This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. http://books.google.com os- REESE LIBRARY * »K TJU UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Re<eireii. fcZy /,V,v^ A<<essions No. Shelf No. ... ~.--\ / , //" // c-g- REESE LIBRARY * «*y nu; UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Re<eived c^fe ShelJ No.. - /// . '- .' ' TRANSACTIONS OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1856. PUBLISHED FOR THE SOCIETY BY GEOEGE BELL, 186, FLEET STEEET, London. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED MON COURT, FLEKT STREET. R, fin CONTENTS. Page I. On the Connexion of the Finn and Lapp with the other European Languages ; by HENSLEIGH WEDGWOOD, Esq. 1 II. On the Liquids, especially in relation to certain Mutes ; by E. F. WEYMOUTH, Esq 18 III. Miscellaneous English Etymologies ; by HENSLEIGH WEDGWOOD, Esq 32 IV. On a Zaza Vocabulary ; by Dr. H. SANDWITH. Commu nicated by Dr. G. E. LATHAM 40 V. On the Derivation and Meaning of fJTrios ; by THEODOEE AUFRECHT, Esq 42 VI. On the Affix of the Welsh Degree of Equality ; by THEO DOEE AUFRECHT, Esq 47 VII. On the Nasalization of Initial Mutes in Welsh ; by THEODORE AUFRECHT, Esq . 51 VIII. On the Etymology of the Latin Adverb Actutvm ; by THEODORE ATJFRECHT, Esq 54 IX. On the Languages of Northern, Western, and Central c> America ; by E. G. LATHAM, M.D 57 X. On the Derivation of the Latin Sons; by THEODORE AUFRECHT, Esq 115 XI. On the Irregularities of the Versification of Homer ; by JAMES TATES, Esq., M.A., F.E.S 119 XII. On the Derivation of the Latin Otium ; by THEODORE AUFEECHT, Esq . 143 XIII. On the Latin Terminations tia, tio- ; by THEODORE AUFRECHT, Esq 144 XIV. On some English Idioms ; by the Eev. J. J. STEWART PEROWNE, B.D. Part 1 146 XV. Further Observations on the Connexion of the Finnish and Indo- Germanic Classes of Languages ; by HENS- LEIGH WEDGWOOD, Esq 172 IV CONTENTS. Page XVI. Miscellaneous Etymologies illustrated from the Finnish Languages ; by Hensleigh Wedgwood, Esq. 179 XVII. On the -Word Distributed, as used in Logic ; by E. G. Latham, Esq., M.D 190 XVIII. Hints on the Thesis "The Old-Friesic above all others the lfons et origo ' of the Old-English" ; by M. de Haan Hettema, Juris Doctor, Member of the Priesic Chivalry 196 XIX. On some Affinities in the Basque Language, with Words referred to the Finnish and Indo- Germanic Lan guages ; by James Kennedy, Esq., LL.B 216 Scrap. Fanatics. — Introduction and Derivation of the Word 218 XX. On Diminutives. — I. English ; by T. Hewitt Key, Esq., M.A 219 XXI. On the Affinities between the Languages of the Northern Tribes of the Old and New Continents ; by Lewis Ke. Daa, Esq., of Christiania, Norway . 251 Scrap. Cherte. — The word explained 294 XXII. [On Diminutives. — II. Latin ; or] On the Represen tatives of the Keltic Suffix agh or ach ' little,' in the Latin Vocabulary ; by T. Hewitt Key, Esq., M.A. 295 Index 355 Notices of Meetings, Treasurer's Cash Account, &c. 359 COEEIGENDA. Page 112, line 7 from bottom, for vocabulary read vocabulary. Page 239, line 25, niding (or nidget) ' a base fellow ' ; should be transferred three lines lower down, so as to fall between lording and riding in the collection of English words. Pago 300, line 17, for lig-neo- read lign-eo-. — 301, — 23, — cor-ag-an read cur-ach-an. — — , — 27, — tus-sil-ag-on- read ttissil-ag-on-. — 302, — 7, — ag-an read ach-cm. — 334, — 1, — verg-, verg- read ver-g-, ver-g-. — 341, — 5, — glomes read glomes-. — — , — 6, — in read is. — 344, — 17, — a read a. — 347, note||, line 9, for ootptarepo read ffo0wrepo-. TRANSACTIONS PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 1856. •a.r^ I.— ON THE CONNEXKITf-trrTHE FINN AND LAPP WITH THE OTHEE EUEOPEAN LANGUAGES. BT HEXSLEIGH WEDGWOOD, ESQ. [Read January the 1 \th.] IN the second volume of our Proceedings (pp. 180—187), Professor Key has called attention to remarkable agreements between the grammars of the Lapp and Finn, and of the Greek and Latin languages. The identity is occasionally so complete, that it is truly astonishing how it can have been preserved through the series of ages which must have elapsed since the Finns and Latins can have separated from a common stock, or even have been in such close communication as to exert much influence on each other's language. One or two examples may be added to those given by Professor Key. Thus in Lapp cum or queim, as in Latin, is ' with ' ; mocum, tocum, socum — mecum, tecum, secum. Lapp ets and Finn Use correspond to Lat. ipse; mon ets, ego ipse. The particles ek, ke, ak, ka, are used in Lapp to give emphasis to the