EM4900

4-H CAT PROJECT UNIT 2

AUTHORS

Alice Stewart, Yakima County Nancy Stewart, King County Jean Swift, Skagit County

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Reviewed by State Project Development Committee: Laurie Hampton—Jefferson County Cathy Russell, Betty Stewart, Nancy Stewart—King County Kathy Fortner, Cindy Iverson, Vickie White—Kitsap County Sandy Anderson, Dianne Carlson, Jan Larsen—Pierce County Jean Swift, Kate Yarbrough—Skagit County Alice Stewart—Yakima County

Word Processing by Kate Yarbrough, Skagit County

WSU Cooperative Extension Curriculum Review Jerry Newman, Extension 4-H/Youth Development Specialist, Human Development Department

4-H CAT PROJECT UNIT 2

Dear Leaders and Parents: A 4-H member will progress to this manual upon successful completion of Unit One. There is no age requirement for any of the Cat Project manuals. The 4-H member is expected to do some research beyond this manual. Pictures of the breeds of cats are available in many books, or cats may be observed at open cat shows. The Book Of The Cat edited by Michael Wright and Sally Walters and The Cornell Book Of Cats edited by Mordecai Siegal are the State 4-H Cat Project Committee’s approved resource books. Wherever there is a contradiction between the two books, The Cornell Book Of Cats is the final authority.

Chapter CONTENTS

1 Cat Origins ...... 4 2 Cat Breeds ...... 4 Cobby Breeds ...... 5 Moderate Breeds ...... 7 Foreign Breeds ...... 11 Breed Identification Worksheet ...... 13 3 Cat Characteristics ...... 14 The Cat’s Body...... 14 Coat Patterns and Colors ...... 14 The Five Senses...... 15 Other Characteristics ...... 16 4 Selecting a Kitten or Cat ...... 16 Purebred or Mixed Breed ...... 17 What To Look For When Choosing A Kitten ...... 17 Bringing The Kitten Home ...... 18 Becoming Friends...... 18 5 Feeding and Nutrition ...... 19 Word Search ...... 22–23 6 Health Care ...... 24 Diseases ...... 25 Parasites ...... 28 Other Common Disorders ...... 31 Spaying and Neutering ...... 32 Declawing ...... 33 7 Emergencies and First Aid ...... 33 8 Traveling With Your Cat ...... 36 9 Vocabulary ...... 37

Websites to Surf ...... 39 Worksheets...... 40 Word Search and Crossword Puzzles ...... 49

— 3 — CHAPTER ONE breeding by dedicated cat fanciers who had a desire to create an unusual breed or wished to CAT’S ORIGlNS improve upon an already existing one. Only since the middle of the l9th century have cat We must go back 40–50 million years in the evo- clubs and cat shows been held. The standards lution of animals to identify the cat’s ancestors. and specification they have set have become The earliest ancestors were called Miacis (pro- popular and widespread. The first country to nounced my-a-kiss). The Miacis were creatures hold a cat show was England in 1871. Cat fanci- about the size of a lynx, with long slender bod- ers in the United States held their first show in ies, long tails, and short legs with retractable 1895 at Madison Square Garden in New York claws that extended from the paws during such City. In 1909, the Cat Fanciers Association be- activities as climbing trees or fighting. Over the gan a registry of pedigreed cats in America. next 10 million years, the Dinictis evolved bring- ing higher intelligence and greater agility to an Cats may be divided into two categories: the animal more like the cat of today. popular house cat of unknown ancestry, or the purebred, (a pedigreed cat), intentionally bred The cat as we know it today probably originated for certain desirable qualities and usually eli- on the continent of Africa and gradually trav- gible for exhibition in the show ring. Show cats eled across Asia and Europe, eventually inhab- are further classified into two groups, the iting all continents except Australia and Antarc- longhaired breeds and the shorthaired breeds. tica. It was about 4000 years ago that the first The various cat associations have prepared evidence of the domestication of cats appeared written standards so that judges might compare in ancient Egypt. The cat gained prominence as the qualities of competing cats with the appro- an object of worship, having gained favor by priate breed specification. A large number of controlling the rodent population. Cats were purebreds do not meet the standards and, there- worshipped as the goddess Bast, who repre- fore, may be obtained at lower prices. However, sented love, fertility and the life-giving rays of they may still be registered and make excellent the sun. Bast is depicted as having the body of a pets. woman and the head of a cat. Owners often shaved their eyebrows when their cat died. Cats The majority of pet cats are mixed breeds. They were usually embalmed and were given ceremo- almost never resemble the standard of any cat nial funeral rites and buried in special cemeter- breed. However, 4-H has acknowledged the de- ies. The cats of today are approximately the same sirability of all cats by allowing household pets size and shape as the ancient cats. They have to be shown. Unlike purebreds, they are not retained their keen hunting instincts and self- judged according to a written standard, but on reliance, make the same purring sounds, display the basis of physical condition, cleanliness, pre- the same aloofness and the same affection. sentation, temperament, and attractive or un- usual appearance. Throughout the world, cats of unknown lineage comprise the vast majority CHAPTER TWO of pets, and most of them are mixed breeds. They are, without a doubt, the most popular cats of CAT BREEDS all.

Today there are over 40 breeds of cats. These cats Cats have three body types: COBBY, MODER- have evolved either naturally or by planned ATE, and FOREIGN (or Oriental). Cobby refers

— 4 — to a heavy, short legged, compact, broad chested were crossed with other longhairs from Persia body. Moderate refers to all the breeds that are (now Iran), Afghanistan, Burma, China, Rus- between cobby and foreign. The foreign body sia, France, Italy and England, until the mod- is slim, almost tubular in shape, with a firm ern type was developed. Persians are among musculature. the most popular cats in the world and win many of the prizes at important shows. The COBBY Persian body is of cobby type, low on the legs, Persian Chartreux deep in the chest, equally massive across the Himalayan Manx shoulders and rump, with a short, well- Kashmir Cymric rounded middle piece. Persians are large or Exotic Shorthair Burmese medium in size. The coat must be long and British Shorthair Bombay thick standing off from the body with fine tex- Norwegian Forest Cat ture. The ruff (mane) should be immense and continue in a deep frill between the front legs. MODERATE The breed is seen in fifty-one separate colors Abyssinian Maine Coon Cat and color combinations. Persian colors are di- Somali Ocicat vided into six divisions for showing. They are: American Shorthair Rag Doll Solid Color, Shaded, Smoke, Tabby, Parti-color, American Wirehair Russian Blue and Himalayan (color-point). American Curl Scottish Fold Birman Singapura Himalayan Devon Rex Snowshoe This hybrid breed was produced by crossing Egyptian Mau Sphynx Siamese (for color) with Persians (for type). It Havana Brown Tonkinese has a cobby body with a long, fine coat. Its col- Japanese Bobtail Turkish Van ors include Seal Point, Blue Point, Chocolate Korat Point, Lilac Point, Flame Point, Cream Point, Tortie Point, Blue-cream Point, Seal-lynx Point, and Blue-lynx Point. A solid-color Himalayan FOREIGN is called the Kashmir by some cat associations. Siamese Javanese The CFA classifies the Himalayan as a colorpoint Colorpoint Shorthair Oriental Longhair division of the Persian breed. Oriental Shorthair Cornish Rex Balinese Turkish Angora Exotic Shorthair Exotic Shorthairs are hybrids. Although they were originally created by crossing American Cobby Breeds Shorthairs with Persians, this outcross is no longer perrnitted. These cats are of definite Per- Persian sian type, but with short-haired coats. They Considered an ancient “natural breed” by many, have been accepted for registration and cham- the Persian can also be classified as a modern pionship competition. Their standard is based breed because it is the result of selective breed- upon the Persian standard for type. They have ing begun in the late nineteenth century. The massive heads, short noses, cobby bodies, history of the Persian is unrecorded before 1520 heavy bones and short tails. The breed is ac- and its origin can never be proven. It may have cepted in most of the Persian colors and coat begun with Angora cats from Turkey, which patterns.

— 5 — British Shorthair is seen in most colors and coat patterns, except The British Shorthair resembles the American color points. Shorthair, but differs somewhat because of the introduction of Persians into its lines by English Cymric breeders after World War I. Although this prac- Pronounced Kim-rik, this breed is a spontane- tice is no longer acceptable, its influence on the ous mutation. The Cymric is a long-haired Manx. current look of the breed remains pronounced. The two breeds are virtually identical except for British Shorthairs have broader heads with a the Cymric’s medium-long, double coat. Like the rounder shape and more developed cheeks than Manx, it should be completely tailless if a per- the American Shorthair. The neck is short and fect specimen, although it is seen with three va- stocky with a hint of Persian about it. The body rieties of tail. is huskier than the American Shorthair’s, and the coat is plusher. Burmese The Burmese is a hybrid developed by Dr. Jo- Chartreux seph Thompson in 1930 from one cat imported One of the older natural breeds, these French from Burma. “Wong Mau” is the foundation cat cats are believed to have existed before they for almost every pedigreed Burmese in North lived with the Carthusian monks in their mother America. This original cat was bred with a house, “Le Grand Chartreux,” in the seventeenth Siamese, “Tai Mau.” This mating led to the century. Their bodies are powerful and massive breed now seen. A medium-sized cobby cat, its and they may weigh as much as fourteen body is muscular, compact, with a rounded pounds, with wide shoulders and a stocky neck. chest. Although related to the Siamese, it must Their short coats are dense, velvety, and glossy. not resemble that breed in any way. Until re- The Chartreux standard permits any shade of cently the only Burmese color accepted was blue-gray from ash to slate, with the hair-tips Sable Brown. Champagne, Blue (gray), and lightly brushed with silver. The preferred tone Platinum are allowed by some associations but is a bright, unblemished blue with an overall only as the Malayan in CFA. iridescent sheen. Bombay Manx The Bombay is a hybrid, resembling a house- The Isle of Man, situated in the Irish Sea, is the size panther. It was created by Nikki Horner of home of the unique cat breed known for its tail- the Shawnee Cattery, in Louisville, Kentucky, in less body. This breed is considered to be a spon- 1958. It is the result of many generations of cross- taneous mutation. Although generally identi- ing the sable Burmese with black American fied by the complete lack of a tail, the Manx is Shorthairs. The cross has made the Bombay a actually seen in three varieties of tail: “rumpy” stronger breed and it is usually less vocal than no tail at all; “stumpy” a tail stump of one to the Burmese. It is a medium-sized cat, muscu- five inches; and “longie” a complete tail. Only lar, somewhat cobby, with a surprisingly solid the tailless Manx, however, is accepted for feel to its body. The mature Bombay must be jet show. The Manx is stout in appearance, me- black down to the hair roots. dium in size, with sturdy bone structure. It is broad-chested and surprisingly heavy when Norwegian Forest Cat lifted. It has a round look. It has a short, dense Although similar in appearance to the Maine double coat, with a plush undercoat and harder Coon Cat, the Norwegian Forest Cat is a sepa- overcoat, with glossier guard hairs. The breed rate breed. Its body is cobby, with longer hind

— 6 — legs than front legs, which make the rump higher than the shoulders, a characteristic that differentiates it from the Maine Coon Cat. All colors are permitted except the four Siamese colors: Ruddy, Red, Fawn, or Blue (blue-gray). (or Himalayan) colors. References to the “Norsk Its distinctive tail is bushy, almost fox-like. Skogkatt” have appeared in Scandinavian po- etry, legends, and writings for hundreds of American Shorthair years. It was recognized and shown in Oslo The American Shorthair is America’s own breed. long before World War II. Its progenitors were farm cats and house cats that were large-boned, short-coated working cats. Some naturalists believe them to be the Moderate Breeds original domestic cat. They are descended from basic European working cats. These everyday Abyssinian cats came to North America on the same ships Although the Abyssinian resembles cats de- with the first European settlers in the seven- picted in ancient Egyptian artwork, its exact ori- teenth century. Today’s purebred cat still bears gins are uncertain. The breed was developed some resemblance to the typical house cat with in England in the late 1800’s, allegedly from its solidly built, moderate body, short coat, and ticked cats brought from North Africa. An En- genial temperament. When the breed first be- glish military command brought some of these came registerable, it was commonly referred to cats from Abyssinia to England in 1868 after as a Shorthair. For many years, and in several the Abyssinian War. The “Aby” is fancied for cat associations, it was registered as the Domes- its wild look, desert colors, lithe body, quick- tic Shorthair. In 1966, its breed designation be- ness, and very spirited personality. The breed came the American Shorthair. The American came to the United States at the turn of the cen- Shorthair differs from all common cats in that it tury. Its body is the lengthy type, medium-long, has been bred to meet breed standards, which lithe, and muscular. It strikes a balance between keep it strong, muscular, intelligent, and lively, the cobby and svelte. Its coat is soft, silky, fine with a distinctive physical image. The breed dis- in texture, but dense and with a lustrous sheen. plays a short, thick even coat, which is hard in It is short in length but long enough to accom- texture and seen in thirty-three colors and pat- modate two or three dark bands of ticking. The terns. Its most striking appearance is in the Clas- CFA accepted colors are red, ruddy, blue and sic Tabby coat in silver, red or brown. fawn. American Wirehair Somali A spontaneous mutation of the American Short- The Somali is a long-haired variant of the Ab- hair, the American Wirehair is best known for its yssinian. The breed began appearing in the unusual fur, which is crimped, hooked, or bent, 1960’s. The original Somali came from matings reminiscent of a lamb’s coat. Its guard hairs are between shorthair Abyssinians with a recessive especially springy; even its whiskers are bent or gene for long hair, which is carried in some curly. The first known American Wirehair was Abyssinian bloodlines. The body is a lengthy “Council Rock Farm Adam of Hi-Fi,” born in 1966 type, similar to the Abyssinian. The coat is in Verona, New York. The standard calls for a medium in length, but long enough to accom- medium to large body, which should be moder- modate ten to twelve dark bands of ticking. ate, compact, and muscular. The Wirehair is seen Somalis are expected to carry the Abyssinian in the same colors as the American Shorthair.

