A Journal of the MAP AND GEOGRAPHY ROUND TABLE of the AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION No.2 1989 Table of Contents Articles
Historical Atlas of the United States_---:-----:::-::::_-=-:------=- 33 Cartographical Innovations: An International Handbook of Mapping Terms to 1900 35 Mapping the North Carolina Coast: Sixteenth Century Cartography and the Roanoke Voyages 36 Sheppard's International Directory of Print and Map Sellers 38 Interpretation of Topographic Maps 39 The World Map Directory, 1989 41 Electronic Media Review GEODEX GEOgraphic InDEX System for Map Series ·42 Selected Publications of Note 16 E~~~ 3
Index to Advertisers 47 Information for Contributors 44 Rand M~Nally Setting Standards of Excellence in Atlas Publishing for Over a Century
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2 MERIDlAN2 ~ From the editor. • • MERIDIAN The archaic and unsatisfactory way in which North American libraries romanize Chinese geographical names should be of growing concern to cartographic information specialists. Libraries' continue to use the Wade-Gilles romanization system, rather than the newer and more commonly accepted pinyin system. For place names in the Peoples Republic of China this causes of a growing data retrieval EDITOR problem as an increasing proportion of clients query catalogs and Philip Hoehn . reference personnel using place names in pinyin romanization, e.g., The University of California, Berkeley Beijing, Xi'an, and Guangdong, rather than Peking, Sian and PRODUCTION MANAGER Kwangtung. Donna P. Koepp Most creators and dispensers of information that contains Chinese University of Kansas place names use pinyin, and it is largely from these sources that the SUBSCRIPTIONS MANAGER users of map and geographical information obtain their spellings. The Peter L. Stark popular press, including the New lOrk Times, the Wall Street Journal, University of Oregon Time, and Newsweek, uses pinyin. So do major indexing and ADVERTISING MANAGER abstracting tools, such as the Reader's Guide and the Social Science David A. Cobb University of Illinois Index. More important, pinyin is used by the major map and atlas REVIEW EDITOR publishers, among them Rand McNally, the National Geographic Brent Allison Society, and the Central Intelligence Agency, and pinyin is University of Minnesota recommended by the United States Board on Geographical Names. Arguments can be made for the political, linguistic, and ethnic superiority of either system, but the essential fact is that libraries EDITORIAL BOARD and curiously, the publishers of Webster's New Geographical Ralph E. Ehrenberg Dictionary and of American encyclopedias-are about a decade behind Library of Congress the rest of the information industry in switching to pinyin, and are Alice C. Hudson New York Public Library increasingly out-of-step with the needs of their clients. Mary L. Larsgaard The Chicago Manual of Style states, " ... pinyin ... has now University of California, Santa Barbara largely supplanted the older Wade-Gilles romanization system ... Robert S. Marlin Louisiana State University [Ojne sensible practice for scholarly publications is to use Wade Charles A. Seavey Gilles in books about the pre-1949 period and pinyin in those about University of Arizona the period after 1949." Stanley D. Stevens The geo- and cartographic information community should take the University of California, Santa Cruz lead in resolving the present difficulty by working with the Library of Congress and other interested organizations to establish pinyin as our CONSULTING EDITORS primary romanization system for Chinese geographical names. One HelenJane Armstrong, possible solution would be to use pinyin for post-1949 names in University of Florida Tony Campbell, China, and to continue to use Wade-Gilles for places not extant after The British Library 1949 as well as for those in Taiwan, and to default to pinyin in cases Larry Carver, of doubt. The inevitable switch to pinyin will be costly, but to delay University of California, Santa Barbara would be even more costly. Michael P. Con zen, The University of Chicago Meridian's readers are reminded to submit papers, research Edward H. Dahl, notes, and other contributions for publication. Material in any of map NationalArchives of Canada librarianship's subfields is welcome, but especially desired are papers Larry Cruse, on the administration of cartographic collections and on new means of University of California, San Diego John B. Garver, Jr., transmitting, storing and organizing cartographic information. National Geographic Society PhilipHoehn Francis Herbert, Royal Geographical Society Robert W. Karrow, Jr., The Newberry Library George F. McCleary, Jr., SUBSCRIPTIONS University of Kansas Barbara B. McCorkle, Meridian is published twice yearly. To subscribe, or to change an YaleUniversity address, please write to Peter L. Stark, Subscription Manager, Map John T. Monckton, Library, University of Oregon, 165 Condon Hall, Eugene, Oregon J.T. Monckton Ltd., Chicago Gary W. North, 97403-1299. Subscription rates are $20.00 for individual, ($25.00 United States GeologicalSurvey foreign); $25.00 for an institution, ($30.00 foreign). Individuals must Nancy J. Pruett, prepay, institutions may be billed. All foreign subscriptions must be Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque paid in U.S. dollars. Make your check payable to ALA/MAGERT. Norman J.W. 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Meridian will adhere to all ethical and commonly accepted advert ising practices and reserves the right to reject any advertisement dee med not relevant or consistent with the goals of the Map and Geogra phy Round Table. Enquiries should be addressed to David A. Cobb, Advertising Manager, Map and Geography Library, University of Illinois, 1408 West Gregory Drive, Urbana , Illinois 61801. Phone 217 333-0827.
DESIGN The design of the cover for Meridian was developed by Donna P. Koepp, George F. McCleary, Jr., and Brian Yodler, of the University of Kansas. The THE WORLD MAP DIRECTORY type was prepared by Yodler (of the Department of Design) who modified ISBN 0-92959 1-00-3 Bodoni Book using MacDraw. The map ISSN 1040-I687 is an interrupted fiat polar quartic (equal $29.95 area) projection ; it was constructed and This 27S·pagc Directory lists over 10,000maps currently in print compiled by McCleary using F. Webster and available in the United States. It identifies publishers, prices, McBryde and Paul D. Thomas, Equal dates and scales for each map. The Directory is a complete, Area Projections for World Statistical up-to-date reference 1001, updated annually. The Directory also Maps (U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey serves as a catalog. Every map is in stock and available from Map Special Publication 245, 1949). Link. The journal is type set on an 8600 Compugraphic with a computerized CLI P OR COPYTillS AD ANDRECEI VE A 20 % front-end sys tem and printed at the DISCOUNT ON YOUR ORDER. University of Kansas Printing Service.
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4 CJ)tmen 's Cmttl'ibutums to Norlh American Cm10graphy: flur profiles
by Mary McMichael Ritzlin
nbmtn were ineolred in carious aspects virtually nothing in the field of fine art of cartography during the st u n/unth. can be applied to women mapmakers as eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The well. lives of jour are profiled: Virginia Farrar T he same kind of benign neglect has (1628-1668), compiler ofa map of Vir been ex hibited by the vast majority of ginia; Mary Biddle (1709-1789) , editor of cartogra phic reference books in use Scull's 1762 mapof Philadelphia; Eliz today. However, more recent publica abeth Simcoe (1766-1850), who executed tions include information about the car manusm pl maps. circa 1792· 1796; and tographic activities of w'omen. and it is Emma Hart Willard (1787·1870), u'ho hoped the contributions of the seven tUt'tWptd teaching methods requiring ex teenth. eighteenth and nineteenth cen tensiu map use and "",0 publishedseteral tury women profiled in this article will grogrophm and histanes uilh atlases. 1M thr ow some additional light on this contributions ofJuliette .Magill KinziL. overloo ked subject. Eliza Coues , Elizafwlh LmthalJ Slone, Esther Loue, Lydia Baileyand Rosanne Fanner are cited as further examples o{ Virginia Farrar pre-twentieth century women int'Olved uilk American mapmaking. An exa mple of a map partially the work of a woman is the " mapp of Virginia discovered to ye Hills .. . " dated 1651. At the lower edge it bears uring the 1970s. the women 's the lege nd " Domina Virginia Farrar Dmovement inspired several studies Collegit' and is. perhaps. the most of unkno ....m women artists of the past : familiar map of those described in this books suc h as Our Hidden He ritag~ : article. It is reproduced in Cumming's Fit'( Centuries 01 Homen Artists (Tufts South east in Early Maps (pl. 29), 1974), Anonymous n as a Homan (Bank Schwartz and Ehrenberg' s Mapping 01 1979), and Homen Artists (Petersen and America (pI. 63) , and Skelton's Ex The popular notion Wilson 1976) attempted to answer the plorer's Maps (fig. 170). T he map also that women produced question " why we re there no wome n appears on page 269 of The Discovery 01 ,'ir lually nothinJ:' in the artists before the modem period?" North America by Cumming. Skelton and field of fine art can be Research proved there were numerous Quinn. It can be compared with the applied to women map women artist s who flourished in times original watercolor map drawn by Vir maker " ll" well. past, but, for a variet y of reasons. were ginia's father. John Farrar, conveniently overlooked in current art histories and reproduced on the facing page .I surveys . The conclusion that " a collec The printed version of John's map was tive and , rather recent. cultu ral neglect" prepared for Edward Williams's ViJgo (Tufts 1974, X\') contributed to the Triumphans: or. \ 'irginia Richly and popular notion that women produced Truly l alued. It also appeared in some
5 copies of Edward Bland' s Discovery of ery . .. at Little Gidding" (Dictionary of New Britain and a copy was found in the National Biography). Blathwayt Atlas. John Overton eventually John Farrar did not tum his back acquired the plates, circa 1667 and, not entirely on the world but re tained an surprisingly, erased the date (Cumming active interest in the colony of Virginia 1958, 141-42). while his daughter, too, felt a special The Farrars (or Ferrars) were a relationship to her name-sake land. 3 remarkable family chiefly remembered Mistress Virginia Farrar did not limit her through the religious and literary ac life to psalm singing, prayer and the tivities of John's bro ther Nicholas. The creation of fine bindings for bibles. brothers had bee n intimately involved in Hoping to ass ist the colony in its goal to the fortunes of the Virginia Company become a major silk-producer, "she (D ictionary of National Biography) and carried out a series of highly tec hnical had many influent ial friends. Arter some experiments and corresponded with years of enduring the intrigues of the many growers and other se ttle rs in the Jacobean Court , Nicholas rejected the colony. There seems to be no doubt that worldly life, took holy orde rs and re tired the stea dily growing prosperity of the to a small country es tate, Little Gidding, industry in the second half of the which he had purchased in 1624. Nicho seventeenth century was due largely to las was joined by his elderly mother, her discoveries in proper methods of brother John, sister Susanna Collet and breeding and cultivation . . ."(Maycock their respective families. 