Vatter de l'Institut de Recherche Senckenberg de Francfort, Remerciements S. Merigeaud et P. Taourel, ainsi qu'aux équipes des services d’imagerie médicale de l'Hopital Laperonie de Montpellier et de la Clinique du Parc de Castelnau-le-Lez, G. Merzeraud du Laboratoire de Géosciences de Montpellier, L. Costeur du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Bâle, C. Sagne du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris ; Au soutien financier de l'ANR-08-JCJC-0017 (PALASIAFRICA) sans lequel rien ou presque n'aurait été possible ; Aux doctorants de l'ISEM : L. Alloing-Seguier, L. Danilo, S. Enault, A. Mahboubi, A. Ponchon, A. Ramdarshan et A. Ravel ; A ceux qui ont contribué d'une facon ou d'une autre, de près ou de loin, à cette thèse : M. Adaci, T. Afoukati, C. Argot, E. Barrow, B. Beatty, M. Ben Haj Ali, C. Bens, G. Billet, R. Boistel, G. Cheylan, G. Clément, J-Y. Crochet, J. Cuisin, A. Currant, D. Domning, Y. Dutour, E.M. Essid, R. Garwood, P. Giere, E. Gilissen, F. Goussard, O. Hampe, J-L. Hartenberger, A. Heaver, M. Herbin, A. Hilger, L. Howard, P. Hornberger, J-J. Jaeger, N. Karjilov, D. Ketten, H. Khayati, S. Ladevèze, N. Lange, H. Leliève, M. Lowe, R.D.E. MacPhee, M. Mahboubi, F. Mayer, P. Michelier, Montpellier Rio Imaging, X. Ni, M. Nowak-Kemp, le Parc National du Djebel Chambi, G. Rathbun, R. Rudorf, I. Ruf, K. Samonds, G. Schultz, B. Tabuce, P. Tafforeau, J. Thostenson, C. Tilly, N. Vialle, V. Volpato, L. Waucheul, J.R. Wible, S.P. Zack, R. Ziegler et d'autres anonymes reviewers ; A la bande de Nuclear Whisper (Ben, Greg, Olive et Vincent) ; A J-S. Bach, Children of Bodom, W.A. Mozart et Wintersun dont la musique a bercé la rédaction de cette thèse ; Aux membres du jury d'avoir répondu présent: R. Asher, E. Gheerbrant, T. Lehmann, R. Tabuce, P. Tassy, et M. Vianey-Liaud. Sommaire Evolution des caractères crâniens et endocrâniens chez les Afrotheria (Mammalia) et phylogénie du groupe Introduction générale p. 1 1. Introduction p. 3 2. Cadre conceptuel et problématique p. 5 3. Matériel et méthodes p. 15 Partie I : Basicrâne, pétreux et labyrinthe osseux p. 29 Chapitre 1 : Bibymalagasia, Tubulidentata et Tenrecoidea p. 31 A. Résumé p. 33 B. Anatomie comparée du labyrinthe osseux des Bibymalagasia, des Tubulidentata et des Tenrecoidea p. 37 1. Abstract p. 37 2. Introduction and systematic background p. 38 3. Material and methods p. 42 4. Description and comparisons p. 48 5. Results of the PCA on labyrinthine shape p. 53 6. Discussion p. 56 7. Conclusion p. 62 Chapitre 2 : Macroscelidea p. 65 A. Résumé p. 67 B. Le pétreux de Chambius (Macroscelididea, Afrotheria) de l’Eocène du Djebel Chambi (Tunisia) p. 71 1. Abstract p. 71 2. Introduction p. 72 3. Material and methods p. 73 4. Description and Comparisons p. 76 5. Results and Discussion p. 89 6. Conclusion p. 99 C. La morphologie du pétreux et de l’oreille interne des Macroscelididae actuels et la paraphylie du genre Elephantulus p. 101 1. Abstract p. 101 2. Introduction p. 102 3. Material and methods p. 104 4. Description and Comparisons p. 107 Sommaire 5. Results of the cladistic analysis p. 139 6. Discussion p. 142 7. Concluding remarks p. 147 Chapitre 3 : Hyracoidea p. 149 A. Résumé p. 151 