— 7— American Curl Egyptian Mau The American Curl is a recent experimental The Egyptian Mau is one of the rarest regis- breed first reported as a spontaneous mutation. tered breeds in North America and is not often As in the Scottish Fold, the distinctive feature of seen at cat shows. The breed has been clearly the breed is the unusual formation of the ears. identified in ancient Egyptian artworks. It is the The ears are firm to the touch, erect and open, only naturally spotted domestic cat. The con- curving up in a gentle curl. The body is “mod- formation is often described as a balance be- erate,” not cobby, and medium in size. The coat tween the compactness of a Burmese and the is “moderately long and flowing with a mini- slim elegance of a Siamese. Its medium-length mal undercoat so it lies flat, not bushy.” The tex- body is muscular, with the hind legs longer ture is silky with a lustrous sheen. American than that of the front, giving the Mau the ap- Curls are also being developed with shorthair pearance of standing on tiptoes when upright. coats.The American Curl (Shorthair) is identi- The coat is silky and fine in texture, but dense cal in every way to the American Curl and resilient to the touch. It is long enough to (Longhair), with the following exceptions: the allow two or more bands of ticking, separated interior ear furnishing extends beyond the outer by lighter bands. The coat pattern of the Mau edge of the ear; the coat is short and should lie is distinctive: a spotted tabby pattern accepted flat but not close; hair on the tail should be the in silver, bronze, and smoke colors. same length as on the body, and the hair texture is soft. Almost all coat patterns and colors are Havana Brown accepted by CFA in both the long and shorthair. The Havana Brown was originally crossbred in England, around 1950, by mating a black Short- Birman hair with a Chocolate Point Siamese. The breed Considered an ancient breed, it was smuggled was later produced in the United States by cross- out of Burma around 1919, and developed into ing Russian Blues or black Shorthairs with a recognized breed in France. Its body is long Chocolate Point Siamese. Named for the rich and stocky with a rounded head and Roman- tobacco color of Cuban cigars, the Havana shaped nose. Its coat is medium-long to long, Brown is a solid brown cat, from its pure brown and silky. Birman colors are the same as the tra- whiskers to its tail. The body is medium in ditional Siamese point colorings, but with four length, firm, and muscular, and stands with a white paws. level back. Although the original English Ha- vana was of foreign body-type, the American Devon Rex Havana Brown is not. It has a distinctive profile The Devon Rex, a mutation similar to the Cor- with a long face, rounded muzzle, and wide-set, nish Rex, appeared ten years later in Devon, round-tipped ears. The nose and paw pads England. The foundation cat was “Kirlee,” a should have a rosy color to them, complement- black male. The Devon is a cat with a medium- ing the cat’s coat hue. fine frame, well covered with soft, wavy fur, with a more relaxed wave to its coat and less of a pat- Japanese Bobtail tern to the waves than the Cornish Rex. Its coat This is a natural breed of a type that has been is longer and somewhat less curly than the coat seen in ancient paintings and carvings from Ja- of the Cornish. The Devon head is a short wedge pan. Bobtails are considered to be the indigenous with a nosebreak as well as a whisker break. The cats of Japan and are believed to bring good luck Devon Rex is seen in most American and Brit- to households in which they reside, if they wear ish colors and coat patterns. the most popular and traditional coat colors of

— 8 — Ocicat The Ocicat is a hybrid breed created by crossing Siamese and Abyssinians. It was the unexpected jet-black and red-orange irregular spots on a result of a breeding experiment in 1964 by Vir- snowy-white background. Their most recogniz- ginia Daly. The outcome was kittens with spot- able feature is their bunny-like bobbed tails. Their ted tabby coats bearing a striking resemblance bodies are medium-sized, with long, lean and to the wild ocelot. The current Ocicat is a large, elegant torsos, but not tubular (that is, not for- well-spotted, agouti cat (each hair has bands of eign in type). There is no inclination toward flab- color) of moderate body type. It possesses a biness or cobbiness. The coat should be medium solid, long-bodied torso, with substantial bone in length, soft and silky, but without a noticeable and muscle development. It is always seen as a undercoat. Japanese Bobtail colors are white, spotted tabby, with all hairs banded except on black, red, and any combination of these colors. the tip of the tail. The coat pattern includes an intricate tabby “M” on the forehead. Spots are Korat scattered across the shoulders and hindquarters, The Korat is a rare, ancient, natural breed from extending as far as possible down the legs. Thailand. It is greatly loved by the Thai people, who regard it as a “Good Luck” cat. The foun- Ragdoll dation stock stems from a male and female im- This longhaired breed is a hybrid created in Cali- ported to the United States in l959. It is a me- fornia in the 1960’s. It was achieved by crossing dium-sized cat characterized by its semi-cobby a white Persian with a Seal Point Birman, and body, medium bone structure, and heart-shaped possibly other breeds. This controversial breed head. It has a single coat with short, fine glossy is recognized by several cat associations, but not hair lying close to the body. It is seen only in by the CFA. An extremely gentle and easy-to- solid silver-blue, tipped with silver—the more sil- handle breed, Ragdolls are big cats with broad ver tipping the better. It has brilliant green eyes. chests and large hindquarters. The “china blue” eyes of the Ragdoll are large, oval, and wide-set Maine Coon Cat on a bias. It is seen in three patterns: Color Point, The Maine Coon Cat is considered a native Bi-color, and Mitted (white paw tips). American breed that occurred “naturally” in the northeastern areas of the United States and in Russian Blue northeastern Canada. Its transition from farm When applied to the coat colors of cats, the term and backyard cat to show cat was a long, diffi- “blue” refers to various shades of gray, from pale cult journey. It has a medium to large, muscu- (bright) to dark (almost steel-blue gray), that are lar, broad-chested body. Some fanciers believe essentially a “dilute” pigmentation from black to it is the largest of all the pure breeds. The coat gray. This natural breed is very old, but was first should be heavy and shaggy, shorter on the seen and later shown in England in the 1880’s. In shoulders and longer on the underside and the 1960’s, the Russian Blues became popular britches, and long and flowing on the tail. Maine show cats. They have a fine-boned, long firm Coon Cat coat colors and patterns include a wide body that, without being tubular in appearance, range of solids, parti-colors, tabbies, and other is considered to be a modified foreign type. Their colors. The traditional Maine Coon Cat appear- bodies are covered with a double coat, which ance consists of a brown tabby pattern with a stands out because of its density. The coat must long, shaggy coat and tail, creating a slight re- be short, fine, and plush, with a soft silky quality. semblance to a raccoon. The Russian Blue color must be an even, bright

— 9 — Snowshoe The Snowshoe is a hybrid cross of Siamese and an American Shorthair bicolor. The origin of this blue shade throughout the coat. Lighter shades breed can be traced to Dorothy Hinds Daugherty of blue are preferred with silver-tipped guard of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the late 1960’s. hairs contributing to a silvery, lustrous appearance. Her two Siamese cats produced three females with unique, striking bicolored points. Because Scottish Fold of their white feet, they were given the name One of the more recent mutations, this breed was Snowshoes. As a result of promotional efforts in developed from Scottish cats after its unusual the late 1970’s, the Snowshoe has grown in popu- ear formation first appeared. The cat’s ears are larity throughout the United States. The breed folded forward and downward on the head. The standard calls for a medium-sized, Himalayan- first such cat was a white female named “Susie,” patterned cat, with white feet and a white discovered in a litter of normal-eared kittens by muzzle. The point color may be either blue or William and Mollie Ross in 1961 at a farm near seal, with a light-shaded body color. The white Dundee, Scotland. The Rosses were given one markings should go up to the ankle on the fore- of two folded-ear kittens from Susie’s first litter. limbs and up to the hock on the hind limbs. The They bred her to a normal-eared male and cre- coat should be medium-coarse, short, glossy, and ated the foundation stock for all authentic Scot- lying close to the body. tish Fold cats. In addition to its unusual ears, the breed is characterized by a softly rounded Sphynx head, a short muscular body, and a thick some- The Sphynx is the result of spontaneous muta- times marbled short-haired coat, which is dense tions appearing in several types of cats. After and resilient. The Scottish Fold comes in a wide many years and various attempts to stabilize it variety of colors and color patterns similar to in breeding programs, it is now basically a hair- those of the American Shorthair. less cat with very large ears set evenly on the head. It has a moderate body type, which appears as a Singapura combination of the Devon Rex and the Cornish Considered a natural breed, the Singapura was Rex. The body should be dense, bulky, and heavy, imported into the United States in 1975 from with surprising weight for its appearance. Al- Singapore. It is a small cat bearing a ticked coat though not fat, the cat should give the impres- pattern similar to that of the Abyssinian. Both sion that it has just eaten a full meal. The shoul- breeds resemble a miniature cougar. All other ders must be well developed and strong with the characteristics of the Singapura are different elbows turning out slightly, as on the bulldog. from those of the Abyssinian. Its coat standard There are few or no whiskers showing on the requires that barring be present on the inner muzzle. There is no coat, only warm skin with a front legs and back knees. The body should be smooth, soft feel. Small amounts of hair are al- small to medium-sized, moderately stocky and lowable on the bridge of the nose, behind the ears, muscular. The coat should be fine, very short, on the feet, and on the upper part of the tail. The lying very close to the body. Singapura color Sphynx is allowed in all colors and coat patterns must be dark brown ticking on a warm, ivory that appear as skin pigmentation rather than hair. ground color. Muzzle, chin, chest, and under- side should be the color of unbleached muslin. Tonkinese Each hair must have at least two bands of dark The Tonkinese is a hybrid breed. It was achieved ticking separated by light bands. by crossing a Siamese to a Burmese. The breed

— 10 — sions of ancient kings and priests of Siam and were trained to guard the royal palaces and temples. The first cats exported from Asia sailed has been experimented with since the 1950’s. from Bangkok to London in the latter part of The Tonkinese body is medium in length, strik- the nineteenth century. Shortly afterwards they ing a balance between the foreign type and the reached American shores where, by the turn of cobby, compact body type. Its coat is medium- the century, they began to appear in cat shows. short in length, close-lying, fine, soft, and silky, with a lustrous sheen. Its most outstanding fea- Second only to the unpedigreed house cat, the ture is its coat color. Unlike that of the Siamese, Siamese is considered to be the most popular the Tonkinese’s point color does not contrast cat breed in America. Their brilliant blue eyes sharply with its ground coat color. The and “pointed” (darker) facial mask, ears, tail, Tonkinese ground coat is always a dilution and legs have earned them the great favor they (lighter shade) of the same, darker point color. enjoy. Once stocky and round-headed, they Tonkinese colors are Natural Mink, Cham- have been meticulously bred to create the sleek pagne Mink, Blue Mink, Honey Mink and Plati- elegant cats seen at today’s cat shows. Siamese num Mink. Yellow eyes is cause for disqualifi- cross-breeding has resulted in many of the cur- cation at CFA shows. rently popular breeds, such as the Balinese, Ha- vana Brown, Himalayan, Tonkinese, Color Point, Turkish Van Oriental Shorthair, and Oriental Longhair. This is a natural breed, native to eastern Turkey, and is a working cat from the remote, snowy The ideal Siamese is a medium-sized, svelte, regions of Lake Van. It was brought to England refined cat, with long tapering lines and a tu- in 1955. Its body is long, broad, muscular, and bular body that is muscular but lithe. The head deep-chested. The Turkish Van is one of the larg- must be a tapering wedge with a long and est breeds of domestic cat, with males weighing straight nose that is a continuation of the fore- from twelve to eighteen pounds and frequently head with no break. The Siamese possesses a more. The coat should be long, soft, and silky. short, fine-textured, glossy coat that lies close The tail, or “brush,” is fox-like and strongly to the body. Siamese cats are accepted by CFA ringed. Coat color should be a pure chalk-white, in only four classic colors: Seal Point, Blue and its colored markings confined to the head Point, Lilac Point and Chocolate Point. The and tail, with one or more random body mark- crossed eyes, kinked tails, and round heads of ings in the shoulder or rump areas. They are al- the past are regarded as flaws in today’s show lowed any color markings and white. ring, though some fanciers prefer round heads.

Colorpoint Shorthair Foreign Breeds The Colorpoint Shorthair appears to be a Siamese with colors other than the traditional Siamese Siamese point colors (Seal Point, Chocolate It is impossible to single out the wild or natural Point, Blue Point, and Lilac Point). Most cat as- species from which this breed is descended. sociations in the United States and in other coun- However, many consider it to be a natural breed. tries accept Colorpoint Shorthairs as Siamese. The true origin of the Siamese is Asian, possibly Colorpoint Shorthair colors include Red Point, from Siam or Burma. Legends indicate the Cream Point, LYNX Point, and Torti Point. Eye Siamese originated in Siam as prized posses- colors other than blue will disqualify.

— 11 — Oriental Shorthair The Oriental Shorthair was conceived in the 1950’s by English breeders who wanted a Siamese-type cat with a self-colored (solid color) coat. This hybrid was created by crossing the Siamese with various Shorthairs, including the Cornish Rex Russian Blue. It was a by-product of the efforts The Cornish Rex is a spontaneous mutation that to create a solid-colored brown Siamese, which was discovered in 1950 on a farm in Cornwall, ultimately became the Havana Brown. The stan- England. The foundation cat for this breed was dards for the Oriental Shorthair and the Siamese “Kallibunker.” The breed is named for the Rex are almost identical except for color. Coat color— rabbit, which is known for its velvety fur and the cat’s reason for being—must be solid (self) curly whiskers. A mutation from a white do- or tabby-patterned. The entire coat, as well as mestic shorthair, the Cornish Rex features a each hair, must be of a uniform solid color. The longer, slimmer, more agile body than that of breed is accepted in almost all solid colors. its ancestors. The cat has a small, narrow head, punctuated by large, oval-shaped eyes that Balinese slant slightly upward, and a Roman nose. The The Balinese was developed in the United States most striking aspect of this breed is its coat of as a separate breed after it appeared as a spon- deep even “waves” over the entire body, head, taneous, longhair mutation of the Siamese cat. legs, and tail. The fur is very fine and soft, short It is like the Siamese in every way except that its but very dense. The Cornish Rex is accepted in hair is longer and its voice sober. CFA disquali- most American colors and coat patterns. The fies a definite double coat where the undercoat Cornish Rex and its cousin the Devon Rex have is downy. Its coat colors are the same as Siamese. much in common. However, they are geneti- The eyes are deep, vivid blue. Any other eye cally incompatible. These similar but separate color will disqualify in CFA shows. breeds are different, and, when mated to each other, do not produce curly- or wavy-coated Javanese kittens. The Javanese (like the Balinese) is a Siamese with long hair. The difference between a Javanese and Turkish Angora a Balinese is the wide variety of coat colors al- The true Angora was near extinction in the early lowed the Javanese by CFA (excluding the four twentieth century, as it was being replaced by traditional Siamese point colors). Its CFA color Angoras crossed with Persians. One of the old- standards are identical to those of the Colorpoint est longhair breeds and long fancied in Turkey, Shorthair. Its body type is Siamese. it was first seen in Europe during the Renais- sance. Its name is taken from the Turkish city of Oriental Longhair Ankara. The Turkish Angora is radically differ- The Oriental Longhair is a hybrid breed created ent from its relative, the Persian. It has a long in the early 1980’s. The Oriental Longhair is a head and medium-size body. Its torso is long and long-coated Siamese with no color points. Be- lithe, with a lightly framed chest. The body coat cause of its longer coat it appears to have softer is medium-long, long at the ruff, with a full lines and less of an extreme Siamese look than its brush on the tail. The coat is silky with a wavy cousin, the Oriental Shorthair. There are five color tendency, very fine and lustrous. While the solid divisions: Solid, Tortie, Tabby, Shaded (including white Turkish Angoras are best known, the Shaded and Smoke colors), and Parti-color. breed comes in all colors.