1938, 167-68).Her work was described Virginia Farrar was born at Little in Samuel Hartlib's The Reformed Vir Gidding on Christm as Eve, 1628 (Carter ginia Silkworm .. . Found Out by a 1893, 119), and grew up there enjoying Young Lady in England. She Having the company of her siblings and many Made Full Proof Thereof in May Anno cousins; it is thought seventee n or more 1652. childre n were living with their parents on The " rnapp" of Virginia contains a Mist ress Ylrg'inia the estate.Exhibiting a progressive number of misconceptions, chief among Farrar did not limit attitude for the time, Nicholas saw to it them the narro wness of the North her life to psalm sing his nieces received the same education American continent and the belief the ing, prayer and the as his nephews. A small private school Pacific- and New Albion-would be creation of fine bind was set up for their benefit, as well as reached by marching ten days west from ings for bibles. some neighbor children, and three mas tidewater Virginia. But it also contains ters were employed to teach English, place names, "shires and county divi Latin, arithmetic, writing and music sions and other details in Virginia and (Carter 1893, 120). The girls were also Maryland for the first time on any map" instructed in the niceties of se venteenth (Cumming 1958, 141). Virginia Farrar's century housekeeping and-as a some name appears on the third and fourth what unusual "accomplishment " - the art states of the map. Both states contain of bookbinding." numerous additions , and decorative ele The Farrars led a quiet though busy ments have also bee n added, the most life at Little Gidding with the day' s prominent of which is the portrait of Sir activities planned around the canonical Francis Drake at the top of the map. Virginia Farrar. by hours (Dictionary of National Biography), Virginia Farrar, by seventeenth cen seventeenth century family members taking turns praying in tury standards, had received an exce llent standards, had re the chapel throughout the night. Al education; she had se rved as her father's ce ived an excellent education. though much admired in Royalist and secretary (Maycock 1938, 167) and was high church circles (Charles I visited familiar with his correspondence and Little Gidding two or three times), the other papers. As we have seen from her Farrars were distrusted by the Puritans. work with silkworms , Virginia was in Nicholas died in 1637, but the family touch with many colonists , one of them continued to live at Little Gidding, possibly her uncle William (a less pious following the routine se t by him.Their perhap s, but more adventuresome Far way of life was attacked in a pamphlet rar who emigrated to Virginia in 1618) published in 1641, " The Ariminan Nunn- (Maycock 1938, 11) or his childre n. All
6 ~1 !i k m [ i\ N 2 ~ these reasons contributed to Virginia's to Act of Parliament, Novr. Ist. 1762 ability, while still in her early twenties. and sold by the editor's [sic} Matthew to incorporate the necessary changes on Clarkson and Mary Biddle." Clarkso n the map and to take credit for the work was a member of the American Philo in Latin, the language of educated peo ple sophical Society and later served as at that time. mayor of Philadelphia. He kept a shop The name of Virginia Farrar is not where he sold prints and views (Briden associated with any other map. but then baugh 1968, 198), so it is not unusual to neither is John 's . Little Gidding was see him dealing in maps as well. But " spoiled" by the Roundheads in 1648 .....ho was ~1 ary Biddle ? (Dich"onary of National Biography), and Traditionally widows carried on the the family scattered. Eventually Virginia trade of their late husbands . but no ret urned to the estate of Little Gidding, listing of engravers, booksellers, printers but not the manor house which had fallen or even shopkeepers produced a Biddle to ruin. She did remain single and lived ....ith whom ~ 1 ary could be connected. A ....ith her brother and his wife for some search through the names of parents and years. This remarkable .....oman died in spouses of prominent Biddies proved 1668 (Cart er 1893. 319). rewarding-cMary 's maiden name was Scull. 8 ~I ER ll.lI A "' 2 ~ pointed chin." Sharp is also used to Mrs. Simcoe's cartogra phic work did describe other attributes. " [She has a] not go unnoticed: people such as Pitt 's sharp interest in detail . . . a botanist, a under-secretary of stale for foreign gifted observer, and an artist with pen, affairs received one of her sketch maps, pencil and water colour" (Simcoe 1965, enclosed in a letter from Lt. Gov. 2). Indeed, Mrs. Simcoe's artistic abili Simcoe (Martin 1977, 107). And the Due ties rate her an entry in Women Artists de la Rochefocauld-Liancourt. visiting in America and a group of her water Ontario in 1795, reported Elizabeth's colors are located in the Sigmund Samuel abili ty " to make maps and plans enables Canadiana Gallery of the Ontario Ar her to be extremely useful to the chives, along with other Simcoe material. Governor" (Simcoe 1965, 19). In 1792 John Simcoe was appointed There are many references to maps in Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada Mrs. Simcoe's diary and from it we (now Ontario Province). Elizabeth de learn how Elizabeth used her time on cided to accompany her husband al the outward voyage. She drew a map of though Upper Canada was largely the Genesee Country, an area in west unsettled and considered somewhat dan em New York bordering Lake Ontario gerous; its climate was deemed unheal (Simcoe 1965, 32), which was of concern thy (Fowler 1977, 87-88) and its to her husband. Perhaps she used her southern border was a potential source new pantograph for this project. of friction with the fledgling United The comments in Mrs. Simcoe's diary States, the Treaty of Paris notwithstand could be astringent. Regarding the field ing.e surveyors-whom, it must be noted, These conditions and the fact that te n were working under less than ideal years of marriage had produced six of conditions-she remarked, "The sur the couple 's eventual 11 children did not veyors draw slowly and I am told when deter Elizabeth . Leaving the four oldest they want to suit their map to the Paper children at the family estate in Devon do not scruple cutting off a few miles of under the care of a friend, the Simcoes a River or adding to it" (Simcoe 1965, sailed for Canada with their two year old 54). She could appreciate good work, too daughter, three month old son, and a as indicated by her entry for August 11, retinue of se rvants. 1793. " Lt. Smith (the Acting Deputy The family 's baggage was considerable Surveyor General} has drawn a fine map and included the tent which Captain of the La Tranc he River. From what has Cook had used on his last voyage been surveyed it is proved that Char referred to by all as the " canvass " The famous birch levoix's Map describes the Country with hark map is at the house " - and a wooden "pentograph" great truth" (Simcoe 1965, 104),A Rriti Rh Library." purchased by Mrs. Simcoe in London domes tic mishap involving a map inspired just prior to their journey (Simcoe 1965, some mock-serious verse from John, but 16. 27). Elizabeth's prosaic entry tells the tale During the years the Simcoes spent in succinctly. " I left Trojan my Hound in Canada, Elizabeth traveled extensively my Room while I went to dinner and he with her husband , sometimes in an open tore to pieces my best Map of Canada boat on Lake Ontario, by sleigh, horse and the United States which I had taken back, or in bone-jolting carriage rides great pains to draw. I must paste it over rough trails. It is our good fortune together again but its appearance is she kept a diary which she sent home in spoiled," she reports with admirable installments to her young daughte rs. understatement (Simcoe 1965, 83). The entries make lively reading, and the Although much original material by pages were embellished with little Mrs. Simcoe is housed at the National sketches and maps (Simcoe 1965, 24). Archives of Canada and the Archives of Mrs. Simcoe also produced larger maps Ontario, the famous birch bark map is at and watercolor views as prese nts for the British Library. It measures 48 x 80 such luminaries as the Duke of York and cm. and is executed in ink and water the Prince Regent, as mementos to colors . It is a synthesis of her husband 's friends, and for her OViTl amusement. journeys between March. 1792 and ec;e MERIDlA." f 9 Operations ofthe Queen's Rangers (1787) contains several maps (Simcoe 1965, 3). If Mrs. Simcoe produced any maps on her return to England, they would have been for her own use. Health problems kept John from active service - and Eliz abeth from acting as his aide- until 1806 when he was appointed commander-in chief of British forces in India. Mrs. Simcoe and her eldest daughter were preparing to accompany him when he died suddenly (Encyclopaedia B ritannica, l l th ed.). Had he lived to take up his post, the King's Topographical collection might have bee n graced with further maps and sketches by Elizabeth Simcoe. This was not to be. Like a prototype Queen Victoria, Mrs. Simcoe entered into a long widowhood (surviving her beloved John by 44 years), and intimi dated her children (Simcoe 1965, 23). She maintained her interest in Canada, however, until her death in 1850 at age 84. Figure I. Emma Han Willard (1787· 1870), founder of the Troy Emma llart WilJard Female Seminary, published several atlases to accompany her popular histories and geographies, Mistress Farrar, Mrs. Simcoe and September, 1795, and indicates proposed Mrs. Biddle have interesting personal sites for cities and the like. histories, but their impact on the car Throughout the article " Portrait of tographic world was limited.On the Mrs. Simcoe," Marian Fowler makes other hand, educator Emma Hart Willard reference to the kind of education a developed teaching methods which young woman of Elizabeth's standing placed great emphasis on map use. would have rece ived, and how it would These methods were outlined in popular have affected her world view. It is geographies and histories and were later obvious Elizabeth bene fited from lessons picked up in text s by Olney, Goodrich, in painting and drawing, but the quest ion Guyot, Fitch and Hall (Neitz 1961, 223). arises where did she develop her map Emma Hart was born in Connecticut drafting skills? Perhaps her own artistic in 1787, the 16th of 17 children. She abilities came into play, perhaps she was influenced by her father, a farmer ... ed ueator Emma acquired the knowledge through geogra lI art Willa rd developed and state legislator who shared with her leaching methods phy lessons from a governe ss , or his great love of classical literature. whic h placed great em perhaps John provided the necessary Emma was a bright and inquisitive child phasis on map use. training. Elizabeth could not have been and received encouragement from her long out of the school room when they family in her studies. During her teens married. It is reported John " occupied she alternated between teaching in vil himself in building a new house and lage schools and furthering her own laying out roads on the estate." The education (Lutz 1974, 2-8). estate of 5,000 acres was purchased By age 20 Emma headed the Middle with Elizabeth's money and it is not hard bury Female Academy in Vermont where to picture the newly married pair work she met Dr. John Will ard, a widower. A ing out plans for the house and roads romance bloomed and, des pite the objec together. John's military training included tions of his grown children. the May map making, and his book Journal ofthe December pair were married. Emma 10 ~I E Hl lJl AN 2 eot retired from teaching to start her own schools" (Didwnary of American Biogra family (Lutz 1974. 13. 19). phy, s.v; " Woodbridge. William Chan A few years later. around 1814, Dr. ning" ). Willard suffered financial reverses . With Mrs. Willard built on her initial suc some reluctance on his part , the Willards cess and issued several geographies. opened a boarding school for girls in histories and other works which sold their home, calling it the Middlebury well. Just before her official retirement Female Academy (Lutz 1974, 4). T he as principal of the Seminary in 1837 she reputation of the school grew, particu published A System of Universal History larly after the publication of Emma's in Perspectioe, Accompanied by an Atlas, Plan for lmprouing Female Education, Exhibiting Chronology in a Picture of which appeared in 1818. " Mrs . Willard's Nations and Progressive Geography in a work marked such an advance over Series of Maps. This book summarized anything known before that her pamphlet her teac hing methods. which required has appropriately been called the Magna that each pupil demonstrate her under Carta of women's education ." writes standing of the day's lesson by draw Elizabeth Dexter 0 950. 