B. Morphologie du crâne, du basicrâne et de la région auditive chez Seggeurius amourensis (Afrotheria, Hyracoidea) p. 159 1. Abstract p. 159 2. Introduction p. 160 3. Material and Methods p. 161 4. Description p. 168 5. Discussion p. 183 6. Conclusion p. 198 C. Evolution du pétreux et du labyrinthe osseux chez les Hyracoidea (Mammalia, Afrotheria) du Paléogène d’Afrique du Nord p. 199 1. Introduction p. 199 2. Matériel et méthodes p. 200 3. Descriptions p. 203 4. Résultats de l’analyse cladistique et discussion p. 220 5. Remarques conclusives sur l’origine des Procaviidae p. 227 Chapitre 4 : Tethytheria p. 229 A. Résumé p. 231 B. Le pétreux de sirénien de l’Eocène de Chambi (Tunisie) et l’origine des Sirenia (Mammalia, Afrotheria) p. 237 1. Abstract p. 237 2. Introduction p. 238 3. Results p. 239 4. Discussion p. 245 5. Concluding remarks p. 255 6. Material and methods p. 256 C. Homoplasie dans la région auditive des Tethytheria et discussion sur la position systématique des Embrithopoda (Mammalia, Afrotheria) p. 259 1. Abstract p. 259 2. Introduction p. 259 3. Material and methods p. 262 4. Systematic paleontology p. 267 5. Discussion p. 278 Sommaire 6. Conclusion p. 289 Partie II : Endocrâne p. 291 Chapitre 5 : Endocrâne p. 293 A. Résumé p. 295 B. Anatomie comparée et évolution du moulage endocrânien chez les Afrotheria p. 301 1. Abstract p. 301 2. Introduction p. 302 3. Material and methods p. 304 4. Results: description and comparison p. 309 5. Discussion p. 320 6. Concluding remarks p. 327 Partie III : Evolution des caractères de la région auditive, de l’oreille interne et de l’endocrâne chez les Afrotheria p. 329 Chapitre 6 : Evolution des caractères de la région auditive, de l’oreille interne et de l’endocrâne chez les Afrotheria p. 331 A. L’évolution des caractères de la région auditive, de l’oreille interne et de l’endocrâne chez les Afrotheria vue à l’échelle des Placentalia p. 333 1. Introduction p. 333 2. Matériel et méthodes p. 334 3. Résultats p. 339 4. Discussion p. 354 5. Conclusion p. 372 Conclusion générale p. 375 Bibliographie p. 381 Annexes p. 407 Annexe 1 p. 409 Annexe 2 p. 411 Annexe 3 p. 425 Annexe 4 p. 431 Annexe 5 p. 453 Annexe 6 p. 463 Introduction générale 1/468 2/468 Introduction générale 1. Introduction Le terme ‘Afrotheria’ désigne un clade, c’est-à-dire, un ensemble d’espèces issues d’un ancêtre commun. Formé à partir du préfixe Afro- (Afrique) et de la racine grecque - therium (bête, mammifère), il signifie littéralement ‘les bêtes d’Afrique’. Le clade des Afrotheria, défini par Stanhope et ses collaborateurs en 1998, rassemble en effet des mammifères endémiques, ou au moins originaires, d’Afrique : les éléphants (ordre des Proboscidea), les lamantins et dugongs (ordre des Sirenia), les damans, aussi appelés hyracoïdes (ordre des Hyracoidea), les oryctéropes (ordre des Tubulidentata), les rats à trompe (ordre des Macroscelidea, famille des Macroscelididae), les tenrecs et loutres- musaraignes (familles des Tenrecidae) et les taupes dorées (familles des Chrysochloridae, ces derniers formant avec les Tenrecidae l’ordre des Tenrecoidea) (Stanhope et al., 1998 ; Asher et Helgen, 2010).
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