— 12 — TYPE

(1) mutation (2) hybrid (3) natural

TAIL

(1) long (2) medium (3) short (4) none

COAT

(1) short (2) long (3) other (4) color

HEAD

(1) round (2) wedge

EARS

(1) large (2) medium (3) small (4) other

EYES

Breed Identification Worksheet Breed Identification

(1) round (2) almond (3) color

BODY

(1) cobby (2) moderate (3) foreign

BREED

Abyssinian American Curl American Shorthair American Wirehair Balinese Birman Bombay British Shorthair Burmese Chartreux Colorpoint Shorthair Cornish Rex Cyjmric Devon Rex Egyptian Mau Exotic Shorthair Havana Brown Himilayan Japanese Bobtail Javanese Korat Maine Coon Manx Norwegian Forest Cat Norwegian Forest Ocicat Oriental Longhair Oriental Shorthair Persian Ragdoll Russian Blue Scottish Fold Siamese Singapura Snowshoe Somali Sphynx Tonkinese Turkish Angora Turkish Turkish Van Turkish

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

— 13 — CHAPTER 3

CAT CHARACTERISTICS back down a tree after climbing it. A cat ex- presses pleasure or contentment by extending Your cat is one of the most intelligent and beau- and retracting the claws in a pumping motion tiful of all animals. Understanding its anatomy, we call “kneading. “ temperament and physical characteristics will help you enjoy the unique personality of your A cat’s beautiful coat is one of its most striking cat even more. features. The hairs of the cat’s coat grow from tiny pits in the skin called follicles. The coarse top coat Scientists classify the cat as a carnivorous (meat- is formed from primary or guard hairs which eating) animal because of its teeth. The teeth grow from individual follicles. The secondary have three functions: stabbing (killing prey); hairs which form the undercoat (underfur) grow anchoring or holding prey; and cutting or tear- in groups from each follicle. There are two types ing flesh. Cats do not have flat-crowned molars of secondary hairs, the awn hairs which have bris- so are not able to crush or grind food. tly tips and the down hairs which are fine and crinkly. A special type of follicle produces the sensitive whiskers, or vibrissae, and eyelashes on The Cat’s Body the cat’s face. Some cats also have groups of whis- kers called carpal hairs located on the back of their The cat’s body has 230–244 bones while man has forelegs; the carpal hairs are particularly sensi- only 208. Many of the cat’s “extra” bones are in tive to touch such as when using their forelegs its tail. A cat’s tail can indicate its moods. Car- for grasping wriggling prey. ried high, the tail shows the cat’s pride and con- tentment; extended straight, it tells you the cat is stalking; curled against its body says the cat Coat Patterns and Colors is scared or worried; and thrusting from side to side warns that the cat is angry. A cat’s hind legs Color Points: are longer and stronger than those in front, en- Blue Seal abling it to leap with great skill. While most ani- Lilac Chocolate mals move their front and opposite hind legs at Red Cream the same time, a cat moves its front and hind Lynx/Tabby Tortie legs on one side, then the other. Torbie/Patched Tabby

Notice how silently a cat moves. This is because Agouti: of its thickly cushioned paws. The cat is digiti- Classic Tabby Mackerel Tabby grade, which means it walks or runs on its toes. Spotted Ticked A cat usually has five toes in front and four in Shaded/Tipped Chinchilla back, but some cats are polydactyl, having more Smoke Cameo than the usual number of toes. Each toe has a Silver Golden firmly attached hook-shaped claw which is the cat’s main method of defense. The retractable Solid Colors: claws allow the cat to climb, fight and grip. How- Black Blue White Red ever, all the claws point forward so a cat can only Cream Brown Lilac

— 14 — Multi-Color: the sources of sounds, being able to accurately Bi-color Tabby and White locate the squeaks and noises of small rodents Tortoiseshell (Tortie) Piebald which are completely hidden from view. Cats Van Calico/Tri-color are constantly alert to strange noises which may Torbie/Patched Tabby signal danger; even when catnapping they im- mediately respond whether the sound indicates danger or is a familiar sound such as a footstep, The Five Senses car, whistle, or their name being called. The source of the sound is easily located, and a cat Sight can discriminate between two sounds as close A cat’s eyes are probably its most distinctive together as three inches at three feet. Although feature, and sight is a highly developed sense. directing earflaps toward a sound enables a cat Cats can see in nearly total darkness, yet their to better hear faint sounds, it will not help in sight is keen in bright daylight. Although they direction-finding. A cat’s hearing is not accurate do have some special features, cats’ eyes are enough for it to be able to hunt in total dark- basically similar to the eyes of other mammals, ness. Some white cats, particularly blue-eyed including humans. Due to the size and shape ones, become deaf at a very young age. Cats also of the lens, a cat cannot focus very well on close- tend to become deaf in old age. Cats compen- by objects, but can see best at distances of seven sate for deafness by an increased acuity in eye- to twenty feet. Cats’ eyes are designed to col- sight and smell. They also become quite sensi- lect the maximum amount of light, which al- tive to vibrations, appearing to “hear” with their lows a cat to see in light six times dimmer than feet. that in which humans are able to see. Although it may seem very dark to us, there must be a Smell faint glimmer of light in order for the cat to see. A highly-developed sense of smell plays an im- Cats eyes shine in the dark when caught in a portant role in the appetite, behavior, protec- ray of light. This occurs because a mirror-like tion and reproduction of cats. The sense of smell structure called the tapetum lucidum lines most is the cat’s method of recognition and any new of the back of the eye. For a long time it was object, person or cat will be thoroughly sniffed believed that cats only saw in shades of gray, before being accepted. Food is first identified but research has proven that cats do have the by smell, then tasted and eaten if the smell is ability to see at least some colors. Newborn kit- acceptable. The smell of catnip often brings in- tens eyes are closed and remain that way for tense interest. Most cats respond to catnip by seven to ten days. After opening, their vision sniffing, chewing, rubbing, rolling, and meow- is still very poor, and kittens do not see as well ing. The cat will appear to be in a psychedelic as adult cats until they are about three months state for a period of five to fifteen minutes. For- old. From then on, vision becomes their most tunately, the effect does not last long, nor is important sense. catnip addictive.

Hearing Taste In addition to keen eyesight, a cat also has su- Closely aligned to the sense of smell is the sense per-sensitive hearing, a real bonus for a hunter. of taste. Taste buds are located on the front and Not only is a cat able to hear noises too faint for side edges of a cat’s tongue and at the back of human ears, but they also hear ultrasonic sounds the tongue. Cats are very sensitive to taste and much higher than we can detect. Cats can locate have very definite food likes and dislikes. The

— 15 — sense of taste develops very early in a kitten; perature regulation. Cats are unable to sweat be- kittens only one day old can determine the dif- cause of the fur, so saliva becomes a substitute ference between salted and unsalted liquids. Al- for the cooling effect of sweat. That is why cats though most mammals can detect sweet, bitter, groom themselves more often in warm weather. salt and acid, cats are different because they may not respond to the taste of sweet things. In fact, A well-known cat characteristic is its ability to their digestive system is very sensitive to sugar, land on its feet. When falling, a cat will turn its and eating sugar may make them ill. That is why head to an upright, horizontal position, and the many cats develop diarrhea when given cow’s rest of the body will follow. The tail may help in milk. They are not able to tolerate the lactose avoiding overbalancing. A cat may still be injured (milk-sugar) in the milk. in a fall, because falling from a great distance can still result in broken bones. Likewise, a fall from Touch a short distance could also result in injury because Touch is the least important sense in a cat. the cat may not have time to right itself. Touch includes the sensations of gentle touch, heavy pressure, warmth, cold and pain. The Cats are the only animals that purr. While it was hairless parts of a cat, the nose and paw pads, originally believed that the purring sound came are especially sensitive to touch, warmth and from vibrations of the false vocal cords in the cold. A cat uses its paw pads to investigate the throat, it is now believed that it comes from a vi- texture, size, and shape of anything with which bration motion that arises in the wall of one of it is not familiar. The pads also are used to help the major blood vessels in the chest area. These a cat maintain its posture and can detect vibra- vibrations are readily transmitted to the cat’s tions, helping a cat “hear” with its feet. Hair upper air passages which result in a purring follicles also are quite sensitive, especially those sound. While purring is usually an indication of containing guard hairs or whiskers. The whis- contentment, it can indicate a cat in pain. kers are especially important for investigating nearby objects and may also be sensitive to air Playing is a special characteristic of cats. Kittens currents. The cat’s skin picks up the feeling of begin playing when they are about three weeks warmth or cold as well as pain. old. Although cats will begin to play less often after about five months of age, a cat will continue to play occasionally even into old age. Play is Other Characteristics important to the health and fitness of a cat. Two cats of similar age will play together, but if there Cats are noted for their great ability to sleep; is only one cat, the owner must encourage play. nearly two-thirds of their life is spent sleeping. Cats sleep in a series of “catnaps” rather than one long period. When a cat is in a deep sleep CHAPTER FOUR period, it may appear to be dreaming. We will never know for sure, but it is assumed that cats SELECTING A KITTEN OR CAT probably do dream. Once you have decided to acquire a cat, there Self-grooming is not just a cat’s way of keeping are several things to consider in order to be a itself clean. Licking stimulates the skin glands responsible pet owner. Some of these were cov- which produce a waterproofing agent for the coat. ered in Unit One, including age, coat type, and In addition, grooming is also a method of tem- male/female.

— 16 — Purebred or Mixed Breed you by air. The cost of the shipping container and freight would be your responsibility. Repu- All cats are enjoyable, but you will need to de- table dealers can be depended upon to send a cide whether you want a purebred cat that may healthy cat, and it may be the best, if not the be registered with a cat association, or if you only way of acquiring a cat of the particular want a mixed breed cat. If a random-bred cat is breed you desire. desired, the local humane society shelter will be able to provide several good choices. Work- ers at the shelters often will be able to give you What To Look For When Choosing A Kitten the background of the cat you plan to adopt. Cats and kittens are available, usually for a fee, Good health is essential when choosing a kit- and some may spay or neuter them before ten. The kitten should be active, playful, curi- adoption. This way, they ensure no litters of un- ous and alert. It should not be afraid of strang- wanted kittens are born. If you prefer a pure- ers or give any indication of hostile behavior bred cat that can be exhibited or used for breed- when picked up by you or the breeder, as this ing, you will need to visit several catteries to could indicate illness or a behavior problem. make sure you obtain the best possible animal in the breed of your choice. Show cats and cats In addition to an outgoing personality, the kit- to be used in a breeding program can be quite ten should have clear eyes with no excessive costly. However, not all purebred animals meet watering, no discharge from the cool damp nose, the strict show standards and often can be ob- a lustrous shine to its fur with no mats, clean tained at a reduced price. Although you may ears with no sign of mites, clean white teeth and not want to show them at an open show, they pink gums, and no skin irritations or indications may do very well in a 4-H show. Generally, the of fleas. Check around the rectum for signs of breeder will require you to have the cat spayed diarrhea or inflammation. The kitten should not or neutered before they will give you the pa- be too thin or fat, as this would indicate a nutri- pers on the animal. tion problem or worm infestation.

Begin your search by checking newspapers and Ask to see the mother so you can determine her cat magazine classified advertisements for cat- general health and conformation, as well as ob- teries in your area. Attend a few cat shows and serve her behavior. If she is a friendly, outgoing observe the various breeds before making a fi- cat, her kittens will probably be that way, too. If nal decision on the one you like best. Talk to you are buying a kitten for showing and/or the breeders and exhibitors at the shows and breeding, you should examine the pedigree cer- ask any questions you might have regarding tificate of the kitten. Never hesitate to ask ques- personality and care. This is also a good time tions; breeders will welcome your interest if they to get an idea of the prices of show and pet are proud of their litters. quality kittens and cats which might be for sale. Pedigree You could also write to an association that reg- The pedigree will give the names and registra- isters cats for the names of catteries in your area tion numbers of the kitten’s parents and several that might have kittens for sale. It would be bet- earlier generations. It will also indicate champi- ter if you could visit the catteries yourself and onship stock in the background. This is impor- select the kitten or cat you want, but there is tant if you plan to use your new cat for breed- also the possibility of having one shipped to ing. Once you have completed the purchase,

— 17 — make sure a transfer certificate showing the up by the front legs. Place one hand on the chest change of ownership is registered. under the front legs with the other hand sup- porting the hindquarters. Hold the kitten close Contract to your body for additional support. Once you have chosen your kitten and have agreed on the price and method of payment, Once the kitten has become accustomed to its have the breeder put it in writing. The contract new surroundings, let everyone take turns feed- should state the full purchase price, and, if pay- ing and playing with the kitten. Introduce it to a ments are to be made, what they will be, and collar or soft harness, even though they may be over what period of time. Include the time you a little big for the kitten; the sooner it gets used will need (up to two weeks) to take the kitten to to the feel of a collar or harness, the better. a veterinarian of your choice to determine if it is normal and in good health. Reputable breeders Housebreaking should allow this with an adequate deposit. Housebreaking a kitten is usually not difficult. Start early by showing the kitten where the lit- Veterinary Approval ter box is located. Also familiarize the kitten with Your veterinarian will not be able to give you the placement of its food and water dishes, and an absolute guarantee of the kitten’s health fol- its bed. Although a kitten will probably choose lowing a short examination, but should be able its own place to sleep, the bed may become a to advise you of any serious faults or obvious favorite spot. It should be away from the main- abnormalities which could cause problems. Let stream of traffic in the house, and be in a dry the veterinarian know what vaccinations the and draft-free location. kitten has been given and have the kitten tested for internal parasites. Once you have selected a The Kitten’s First Night in Its New Home kitten, you should set up a schedule for future You may want to leave a nightlight on in the vaccinations and examinations. room where your kitten will be spending its first night. It will be happier and more content if it can easily find the food and water dishes, the Bringing The Kitten Home litter pan, and the bed. Leaving a toy or a stuffed animal the same size as the kitten in the sleep- Before bringing your kitten home, you should ing box or basket will help take the place of the have all the necessary equipment ready and litter mates it has been sleeping with. Make sure have a supply of food. The breeder can advise the room is warm enough and draft-free so the you what kind of food and how much the kitten kitten can sleep comfortably. has been eating.