22). ing-from memory-the appropriate map By 1821 the school had moved by on her slate, "marking the paths of invitation to Troy, New York, and been navigators and explorers, and the march renamed the Troy Female Se minary. of armies" (Lutz 1974, 40). The pupil There Mrs . Willard further developed would then give an oral ex planation of " Mrs . Willard's .. . her teaching techniques which used her map to the instructor and class pamphhet has a ppropri maps extensively, not only for teaching mates . It is hard to envision a similar ate ly bee n failed the geography but history as well. She performance from today's students, Mal:na Carta of women ', edeeauen." decided to publish a new text based on given the neglect geography has suffered her successful class room technique and in recent decades in the American school was assisted by a talented pupil (and system. However. it apparently suited later instructor at the Seminary), Eliz the educational goals of our great-great abeth Sherrill. who drew maps to grandparent s. The popularity of blank accompany the text for this and possibly maps used in other school geographies other books by Willard (Fairbanks 1898 . by mid-century and even later may have 104). been inspired by the Willard method As is often the case with an idea (Fairbank s 1898. 16). whose time has come. another innovator, As one of the first inst itutions in this equally dissatisfied with current practice, country to prepare women for a teaching had undertaken a similar project. He was career, Troy Seminary served as a William Channing Woodbridge, who had model for other schools." Mrs. Willard 's taught at several leading institutions influence did not end with her retire including William and Mary. In 1821 he ment. She wrote and traveled exten published Rudiments ofGeography • . . sively on behalf of women 's education (Dictionary of American Bwgraphy, s. v. and worked for the establishment of " Woodbridge. William Chancing" ) .00 normal schools (Lutz 1974. 20). Living had begun work on another text . At this on campus until her death in 1870. she point the educators collaborated resulting remained a force at Troy, inviting new in publication of A System of Unioersal pupils to tea (presaging M:r. Chips) and The new 'yfl te m of Geography on the Principles of Com keeping in touch with old students tU f hing .•• " pro parison and Clarification. Mrs. Willard's through visits and correspondence. duced a revohirlen in the method of prese nt contribution to the work consisted of the A preliminary survey of the approxi ing geographical fads sections on ancient geography, problems mately 350 young women who attended in the IIfh"" ls" on globes, and rules for the "construc Troy during its first decade 0 822-1832) tion" of maps (Lutz 1974, 40). The date shows that more than 30 earned their of publication is given variously as 1822 living by teaching. A few worked as and 1824. The new system of teaching governesse s or as staff members of an advocated by Woodbridge and Willard existing institution. but most served as " produced a revolution in the method of principals and/or founders of schools presenting geographical facts in the based on the Willard syste m. Troy had 11 enjoyed such prestige that the daughters the usual domestic graces. and may have of governors, se nators. and other promi been another outlet for her artistic nent people were enrolled there and the inclinations. Mrs. Willard considered the new schools attracted similar students. problem of appropriate text books and Over 7.000 young women were students attacked it with Yankee vigor and inge at Troy during its first 75 years (Fair nuity. And Mrs. Kinzie 's map serves banks 1898. 3). and biographical notes more of a literary function than a purely for a great many of them were gathered geographic one. for an anniversary book published in Was there a cartographic tradition {or 1898. Some of these notes are sketchy, women? I believe the answer is yes, and yet they may serve as a starting point Mrs. Biddle comes closest to following for tracing the spread of Emma Willard's it. Most of the names of women known syste m. to us were those involved in the commercial side of map making-the Other Mapmakers engravers, colorists, publishers. printers , vendors. Like their European counterparts. American women in the Use of maps is not restricted to pre-industrial period were expected to teachers, of course. A stude nt who contribute to the economic well-being of attended Troy for one year only was the family unit (Clark [1919] 1968, 7). responsible for publishing the first map And where did they learn their trade? A student who at printed in Chicago (Byrd 1966, 182; .'Women acquired their skills the same tended Troy (or one Danzer 1984, 22). Juliette Magill (1806 way as did the men , through appren year only was responsi ble (or publishing the 1870) manied Indian agent John Kinzie, ticeship training, frequently within their first map printed in a man who survived the Fort Dearborn own families" (Lerner 1979. 181). Chicago. Massacre when a lad of nine. Mrs. Koeman, Pastoureau and Tyacke have Kinzie distilled the collective family produced excellent cartographic refer reminiscences of that seminal event in ence works. each containing information Chicago history and produced a work on women in the European map trade, which was for many years mistaken as a but no comparable studies are available genuine eye-witness account Games for this country. Hudak (1978) provides 1971. 2:336-37). Published in 1844, the details on the careers of 25 early slim pamphlet Narrative of the Massacre American women printers. and a few at Chicago August 15. 1812 ... contains maps may be found among their thou a simple sketch map of the route of the sands of imprints. It is possible more doomed party from Fort Dearborn at the names will be discovered in all aspects of mouth of the Chicago River, south along the map trade as further research is Was there a car the lake front. Although Mrs . Kinzie was conducted on the pre-twentieth century tographic tradition (or a lalented painter in watercolor (several business activities of women , both in women? I believe the of her paintings were reproduced in Europe and the New world." answer is yea, ... Wau- bun, her own book on the Black Obviously fewer women participated in Hawk War period), her sketch map the American map trade than in Europe; would not appear to strain the abilities of however several additional American one who had been subjected to the "map ladies" may be mentioned here: curriculum at Troy Female Seminary. A Eliza Colles (1776-1799) engraved large reproduction of this map appears in maps for two projects developed by her Danzer (1984, 14-15). father Christopher Colles. They were It will be noted there is no part icular Suroey of the Roads of the United States thread uniting these women-each was (1789) and the Geographical Ledger isolated from the others by time, dis (1794). Unfortunately, neither of these tance, and the nature of her involvement proved financially successful. A repro with maps . Virginia Farrar was dedicated duction of a plate from the Geographical to helping the colony so closely assoc i Ledger signed by Eliza appears in ated with her family. Drawing and Ristow's Early American Atlases (fig. copying maps was Mrs. Simcoe's way of 1-1). Little is known about Miss Ccllese assisting her husband's career beyond but it is thought she died in the yellow 12 MEHI DlAN 2 ~ / .s• 0 :;;"~ ~ • ~ ,. e e, = -:S I I , , - ;1! • ~ >- ~ •• , =1 c e, j ., ;.o: ii g . I .-. , ~ '0 :.;'" if "~ . 0 •'" ., • 0 ~.... § - , - • • i: , 11 -: - , -r. ,• • \ ,.I '• ~ i di" :~ . "-I L... " " I 13 fever epidemic of 1799 (Ristow 1979, Mrs . Farmer issued Farmer's Rail Road 333). Map , .. of Michigan and Chari of the Elizabeth Lenthall married engrave r Lake. ... The following year Silas William J . Stone and is mentioned in bought the company from his mother and various art refe rence books as an adjunct siblings. He later published a history of of her husband. " His ....-ife also engraved Detroit; although he writes about Rox maps" is a typical comment (Groce and anne he says nothing of her business Wallace 1957, 607). One of her maps is activities, listing only involvement wdth entitled " Map of the City of Washington. her church and the local orphanage Published by john Brannan 1828. Drawn (Farmer [18901 1969. 651·52). by F.C. de Krafft, city survey, Engd by Mrs. W.l. Stone." It is described by Phillips as "cleanly engraved." and he Conclusion " lIill .....tte aillo en gr a"ed map e" i. a typo also reports it was reprinted in 1833 iu t eoraraent, (Phillips 1917, 58-59). Fielding (1986, Other names could have been cited, 621) notes that William D. Morrison but these few will serve to represent the published a map of the city in 1840 man}' women who worked with maps which bears the credit line of Mrs . during the seventeenth, eighteenth. and Stone. Elizabet h had many associations nineteenth centuries. In the past women with Washington, D.C. as she was the were neither permitted nor prepared to niece of Nicholas King. surveyor and conduct field surve ys, explore uncharted friend of jefferson, and her father served lands, or even de..rise map projection s. as superintendent of construction under Still, they had a role to play. They were Latrobe during the building of the Capitol capable of compiling cartographic inter (Ehrenberg 1971, 45. 59). mation, of engraving maps, of printing, Esther Lowe. or Low. was probably publishing and selling maps, and did so the widow of john Lowe, a New York on a regular basis, When opportunity for City publisher (Hudak 1978, 687). In participating in those areas decreased, 1810 she reissued his New Encyclopedia women turned to teaching map drawing and several maps in that work carry the and usage. and to writing texts in which imprint of E. Low. The peripatetic Mrs . maps were an important component. Lowe conducted business from four The intention of this article is to different addresses during the five years increase aware ness of women's activities she is listed in the New York City in all aspects of map making. If the maps Directory (1810·1815). Esther is also of Virginia Farrar or Elizabeth Simcoe listed in Wheat and Brun (1978, 41). seem more interesting than the mundane Lydia Bailey (1779·1869) of Phila work of tradeswomen Bailey, Colles. delphia was. perhaps. the most prolific of Lowe- or even author/teacher Willard early women printers. She took up her we should remember each woman's late husband's business in 1808 and ran contribution enriches our kno.....ledge of it until her retirement in the 1860s, the history of cartography, Like Alice serving as city printe r for many years Hudson (1989). I look forward to seeing under Whig administrations (Hudak 1978, more research conducted in this pre 613). In 1830 Mrs. Bailey printed A viously neglected field. Co nnected View of the Whole Internal Navigation of the United States for " a ~ In the Pallt ..... omen citizen" (George Annroyd) . The book were neither permitted contains a handsome folding map of the Mary ~teM )c hae l Ritzlin is an amateur nor prepared to con dutt field .urny••. •. United States , re-engraved after Tanner. cartographic historian, who resides in The map in the Newberry Library copy Evanston. Illinois. The paper is a revi is hand colored. sian of a slide presentation given at the Roxanne Fanner, her daughter Esther MAGERT annual conference in July, and sons John and Silas did business 1988. T he MS submitted February, under the name " R. Farmer & Com 1989. pany" after her husband's tragic death in 1859 (Ristow 1985. 2:76-77). In 1862 NOTES the Seventeenth Century. New York: A. M. Kelley. The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Jim Ackerman and Robert W. Karrow, Jr. of the Newberry Library. Edward H. Dahl Collins, Jim and Glenn B. Opitz. 1980. Women Artists of the National Archives of Canada. Sara Schechner Genuth of the in Amen·ca. Poughkeepsie, N.Y.: Apollo. Adler Planetarium. and Barbara \V il e~' of the Emma Willard School. Cumming, William P. 1958. The Southeast in Early 1. See also Verner (1950) and Black (1975). Maps. Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina 2. Carter 0 893, 126·27) reports that for one year the "daughter of a Cambridge bookbinder" lived at the manor house, teaching her Press. cra ft to the girls at Little Gidding. She was probably the daughte r Cumming. William P., R.A. Skelton and D.B. Quinn. of Thomas or John Buck. brothers who were printers and 1971. The Discovery of North America. New York: bookbinders active in Cambridge ca. 1625-1670. See Plomer American Heritage Press . (1977). At least one example of Virginia's work survived to this century: it was a fine binding for a Harmony of the Four Gospels. Danzer, Gerald A. 1984. "Chicago's First Maps." In: executed and inscribed by her in 1640 when she was but 12 years Chicago Mapmakers, edited by Michael P. Conzen. old (Carter 1893. 127). [Chicago] : Chicago Historical Society for the Chicago 3. Nicholas and his mother named jcbn's infant daughter " . . . out Map Society. of their affection to the ... plantation of Virginia . .. so that speaking unto her, looking upon her, or hearing others call her by Dexter, Elizabeth. 1950. Career Women of America name. he Uohnl might think of both at once .. .,. (Carte r 1893. 1776-1840. Francestown, N.H.: Marshall Jones. 119)- a very pretty metaphy sical conceit, appropriate from one Dictio':,ary of National Biography. S.v. "Ferrar; Nicho who was a friend of the poet George Herbe rt . Later. john las . suspecte d another reason for Nicholas's selection of the name Virginia, and hinted it was hoped the young girl "vauld remain a Ehre nberg, Ralph. 1970. "Nicholas King: First Sur virgin (Maycock 1938, 167). What Mrs . john Farrar thought of aU veyor of the City of Washington, 1803-1812." this is not recorded. Records of the Columbia Historical Society of 4. Tooley (1979, 572) describes Williamas Nicholas's son. Scull was Washington, D.C. (1 969/1970):31-65. the father of five sons . none of them named William(Biddle 1883. 389); probably William was a grandson. Encyclopaedia Britannica, lIth ed.. s.v. "Simcoe,John 5. It is well to remember that during much of the Simcoes' stay in Graves .,. Ontario . Mad Anthony Wayne was conducting his Indian Fairbanks, Mrs. A. W. 1898. Emma Willard and Her campaigns (1792-1795) and that at times the " general conduct of Fifty the British feUbarely short of open alliance" with the tribes Pupils, or Years of Troy Female Seminary, fighting the U.S. At the same time. nearly 40,000 Loyalists had 1822-1872. New York: Mrs. Russe ll Sage. emigrated to Upper Canada and New Bnmswick, many of them Fanner, Silas. [1890] 1969. History of Detroit and understandably harboring anti-American feelings (Andre ws 1962. Wayne County and Early Michigan. Detroit: Gale 148. 1004). Research Co. 6. Not only did teachers trained at the Seminary work throughout the Unite d States. but the y establis hed them selves in schools in Fielding, Mantle. 1986. A Dictionary of American Bogota. Columbia and Athens. Greece.In 1895 Congressman Painters, Sculptors and Engravers, ed. by Glen B. Chauncey Depew praised Mrs. Willard 's work, stating her Opitz. Poughkeepsie, N.Y.: Apollo Books . influence helped wear down " the prejudices [against women' s Fowler, Marian, 1977. " Portrait of Elizabeth Simcoe. " education] and conditions of the most conservative nations; it created Girton and Newnham Col leges under the shadows of Ontario History 69:79-1 00. Oxrord and Cambridge ..." 15 Nieta .John A. 1961. Old Textbooks .. . from Colonial by Mary Quale Innis. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada; Days /0 1900. (Pittsburgh}: University of Pittsburgh New York: S1. Martin's Press. Press. Skelton. R. A. 1958. Explorer's Maps. New York: Pastoureau, Mireille. 1984. u s A/las Francais XVle· Frederick A. Praeger. XVIle Sickles. Paris: Bibliotheque nationale. Tooley. Ronald Vere. 1979. Dictionary 01 Mapmakm. Petersen. Karen and JJ. Wilson. 1976. ll0men Artists. Amsterdam: Meridian Publishing Company; New New York: Harper Colophon Books. York: Alan R. Liss. Phillips, Philip Lee. 1917. The Beginnings oj Hashing· Tufts, Eleanor. 1974. Our Hidden Heritage: Fire ton as Described in Books. Maps and Views. Centuries oj Homen Artists. New York: Paddington Washington. D.C.: Privately printed. Press. Plomer, H. R. et al. 1977. Dictionaries 01 the Printers Tyacke, Sarah. 1978. London Map-Sd lers, 1660-1720. and Booksellers Who lIere a/ IIqrk in England. Tring, Hertfordshire: Map CoUector Publications Scotland and In land. 1557·1775. [London]: Bibli Limited. ographical Society. Reprint in one vol. Verner, Coolie. 1950. " Several States of the Farrar Ristow. Walter W. 1979. •.Aborted American Atlases." ~I ap of Virginia," Studies in Bibliography: Papers 01 Quarterly Journal oj the Library 01 Congress the Bibliographical Society ol/he Unil't!rsily 01 36:320-45. Virginia 3:281-84. --. 1985. American Maps and .\ fapmakers: Com Wallis. Helen. 1973. "The ~I ap CoUections of the mercial Cartography in the Nineteen th Century. British Museum Library." In: .My Head is a Map: a Detroit: Wayne State University Press. Festschrift for R . V. Tooley. edited by Helen Wallis and Schwartz, Seymour I. and Ralph E. Ehrenberg. 1980. Sarah Tyacke. London: Francis Edwards and Carta The .\Iapping 01 Amm·ca. New York: Harry N. Press. Abrams. Wheat, James Clements and Christian F. Brun. 1978. Scott. Kenneth and Janet R. Clarke. eds, 1977. .\faps and Charts Published in America before 1800: Abstracts from the PennsyIt'(lnia Gaulle 1748-/755. a Bibliography. Rev. ed. Cartographica 3. White Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co. stable. Kent: HoUand Press. Simcoe. Elizabeth. 1965. Mrs. Si mcoe's Diary. Edited SELECTED P UBLICATIONS OF NOTE The Atlas 01 Arkansas: Official Alias ol/he Slate 01 Friesel, Evyatar. 1989. Atlas karla te-totdot 'Am Arka nsas. 1989, Edited by Richard M.Smith. Yisra 'el bozeman he-hadash, (Atlas 01 Modern Jewish Fayetteville. Ark.: University of Arkansas Press. History). Revised from the Hebrew edition. New Atlas 01 B ible History. 1989, c1988. Oxford, England; York: Oxford University Press. Batavia. Ill.: Lion Pub!. International Workshop on Remote Sensing and Re Atlas 01 British Social and Economic His/ory since c. source Exploration. 1989. Proceedings 01 the First 1700. 1989. 1st American edition. New York: International Workshop on Remote Sensing and Macmillan. Resource Exploration, ICT? Editors. Farouk EI Bracken. Ian. 1989, Infonn ation Technology lor Geogra Baa. Mohamed Hassan, Vito Cappellini. Singapore; phy and Planning. London; New York: Routledge, Teaneck, N.).: World Scientific. Jackson, Peter. 1989. Maps Aleaning: an lntroduc CampbeU,Joseph. 1989. Historical Atlas 01 World 01 Mythology. New York: Perennial Library. tion /0 Cullural Geography. London; Winchester. Mass.: Academic Division, Unwin Hyman. Cartography,Past. Present. and Future: a Festschrift Computers in Geography. for F.}. Onneling. 1989. Edited by D.W. and D.R.F. Maguire. D.J. 1989. New York: Wiley. Taylor; London; New York: Published on behalf of the lntemetional Cartographic Association by ~f iln e r - GuUand . R.R, 1989. Cullural Atlas 01 Russia Elsevier Applied Science. and the Soeiet Union . New York: Facts on File Publicetions. Doran, ~f ic hae l F. 1989. Atlas 01 County Boundary Changes in Virginia. 1634·1895, San Bernadino. Theory and applications 01Optical Remote Sensing. Calif.: The Bargo Press, 1989. Edited by Ghassem Asrar. New York: Wiley. 16 WORLD MAPPING TODAY R.B. Parry ; Map Curator, Department of Geography, University of Reading, UK C.R. Perkins; Map Curator, University of Manchester, UK "lK · 54 .~ .. This book is perhaps the best single map reference ootu me .,.'iI. - no~ , p repared to da le. It provides a systematic listing ofvirtually all types cfseries maps a vailable tn 122 graphic indexesfrom world scale to the smallest country. Seven introductory chapters outline 25 : (( ~1); h ma pping techniques. proceduresfor obtaining maps, methods 26 :l!J: ~ 1 ~ fo r evaluating the information shown on maps, a rid a review ojthe research required to produce the volume. ... Highly recommended f or all public, college, a 1l11 NJ · 52 uni rersi nt libraries." - Choice 31, · 2~ · "This is a well produced book, uiitli clear type m id NI .S2 1t¥ts !I · tTI :::t i~ :2';' : 2~! i - l.s-=- t ~ 3 ' ~ JJ- ~.1 Nl .54 clean,lIeat diagmms." },6- )i: ~ ~ :M:F. 2i : :il). ":'); j,., l:Q - Ca nad i a n Su rreuor ~ " World Mapping Thday is the most comprehensive and up-to-date refere nce ' ~ . . i t is recommended as a tool for anyone involved in maps and bas ic ref erencef or every mapping, It provides a unique library with a siza ble map combination of text , graphic indexes, collection," cartoblbliography and source information - base line in one easy -to-use volume. Listings of current topographic and resource mapping are arranged alphabetically by count ry, with additional sections on the oceans and polar regions. Two hundred specially drawn , black-and-white indexes of major map series will enable librarians to eas ily and conveniently plot their holdings. The organization and structure of mapping activities in each country, including the progress of topographic map ping, resource surveying, new programs and technical development are described. World Map pin g Thday is a valuable tool for map libra rians as well as non-specialist librarians and information managers. /987 620pp. 200 Line Drcuoinqs 408-02850-5 $ 195 .00 &1 Butterworths 80 Montvale Avenue, Stoneham , MA 02180 (Canada & MA 6 17-438 -8464) 1-800-548-4001 (Ask for Operator 1219) R ARE ANTIQUE M APS, ATLAS ES & GLOBES I' \ . \. ." _' -c. .-'-'-"---'" .' The official chart of the DlItch West India Coml"'ny. Van Kculcn'. c. 1680 r... printlng of Bla..u'. no longer ulan! 161l ed,tion. RICHARD B. ARKWAY, INC. '5 38 Mad ison Ave. (berw. 54 & '5 ; Srs.] New York , NY 10022 Call or write for complimentary catalogue. (800) 453·0045 (212) 75 1·8ll5 18 MF,RIl)lAS 2 ~ oyage to the Holy Land: The World's First Illustrated Travel Book By David A. Cobb Bernhard von Breydenbach's 1483 pi/· illustrated travel book (Davies 1962; grimage to tile Holy Land is described in Davies 1911). Breydenbach apparently his 1486 publication, Peregrinatio in undertook this pilgrimage to atone for Terram Sanetam. The book quickly be the sins of his youth. He was at the time came a European best-seller and is a canon at the Cathedral of Mainz. famous for many firsts. including its Breydenbach began his voyages in the exceptional woodblock illustrations. spring of 1483 accompanied by another 150 pilgrims. Breydenbach's pilgrimage was unique because he had the foresight to commission an artist-engraver to rom the earliest days of Christianity accompany him and thus to preserve the F annual pilgrimages to the Holy Land voyage in illustrations. Erhard Reuwich had been increasingly popular among from Utrecht is the first single painter to Europeans. Included in the voyages supervise the printing of an individual were nobility. members of religious book, He is also the first to accurately sects . and ordinary citizens who would depict the famous places visited . The all face the hardships buoyed by their book is more than a mere description of idealism. The Crusades had served the the voyage as it also indudes a de scrip early wanderlust and now the pilgrimage tion of Palestine, the faU of Constantino returned as a worthy substitute. Al ple, the life of Mohammed and various though some have suggested differently, laws and customs of the re gion, the writings from these pilgrimages Breydenbach and Reu wich remained in added greatly to the cultural and gee the Holy Land for nearly six weeks and graphical knowledge of the area. T he travelled to Mount Sinai, the Red Sea. manuscript writings of William Wey and Cairo and Alexandria. They ret urned to Felix Fabri were copied many times and Venice on January 5, 1484 and immedi used by numerous travelers. Wey is also ately set upon publishing the account of Breyden baeh Ml{an his known for his large. colorful map of the their trip. Breydenbacb employed Martin \'oyag e ~ in the IIpr ing Holy Land. albeit it somewhat fanciful Roth of Heidelberg to compile the text or U83. (Wey. 1857). Few other maps have of the first Latin edition to accompany survived from this early period. and those ReU\~..ich's illustrations ) From its first which have, such as the Isidore 1472 printing, the Peregrinatio was a success, T-0 world map. are compiled from with a German edition published only religious sources emphasizing the impor four months later and subsequent edi tance of Jerusalem by placing it at the tions through 1505, center of the world . The volume opens with the frontis The most significant of these pil piece of a woman representing Mainz