pronoun, in precisely the same way as ce, que, in Lat. Thus from tat, hie, ille, is formed tatek, hicce, ace. tabke ; from ka, qui, kake, agreeing in form with quisque, but translated ali- quis. Lapp ,/am is used much as jam in Lat. as a reference to 4 B Z HENSLEIGH WEDGWOOD, ESQ., certain circumstances affecting the action : mi le jam tat ? — what then is that? patijam, — come then. The formation of the Finn languages is commonly ex plained as if they were composed of two distinct parts, viz. the primitive language of the race itself, and an enormous importation from the Scandinavian peoples with whom they are mixed, with which must be classed numerous words bor- rowed from the Teutonic, Slavic, and Lithuanian. It is however hardly possible to account on such a principle for the whole of the phsenomena before us. No doubt a great proportion of the analogous forms must be considered as directly borrowed from a Scandinavian source ; but after every allowance has been made for such an influence, a large amount of resemblance will remain, offering the same kind of evidence in favour of a remote community of origin, as in the case of other related races, as the Celts and Teutons, Celts and Slaves, &c. The words common to the Finns and Slaves or Lithuanians, are far from being simply or even chiefly the names of objects, the use of which may be supposed to have been learnt from people in a more advanced state of civili zation, but frequently express actions or abstract notions which must be conceived by nations in the rudest condition of life. We may cite — Finn palaan, pallata, to burn; Bohem. paliti. — puoli, half, side, middle ; Bohem. pule, — lentaa or leta, to fly ; Bohem. letiti. — wedan, we tad, to draw, to lead; Lith. and Bohem. wedu, westi. Lapp wuoras, old ; Lith. woras. — jaure, a lake, hith.jures (plu.), the sea. — pak, paka, heat ; Bohem. pek, the root of E. bake. Nor are we without evidence of a Celtic connexion of similar nature — Finn korsi, stipula, calamus; W. korsen, a reed. — kannan, kantaa, to bear, carry, hold; W. cannu, to hold, as a vessel. — pullo, thick bark, cork, the floats of a net ; Gael, bolla, a net or anchor buoy. ON THE FINN AND LAPP LANGUAGES. 3 Lapp buwe, sheep, cattle ; W. buw, an ox, kine. — wele, more ; W. gwell, better, in a greater degree. — habra, a goat ; W. gafr. Finn jalke, footstep, hinder part, behind; W. ol in the same sense. — jaljin, hindmost; W. olaf. — jalUlen, remaining, the rest; W. olion, things left behind, refuse. — jallen, back again, at last ; W. yn ol, back, back again. — osata, to hit the mark, to aim right, to be able to do ; osattaa, to aim at ; osaella, to try to do. W. osio, to try to do ; E. to oss. — sota, war, battle; sotia, to fight. W. cad; G. cath. Lapp kakkel, a distaff; W. cog el. Many isolated words are common to the Finn and Scan dinavian languages without corresponding words in the other branches of the Gothic stock. The whole of these are broadly ascribed by Hire (than whom there is no more acute or ju dicious philologist) to a Finn origin, and in one important instance at least, it seems certain that the course of language has run in this direction. The Icel. negative is ei, eigi, Dan. ikke, corresponding to Finn ei, eikd ; eikd-eikd, neque-nec. Now the Icel. ei is an adverb, applying equally to all persons, while Finn ei is appropriated to propositions of the third person, being part of a regular conjugation, en, et, ei, emme, ette, eiwat, non ego, non tu, &c. As conjugations of such a nature were contrary to the idiom of the Scandinavians, they seem to have adopted for general use the negative of the third person, from the far greater frequency with which propositions of that form would occur than those of the first and second persons. It is certain then, that because a word is common to a Finn and Scan dinavian language, it cannot be assumed that it is necessarily borrowed by the former from the latter. A considerable list may be made of Finn forms and corresponding ones in Greek and Latin, either without inde pendent analogues in the Teutonic languages, or only such as are more distantly related than the classical forms : — b2 4 HENSLEIGH WEDGWOOD, ESQ., Finn onki, a fishhook ; — Gr. oyicrj, oyicos, a hook, a barb. — onkalo, a nook; — 07«v\09, crooked; ayica\rj, the bend ing of the arm. — kampela, crooked; — ieafiTrv\o<;. — wuori, a mountain ; — opo<;. — myykia, to low ; — fivicaofiai. — uros, male of animals, grown man, strong man, hero ; uro-teko, factum heroicum ; — fjpco<;. — kommata, graviter sono ut campana, vas vacuum; — Kofiireiv, to ring, to clang.