Let the breeder know what time you will arrive Becoming Friends so the kitten will not be fed before the return car trip. If you pick up the kitten early in the morn- Cats will live happily in either the country or ing, it will have the entire day to get used to its the city. All they really want is someone to care new home. A weekend would be good because for them, give them a warm place to live, proper the entire family will be home for two full days. food, fresh water, a dry bed and provide com- panionship. It takes some kittens and cats longer On the first day, teach children the correct way than others to get used to their new owners. Do to pick up a kitten. A kitten should not be picked not force yourself on the cat, but let it come to

— 18 — CHAPTER FIVE know you gradually. A good time to approach FEEDING AND NUTRITION your cat is when it is eating. Talk to it gently, but do not touch. Try not to frighten the cat with Good nutrition is essential for the overall health loud noises or sudden movements. As your cat of a cat during all stages of its life from becomes more acquainted with you, it will come kittenhood to old age. A kitten or cat that is to you for a little petting. Do not overwhelm the malnourished is more susceptible to disease and cat with attention. With your patience and infection and may have problems with growth gentleness, your cat will come to trust you. and/or reproduction. Nutritional studies have shown that cats have very special dietary re- Unlike most other pets, cats do not usually re- quirements. Their need for protein is particularly spond to punishment, except perhaps to be- great and can only be provided by animal prod- come indignant. They can be taught household ucts such as meat, fish, or eggs. These products rules if an action such as jumping on a table or provide essential amino acids such as taurine scratching a chair is never permitted. Get the which is important for a cat’s eyesight. Lack of cat to associate that action with something it taurine will result in eye lesions which can lead considers unpleasant, such as a loud “NO!” or to blindness. a squirt from a water pistol. Cats are quick learners and can learn skills such as using a pet Types of Food door in a short time. A cat may enjoy table scraps as a treat, but nu- tritionally they are generally inadequate. Cats If your new pet is to be allowed outdoors, it need a high-protein diet fortified with vitamins should be done gradually after several days of and minerals. The best way to make sure your being confined indoors. This is especially impor- cat is eating a nutritionally balanced diet is to tant if you have adopted an adult cat, as it may feed a high quality commercial cat food. High try to return to its previous home if it has not quality cat foods have been developed after completely accepted its new surroundings. The years of careful research and they can be de- first few times the cat is allowed outdoors, it pended upon to give your cat well-balanced di- should be accompanied by its owner. Otherwise, ets for a long healthy life. There are four major it could be frightened away by a startling noise types of commercial cat food: dry, semi-moist, or it may wander away. After that, you may al- canned specialty, and canned maintenance. low it to be outside alone, but remember that, even if the yard is completely fenced in, the cat Drier cat foods contain an average of about 31% may decide to explore further and can easily protein, 11% fat and 10% moisture, and have scale most fences. It will be important for you to 1500 to 1700 digestible kilocalories per pound. get a collar with an identification tag. You must These foods provide complete and balanced also be aware of the possibility of a litter of un- nutrition by combining quality sources of ani- wanted kittens if an unspayed female is allowed mal protein, cereal grains, fat sources and other outdoors. Another danger is exposure to dis- ingredients, including vitamin and mineral eases and parasites. This can be avoided by keep- supplements. ing the cat indoors. Cats can be very happy as an indoor pet as long as they have room to move Some dry cat foods can be moistened with wa- about for exercise and get plenty of attention ter. However, a primary advantage of dry cat from their owner. food is that it can be left dry in the bowl all day

— 19 — so that the cat can nibble as it pleases. This, along with its economy and complete nutrition make dry food a popular choice. A dry food also helps keep your cat’s teeth clean and gums healthy Feeding The Growing Kitten by reducing tartar build-up. Diet plays an important role in kitten develop- ment. In order to insure proper growth and de- Semi-moist cat food usually comes in sealed velopment of other tissues, strong bones and pouches. It contains approximately 23% protein, teeth, and general good health, a kitten will re- 10% fat, and 35% moisture. High quality semi- quire about one and one-half times as much pro- moist diets contain approximately 1300 digest- tein and three times the calories per pound of ible kilo calories per pound of product. Semi- body weight as a mature cat. As they will need moist cat food provides flavor appeal in a prod- extra energy until they reach approximately one uct that is very convenient to use. It provides year of age, kittens should be fed two or three complete nutrition, although it may not be nu- times a day. Even after kittens have been tritionally complete for growing kittens. weaned, they may continue to drink milk, but too much milk may produce a laxative effect. Specialty cat foods are very tasty and offer a wide range of flavors. These products have a high per- Feeding the Adult Cat centage of meat, making them an excellent source When a kitten reaches one year of age, it has of protein. Vitamins and minerals are sometimes completed its rapid growth period, and it may added to help compensate for the fact that meat, be placed on an maintenance diet. Unless the by itself, is not completely nutritious. Read the cat is pregnant or lactating, it should remain on label to determine if the specialty cat food will a maintenance diet for the rest of its life, although provide a complete and balanced diet for your some adjustments may need to be made if the cat. Specialty cat foods generally are not intended cat is sedentary or elderly. Review the chart, to be the only source of nutrition, but add a vari- “Guidelines for the Amount to Feed,” for rec- ety and taste-appeal to the cat’s diet. ommended amounts of food. A cat receiving the proper amount of food will eat it all daily Maintenance cat food usually contains about without becoming overly lean or obese. A cat’s 10% protein, at least 4% fat, and approximately appetite and food intake may vary occasion- 75% water. Since 1969, any maintenance cat foods ally, but this is not a problem unless it goes on that state “scientific,” “complete,” or “balanced” for several days or the cat begins to show symp- on the label must, by law, provide a completely toms of illness. balanced diet for cats of all ages from weaning to senior, including pregnant or lactating females. Feeding the Older Cat The longevity of cats continues to increase. Bet- Fresh, cool water should be available in a clean ter food and balanced diets are a major factor in dish at all times, as it is an essential element in cats now having an average life span of 14 years. the diet. While some cats enjoy milks, milk is Specialized diets have been formulated for the not a substitute for water. Cats will drink more older cat that address the physiological changes water in hot weather and when soft-moist and and reduced physical activity of an older cat. dry foods are fed. If a cat is ill, and refuses to eat Older cats also should be encouraged to drink or drink, it is very important to get it to drink sufficient amounts of water as this increases kid- liquids, even if by force, in order to prevent de- ney function. Older cats should not be allowed hydration. to become obese, and regularly scheduled vet-

— 20 — Obese cats need fewer calories. It is much kinder to reduce the amount of food given to the cat, rather than allow it to suffer the poor health that erinary checkups are advised. Old age is gener- may result. An obese cat is much more suscep- ally accompanied by a general slowing down, tible to serious illness such as heart disease or but a healthy cat should remain fairly active diabetes. It may also have physical problems such throughout its lifetime. as arthritis or hip dysplasia. Obesity affects nearly one cat in ten, and is especially common in neu- Feeding the Obese Cat ters. To reduce the cat’s weight, the caloric intake If a cat’s ribs cannot be felt easily, the cat is prob- must be reduced and exercise increased, although ably overweight. The most common cause of it is best for a veterinarian to decide the best pro- obesity is over-feeding and inadequate exercise. gram based on the cat’s health.

Guidelines for the Amount to Feed

kcal/pound DRY FOOD SEMI-MOIST CANNED body weight

Kittens: 10 weeks old 113 1.1 oz. 1.4 oz 3.6 oz. 20 weeks old 59 .6 .7 1.8 30 weeks old 45 .45 .6 1.4 40 weeks old 36 .4 1.2

Adults: Active 32 .36 .4 1.2 Pregnant 45 .45 .6 1.4 Lactating 56–145 1.0 1.3 3.3 Sedentary 32 .32 .4 1.0

— 21 — WORD SEARCH

Locate the following words. These words all pertain to a cat’s nutrition. Extra credit is given for writing their definitions and how they relate to the cat on another sheet of paper. activity level complete liver soybean meal additives corn magnesium specialty age deficiency maintenance starch amino acids diet malnourished stomach appetite digestible meat stress ash disease metabolism supplements balanced dogfood milk table scraps biotin dry minerals tartar bird elderly mouse taste blindness environmental nutrients taurine bonemeal exercise old teeth bones eggs obesity temperament bugs fat phosphorus thiamine calcium fiber plaque toxic calories fish pregnant toxoplasmosis canned grain preservatives tuna carbohydrates internal parasites protein vegetable carnivorous iodine reproduction virus catnip iron salt vitamins chlorine illness scientific waste coat kitten milk replacer sodium water colostrum lactating sedentary weaning commercial laxative soft-moist weight zinc

— 22 — OWS HOS EV ITAVR ESERPX IOYLR EDLEUD QUK IT T ENM IL KR EPLACERAP EWHY TORS CO R N IN S H Z IT TO GCNECKEZB AL AN CEDU CE R T MN UC OL O S T RUML INL IC AP O JANT P O A L E P DR T O E L B I T S E G I DF O I N F I N L E Y P MUR R E T NYROZLAESTMA ILRS COVGONUL MEANYYOON IEPECCALC IUMEES ICREXE EL NA IDOUNHECE R IBNE JAEDANSP IESM RAOLBVTCILSNYHAORSETAERETLEDTE CT L P O R OB L UX B T UNL NY F AT N AB AA S HMN I O P A E T E R B U G S A S H I G I M R W T R M R Q U I A T AXART S PHOSP HORUSOY IOTABACUTEGS LONAY CROWUNOCLOMALNOURI S HEDONM GP NS AT OKTAS TE UHELOESTY OAONDEEO OL D IT ATUPANDOTARTARVER TT LDOUSS DA N T N B E O DA G N W I K A B O A G E W I L S U I G I I BS DE AL IMDRY CASSENLL INONAC ICUUS OMOS NE NV IRONMENTALSTHYDS RATEMS XOGE GS W ISTHO IUTEESS JCHEOST ANUK OS F IE C AT E DB ON E MEAL XCAG IF OR CYCL U IO N R R GR A IN HO S NYOAUF AN DT IN T OAA B S O DP A I T S O C H A I C T O X I C L T U M N L I E P S LB DT HP RYEAD ICSM INAT IBONOALVAPE I E S M A S V DM R T F I S H O E T E E T H E I P A I F E T NS O IA P IO E S S IDNGNR IX MAWCS P R T AT A DH Y L A C T A T I N G S W I E N V E R N E S T G I Y N I R NG C K IS AN AHM OF DN IDE NOP A R A NG L T T D EHE R F L MOURGSOLASTRESSNMEAREGEY S C I E N T I F I C S I B L A S C K I T I I Q H V R V M Y H SOYBEANMEALCEUAPTSSBFNEWAIEDPO IBELTBSUCKLNEWATERQU IGVERNLXUB TABOYCNEIC IFEDOR IYNO ITCUDORPER YTISEBORGR IFEOADD IT IVESL IWHOPA ES UOMESUUOHNAKECHLOR INEALLTTHC LE V E GE TABLE TT ETELPMOCP OE CAG IAL HSUT OATEMPE RAMENTECNANETN IAMAT

—23 — CHAPTER SIX another person, preferably an adult, to do this. One person will restrain and comfort the cat HEALTH CARE while the other takes the temperature. Use a rec- tal thermometer (NEVER an oral one). Shake it Health care for your cat begins with daily atten- down and lubricate it with petroleum jelly, min- tion. You learned in Unit One that you should eral oil, or cooking oil. Insert the thermometer groom your cat daily. Not only does daily groom- gently but firmly into the anus. You may need ing keep the cat’s fur shiny and tangle-free, but to twist it slightly to relax the rectal (sphincter) the cat becomes used to being handled, which muscles. Insert the thermometer so that the bulb can make trips to the veterinarian or to a 4-H ac- is aimed straight towards the cat’s head and goes tivity a little less stressful. More importantly, dur- in about one inch. Leave it in for about two min- ing this grooming session, you can also check for utes, then remove; wipe it off and read. A cat’s health problems. By knowing what is normal for normal temperature is 100.4˚F–102.5˚F. 105˚F is your cat, you will quickly notice the earliest signs a danger sign, and 108˚F is life-threatening, re- of a health problem. Look at the mouth, check- quiring immediate cooling off in a cold water ing the color of the gums and looking for tartar bath. Cats do not suffer brain damage from high build-up or broken teeth. The nose should be free fevers as humans do. of discharge. Check the eyes for discharge, dis- coloration (red or yellow) and whether the third If you have not already chosen a veterinarian, it eyelid (nictitating membrane) is showing. The is important that you do so. If this is your first ears should be clean; redness or a dark, waxy ac- cat, you may have to depend on your friends or cumulation indicates problems. While brushing neighbors to recommend a veterinarian. You and or combing your cat’s fur, feel its body for any your cat should visit the veterinarian before an unusual lumps, swelling, or hair loss. Watch for emergency arises. Once your cat’s health record fleas and ticks. Observe the cat’s weight and the has been established, you should keep the condition of its fur. veterinarian’s name, address and phone num- ber near the telephone at all times, in case of You may want to learn how to check your cat’s emergency. vital signs during this time. On the first trip to the veterinarian, observe how Respiration. A cat at rest normally takes 20–30 your cat is handled. The office should be clean, breaths per minute. If it is ill, the breaths may neat and professional in appearance. Look on become shallow and more rapid. Observe your the office wall for college and state license cre- cat while it is resting quietly. One rise plus one dentials. During the initial visit, your veterinar- fall of the chest equals one breath. Count the ian will set up a case history of your cat for fu- breaths for thirty seconds, then double that num- ture reference. The types of vaccinations the kit- ber for the respiration rate. ten has had will be recorded and an appoint- ment will be scheduled if further vaccinations Pulse. Lightly press against the inside of an up- are needed to protect the kitten from several dis- per hind leg, on the femoral artery. Count the eases. These vaccinations are important for the beats for thirty seconds and double the figure health of your kitten. While a newborn kitten is for the pulse rate. The normal resting pulse rate nursing, it receives protective antibodies from is 160–240 beats per minute. the mother’s milk. After weaning, this immu- nity will disappear. By the time kittens reach 7 Temperature. You will need the assistance of to 8 weeks of age, they will need protection

— 24 — against several feline infectious diseases, and that’s why vaccination is initiated. After taking your cat to the veterinarian for the initial visit(s), Rhinotracheitis is caused by a herpes virus; you should return at least once per year for vac- Calicivirus is caused by a virus very similar to cinations. the human cold virus; Chlamydiosis is caused by a rickettsia—a cross between a virus and a bacterium—called Chlamydia psittaci. All Diseases three are highly contagious, and young cats are especially susceptible. These illnesses are usu- Vaccinations are generally required in the 4-H ally transmitted by direct contact or airborne program for the following conditions. droplets, although contact with contaminated cages, dishes or litter pans can also cause the • Panleukopenia. Feline Panleukopenia Virus illness. The viruses are fairly short-lived out- (FPV), also know as Feline Infectious Enteri- side the cat’s body, 24 hours to 3 days. tis (or sometimes as feline distemper), is caused by a virus and is highly contagious. It The first symptoms are sneezing and cough- usually is spread by direct contact with in- ing, followed by watery discharge from the fected animals or their body discharges, but eyes and/or nose. Later, this discharge may the virus is long-lived, and the disease is so become thicker with the eye discharge con- easily spread that your cat can pick it up just taining pus and the nose becoming crusted. by passing through an area where an infected Other symptoms may include loss of appe- cat has been. Although the disease has a high tite and weight loss, listlessness and weak- mortality rate once the cat becomes ill, it is ness, depression, and fever. Mouth and entirely preventable by vaccination. Kittens tongue ulcerations may occur, especially with should receive their first immunization at 7– Calicivirus. Pregnant cats will frequently 8 weeks of age, and a booster 2–3 weeks later. abort. The main treatment is warmth, rest, It is recommended that your cat receive yearly plenty of fluids (forced, if necessary) to pre- boosters, and this is required for 4-H cat vent dehydration, and nutritious food. Fre- shows. Symptoms of panleukopenia are fe- quently, antibiotics are given to prevent or ver, vomiting and diarrhea, loss of appetite, combat secondary infections, especially pneu- depression, and dehydration. Treatment in- monia. Cats rarely die from these illnesses cludes controlling the dehydration and pre- unless they are very young or very old. venting secondary infections such as respira- tory illnesses. Prevention of these diseases is by vaccination of kittens at the age of 7–8 weeks, with a • Upper Respiratory Diseases. There are several booster 2–3 weeks later. A yearly booster is feline respiratory illnesses that resemble the needed as cats do not build an immunity as common cold in humans. They can be com- they get older. The disease seems bad, but plex to treat as well as difficult to diagnose due with good care, the cat can be saved. The dis- to the common symptoms characteristic of sev- ease may last from three to six weeks. eral diseases. The three most common upper respiratory diseases are Feline Viral • Rabies. Rabies is a virus infection to which Rhinotracheitis (sometimes called feline her- all warm-blooded animals, including hu- pes), Feline Calicivirus (FCV), and Feline mans, are susceptible. It is highly contagious Chlamydiosis (also known as pneumonitis). and is always fatal once the symptoms begin