grimage writings was first printed in with the coats of arm s of Breydenbach Mainz on February 11, 1486 . Bernhard and of two friends who accompanied him von Breydenbach's Peregrinatio in Ter to the Holy Land. Hind (1935, 356) ram Sanctam represents one of the describes this illustration as the finest finest illustrated books of the fifteenth example of allegorical and heraldic deco century and is considered the first ration produced in Germany during the 19 The town of Parenza is depicted in the next view. It is located almost due east of Venice across the Adriatic in Yugoslavia, and is now named Porec. The view shows the town's fortified walls and its famous Byzantine cathedral. The view of Corfu, measuring 30.5x41 em, accurately depicts the harbor area of Kerkira, the island's capital. The island came under the control of the Ve netian republic in 1386 and was an important port of supply for the pilgrimages. Modon (Methoni) was the next stop on the Breydenbach voyage. Located on the southwest Peloponnesus , on the Ionian Sea, the city was known for its splendid fortifications. The view includes not only ships and the docks, but also people, animals, crates. wine casks, and wind mills. The ship then moved on to Candia on the island of Crete, where pilgrims ' galleys stopped for supplies. The city's massive fortifications, arsenal, and cathe dral dale from the earliest Venetian occupation. Rhodes was one of the most popular stops for pilgrimages because of its renowned hospitality and international population. The walled castle, which dominates the view of Rhodes, was constructed by the Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem. The " City of the Knights" is reputed to be the fi nest example of medieval fortification in the world. Breydenbach frontispiece. (Courtesy of the Univers ity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ). Although the city views are replete with buildings, the only one to be shown more than once is the Holy Sepulchre, fifteenth century. This illustration is also which Reuwich includes in two separate considered the earliest evidence of illustrations. The Sepulchre was the goal cross-hatching in a woodcut (Davis, of all pilgrims and Reuwich's woodcuts 1911). verify the significance of this structure. The next illustration is the Reuwich The text is printed in a handsome view of Venice, the first of seven large German Gothic type. With only one maps or views, and the first folding exception the initial letters are supplied plates to appear in a printed book. The in red or blue by contemporary hand. ... the earliest evi view is the largest plate in the volume, Large missal type introduces the pil den ce of cross-hatch being 30.5 em taUand over 164 em grimage to Mount Sinai and the Shrine of ing in a w oodc ut . wide. Reuwich's detail ed illustrations Saint Katherine. show many still recognizable landmarks. Reuwich also prepared six woodcuts Venice was the gathering cente r for illustrating the different nationalities in European pilgrimages. It was here that the region. Pollard (1964, 115) however, money could be exchanged, various laments: goods purchased, and where ships began " Unfortunately, far too much of the voyage each spring. [Reuwich's] labour was spent on great 20 , ,. " -'.- ··r. ., Detail of Venice. (Courtesy of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) . maps or views of Venice, Parenzo, group of re splendent Turkish jannissaries Rhodes. and other places passed on the on horseback. way. But in the text of book there are Perhaps Pollard's critique of Reuwich just a few sketches from the life. Jewish for spending too much effort on the moneylenders. and groups of Saracens, views has some validity despite our Syrians, Indians, etc. and these are so admiration for them . It is possible that vivid and vigorous that we may well Breydenbach rushed Reuwich to publica regret that the labour bestowed on the tion, pre ssuring him to finish the views , great maps left time for very few of but to leave out some other woodcuts. them." Should a woodcut showing Armenians These oblong cuts are the firs t defini belong in the blank space above the text tive attempt to represent persons in a describing Armenians ? Additional illustra lifelike way and drawn from actual tions do not appear in later editions obse rvation. The first of these shows a either, including Reuwich's German edi gathering of Saracens and a woman with tion published four months later.Is it a cage-like veil hiding her face. On the coincidence that these blanks, numbering same page is believed to be the first five, are all above the nationality descrip printing of the Arabic alphabet. Exam tions? We shall probably never know, but ples of other alphabets found throughout their absence is intriguing. the text are Hebrew, Greek , Syriac, Although not the largest, the most Coptic, and Ethiopic, some of which may magnificent illustration in the book is of also be the first printings. Additional Palestine. Most authorities classify this realistic cuts also include those showing as the firs t printed map of the Holy Land Jews,Greeks, Syrians, Abbyssians and a drawn from actual observation (Neben- ~ ~fF. RID IAN 2 21 Island of Corfu . (Courtesy of the University of Illinois at Urbana-C hampaign). zahl 1986, 63). It is a most unusual Egypt including the Nile, Cairo, and example of superimposition, with the Alexandria. view of Jerusalem placed in the cente r of The remaining text illustrates the map at an exaggerated scale. Fur Breydenbach' s natural curiosity, which thermore, the view of Jerusalem is goes beyond simply recording his pil oriented from the east while the map in grimage to the Holy Land. On the verso the background is viewed from the west. of the Jerusalem view is a full page A more detailed view of Jerusalem is woodcut showing animals supposedly dominated by the Temple of Solomon see n on the voyage. Some, such as the drawn with a pointed dome ; the temple giraffe, crocodile and camel, are meticu is actually covered by a rounded one. lously accurate and easily recognizable. Also shown are the Holy Sepulchre and, However, the appearance of a unicorn just to its left, the " Hospital" where seriously questions the credibility of pilgrims visiting Jerusalem could rest, Reuwich or Breydenbach. and the Tower of David. Two tables follow: the first being two . . . perhaps the first As previously mentioned, Breyden pages recording the distances of the printing of a recipe t(l bach and Reuwich extende d their stay in itinerary from Venice ; the second a two cure sea-sickness . the Holy Land to visit Mount Sinai and page vocabulary of " Saracen" words Egypt. Reuwich attempted to provide with their Latin equivalents. Finally, and details for this region on his map of possibly most important for future sea Palestine by showing Sinai, the monas voyagers, is perhaps the first printing of tery of Saint Katherine, " Mare a recipe to cure sea-sickness. Rubrum" or the Red Sea, and details of Research continues on the paper and ~ IE R IlJ I A~ 2 ~ 22 its watermark: a bull topped with a tau NOTE cross . Preliminary findings suggest that 1. The University of Illinois recently acquired this the paper was made in Rappoltsweiler first Latin editionto celebrate the acquisitionof its seven millionth volume. It is an unusually tall (now Ribeauville) southwest of copy. measuring 30.5 x 21.5 em. has been Strasbourg . expertly restored and bound in a Riviere brown morocco includingtloral lozenges and five raised The known " firsts" for the Breyden bands on the spine. The copy originates from bach work place it as a significant Francis Egerton. heir to the Earl of Bridgewater Library and was also owned by Lucius Wilmerd volume in the history of cartography and ing and more recently by Eric Sexton. medieval illustration. It is the first illustrated travel book ever printed : the first book to include folding plates; the L ITERATURE CITED first authentic representation of famous Campbell, Tony. 1987. The Earliest places visited ; the first instance in which Printed Maps, 1472-1500, Berkeley: a single painter drew the illustrations for University of California Press. a book; the first printed map of Palestine Cobb, David A. and Nancy J. Vick. 1987. Early Images of Terra Sancia: from actual obse rvation; it includes the Maps of the Holy Land. Urbana; first woodcuts to use cross-hatching; and University Library Office of Develop it includes the first printing of the Arabic ment and Public Affairs. alphabet and probably others as well. Davies, Hugh Wm.. comp. 1911. Soon after Breydenbach's pilgrimage, Bernhard von Breydenbach and His journey to the Holy Land, 1483·4; a travel to the Holy Land became more Bibliography. London: J.J. Leighton. dangerous with the rise of the Ottoman - - . 1962. Catalogue of a Collection of Empire, the fall of Rhodes, and Turk ish Early German Books in the Library of control of Jerusalem. Therefore, at the C. Fairfax Murray. 2 vols. London: end of the fifteenth century, the Holland Press. Hind, Arthur M. 1935. An Introduction Breydenbach volume stands as the most to a History of Woodcut, with a accurate delineation of Palestine and Detailed Survey of Work Done in the Jeru salem and remained so until the Fifteenth Century. 2 vols. London: appearance of Ortelius' Theatrum Orbis Constable and Co. Terrarum and Braun and Hogenberg's Isidorus, Saint, Bishop of Seville. 1472. Etymologize. [Augsburg]; Gunther Civitates Orbis Terrarum in the 1570s. Zainer. The influence of Breydenbach is best Nebenzahl, Kenneth. 1986. Maps of the ·. . a significant vol summarized by Pollard (1964, 115) when Holy Land: Images of Terra Sancta ume in the history of he states, "With the Mainz Breidenbach through Two Millennia. New York: cartography and rnedi we feel that we have passed away from Abbeville Press. eval illustration. Pollard, Alfred W. 1964. Fine Books. the naive craftsmanship of the earliest New York: Cooper Square Publishers. illustrated books into a region of con p. 115. scious art ." Wey, William. 1857. The Itineraries of William Wey, Fellow of Eton College. To jerusalem, A.D. 1458 and A.D. David A. Cobb is Map and Geography 1462; and to Saint james of Com Librarian at the University of lIIinois pos/ella, A.D. 1456. From the Original Library, Urbana-Champaign.This is a Manuscript in the Bodleian Library. London: J.B. Nichols and Sons, revision of a paper he presented at the Printed for the Roxburghe Club. MAGERT annual confere nce in July 1988. The MS submitted February, 1989. • • ~ MI:: I MapLihrary- a collection of dependable. up-to-date road maps ideal for library use-has now been expanded to include two new packages: You can order the ind ivid - • cu, Map Lihrary-37 ual Basic or City Map Libraries, complete your street maps of American co llec tion with the municipa lities. Canadian Supplement. • Canadian Supplement-s ~ or customize your 12 Canadian city and Easy-to-Use ~~• . Map Library by province maps. and Durable ordering the combi nation of city. SHJ te. pro vince. or nationa l maps These new sets meet the same Th e Wilson Basic and City Map that meet s yo ur library 's part icu lar Libraries arc each self-contained Wilson standards of quality: needs. We make it easy for you to in handsom e. durabl e cases that • Suitable for a variety of wi ll sta nd up to extensive patro n replace lost or damaged maps, and to upd ate yo ur Map Library on a reference purposes. use (the Canadian Snnple ment will regular basis. • Easy for patrons to use. fit easily into either case). Index di vider s within the case mak e it • Simple for librarians to easy for patrons to ide nt ify and To Order or for maintain. remov e individual maps. More Information, • Available from a reliab le Call Toll-Free: central source of supply. In T HE H.W. WILSON lUI C O MPAN Y 1-800-367-6770 • Affordable for any library 950 University Avenue In N.Y.S. call I· XI XI-462·606 0: budget. Bronx. New York 10452 in Canada call collec t 2 12-5XX-X400. 24 ~1 .t:: I The World. matches reality more closely than its National Geographic Society, Cartographic venerable predecessor. .. . we believe Division. Supplement 10 National Geo that its compromises are the most graphic, December 1988, Vol. 174. No. reasonable for a general reference map 6, Page 91OA . of the world" [Garver 1988, 913). 73.5 x 116.5 em. Scale 1:30,840,000. The Robinson projection is part of the Robinson projection. continuing cartographic struggle to solve Washington, D. C.: National Geographic the problem of portraying effectively the Society, 1988. eart h's spherical surface on a flat sheet. National Geographic has a circulation of In a century of publication National over 10,000.000. If only a small percent Geographic (Magazine) has been supple age of these subscribers use the map mented with over a dozen world maps. and organize their personal "mental The first of these sheets appeared in maps" using Robinson's geographical 1896, accompanying an article on "The structure. then a considerable number of Submarine Cables of the World. " On the people will have a more accurate image Mercator projection, this map was a of the relative sizes of things on the " facsimile" of U. S. Hydrographic Office surface of the eart h. This map has an " .. . we beli eve that chart 1530 (Herrle 1896. 107). The extraordinary potential. its compromises are second was offered to the 3.400 mem CHARACTERISTICS OF THE the most reasonable bers of the Society in 1905; again, PROJECTION for a general reference map of the world." " through the courtesy of the Hydro "A globe is an accurate model of graphic Office of the Navy Department the earth and is the only possible . . . a chart of the world on Mercator's medium of showing all geograp hical projection. showing the submarine cable relationships truly. But globes have lines and their connections and ocean their practical drawbacks.. . . routes " [NGM 1905.) was provided. Hence systems of projections. The 1922 map supplement. the first based on the geometry or trig prepared by the Society staff for general onometry of the sphere, have been reference, was presented on the Van der devised through the centuries to Grinten projection. " The product of help the map-maker cope with this several years of research and labor," the problem as well as possible . . . a Society pointed out that the new map spherical surface cannot be re " materially reduces distortions of size produced with perfect accuracy on and shape, the most serious defects in a flat surface. [Map projections] are the familiar Mercator projection" [NGM really common-sense solutions of 1922.) The Van der Grinten became the an insoluble problem. . . . A projec mainstay of the world maps of the tion represents a map-maker's (Map proj ections ] are Society and was used with only a few effort to show all or part of the really common-se nse solutions of an insolu exceptions until December 1988. spherical earth on a flat surface in a ble problem. At that time, after having carefully way which best suits the purpose assayed the serviceability of more than for which the map is made." twenty projections and with fanfare in [Chamberlin 1947. 52-53) both the popular and the professional The Robinson projection is a compro press. the Society adopted the Robinson mise; it seeks to minimize the distortion projection for its world map.In a four of shapes which occurs when the sphere page article introducing the map. the is transformed to a plane while. at the Chief Cartographer of the Society. John same time, hold size variations to a B. Garver, Ir., summarized the situation minimum. This is an impossible task. for succinctly: " In the combination of shape these propert ies cannot both be retained and area [the Robinson projection) in the conversion. To understand the ~ MRRIOIAN 2 25 map, the nine characteristics " deemed ess , a sort of graphic successive approx desirable or mandatory" by Rand imation, . . . repeated until it became McNally when the specifications for the obvious that further adjustment would new projection were first considered in produce no improvement , at least to the 1961 are important; these are discussed eyes of the author" [Robinson 1974, thoroughly in " A New Map Projection: 152]. Its Development and Characteristics" If one examines the distribution of [Robinson 1974, 147-48]: areal deformation and angular distortion, familiar patterns emerge. The projection a) The projection syste m should be has little deformation and distortion at appropriate for either a wall map the center but there is significant size display or a small-scale atlas map. exaggeration and shape distortion in the b) The entire eart h most be shown high latitudes and polar regions. As is in oninterrupted form. the case with pseudo-cylindrical projec c) Each major continent most ap tions, angular deformation is great in the pear ess entially as a unit, that is, higher latitudes; further, by design, areal be located in its entirety in one exaggeration is significant in these areas section of the projection. as well. d) The major continents should While the pattern of angular deforma have the least possible appearance tion (figure 1) is that presented by of shearing, that is, noticeable Robinson (1974), the pattern of areal angular deformation. exaggeration has been redeveloped for e) The major continents should presentation here. Robinson points out have, within their extent, the least that, conceptually, the standard lines for possible apparent change of area the projection are the thirty-eighth paral scale. leis; these are the same length as the f) Each of the continents should parallels on a sphere with a surface equal appear to be approximately its in area to that of the projection. Thus , correct relative size. along these "standard lines," the areal g) The graticule should appear scale factor is considered to be 1.0; simple and straightforward. while the areal scale increases poleward , h) The outer limit or overall shape it decreases toward the equator. At the of the projection should be suitable equator the scale of the projection is for a sheet format with a proportion about twenty percent smaller than along of approximately 1.4 to 1.0, with these standard lines; it increases pole some of the vertical space to be ward and along the eighty-fifth parallel, it used for extra material, such as is 228 percent larger. "It is 'Worth noting polar maps, legend, title, etc. that more than 75% of the earth's i) The syste m should be suitable for surface is shown with less than a 20% use by readers of all ages, that is, departure from its true size" [Robinson, the projection should minimize the 1974, 154]. There is, however, in this ·. . the projecti on possibility of inducing lasting er " departure" a 40 percent difference in should minimize the roneous impressions, such as might size. If one looks at relative size possibility of inducing result, for example, from the relationships using the equator as the lasting erroneous im marked variation in area scale of pressions .. . benchmark for developing the com the conventional form of Mercator's parison, then the areal exaggeration is projection. over 400 percent at the eighty-fi fth These characteristics yielded a series parallel (figure 2).' of specifications which "describe, in general terms, an uninterrupted, non CONTEXT equal-area, pseudo-cylindrical projection, Without an extensive review of the with the poles being lines rather than history of map projections, it is impossi points, and with straight line parallels ble to explore all of the factors which evenly divided by the meridians" provide a context for the Robinson [Robinson 1974, 149]. The projection projection. Several key points can, how was developed using an "iterative proc- ever, be made. 26 MERIDIAN 2 ~ Robinson projection fi ts. Given the pur pose (general reference map of the world), the assets and liabilities of all of the projections available (and possible), and the legacy established by the Van der Grinten, not only is the graphic structure inviting but also the thor oughness of Robinson' s logic is per suasive. CLAIMS We must view statements made about map projections cautiously. Robinson' s position and procedures, se t down in his Figure 1. Angular deformation (2 cc} , in degrees. 1974 article, are straightforward. In the article accompanying the new map, Garver notes that this is " a different and more realistic view of the world" [1988, 911J. From the perspective of the National Geographic Society, it is, in deed, different and more realistic. It is markedly different than the Van der Grinten (a point which the Society's news releases make forcefully; figure 4): There is considerably less areal exag geration overall, and the exaggerations of the sizes of areas in the high latitudes and polar regions have been much reduced. On the other hand, while there is considerably less shape (i.e., angular) Figure 2. Areal exaggeration, in percentage, based on the equator as a standard for size. distortion on the Van der Grinten, It seems that every discussion of map angular deformation is a less important projections begins with Mercator. To be factor in a map for this purpose? sure, there were world projections be Size variation was a major focus of the fore 1569, but none has had so great an publication announcement, and (as was impact as this sixteenth-century master pointed out above) it is important to piece. There were a variety of equiv recognize that the amount of size varia alent projections produced after tion among the areas on the projection is Mercator, but the historical precedence actually greater than indicated, for some of his conformal perspective established areas have been reduced in size while it thoroughly and maintained it as the others are enlarged. principal structure for world maps for Garver concludes that the Robinson centuries . projection " does not espouse any special Compromises (Van der Grinten and point of view, and we [the National Miller), interruptions (Goode's Homol Geographic Society] believe that its osine), and different orientations compromises are the most reasonable (Briesemeister) are primarily twentieth for a general reference map of the century ventures, for it has been prin world" [1988, 913]. If this is not " the cipally within the past century that most reasonable " choice for a new geographers (and others) have sought projection for a map of this type, it is a suitable alternative solutions to " the solution which has been very carefully impossible problem" (figure 3). " There considered. is no single solution . . . it is simply a I cannot agree with Garver, however, matter of finding [the projection] that that " the projection does not es pouse best suits the purpose" [Garver 1988, any special point of view," for, indeed, it 912J. It is in this context that the does. It takes the position that a general ~ MERJI) IANZ 27 Grinten is one of a number of compro mises that curried favor; it reduced the extreme size exaggeration found on the Mercetor and avoided the extreme shape distortions which mark the equivalent projections . The Robinson projection reduces these size exaggerations further, Mefcalol (con1ormal). 1569 but does not eliminate them - thus it is not so extreme in the compression and Vander GlIOlen . 1904 shearing of shapes in the higher lati tudes. the situation which characte rizes equal-area projections (a point which is emphasized by both Robinson and Garve r). Shearing and compression are. among other problems . characteristics of the Peters (or. more correct ly, the Gall Peters) projection which has generated considerable discussion [Peters. 