— 25 — to show. Rabies is caused by a virus and is white blood cells and is linked to other ill- transmitted through bite wound or through nesses such as anemia and lessening disease any break in the skin by which the saliva may resistance. It eventually leads to death of the enter the body. The virus enters the nervous cat. Indeed, a cat who tests positive for FeLV system, traveling along the nerves to the spi- and is showing symptoms should probably nal cord, then on to the brain where it multi- be humanely destroyed, or at least completely plies and causes nerve damage producing the isolated from other cats. FeLV is caused by a symptoms. Incubation is usually two to eight type of virus known as a retrovirus. It is trans- weeks, but in rare cases may incubate for sev- mitted by saliva, feces and urine. The virus is eral months. Death usually occurs two to eight not long-lived outside the cat’s body (3–4 days after symptoms show. hours at most) and is easily destroyed by dis- infectants, so it is not as contagious as some There are three stages of symptoms. The first other viruses. is the prodromal state marked by uneasiness, anxiousness, irritability, and sensitivity to Once a cat has been exposed to FeLV, one of noise and light. The cat may stop eating and three possibilities will occur: the cat will not drinking, yet urinates frequently. During the become infected; the cat will become infected second (excitatory) stage, the animal becomes but will develop an immunity; the cat will de- excited and aggressive. It may have difficulty velop symptoms after an incubation period swallowing, although it does not develop the of anywhere from a few weeks to several hydrophobia (fear of swallowing water) that years. Symptoms may include anemia, fever, humans do. Often, a loud noise or sudden vomiting, diarrhea, and breathing problems. movement will set the animal off in a biting, Cats may also develop tumors, know as lym- scratching frenzy. Finally, the third or para- phosarcomas. A definite diagnosis of FeLV is lytic stage occurs. First the head and neck then procured by doing a blood test. However, if a the rest of the body become progressively cat is known to have been exposed to FeLV, paralyzed, resulting in death. There are two yet tests negative, it should be retested a few forms of rabies. If the second, excitatory, stage more times during the next 8–12 months just is prolonged, while the paralytic stage is very in case the virus didn’t have a chance to “take short, it is known as “furious” rabies. If there hold” at the time of the initial test. Likewise, are few signs of excitement, but the paralytic if a cat tests positive, but shows no symptoms stage is lengthy, it is know as “dumb” rabies. for a few months, it should be retested. In the It is more usual for cats to suffer the furious meantime, the cat should be isolated from form. Prevention of rabies is by vaccination. other cats to prevent further spread of the dis- The first vaccination should be given no ear- ease. If the cat tests negative on the second lier than three months of age. Booster vacci- test, it is no longer a danger to others. It is nations are required annually or every three recommended that all cats be tested for FeLV. years depending on the type of vaccine given. Cats testing positive should be isolated or hu- manely destroyed. It is further recommended • Feline Leukemia Virus. Although vaccina- that cats testing negative be immunized, with tions for Feline Leukemia Virus(FeLV) are not annual booster vaccinations. required for participation in the 4-H program, they are strongly recommended. Feline Leu- The following are diseases of which we need to be kemia Virus is the major fatal infectious dis- aware, although immunizations are not yet available ease in cats today. It induces cancer in the for them.

— 26 — • Feline Immunodeficiency Virus. Like FeLV, ondary infection to FeLV or FIV. Spread of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) is the disease is thought to be caused by blood- caused by a retrovirus; however, it is more sucking insects, primarily fleas. Symptoms closely related to viruses that cause such di- of FIA include depression, vomiting, dehy- verse illnesses as progressive pneumonia in dration, weakness, loss of appetite, weight sheep, infectious anemia in horses, and ac- loss, and pale mucous membranes. Positive quired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) diagnosis is made by blood testing. The ill- in humans. The FIV virus causes depression ness is not usually fatal, and is treatable with of a cat’s immune system and results in sec- antibiotics which must be given for at least ondary illnesses such as conjunctivitis, three weeks in order to prevent recurrence. chronic diarrhea or respiratory problems. However, if it is secondary to another dis- These illnesses are similar to those of FeLV; ease, the treatment may not be effective. however, if a cat tests negative for FeLV, FIV should be suspected, and a test has now been • Feline Urologic Syndrome. Feline Urologic developed for detecting that illness, as well. Syndrome (FUS) refers to inflammation of Also like FeLV, there is no cure for FIV. Only the urinary bladder (cystitis) and/or the for- the secondary illnesses can be treated. No mation of stones in the lower urinary tract vaccine is available for prevention, so the (urolithiasis). Male cats, especially neuters, best way to avoid the illness is to keep the are more frequently prone to serious symp- cat indoors away from other cats that may toms than females because the male is more be infected. likely to have an obstruction of the urethra and be unable to urinate. Prompt veterinary • Feline Infectious Peritonitis. Feline Infec- treatment is mandatory in case of FUS be- tious Peritonitis (FIP) is caused by a cause delaying even a few hours can lead to coronavirus. It is a fairly rare disease, but uremic poisoning, kidney failure and death. when it does occur, it is generally fatal. The The bladder inflammation may be caused by virus spreads rapidly from infected cats, but a bacterial infection, but the more common is easily killed by disinfection; therefore, any suspect is a high concentration of minerals cat suspected of carrying this virus should in the urine which leads to formation of be isolated from other pets. Symptoms in- uroliths (stones) which enlarge to the point clude loss of appetite, weight loss, and fe- that they plug the urinary tract. It is sus- ver. The virus can attack many different parts pected that feeding the cat a diet high in min- of the cat’s body, and peritonitis (inflamma- erals (“ash”), particularly magnesium, may tion of the membrane lining the abdominal be the primary cause, although research is cavity or chest cavity), accompanied by ac- still being done on this. cumulation of fluid is a common result. There is no effective treatment, only meth- Symptoms of FUS include bloody urine, fre- ods of making the cat more comfortable such quent urination, or the inability to urinate. as dehydration prevention and inflammation If the urethra is partially or completely reduction. No recommended immunization blocked, the cat may raise on its haunches is available. instead of squatting to urinate. It may also cry out because of the pain, and if any urine • Feline Infectious Anemia. Feline Infectious is passed at all, it will probably be bloody. A Anemia (FIA) is caused by bacteria called person should never try to treat the cat by rickettsiae, although it also occurs as a sec- applying pressure to the bladder, as it could

— 27 — rupture. The cat should be taken to the vet- parasites such as roundworms can pass from erinarian immediately. The first thing the vet- the queen to kittens during lactation. The vet- erinarian will do is relieve the cat by empty- erinarian will prescribe the correct medication ing the bladder, either by gentle manipula- and the amount needed. Sanitation is very im- tion or, more often by passing a catheter portant in controlling internal parasites. Some through the urethra into the bladder. If that of the parasites such as hookworms and whip- doesn’t work the urine may be withdrawn worms are rarely found in the Pacific North- by suction with a needle directly through the west, but one should be aware of them when abdominal and bladder walls. If all else fails, traveling with cats in a different area of the surgery is performed to provide a new ure- country. thral opening (urethrostomy). Once the blad- der has been drained, treatment will include • Roundworms, or ascarids, are the most com- antibiotics to fight infections and dietary mon of all intestinal parasites. Adult cats changes to reduce the magnesium, increase rarely show symptoms of roundworm infes- the urine’s acid content, and encourage a tation, but failure to thrive, a dull coat, and a higher fluid intake. FUS is likely to recur, so potbellied appearance are common symp- it will be necessary to continue observation toms in kittens. If the cat has a particularly for symptoms and continue the proper diet. heavy infestation, a few spaghetti-like worms Some brands of cat food are noted for low may pass in the feces; or they may be vom- magnesium. Check the labels on the cans or ited, but the primary method of detection is packages. Encouraging more exercise, pre- by checking the feces for eggs. The eggs which venting obesity, keeping a clean litter box, are passed in the stool contaminate the and always having plenty of fresh water ground and can be transmitted to other cats available are other ways to help avoid FUS. in the area or to cats that use the same litter pan. A cat may swallow an egg directly or by eating a rodent that has eaten the eggs. Parasites • Tapeworms. There are numerous species of A parasite is an organism that lives in or on an- tapeworms that range in size from a fraction other animal (that animal being known as the of an inch to 30 feet in length, although the host). A parasite ranges in size from a one-celled two most common species found in cats protozoan to a creature easily visible such as a rarely grow to more than two feet in length. worm or a flea. Parasites can harm or even cause Intermediate hosts such as fleas and rodents death to the host animal in or on which they are are necessary for each species to complete living. its life cycle. A veterinarian must identify the species in order to prescribe treatment. Car- Internal Parasites riers such as fleas must be eliminated from It is quite likely that a cat will have a problem the cat and the premises, and the cat should with worms sometime during its life. There are not be allowed to hunt and eat rodents. methods of testing for the presence of worms Symptoms of tapeworm infection are rare. and effective medications your veterinarian can You may notice rice-like segments of the prescribe that will get rid of specific types of in- tapeworm around the cat’s anus, on carpets, ternal parasites before they cause any perma- or in the cat’s bed. These segments contain nent damage. Kittens should be checked for tapeworm eggs which may be ingested by worms by a veterinarian because some internal fleas and other intermediate hosts.

— 28 — • Hookworms. These small parasites with protozoa that can cause disease in both cats hook-shaped heads infect a cat either by be- and humans. Two of the more well-known ing swallowed or by penetrating its skin. They diseases are coccidiosis and toxoplasmosis. attach themselves to the intestinal wall with spines and suck blood from the cat. Hook- • Coccidiosis. This is a disease caused by the worms are generally found only in the south- coccidian protozoa, Isospora filis, a parasite in ern United States. the small intestines. There is very little dis- ease caused by this protozoa, except in kit- • Lungworms may cause chronic respiratory tens, where diarrhea may develop. distress, although it is generally mild. Lung- worms have an interesting life cycle. The adult • Toxoplasmosis. A cat infected by the protozoa, worm lives in lung tissue. It produces eggs Toxoplasma gondii, may show very minor flu-like which hatch into larvae. The larvae are symptoms or none at all. The major concern of coughed up by the cat, then swallowed and this infection is the transmission to humans, passed out in feces. They are dormant until which occurs by coming in contact with the fe- eaten by a snail or slug. The snail or slug must ces of an infected cat. Although most humans then be eaten by another animal such as a ro- will suffer only minor symptoms, small children dent or bird, which then is eaten by a cat. The may become more ill, and a pregnant woman’s larvae then are carried by blood to the lungs unborn child may develop deformities or even where they become adult lungworms. miscarry. For this reason, children’s sandboxes should be kept covered when not in use, and a • Heartworms are slim roundworms that pri- pregnant woman should never clean litter marily infect dogs, although they can also be boxes. Thorough handwashing after cleaning found in cats. They are transmitted by mos- litter boxes should be practiced by everyone. quitoes, who suck the microscopic larvae from the blood of one animal, then inject them into External Parasites the blood of another. The larvae travel to the External parasites include fleas, lice, ticks and right ventricle of the heart where they develop mites. They can make a cat irritated and miser- into adult heartworms, 5-10 inches long. Due able until they are properly treated. Severe infes- to the small size of the cat’s heart, one or two tations can make a cat ill and can even cause adult worms can cause serious problems. A death, particularly in very young or very old cats. preventive medication is approved for dogs A veterinarian can identify any type of external and may also be used for cats in areas where parasite infestation and prescribe the proper treat- there is a high occurrence, primarily in the ment. Before using any product, make sure the southeastern United States. label clearly states that the product is safe for cats and then follow the label instructions exactly. Do • Whipworms and Threadworms. These not mix different types of treatments unless the worms are quite rare in cats. They are approxi- veterinarian has approved them. mately two to three inches long and have a whitish-colored whiplike body. They are usu- • Ear Mites. Commonly found in the cat’s ear ally located in the lining of the large intestine canals, these mites, Otodectes cynotis, irritate the of the cat. Symptoms are minimal, perhaps ears causing them to produce a dark brown diarrhea. Examining the feces for eggs dur- wax. Scratching in response to the irritations ing a routine check-up should be done in ar- results in scabs and sores in and around the eas where they may occur. There are several ears. If left untreated, the irritation will get

— 29 — worse, resulting in a blocked ear canal, bacte- rial infection, or even spread to the inner ear, causing loss of hearing or loss of balance. these are more effective than others, but some • Fleas. Fleas are a cat’s most common parasite. of the products may also cause other prob- Fleas, Ctenocephalides felis, are small, hard- lems for the cat if the cat happens to be extra shelled insects that feed on the blood of ani- sensitive or allergic. Some cats will be fright- mals. The life cycle of a flea can last from a few ened by the sound of the spray or foam. It’s weeks to over two years. An adult female flea better to spray the product onto a sponge and can lay several hundred eggs during her life- rub the cat with that. Powders may irritate time of one year. An egg will hatch into a larva the mouth and nose. Collars may irritate the in two to twelve days. The larva eats adult flea neck causing a skin reaction and loss of hair. feces and goes through three molts. This pe- Shampoos don’t have a long-lasting effect and riod of the flea’s life can last from 11/2 weeks must be repeated frequently, which can cause to 30 weeks. Right after the third molt, the larva dry skin or fur. It is probably best to talk to a spins a cocoon around itself and remains in that veterinarian about the best treatment for a cocoon for at least a week, but it may remain specific cat. in this state for up to a year. When conditions are right, an adult flea will emerge from the The cat’s surroundings, both indoors and out- cocoon. Ideal conditions for fleas to go through doors, must also be treated, preferably at the the first three phases of the life cycle quickly same time as the cat. Indoor treatment should include warm temperature (65°–80˚F) and begin with a thorough vacuuming of floors some moisture. The states of the life cycle are and furnishings. Areas not reachable by delayed by temperature extremes (below 50˚F foggers (cracks, baseboards, closets, under or above 80˚F) or by lack of moisture. furniture, etc.) should be sprayed, then the en- tire house should be “bombed” with a fogger. The bite of the flea causes a small red irritated This should be repeated in two weeks. The spot which the cat scratches and bites to re- cat’s bedding should be changed frequently. lieve the itching. A cat may develop an allergy There are many sprays and dusts that can be to the flea saliva and a skin disorder known used outdoors, and areas of flea infestations as miliary dermatitis may occur. Another can be minimized by mowing, raking and re- health problem that can be caused by fleas is moving debris. tapeworm infestation. Flea larvae eat tape- worm eggs which then develop into tape- • Lice. A cat louse, Felicola subrostratus, is a worm larvae inside the flea larvae. The adult small, wingless insect. Healthy, well-fed cats flea continues to carry the tapeworm larvae. most likely will not be bothered by lice, but a When a cat swallows the flea during the self- neglected cat, especially one suffering from grooming process, it becomes infected with malnutrition, may have them. Infestation is tapeworms. through direct contact with another infected cat or from bedding or grooming equipment There are many steps to controlling fleas. Not recently used by an infected cat. Adult lice only the cat, but its surroundings must be stick to hairs and feed on sloughed-off skin treated. There are a variety of products avail- surface. There are various powders, dips and able for treating the cat, including shampoos, shampoos that can be used to treat an infected powders, sprays, foams, and collars. Some of cat. A cat with badly matted fur may need to

— 30 — have that fur shaved. The cat should be fed a but the skin quickly heals over, sealing the high-protein diet. A thorough vacuuming and infection under the skin. The infection cre- scrubbing of the house and destroying the ates a hot, red, painful, swollen area under cat’s bedding should help. the skin which is filled with pus. A veteri- narian will open up the abscess so it can • Ticks. Cats rarely acquire ticks, but an out- drain. Some abscesses may burst on their doors cat may pick them up. Usually they are own. Treatment with antibiotics will help found around the ears, neck or between the healing and the wound should be kept clean toes. A large tweezer grasping the head of the to prevent further infection. tick as close to the cat’s skin as possible and gently pulling straight out is the best way to • Ringworm. Ringworm is a highly contagious remove the tick. Cats that roam in tick-in- skin disease which is caused by a fungus, not fested areas should be dusted weekly with a a worm. Symptoms include circular patches of cat-safe insecticide. A veterinarian can advise hair loss, with scaling and crusting on the skin, on other methods of tick removal and con- located mostly on the head, ears, forepaws and trol. Don’t use heat, flammable liquids, or back. This disease must be diagnosed by a vet- caustic substances to remove ticks, as they erinarian. Treatment should begin at once and could cause injury. will last for several weeks. Untreated, this dis- ease will spread to other animals and humans as well. In addition to treating the infected cat, Other Common Disorders any other animals should be treated as well to prevent further spread. Any surfaces or objects • Hairballs. Cats groom themselves by licking that have been in contact with the diseased cat their coats, swallowing loose hairs in the pro- should be sanitized, disinfected or destroyed. cess. Although this hair can pass through Disinfectants can be alcohol or diluted house- them with no problems, sometimes quanti- hold bleach. ties of hair can lodge in the stomach or intes- tine and form hairballs. Loss of appetite, vom- • Constipation. Constipation can result from a iting and constipation are symptoms of a variety of causes, including hairballs. If the hairball. Hairballs rarely must be removed by cat is unable to pass the hairball, foreign ob- surgery. Usually, they can be treated with a ject, or fecal matter, a veterinarian will take mild lubricant, such as mineral oil, which will appropriate measures. clear the hairball out by vomiting or passing with the feces. Prevention of hairballs includes • Vomiting. It is quite common for cats to empty frequent brushing and an occasional dose of the stomach by vomiting or regurgitation. lubricant, especially during the spring and fall However, persistent, involuntary vomiting can when cats are shedding more heavily. Another often be a sign of something more serious than preventive measure that most cats really en- eating too much, or too fast. If vomiting has joy is the oil from a can of tuna. not subsided within 24 hours, a veterinarian should be consulted, as more serious compli- • Abscesses. Abscesses most frequently occur cations such as dehydration can occur. following cat fights. They are caused by puncture wounds from teeth and claws and • Diarrhea. Diarrhea is the frequent passage of are found primarily on the face, head, legs excessively watery feces. It can be a symptom and back. Bacteria are injected into the skin, of several different problems including

— 31 — worms, viral infection, eating spoiled food, by abscessed teeth. Check the cat’s teeth regu- drinking contaminated water, or many other larly for tartar buildup, especially the molars. causes. Diarrhea will often cease within 24 If a cat has a heavy tartar or plaque buildup, hours. Stopping food intake during that time the veterinarian will need to remove it on a might help. If it doesn’t stop, a veterinarian regular basis. should examine the cat to determine the ex- act cause. Dehydration can occur if the diar- • Cheat Grass and Foxtails. Cheat grass is a rhea continues, and, especially in young kit- common wild grass in dry areas like eastern tens and very old cats, effects can be serious Washington. It grows in two crops every or even fatal. year, spring and fall. Soft and green in the beginning, it soon becomes dry with many • Tail Gland Hyperplasia (Stud Tail). This skin seeds, or awns. Foxtails are the awns of a disease is fairly uncommon. It is most often wild grass that grows in dry places in west- seen in whole male cats, although it can oc- ern Washington. Foxtails are very common, cur in neutered males and in females, both and can even be found growing in cracks in whole and spayed. Stud tail is caused by over- the pavement in cities. The awns of both active sebaceous glands along the top of the grasses have a barb at the point and bristles tail. Symptoms are blackheads and a yellow sticking out the back. When they penetrate waxy substance on the skin and hairs of the flesh, they are difficult to pull out. Some pres- tail base. It is controlled by bathing with a de- sure is necessary to make awns penetrate greasing shampoo, as needed. healthy flesh, but they can easily enter an open wound. Sometimes, an awn will get • Feline Acne. Feline acne is a fairly common caught in the corner of the eye. This requires skin disease, apparently caused by a cat’s fail- immediate attention. Daily brushing should ure to properly clean its chin. Blackheads form prevent problems. If an awn has worked into on the chin and lower lip. Changing a cat’s bed an open wound, it must be removed. A frequently helps, as this condition seems to veterinarian’s help may be necessary. occur more frequently when a cat’s chin rests on a hard surface or on dirt. If the problem keeps recurring, or if an infection occurs, the Spaying and Neutering cat should probably be seen by a veterinarian. While the kitten is still young, the decision to • Deafness. Older cats may suffer a reduction spay or neuter should be discussed with the in hearing, and cats that have had a serious veterinarian. The 4-H program strongly encour- head injury or disease of the ear may be deaf ages the spaying and neutering of all cats ex- afterwards. Cats with permanent hearing im- cept purebreds used in a breeding program. This pairment should be kept indoors to protect will help prevent unwanted, homeless cats. them from dangers such as traffic and preda- Additionally, these cats generally make more tors. Congenital deafness (particularly with gentle, affectionate pets. blue-eyed white cats) is present at birth and there is no cure. • Spaying. Spaying is the surgical removal of the ovaries, oviducts, and uterus of a female • Oral diseases. Tooth and gum trouble (gingi- cat. Spaying should be done at six months vitis) is caused by large amounts of tartar or of age. Unless she is spayed or mated, a fe- plaque around the teeth at the gum line, or male will be in recurring heat (the period of

— 32 — a final decision is made, and only after other methods of behavior modification have failed. time in which she can become pregnant) per- It should also be remembered that declawed cats haps as often as every one to two weeks for are not eligible to compete for championship several cycles, and this may be repeated three status in some show rings; however, they are or four times a year. Spaying also eliminates acceptable in 4-H cat shows. the restlessness, nervousness and rolling, as well as the noisy crying. Spaying will lessen the possibility of mammary tumors and thus REMEMBER . . . . . add to her longevity. Any tendency to over- THE INFORMATION IN THIS CHAP- weight as a result of the decreased activity and TER IS DESIGNED AS A GUIDE FOR contentment which follows spaying can be cor- YOU IN MAINTAINING PROPER rected by proper diet and sufficient exercise. HEALTH FOR YOUR CAT. LET YOUR VETERINARIAN BE THE FINAL WORD • Neutering. Neutering is the surgical removal ON ANY OF YOUR PET’S HEALTH of the testes, epididymis, and vas deferens PROBLEMS OR SYMPTOMS! of the male cat. This prevents the impregna- tion of females. Male cats that are not neu- tered mark their territory by spraying a urine that has a strong odor. The mature male cat CHAPTER 7 also has the desire to prowl and fight other tomcats in the neighborhood. If kept indoors, EMERGENCIES AND FIRST AID the male cat may spray urine throughout the house from the time he reaches about 10 Cats are known to be self-reliant. However, months of age. Neutering may be done any- sometimes circumstances can lead to an acci- time after the cat reaches six months of age. dent. Quick action on your part can make a dif- If the cat is neutered before he begins to ference. Until you can get the cat to the veteri- spray, he will usually not acquire the habit. narian, first aid treatment may save your cat’s life. Your veterinarian’s telephone number should always be handy in case of emergency. Declawing An injured animal, even if it is your own, is As a last resort, when a cat continually ruins frightened and may bite or try to run away. Re- furniture by clawing it, declawing is an opera- strain the cat with a blanket or towel to avoid tion which removes the claws surgically. Gen- being bitten or scratched. Comfort the cat with eral anesthetic is used on the cat. The claw is soothing tones and call it by name. It will be not pulled out; the end bone of the toe holding necessary to restrain it by first trying to get hold the claw and nail bed is clipped off at the joint. of it by the scruff of the neck. Do not grab it so The feet are bandaged for a few days. Usually, hard that you cause additional stress or pain. veterinarians will only remove the front claws, Using a firm but gentle grip will help calm it. so a cat will be able to use the hind claws for climbing, holding onto surfaces or defending Carrying An Injured Cat itself. Declawing can be done at any age, but is A cat that has been injured severely should be generally easier on a younger cat. The procedure moved gently and quickly to a veterinarian. should be discussed with a veterinarian before Place a blanket or cloth flat on the ground in back

— 33 — of the cat. Placing one hand under the shoul- ings. Puncture wounds are common and can be ders and the other under the flanks, gently raise extremely hazardous especially if to the chest the cat just enough to move it onto the blanket, area. If the chest cavity has been entered, the or raise the cat and let another person slip the lungs may collapse. Try to cover this type of blanket underneath it. Place the cat gently in a wound with an airtight seal, using plastic or box on the car seat beside you so you can con- gauze. Mouth to mouth resuscitation may be trol it to prevent further injury. If you suspect or required. Never try to remove a penetrating ob- detect shock wrap the cat in a bath towel. ject. Leave the object in place and treat for shock until you can get the cat to the veterinarian. Cuts Treatment of Shock are not commonplace with cats, but can happen. Shock is a state of circulatory collapse that can Cuts that do not require stitches should be be the result of a severe accident, loss of blood, washed and first aid ointment applied. heart failure, toxins or injury to the nervous sys- tem. Symptoms of shock are weak and rapid Burns pulse, drop in body temperature, pale mouth Run cool water over burned areas and, in severe and gums, and rapid breathing. (How to check cases, treat for shock. Do NOT apply butter or the vital signs is covered in Chapter Six.) Keep ANY type of ointment unless the veterinarian the cat warm by covering it with a blanket or tells you to do so. Human medications can make coat. If breathing stops, artificial respiration is the cat ill if it licks them. If the burn is severe, it needed. Remove the cat’s collar. To open the air- must be treated by the veterinarian. Keep the way, open the mouth and pull the tongue for- burn covered with cool, moist compresses en ward, then pull the head and neck forward. Place route to the veterinarian’s office. Move the cat hands on the cat’s ribs. Push down suddenly and very carefully. release. The cat’s lungs will automatically refill with air unless the chest cavity has been punc- Suffocation or Smoke Inhalation tured. Repeat about once every five seconds. (For Remove the cat from the smoky area immedi- more information on artificial respiration and/ ately and apply artificial respiration. Treat for or CPR you may refer to The Cornell Book of Cats, shock and keep the cat in the fresh air. Veteri- page 347.) Keep the cat quiet. Severe shock can nary examination is necessary since pneumonia kill, so act quickly and seek veterinary help as is a frequent complication. soon as possible. A cat which has suffered shock should be kept under close observation for sev- Fractures and Broken Bones eral days. Veterinary care is required for fractures or bro- ken bones. Keep the cat quiet and restrict mo- Cuts and Wounds tion. If the broken bone has protruded through Check first for excessive bleeding. In most cases the skin and there is excessive bleeding, hand bleeding can be controlled by applying pressure or bandage pressure should be applied at a point to the bleeding area with a folded pad of clean between the injury and the heart to help control cloth. Clean superficial wounds (review Unit I, the bleeding. Do not try to move the broken Pg. 13). Bandage them, if necessary. Keep an eye edges of bone back together. on the healing process to be sure there is no in- fection. If the wound is large and bleeding, is Heat Stroke excessive or does not stop, veterinary treatment Heat stroke most commonly occurs in cats which is necessary. Until you reach the veterinarian are left in closed cars, but can also occur if a cat keep the cat restrained, and apply moist dress- is confined in a carrier or a concrete run without

— 34 — shade. The symptoms of heatstroke, also called drying out once the skin is thawed. It may be sunstroke or hyperthermia, include panting, necessary to take steps to prevent self-mutila- rapid breathing, salivating, vomiting, loss of tion. The veterinarian will determine the extent alertness, warm dry skin, rapid heartbeat, high of the damage and check the condition of the fever, and collapse. Heat stroke should be treated cat’s skin. Severe frostbite can result in lost toes immediately by reducing the body temperature. or damaged feet and ear tips. Because a frost- Submerge the entire cat in cool water keeping bitten cat is more prone to having this happen just the head above water, or spray it with the again, it is especially important to protect it garden hose. Ice packs can be applied to the head from frostbite again. and neck also. The temperature of the cat must be reduced right away to prevent brain damage Snakebite and/or death. Artificial respiration may be Cats are usually too cautious to be bitten by a needed if the cat stops breathing. Kittens, obese snake, but should it happen, treatment should cats and older cats are particularly susceptible be started within an hour. Put ice or an ice pack to heat stress, and so are cats with cardiovascu- around the wound. Keep the animal quiet to lar or respiratory problems. Anything more than decrease blood circulation, and take the cat to a the mildest heat stress should be treated by a veterinarian or to a hospital or clinic that has veterinarian, as the cat may require oxygen supplies of antitoxin. therapy to prevent brain damage. Poisons Convulsions There are many sources of poisons which can Convulsions and seizures may indicate serious kill cats. If you even suspect your cat may have problems. Prevent the cat from running off or been poisoned, a veterinarian should be con- falling down and injuring itself until you can sulted. ALL poisonings require immediate treat- get it to the veterinarian. Do not try to handle ment by a veterinarian. Determine the type of the cat during a convulsion. Wrapping the cat poison your cat has ingested and, if possible, in a soft blanket or towel will help restrain it take the container with you so the veterinarian and help prevent it from scratching you or do- can use the proper antidote. The most common ing further damage to itself. poisons are household disinfectants, detergents, car anti-freeze, household plants, rat or insect Drowning poisons, lye, paint and turpentine. Eating In case of a drowning, hold the cat upside down spoiled food, nicotine products, insects, or medi- the minute you get it out of the water so that the cations, especially aspirin and acetaminophen, water can empty out of the lungs. Then apply and drinking water from chemically treated toi- artificial respiration until the cat starts breath- let bowls or alcoholic beverages is also danger- ing on its own again. Treat for shock with a warm ous. Symptoms may include drooling, vomiting, blanket. diarrhea, listlessness, labored breathing, trem- bling, convulsions or collapse. Where poisons Frostbite are concerned the best treatment is prevention. Take the cat to a warm place immediately. Frost- bitten areas should be thawed out slowly. Do Ingesting Foreign Objects not apply hot applications, only warm, moist There is always a danger of kittens swallowing applications directly to the frostbitten areas, and parts of toys, small balls, earrings, or any num- do not rub the frozen area. Antiseptic cream may ber of other unexpected items. Thread, with or be used to keep the skin from peeling off or without a needle, and rubber bands are especially