1983; Robinson, 1985 and 1987}. Milter .1942 OTHER ISSUES, INC LUDIN G LAYOUT AND DESIGN While this review is concerned prima rily with the projection used for The Ilvrfd, several othe r aspects of this map supplement require comment. The essay. " Endangered Earth" (one large and five small maps. along with a graph and considerable text). which appears on the reverse side of The lI orEd could be examined at some length. For our purposes. the most significant aspect of this essay is the fact that it presents data for the world on three maps, using the Mollweide (an equal Robi ll$OO , l963 Briesel1l!ister {equal-area}, 1953 area) projection. Figure 3. World Proecton s-ca context for the Robinson Projection. Rand McNaUy has used the Robinson reference map of the world must. in a projection for small-scale topical maps. in systematic way, be a compromise. nei both Goode's Ilorld Alias and The ther confonnal nor equivalent. " The International Atlas. On The IIvrfd the ultimate objective was a projection for two topical maps use the Interrupted world maps that minimized the appear Goode Homolosine projection. (Garve r ance of angular and area distortion" (personal communication] points out that [Robinson et al. 1984, 104]. the National Geographic Society has as a Every map is a product . a reflection, goal for its reference maps the use of a of the culture which produced it. The wide variety of projections). Mercator grew from an exploration Continuing the tradition of including E ,. ~ ry map is a prod. oriented, maritime-based world; it has two inset maps of the polar regions , the uct , a refl ection. or the Society has positioned the north polar culture whirh pro the properties critical to that purpose. region map in an orientation such that duced it. That it dominated the "world map scene" for so long is not surprising, for the North Atlantic Ocean is the most it was only with the emergence of truncated sector of the map. Reposition educational programs in geography that ing the map would have made it possible consideration of different perspectives to provide a deare r view of a most became fashionable. The Van der important area for the American reade r. 28 shown. As was noted above, the Eckert Changing World Views (and, in some instances the Mercetor) projection used for the se types of maps Aft er more thIIn a halfcentury of usi"'il ...m pl4o, II onl, 18 ~llalver than on earlier editions has been replaced the Van dM Grln len protection tor 1'1. It Is on. globe of the same 5ClI1e; on worIcl ,.,.pa, the National Geographic the Van del' Grlnlen, It Is 223 ~ with the Interrupted Goode 's Homo Society Is cl>anging to the Robinaorl ....geI". Green land. which looh nearty proJection beeauH it more eloaely .. big •• South America on the Van losine. In the effort to increase the portray. the world a. it lUll, II . On det Gr!nlen, Is .etuall, abou'l the slu scales of these two maps, portions of the Robinaorl. the Soviet Union. for of Med co . them cove r the grat icule designations along the bottom of the map as well as portions of Antarctica. Wind and current information were last presented on the oceans in the 1970 map supplement; these were omitted in 1975 and there has been considerable generalization in the rep resentation of ocean floor features since that time, providing a much cleaner appe arance for these parts of the map. The 1988 map continues this trend and oceanic areas now provide a good background for land ROBINSON features and their labels . The design (symbolization. typogra phy, etc.) of the map itself deserves attention. While the style of The lJorld has evolved to its present fonn over half a century, there are significant changes in the content and graphic structure of this map when compared to its prede cessors. One expects a particular graphic style (especially in the use of •. +-+----;- color and typography) from the National Geographic Society; this style will be w.-\---\--+-i found here. It is accompanied, however. by considerable simplification; there are fewer place names on the map than in earlier versions. and linear features (e.g .. coastlines) are more generalized. Garve r [personal communication] VAN DER GRINTEN points out that uninhabited or sparsely inhabited areas will no longer be filled PlIf cenlage hgufes represent area d'Storll(ln on each map. with names of places . If one compares the 1981 map with the new version, a reduction from 64 to 46 name s ....'ill be fi gure 4. News release from the NDlnaI GeoitraphicSociety. comparing the Robinson found in Algeria. Mali and Niger. A andV.m der Grintl'n projections. similar reduction in the number of names There are two hemispheric maps can be found elsewhere (for example, (using the orthographic projection). one the number of names in Iceland has been eastern and one western , showing in reduced from 25 to 11; further, San pictorial form the relief of the land Sebastian and Huelva no longer appear in surface and oceanic floor. These are not Spain, and San Angelo, \...'ich ita Falls and titled or annotated in any way, and there Port Arthur are no longer mapped in is no indication of the scale or the Texas-hut Lubbock and Odessa are). projection which was used. Finally, even though there are areas The n orld has always included from outside the map itself where such two to six small scale topical maps; here infonnation could have been displayed , religion and population density are the names of the 28 mem bers of the ~ Mf.NIlHAN 2 29 Society staff who deve loped the new LITERATUR E CITED map are printed on the surface of Wilkes " Chart of the World," The National Land (Antarctica), Simi1arIy, there is a Geographic Magazint. 16, 1905. 87. note about " Map Projections" printed in " The Society's New Map of the the Indian Ocean. Scales and other World," The National Geographic legend information are, in trad itional Magazim~. 42. 1922, 690. fashion, printed in the South Pacific Chamberlin. Wellman. 1947. The Round Ocean. For this reviewer. these are Earth on Flat Paper; Map Projections annoying disturbances of the map sur Usedby Cartographers, Washington: face; it would seem that all of them could National Geographic Society, have been avoided. Garver. John B.. Ir., 1988. "New SUMMARY Perspective on the World, " National For 66 years the Van der Grinten was Geographic. 174, 6. 910·913. the world projection of the National Herrle. Gustave. 1896, " The Submarine Geographic Society- this was a response Cables of the World," The National by the Society to the Mercator projec Geographic Magazine. 7. 102·107. tion. which had been the standard for Peters. Amo, 1983, The New Cartogra mapping the world for centuries. In phy. New York: Friendship Press. adopting the Robinson projection, the Robinson. Arthur H,. 1974. " A New Society has chosen to reduce the areal Map Projection: Its Development and exaggeration on its world maps signifi Characteristics." International Year· Rob in_n'lI apprOlich to cantly; by doing this the "pendulum" book of Cartography. 14, 1974, t he " i m po s s i b l ~ prob has shifted closer to equivalence of area. 145-155. I ~m " is a lIigllifkant distorting shape (i.e•• increasing angular Robinson. Arthur H.• 1985. "Amo Pet (' han lC~ in spat ial pe r ers and His New Cartography," The speetrse. deformation) significantly. Robinson 's ap proach to the " impossible problem" is a American Cartographt r. 12. 103-111. significant change in spatial perspective. Robinson. Arthur H., 1987. "Reflections This and the reduced amount of informa on the Gall-Peters Projection." Social tion shown on the map are important Education. 51, 260-264 . innovations in a tradition which has been Robinson. Arthur H.• Randall D. Sale. characterized by accuracy, currency and Joel L. '-10rrison. and Phillip C. utility. In its new form and design The M uehrcke. 1984. Elements of Car H0rld should be just as useful as its tography, fifth edition. New York. John predecessors, if not more so. Wile y & Sons. NOTES Snyder, John P.• 1977, " A Comparison 1. Ccnsult, for further explanation and examples. of Pseudocylindr ical Projections," ElPmul ls oj Curl"gmphy, by Robinson et a!.. 19R4. For a mor e exte nsive perspective on The American Cartographer. 4, 59-81. pseudo-q'!irlllrical projections, se e Snyde r. 1917 . 2. Snyder (1987, 2421 points out lhat " the fonnulas lor scale facto rs [00 the Van der George F.l\lcCleary. Jr. Grinttnl are quitt kongthy." Lacking these, it is Department of Geography not possible 10 sa)' exactly how much angular deformation difference there is between the two Univers ity of Kan sa s projections . It is ol;wious. from a \i sual examina· Lawrence, KS tion, til.- there is mud' mort on the Robinson projection. • ~optogpop.ep , InA c12;mae(!6J;/;;OllS 10019 Fairfax Court. N. W. Albuquerque, New Mexico USA 87114 (505) 898·6905 Robert E. Lyons [World map of 1448]. Andreas Walsperger 43 cm in diameter on sheet 73.5 x 59.5 cm. (Accompanying English pamphlet: ISBN 1-55928-039-5.) $100.00. [Marine map of the Medi terranean Sea and part of the North Atlantic Ocean, 1508]. Andrea Benincasa 61 x 96 cm, on sheet 64.2 x 99.3 cm. (Accompanying English pamphlet: ISBN 1-55928-034-4.) $120.00. [Marine map of the Medi terranean Sea and part of the North Atlantic Ocean, 1497]. [ehuda Ben Zara 65x92 cm, on sheet 67x 106 cm. (Accompanying English pamphlet:ISBN 1-55928-033-6.) $100.00. Additional publication information for Ih e Ihree above maps: [Yorhtoum Heights, N.Y.: Belser Inc.. 1988j. {(Belser Andreas walsperger's world map. 1448. (Original measures approximately 59.9 x 73.5 em.) Facsimile Editions from the Vatican Library)]. Reviewing facsimiles of maps is not an exercise in map reviewing in the usual sense. The three maps under review here have been in existence for about five centuries and should be above both praise and reproach. What can be examined, however, is the facsimiles as publications in their own right, consider ing such aspects as the appropriateness of the selection, the quality of the facsimiles, their visual appeal, and the relevance and usefulness of any accom panying textual material. The original charts in the Vatican Library are obviously objects of great beauty; great care has been taken in producing these facsimiles to not lose any of the aest hetic qualities of the originals. Modern printing technology, including the laser scanner, have been put to good use to reproduce the originals' subtle colors and tones, and the text and drawings are probably as clear as we can ever expect to see them TIle Marine Map of Iehuda Ben Zara, 1497. (Original measures approximately l 06x 67 em.) short of having the originals before us. ~ 1 F.R m I A N eo:o 2 31 The backs of the charts have also been several selected examples of significant photographed and that image has then maps representative of different periods, been printed on the backs of the cultures , types and so forth. No attempt facsimiles. The nriginals of all three are should be made to collect all of these drawn on animal hides; the facsimiles are early maps unless one's collection is printed on "special tear-proof paper " specializing in such material, or a year that has a feel resembling that of the end surplus of funds leaves one looking original skins. for nice pieces on which to splurge. If (A sheet accompanying each facsimile seeking to acquire such a selection, map declares it to be " an exact reproduc curators will probably not regret spend tion" of the original, a state ment that ing money on the facsimiles discussed must be accepted with "we know what here. you mean" since the facsimiles under And if you do purchase any or all of magnification are seen to be composed of these, it would be wise not to merely dots of the three primary colors , with frame or file them, but rather to some black added.) familiarize yourse lf with them by working I claim no special expertise in the through some of the secondary literature cartography of the era represented by recommended, especially the chapter these maps.Reading the texts that mentioned by Woodward and Campbell. accompany these facsimiles and supple The charts deserve it; the effo rt will be menting this with some of the "sug richly rewarded. geste d readings" mentioned at the ends of the essays (and, most important, with LITERATURE CITED David Woodward's chapter on medieval mappaemundi and Tony Campbell's on Harley, J.B . and David Woodward, edi pre-1500, published in History of Car tors. 1987. The History of Cartograpy. . .. these documents tography (Harley and Woodward 1987) Volume One: Cartography in Pre can be appreciat ed as historic, Ancient, and Medievat Europe remarkably rich after the appearance of these facsimiles), sources of informati on one readily becomes aware of the and the Mediterranean. Chicago: Uni importance of these works. The corpus versity of Chicago Press. of charts and maps of this early period is small; with the broad study in which we can now engage, these documents can Edward H. Dahl be appreciated as remarkably rich Early Cartography Specialist sources of information about, and insight Nationa l Archives of Canada into, the perceptions of their makers and Ottawa, Ontario the times in which they were made. Every map collection that aims to be in some sense comprehensive needs .. . •ANTIQUE MAPS •AMERICA NA •WESTERN EXPLORAT ION • ANTIQUE PRINTS - - , I \ , I Catalogues Issued ",'qu"',.J, ART SOU RCE INTERNATION AL , J t J ;J 1655 Waln ut · Suite 200 INTERNATIONAL BoulJ cr, CO 80302 (303) 444·4080 32 ~tERllllA:-l 2 eGO BOOK REVIEWS Historical Atlas of the Both externally and internally the thematic sec tions of the HistoricalAtlas United States . move from the general to the particular. By the National Geographic Society (U. S.) Thus the atlas starts with unpopulated Washington. D.C.: The Society. 