— 35 — dangerous. Symptoms may include vomiting, restlessness, salivation, dehydration, cramped walking, and signs of discomfort. If you have any reason to believe that your cat has swal- lowed something he shouldn’t have, an X-ray may reveal what it is. If the veterinarian does not feel that the cat can pass the object normally, surgery may be required to remove it. It is bet- ter, and less expensive, to keep your kitten well Make sure your cat is wearing a collar and iden- supplied with its own safe toys, all of which tification tag at all times. Do not feed your cat for should be too large for it to swallow. at least three hours before leaving. Plan to feed shortly after arrival at your destination. Take It is important to keep a first aid kit handy for along a litter pan for long trips. If your cat is in- the safety of your cat. First aid supplies were clined to have accidents along the way, put news- covered in Unit I. If you are treating a condition paper on the bottom of the crate and sprinkle lit- at home, keep your veterinarian informed of the ter on top of the newspaper. The newspaper and problem and how you are treating it. Remem- litter can be replaced as needed. ber, don’t try to be your own veterinarian. Put the crate in a cool spot in the car, out of the direct sun, but where the cat will get light and CHAPTER 8 air. Never leave the cat alone in a car. Even with the windows partially open, a parked car heats TRAVELING WITH YOUR CAT up very quickly and your cat may suffer heat stroke, suffocation, or even death. If you intend to travel with your cat, car train- ing should begin while it is young. Cats travel On a long trip, your cat should be allowed to best in a carrier where they can feel safe. Local use a litter pan every three to four hours. When trips will help your cat get used to the motion you arrive at your lodging, place the litter pan of the car. If motion sickness occurs, discuss pre- in the bathroom. Put the cat in the bathroom with ventive measures with your veterinarian. Tran- the door closed while you are unloading the car. quilizers may be prescribed, although cats gen- The cat will be safe and will probably find and erally do not require them for traveling. use the pan.

While it is better to leave your cat at home un- Food and water can be served safely and clean- der the care of a neighbor or make arrangements up will be easier if it is done in the bathroom. with a boarding kennel, if you must take your Once the cat has been fed and allowed enough cat along, you will have to prepare for its safety time to exercise, let it sleep in the carrier over- and comfort. Pack food and water dishes, litter night. It will be safe and comfortable and there pan, its regular food, bedding, toys and a should be no damage to furniture or carpets. scratching post. Plan to keep your cat inside, Your cat should be confined to the carrier while behind a screened window or porch, or to walk you are out of the room. Before leaving, be sure the cat on a leash. to check the room for any accidents.

— 36 — Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the membrane lining the inner eyelid and eyeball Contagious: Able to be passed from one animal to another CHAPTER NINE Convulsion: Twisting of the body caused by violent muscular contraction VOCABULARY Dehydration: Loss of water or moisture Diagnosis: To determine by examination the Abnormality: Something unusual, not typical cause and character of an illness or average Digestible: A substance that can be converted Abort: Expelling kittens from the uterus before by the body to be used for nourishment they are able to live Digitigrade: Walking on tip-toe Amino Acid: The primary material of protein Discriminate: To note or observe a difference Anatomy: The structure of the body or any of its parts Disease: A condition of the body in which there is incorrect function due to heredity, infection, Ancestor: The stock from which an animal has diet or environment; illness; sickness descended; forefather Domesticate: To tame; to change from wild to Anesthetic: A drug that stops pain household or family use Antibody: A substance produced by white blood Frostbite: Inflammation of the flesh caused by cells that helps fight illness-causing agents such exposure to extreme cold as bacteria Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gums Artificial Respiration: Forcing air into and out of the lungs of an animal that is not breathing Hybrid: The result of a mating between two dif- ferent breeds Bacteria: A microscopic organism that can cause disease Immunity: Protected from a particular disease Breed: A group of cats with similar, defined char- Incubation: The period of time between infec- acteristics and related ancestry tion and showing signs of disease Cardiovascular: Pertaining to the heart and Indigenous: Originating in a particular region blood vessels or country Carnivorous: Meat-eating Infection: Affected with disease-producing germs Characteristic: A distinguishing feature or quality Infestation: Overrun by a large number of some- thing troublesome (like fleas) Circulatory: Organs and tissues involved in cir- culating blood through an animal Inflammation: Redness, swelling, heat, and/or tenderness of a part of the body Conformation: The body form of a cat, includ- ing size and shape, characteristic of its breed; Ingesting: Taking into the body, such as food or type liquid

— 37 — Isolate: Keep separate from other animals Purebred: An animal whose ancestors are all from the same recognized breed Lactating: Producing milk Regurgitation: The return of partially digested Lithe: Flexible; limber food from the stomach to the mouth Longevity: The length or duration of life Reproduction: The natural process by which Lubricate: To make slippery or smooth new individuals are created Malnutrition: Food materials not properly bal- Respiratory: Pertaining to breathing anced or not enough to be taken in and utilized Retractable: Able to be drawn back effectively; malnourishment Salivating: Producing the watery fluid in the Miliary Dermatitis: Small, red, crusty skin mouth wounds Sedentary: Sitting or resting a great deal with Mucous Membrane: Lining of an inner part of little exercise the body that discharges mucus Seizure: A sudden attack characterized by fits Musculature: The system of muscles of the body of convulsions Mutation: The change of a characteristic caused Self-mutilation: To injure or disfigure oneself by a change in a gene or chromosome Spontaneous: An unplanned result coming from Obese: Extremely overweight a natural process Parasite: An animal or plant that lives and feeds Susceptible: Capable of becoming ill or injured in or on another animal or plant Symptom: A sign or indication of a disease or Pedigree: The line of ancestors of a purebred disorder animal or the document recording this Tranquilizer: A drug that has a calming effect Physiology: Processes or functions of a body or a part of the body Vaccination: The implanting of a disease in an animal by the introduction of germs or virus, Pigmentation: Coloration of the skin as through a puncture, in order to produce a Polydactyl: Having more than the normal num- mild form of the disease and thereby securing ber of toes immunity Progenitor: Ancestor; forefather Virus: A disease-producing micro-organism that Protein: A substance made up of amino acids causes many of the most serious cat diseases and required for all life processes in animals cannot be treated with antibiotics

— 38 — Interesting Websites on Cats

Due to the constant change in website URL’s, we suggest you use your favorite search engine to find more information about cats. The Washington State 4-H Program strongly suggests that youth use the World Wide Web only under adult supervision.

General Cat Information http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/cats-faq

Fanciers: General Cat Information http://www.fanciers.com/general.html

— 39— WORKSHEET 1

“Protect Your Cat”

(Additional points may be given for correctly spelling diseases.)

1. What should your cat be vaccinated against on a regular basis?

2. Give two additional names for Feline Distemper:

3. Name two feline respiratory virus infections:

4. Give another name for Feline Chlamydiosis.

5. What does FeLV stand for?

6. What percentage of cats recover from Rabies?

7. What is a virus?

8. When should kittens receive first vaccinations?

9. What is the mortality rate from Feline Pneumonitis?

10. Cats may survive, but become lifelong carriers of what respiratory diseases?

— 40 — 11. Vaccines are available that protect for three years against which disease?

12. At what age should kittens get their first Rabies vaccination?

13. Active FeLV may result in what two conditions?

14. What percentage of young cats will die from Distemper?

15. Name five circumstances where cats are most likely to contract FeLV:

16. Name two lab tests by which FeLV carriers can be identified:

17. Which vaccination is REQUIRED for State Fair?

18. Which vaccinations are RECOMMENDED (highly) for State Fair?

— 41 — WORKSHEET 2

Feline Urological Syndrome (FUS)

Mark the following statements True and/or False (some are both).

1. FUS occurs mainly in neutered male cats.

2. A ruptured bladder may be easily repaired in surgery if detected immediately.

3. Cats do not usually begin having FUS until they are at least 10 years old.

4. Laxative is a good, quick remedy for urethral blockage.

5. The normal pH of a cat’s urine is below 7.0, or acidic.

6. Less frequent urination is good for a cat with FUS.

7. FUS is caused by high levels of ash in feed.

8. FUS is never fatal.

9. Urethral blockage is common in female cats.

10. Cats need to drink lots of water to prevent FUS and/or to recover from it.

11. Owners of a cat with FUS should immediately change its whole lifestyle including a vigorous exercise program.

12. Without proper management FUS will recur at a rate of 50–70%.

13. FUS occurs mainly in mixed breed (HHP) cats.

14. Antibiotics are used in treating cystitis.

15. Urethral blockage may cause a cat’s bladder to burst.

16. The veterinarian will need to do urinalysis and blood tests in FUS cases.

— 42 — WORKSHEET 3

Matching Disease Names

Draw lines to connect the disease with its second name.

Feline Herpes FIP Hydrophobia FUS Feline Chlamydiosis Feline Leukemia Virus FCV Rabies Feline Urological Syndrome Feline Panleukopenia Virus FeLV Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis Feline Infectious Peritonitis Feline Calicivirus Distemper Pneumonitis

— 43— WORKSHEET 4 Roundworm

True or False?

1. An adult cat with roundworm infestation is immediately obvious by its appearance.

2. Roundworms will cause an adult cat to be gravely ill and/or may be fatal to it.

3. Kittens may receive roundworm larva in their mother’s milk.

4. Whenever the infested cat vomits or defecates roundworms, they are highly visible.

5. Cats get roundworms by eating spoiled food.

6. Roundworms may be eliminated at home without a veterinary bill.

7. Larva of the roundworm always remain in the intestine.

8. Deworming must be repeated within 2–3 weeks after initial treatment.

— 44 — WORKSHEET 5 Fleas

1. Fleas are a(n) parasite. (a) internal (b) external (c) fungal

2. Fleas eat . (a) flesh (b) inside the digestive tract (c) blood

3. Cats get fleas from . (a) dogs (b) rabbits (c) people (d) all of these

4. Fleas can kill a . (a) pregnant cat (b) small kitten (c) very old tom-cat

5. A bath in warm, soapy water drown fleas. (a) will (b) will not

6. Fleas are carriers of . (a) calcivirus (b) tapeworms (c) rabies

7. Fleas naturally live . (a) a short life cycle (b) a very long time

8. Flea-killing treatment must be repeated . (a) the next day (b) in 7–10 days (c) in two weeks

9. Fleas can most easily be detected by . (a) their nests (b) seeing adult fleas jumping around (c) their droppings

10. When dampened, flea droppings will turn . (a) into baby fleas (b) into white crystals (c) blood-red

11. Fleas get strong enough to survive certain pesticide chemicals. (a) can (b) cannot

12. If a cat’s hair falls out under a flea collar . (a) the fleas have eaten it (b) it is caused by dead, decaying fleas (c) it is a skin reaction to the chemicals

13. To get rid of fleas, use flea killer on . (a) the cat (b) cat and anywhere it spends time (c) yourself

— 45 — 14. A flea-comb, (fine-toothed metal comb), is most useful for . (a) getting out live fleas (b) getting out mats (c) early detection of fleas (d) combing out dead fleas after treatment

15. The best way to kill fleas is with . (a) cedar shavings (b) lavender (c) a flea collar (d) pesticide as directed

16. Flea bites appear as . (a) rounded patches of scaly skin with broken hair (b) a pimple with white pus in center (c) fang marks (d) a tiny itchy red bump

— 46 — WORKSHEET 6 Ringworm

1. Ringworm is a(n) parasite. (a) internal (b) external (c) fungal

2. Ringworm is treated with . (a) fungicide powder (b) antibiotics (c) special baths

3. Ringworm is transmitted through . (a) rotten meat (b) saliva (c) direct contact

4. Cats catch ringworm from humans or give it to them. (a) can (b) cannot

5. Ringworm appears most commonly on the cat’s . (a) belly (b) back (c) genitals

6. Ringworm spores . (a) die as soon as they leave flesh (b) can live for years in bedding, harnesses, etc.

7. Ringworm looks like . (a) grains of rice (b) white earthworms (c) a bald, bruised patch (d) rounded patches of scaly skin with broken hair

— 47 — WORKSHEET 7 No More Kittens

1. Other than “No More Kittens,” name some good reasons to have your cats altered:

2. What is the operation called when a female cat is changed so she may have no more kittens?

3. What is the operation called when a male cat is changed so he may not be a father?

These operations are also known as Altering; Fixing; Sterilizing; and Castrating (males only).

4. (a) When is the earliest age a male kitten should be altered? (b) Exactly what is done in the operation of altering a male cat?

5. (a) When is the ideal age for altering a female cat? (b) Can a female cat be altered later in life? (c) Exactly what is done in the operation of altering a female cat?

(d) Why or why not alter a female cat immediately after she’s had kittens?

— 48— WORD SEARCH GAMES AND CROSSWORD PUZZLE

Parts of a Cat

MEKZKCABWCMAHGP ESNETVGCXEPWDZM TCEBIPFDTWFRKRR AHEGNJVALOINSEF CEUGNOTRRBAEDCN ASNSPABELLYLRTQ RTSIRWLEFEUQOUT PNHSPEWAVOREMMJ AYARGSKRHHSROVZ LLNPJODSMPMURRB STKCENTLIATNOMH XEGOPXXLUHAQBUR C WZFJUEDIWWLGUK IZRNEOZGWQZNFHL JKSRUOHCOAFALCC

BACK FLANK METATARSALS SHOULDER BELLY FORELEG MOUTH TAIL CHEEK HIP NECK THIGH CHEST KNEE NOSE TOES EARS LIPS RECTUM TONGUE ELBOW LOIN RIB WHISKERS EYES METACARPALS SHANK WRIST

— 49 — Shorthair Cats

JUSHLNYVNDOLSEN DATARAAQRLBTKSX EMPVUWBDUOVJOEC VNEACI MYSFOKRNO OASNNROGS HHHAI L NI EAAEBP I SSMTKO RTMBCHSOAI IAONR EPARIARENTTNCOP XYIORIGRBTIXITO OGSWEROUL ORGCAI TESNMCRUUCBRANN IXTFAMSNESGTTFT CARLEAXUERTRAHC LCBSWFARUPAGNIS JVELJXSGJGUVIBL

ABYSSINIAN CORNISH REX OCICAT AMERICAN CURL DEVON REX ORIENTAL BOMBAY EGYPTIAN MAU RUSSIAN BLUE BRITISH EXOTIC SCOTTISH FOLD BURMESE HAVANA BROWN SIAMESE CHARTREUX JAPANESE BOBTAIL SINGAPURA COLOR POINT KORAT TONKINESE MANX WIRE HAIR

— 50 — Longhair Cats

TBWNAVHSI KRUTUN SLCSMJFRLPI XDEC EHESENILABWQHWD RKFYRLGPMGWZX S L OR NNI HKK OWDJ P E O FTNACOCI SHGOLDF NOOKADEDRC QS L P H AR OGNAHSI K R UT L S I I CQCAZQEAR NUDI GE E I UAI L UNA E F OT ENNFRLTSFMANXPT WT I Q L MC MR U WV Y V O RAAYTMYI FE QRAOC OL MF P F BCRMP HG J S NOYHHUNZMGURP F J

AMERICAN CURL MAINE COON SCOTTISH FOLD BALINESE NORWEGIAN FOREST SELKIRK REX BIRMAN ORIENTAL SOMALI CYMRIC PERSIAN TURKISH ANGORA JAVANESE RAGDOLL TURKISH VAN

— 51 — Cat Colors

ET ALOCOHCYGOWHS MMYPAI HTYNYCSEP GC Y Z I V OE J WS Y AI L ZP GNHDEMSABL EXY OBQOOUMNKTOTCDK JKCALBMODJNYDLD FY MBNDEMCEFUHWI UP I Y C R E AMA R MTT M GK NDH WL NWL R S AJ T GI R NF I UNS K E WEWT TVPWLBTI WJCFGSG HY T A A R L C HOWL VS N WTCEMVCMIIRLQQC KHXUE HBWTL NBTVG AN I R E QOGE I Y Z UDW

BLACK CINNAMON GOLDEN SABLE BLUE CREAM LAVENDER SEAL BROWN EBONY LILAC SILVER CHESTNUT FAWN RED TAWNY CHOCOLATE FLAME RUDDY WHITE

— 52 — Cat Toys

SEMPTY SPOOLWDYP TENNI S BAL LNTBRI UT HI YD AWR E P APEF NAL UMI NUMF OI LTB ACARDB OAR DB OXTA E K P AR W E L B B U B AAL PSTCRUBBE RTOYBL GABCI T S AL PE UDAO NNCAT N I P T OY BOAF IDGABREPAPWBBAY KNGOLF BAL LCSZUA CARDBO ARDTUBEXR AI REHT AE F BUTTON PLLABG NOP GNI PRA PSPONGETUNLAWDD

ALUMINUM FOIL CATNIP TOY PING PONG BALL BALL OF YARN EMPTY SPOOL PLASTIC BAG BUBBLE WRAP FEATHER RUBBER BAND BUTTON GOLF BALL RUBBER TOY CARDBOARD BOX PACKING PEANUTS SPONGE CARDBOARD TUBE PAPER BAG TENNIS BALL PAPER WAD WALNUT

— 53 — Cat Health Care

SAEKPNMHVSATFST AI ME K UEL ENI LE FA ENTTSWKYTCEBCPP SEDI NPVTEARMITE APMS E HAI RBALL SW EORAUHCYI ABRDNO SKORTRCLNI I ZGRR I UWAE I I AAREVUEM DEDP R CNVRE SKHUQ ULNOI T API T SNOCF YNUS RI THACOQXDK RAOV C OI NNAI NNCB YPRKKJONXBQLI FF JPHGJQNBIFVTAHK AEHRRAIDYMALHCR

BACTERIA FELINE LEUKEMIA RABIES CALICI VIRUS FLEA RHINOTRACHEITIS CHLAMYDIA HAIRBALLS ROUNDWORM CONSTIPATION LICE SPAY DIARRHEA NEUTER TAPEWORM DISEASE PANLEUKOPENIA TICK EARMITE PARASITE VACCINATION VETERINARIAN

— 54 — Cat Equipment

TDZJ OLFCBUVWJMW SBWCASI OMAHCVTC OYOX L Y R T K WQJ R ST POOCSRETTI LEBDD GLMT MY P OQEI HMOK NAF MO F P NY RR AORI IBSYOAIBRSTPCHM HCS V D F L A Y S MDAKT CZE E R QCL P AZ RENP TUMGOHLLHHNHLBJ ASC H QDI S HES HF ET RWDT GT AWSOHVFUL CRY Z T E NS UML PLHV SGNE L PWARTQWWYV PWRE Y GVWBSL HVJV

BED DISHES LITTER SCOOP BRUSH FLEA COMB MAT SPLITTER CARRIER HARNESS NAIL CLIPPER CHAMOIS LEASH SCRATCHING POST COTTON BALLS LITTER PAN SHAMPOO TOYS

— 55 — Cat Coat Patterns

MA C K E R E L T A B B Y J T ECLNTMKZOJBPHLZ PTASNNOYRGKVCRU PVSLPAMRTRI WBXZ ZOSUI OSXODEKECJ FTIIACTLIMERJKN ZECNHWOTS HADEDQ IJTOTCZJERCWJWP EDAJI EKXSDIQBOS GYBBATDEHCTAPDD UQBE T I CK E DTABBY REYVJ GCWLNSLBEG CHINCHILLAAGLBM NIFFLOUMDBXCAIY

BICOLOR MACKEREL TABBY SMOKE CALICO PATCHED TABBY SPOTTED TABBY CHINCHILLA POINTED TICKED TABBY CLASSIC TABBY SHADED TORTOISESHELL

— 56 — CAT CROSSWORD

123456

7 8

9 10

11 12 13

14 15 16

17 18

19 20

21 22

23 24

25 26

27 28 29 30

31

32

33 34 35

36 37

38 39 40

41

42

43 44

ACROSS 36 whiskers 13 pus-filled lesion 4 cause of ringworm 39 public exhibitions of cat 14 largest cat registry in the world 6 sound made only by cats 41 meat eater 15 document recording line of ancestors 7 sight organ 42 what claws can do of a purebred animal 8 disease that is fatal to both cats and 43 healthy activity 16 a stage of rabies humans 44 rare breed of cat from Thailand 22 walking on tip-toe 10 cat’s earliest ancestor 24 symptoms of upper respiratory 11 enzyme DOWN disease 17 paw 1 a sign or indication of a disease or 25 the process of taking in and using food 18 producing milk to feed young disorder 26 common skin disease 19 protected again a particular disease 2 coat pattern tortoiseshell and white 27 a change in a breed that alters a 20 an organism that lives and feeds in or 3 disease caused by rickettsiae characteristic on another organism 5 surgical removal of female cat’s sex 28 a thick tangled mass of hair 21 external parasites organs 30 a cat’s main weapon 23 pertaining to breathing 6 a substance which can cause serious 34 a hard coating that forms on teeth 29 a mineral found in milk injury or death 35 a microscopic organism that can 31 having many toes 9 cat’s digestive system is very sensitive cause disease 32 too much of this in the diet may to this 37 an agouti pattern cause FUS 12 essential amino acid important for 38 compact, short-legged cat type 33 symptom of heatstroke eyesight 40 sense that detects odors

— 57 — SOLUTIONS

Cat’s Nutrition

OWS HOS EV ITAVR ESERPX IOYLR EDLEUD QUK IT T ENM IL KR EPLACERAP EWHY TORS CO R N IN S H Z IT TO GCNECKEZB AL AN CEDU CE R T MN UC OL O S T RUML INL IC AP O JANT P O A L E P DR T O E L B I T S E G I DF O I N F I N L E Y P MUR R E T NYROZLAESTMA ILRS COVGONUL MEANYYOON IEPECCALC IUMEES ICREXE EL NA IDOUNHECE R IBNE JAEDANSP IESM RAOLBVTCILSNYHAORSETAERETLEDTE CT L P O R OB L UX B T UNL NY F AT N AB AA S HMN I O P A E T E R B U G S A S H I G I M R W T R M R Q U I A T AXART S PHOSP HORUSOY IOTABACUTEGS LONAY CROWUNOCLOMALNOURI S HEDONM GP NS AT OKTAS TE UHELOESTY OAONDEEO OL D IT ATUPANDOTARTARVER TT LDOUSS DA N T N B E O DA G N W I K A B O A G E W I L S U I G I I BS DE AL IMDRY CASSENLL INONAC ICUUS OMOS NE NV IRONMENTALSTHYDS RATEMS XOGE GS W ISTHO IUTEESS JCHEOST ANUK OS F IE C AT E DB ON E MEAL XCAG IF OR CYCL U IO N R R GR A IN HO S NYOAUF AN DT IN T OAA B S O DP A I T S O C H A I C T O X I C L T U M N L I E P S LB DT HP RYEAD ICSM INAT IBONOALVAPE I E S M A S V DM R T F I S H O E T E E T H E I P A I F E T NS O IA P IO E S S IDNGNR IX MAWCS P R T AT A DH Y L A C T A T I N G S W I E N V E R N E S T G I Y N I R NG C K IS AN AHM OF DN IDE NOP A R A NG L T T D EHE R F L MOURGSOLASTRESSNMEAREGEY S C I E N T I F I C S I B L A S C K I T I I Q H V R V M Y H SOYBEANMEALCEUAPTSSBFNEWAIEDPO IBELTBSUCKLNEWATERQU IGVERNLXUB TABOYCNEIC IFEDOR IYNO ITCUDORPER YTISEBORGR IFEOADD IT IVESL IWHOPA ES UOMESUUOHNAKECHLOR INEALLTTHC LE V E GE TABLE TT ETELPMOCP OE CAG IAL HSUT OATEMPE RAMENTECNANETN IAMAT

— 58 — Parts of a Cat

MEKZKCABWCMAHGP ESNETVGCXEPWDZM TCEBIPFDTWFRKRR AHEGNJVALOINSEF CEUGNOTRRBAEDCN ASNSPABELLYLRTQ RTSIRWLEFEUQOUT PNHSPEWAVOREMMJ AYARGSKRHHSROVZ LLNPJODSMPMURRB STKCENTLIATNOMH XEGOPXXLUHAQBUR C WZFJUEDIWWLGUK IZRNEOZGWQZNFHL JKSRUOHCOAFALCC

Shorthair Cats

JUSHLNYVNDOLSEN DATARAAQRLBTKSX EMPVUWBDUOVJOEC VNEACI MYSFOKRNO OASNNROGS HHHAI L NI EAAEBP I SSMTKO RTMBCHSOAI IAONR EPARIARENTTNCOP XYIORIGRBTIXITO OGSWEROUL ORGCAI TESNMCRUUCBRANN IXTFAMSNESGTTFT CARLEAXUERTRAHC LCBSWFARUPAGNIS JVELJXSGJGUVIBL

— 59 — Longhair Cats

TBWNAVHSI KRUTUN SLCSMJFRLPI XDEC EHESENILABWQHWD RKFYRLGPMGWZX S L OR NNI HKK OWDJ P E O FTNACOCI SHGOLDF NOOKADEDRC QS L P H AR OGNAHSI K R UT L S I I CQCAZQEAR NUDI GE E I UAI L UNA E F OT ENNFRLTSFMANXPT WT I Q L MC MR U WV Y V O RAAYTMYI FE QRAOC OL MF P F BCRMP HG J S NOYHHUNZMGURP F J

Cat Colors

ET ALOCOHCYGOWHS MMYPAI HTYNYCSEP GC Y Z I V OE J WS Y AI L ZP GNHDEMSABL EXY OBQOOUMNKTOTCDK JKCALBMODJNYDLD FY MBNDEMCEFUHWI UP I Y C R E AMA R MTT M GK NDH WL NWL R S AJ T GI R NF I UNS K E WEWT TVPWLBTI WJCFGSG HY T A A R L C HOWL VS N WTCEMVCMIIRLQQC KHXUE HBWTL NBTVG AN I R E QOGE I Y Z UDW

— 60 — Cat Toys

SEMPTY SPOOLWDYP TENNI S BAL LNTBRI UT HI YD AWR E P APEF NAL UMI NUMF OI LTB ACARDB OAR DB OXTA E K P AR W E L B B U B AAL PSTCRUBBE RTOYBL GABCI T S AL PE UDAO NNCAT N I P T OY BOAF IDGABREPAPWBBAY KNGOLF BAL LCSZUA CARDBO ARDTUBEXR AI REHT AE F BUTTON PLLABG NOP GNI PRA PSPONGETUNLAWDD

Cat Health Care

SAEKPNMHVSATFST AI ME K UEL ENI LE FA ENTTSWKYTCEBCPP SEDI NPVTEARMITE APMS E HAI RBALL SW EORAUHCYI ABRDNO SKORTRCLNI I ZGRR I UWAE I I AAREVUEM DEDP R CNVRE SKHUQ ULNOI T API T SNOCF YNUS RI THACOQXDK RAOV C OI NNAI NNCB YPRKKJONXBQLI FF JPHGJQNBIFVTAHK AEHRRAIDYMALHCR

— 61 — Cat Equipment

TDZJ OLFCBUVWJMW SBWCASI OMAHCVTC OYOX L Y R T K WQJ R ST POOCSRETTI LEBDD GLMT MY P OQEI HMOK NAF MO F P NY RR AORI IBSYOAIBRSTPCHM HCS V D F L A Y S MDAKT CZE E R QCL P AZ RENP TUMGOHLLHHNHLBJ ASC H QDI S HES HF ET RWDT GT AWSOHVFUL CRY Z T E NS UML PLHV SGNE L PWARTQWWYV PWRE Y GVWBSL HVJV

Cat Coat Patterns

MA C K E R E L T A B B Y J T ECLNTMKZOJBPHLZ PTASNNOYRGKVCRU PVSLPAMRTRI WBXZ ZOSUI OSXODEKECJ FTIIACTLIMERJKN ZECNHWOTS HADEDQ IJTOTCZJERCWJWP EDAJI EKXSDIQBOS GYBBATDEHCTAPDD UQBE T I CK E DTABBY REYVJ GCWLNSLBEG CHINCHILLAAGLBM NIFFLOUMDBXCAIY

— 62 — Cat Crossword

123456 S C F F U N G U S P U R R 7 8 E Y E S R A B I E S P O 910 M L A S M I A C I S 11 12 13 P R O T E I N U Y S A 14 15 16 C T A C P G P O B 17 18 F O O T U O E L A C T A T I N G S A M R D R R C 19 20 I M M U N I T Y P A R A S I T E N G L S 21 22 M I T E S R D Y S 23 24 R E S P I R A T O R Y C 25 26 N F E G I O 27 28 29 30 M U E M I C A L C I U M 31 U T P O L Y D A C T Y L L G 32 T R I T I A S H 33 34 35 S A L I V A T I N G G B W S 36 37 T T A E V I B R I S S A E S I I R A A C P 38 39 40 O O T C C D C A T S H O W S 41 N N C A R N I V O R E E T M 42 R E B R E T R A C T E B I E L 43 44 P L A Y K O R A T D L

— 63 —

Issued by Washington State University Cooperative Extension and the U.S. Department of Agriculture in fur- therance of the Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914. Cooperative Extension programs and policies are consistent with federal and state laws and regulations on nondiscrimination regarding race, sex, religion, age, color, creed, national or ethnic origin; physical, mental or sensory disability; marital status, sexual orientation, and status as a Vietnam-era or disabled veteran. Evidence of noncompliance may be reported through your local Cooperative Extension office. Trade names have been used to simplify information; no endorsement is in- tended. Reprinted May 2003. Subject code 812. F. EM4900 4-H YOUTH DEVELOPMENT