1988. land, adds people, organizes the people 289 pages. into regions. creates the economic ISBN 0-87044-747-5 (regular edition) framework. the communications net $59.95; 0-87044-748-3 (deluxe edition work, and finally analyzes communities with slipcase and 17 map portfolio) which combine all the previous elements $74.95. in one locale. Internally the various articles are structured in a similar The Historical Atlas of the United fashion. In the section on land. for States. like the nation whose history it instance, we move from large. continent portrays, is so rich in its variety and wide topics (landforms , climate, hydrol texture, that one hardly knows where to ogy) through more localized matters begin a review. This is a work which such as flora and fauna, to finally should be in every reference collection consider the human impact on the and every map collection of every library environment. The Historical Atlas does in the country. Doubtless, it will also find not hesitate to present the negative its way into the hands of historians both aspects of the latter. A two page (16-17) professional and amateur, and a place on section is titled " The Natural Heritage many coffee tables. AU of which is to say Under Stress," and contains a box titled that the Historical Atlas is a work which " Eden Made Hell in a Century" which can be used, and enjoyed, by a wide deals with the effect of coal mining in The llietoricei ..U/as variety of readers. Eastern Kentucky. does not hesitate to Presenting the entire history of the The chronological sections use a split present the negative United States in a single volume, ori page format to pres ent information. The aspects . .. ented towards graphics rather than text. top three-fourths of the page contains is a daunting task. The editors have textual and illustrative material that ad elected to simplify matters by hewing to dresses the topic. while the bottom one a straight factual approach, avoiding, by fourth of the page carries a chronological and large. any excursions into interpreta time line detailing dates and events . tion. or addressing any historical contro Pages 168·169, for instance, cover the versies.They have succeeded admirably, Civil War to Vicksburg (a heading. with one conceptual failing discussed incidentally, showing that the editors below. in their task. recognize that the fall of Vicksburg was When confronted with a project of any more important strategically than Lee 's magnitude, any historian may elect either retreat from Gettysburg on the same a straight chronological approach. or take day). The top of the page contains a two up the subject in a series of thematic column essay, a conte mporary Civil War ess ays. The Historical Atlas adopts both map of Vicksburg. a modern map show approaches. alternating thematic sections ing troop movement s and battles through with chronological ones. There are six 1863, five illustrations, and a graph. The thematic sections: land, people. bound bottom time line starts in February 1861 aries , economy, networks. and commu and continues through June of 1863. nities, all with coverage into the 1980's Major battles and events are dated. but where appropriate. The thematic sec so are little bits of minor history: in 1861 tions are separated by chronological brass saxhorns (a cross between a tuba essays. covering 1400-1606. 1607-1788, and a trumpet) were made by the 1789-1860, 1861-1916. and 1917-1988. Wurlitzer company under contract to the ~ ~t E H:lDlAN 2 33 Union Army; a shipment of Lucy Ann historical maps and illustrations to ac dolls was used to conceal quinine being company the new material drawn or smuggled into the Confederacy in 1863. photographed by the National Geographic The thematic sections of the book are Society for the Historical Atlas. The list the longest-193 pages or 72% of the of contributing or consulting scholars is material. The chronology occupies 60 also most impressive. pages or 22%, the balance being taken It is very diffi cult to criticize a work up by a U.S. map, an exte nsive bibli such as this. As mentioned in the fi rst ography, a list of consultants, and an paragraph, this is an atlas which should excellent index. be in every library, public and personal. The book is designed so that the two Along with the 'gutter' problem men facing pages are integrated both textually tioned above, there are a few minor and artistically. Instead of two 18- by 12 irritations attributable to the design and inch units of information the reader looks layout of the book. First , there is a great at a single 18- by 24-inch combination of deal of material presented on any given ... an atlas which text and illustrated matter dealing with a two page spread. Particularly in the should be in eve ry li single topic, or limited time period. chronological sections, with their split brary. public and per While the designers have, for the most page design, this leads to some very sonal. part , avoided having critical data disap " busy" pages. One is almost over pear into the gutt er, there are the whelmed by the amount of information occasional lapses. The gutter runs right being presented, and the accompanying down the middle of Lake Michigan in the amount of effo rt expended in filtering out reproduction of Franquelin's 1688 the specific data desired. The second " Carte de I'Amerique Septrionale" on nitpick is a function of the first . In pages 78-79, for instance. presenting a great deal of material in a Each topic or time period usually limited space, some of it winds up being contains a textual essay, maps both new reduced beyond the point of legibility. and old, illustrations (photographs andlor The picture of the Drake brass plate on paintings or drawings) and occasionally page 24, and the Dee map on page 25 statistical charts to supplement the text. are examples of the problem . One of the articles about Chicago (pages The only major conceptual criticism to 250-251) contains seven new maps be made is the "Anglo-East coast" drawn for the article, a 1933 railroad approach to exploring and settling the map of the downtown area, five pictures United States. The usual Anglo-centri c (including a portrait of AI Capone), all approach is to assume that everything supplementing a 350 word article. started at Jamestown, and ignore the The editors have clearly made good Native Americans, Blacks. and Hispanics use of their Washington, D.C.. location who played a part in the early settling of to provide illustrative material for the the continent. The treatment of Native Historical Atlas. Many of the historical Americans and Blacks in the 1400-1606 maps used have the Library of Congress chronological section, and the People .. . the long Spanish history in the south property stamp visible on them. A thematic section is thorough in the west is hardly ad reading of the bibliography and list of context of the book.Later immigrant dressed . .. sources (pages 260-273) indicates that groups are also noted. What is missing the Library of Congress , various national almost totally is coverage of the early galleries , the National Archives, various Spanish presence in what became the units of the Smithsonian, and other American Southwest. Except for a small government agencies all provided mate map on page 37, the long Spanish rial for the Historical Atlas. The editors history in the southwest is hardly did oot stop in Washington, however. addressed in the entire Historicat Atlas. Also noted as sources, among many Surely some attention could have been others , are the Bodleian Library, the paid to the third largest cultural grouping Royal Library at Windsor Castle, the in the country? Woodstock, Vermont, Historical Society, Those criticisms aside, the Historical and the Bishop Museum in Honolulu. Atlas of the United States is an im The result is a rich combination of pressive work, both conceptually and 34 MEKJDlAN 2 ~ physically. The des ign may be a trifle more specifically, " to show how ideas busy to some eyes, but the quality of developed , how processes and tech the print, paper, and reproduction of niques began, when materials were first illustrations are all superb. This re used, and how knowledge of innovations viewer's copy came with a magnifying was diffused and transmitted" (xi). Their sheet of plastic, an overlay template procedure is to provide brief historical showing additional data at the four map essays on 191 map types , processes, scales used in the atlas, and a 24- by 35 techniques , and materials . and to arrange inch map with a National Geographic these essays in classified order. Society United States on one side, and Terms are arranged in eight broad Erwin Raisz's familia r Landforms of the groups: I) Types of maps, 2) Maps of United States on the other. human occupation and activities, 3) Maps The Historical Atlas is billed as the of natural phenomena, 4) Reference Centennial Edition because its release systems and geodetic concepts. 5) Sym coincides with the centennial of the bolism, 6) Techniques and media, 7) National Geographic Society. The Society Methods of duplication, and 8) Atlases. is to be commended for this superb Within thes e groups, the term s and addition to the literature. subdivisions of terms are arranged alpha betically. Each term is assigned a unique Charl es A. Seavey classified number constructe d, it would Graduate Library School see m, so that other term s could be University of Arizona interpolated at a later date. Each essay is Tucson, Arizona divided into three parts: a definition of the term , prefixed by the capital letter A; the essay proper, a narrative' which usually takes a chronological approach and is prefixed by the capital letter B; and bibliographical references to the Cartographical Innova essay, prefixed by the capital letter C. The advantage of a classed arrange tions: An International ment of these term s is, of course . that Handbook of Mapping related terms are brought together. Terms to 1900. Thus, we find Copper engraving, Etch Edited by Helen M. Wallis and Arthur H. ing, Gravure, and Steel engraving all Robinson. together under Intaglio technique rather [Tring, Middleser]: Map Collector Pub than scattered throughout the alphabet. lications in association with the Inter By reading the essays which precede national Cartographic Association, and follow a given term , it is possible to 1987. :cr. 353 p. gain a conspectus of the subject as a ISB N: 0-906-430-04-6. £23.00. whole. The coverage is very thorough. Virtually all the map types and technical Cartographical Innooations is, at bot elements that one might wonder about tom. a kind of history of cartography. or are here, from Land-use map, Botanical more specifically, a classified outline map, and Satyrical map, to Prime merid history of maps and mapmaking. It is the ian, Square grid, and Spot height. And result of an international. cooperative the editors have made a valiant effo rt to effort by the Working Group (now a avoid Eurocentri sm. They cite many · . . brief historical es· Standing Commission) on the History of maps from the Orient, Middle East , and says on 191 map types Cartography of the International Car South Asia as well as maps by preliterate tographic Association; the editors ac peoples. On the other hand, the classi knowledge the assistance of no fewer fied approach perhaps encourages more than 96 "contributors and correspond repetition than is necessary or desirable. ents." They state as their purpose " to For instance, the general term Route identify on a worldwide scale the main map includes information about Egyptian points of advance and change in the and Chinese maps of waterways, and on science and art of cartography," and Roman, medieval, and modem road ~ ~1ER lIJlAN 2 35 maps. Most (but not all) of this informa brarians preparing sale and exhibition tion is repeated under the subdivisions catalogs will find in it an abundance of Canal/River chart and Road map. The " fi rsts," " earliests," and " notables." three term s Magnetic meridian, Mag Those intent on building collections will netic north, and Magnetic variation are find in it citations (although not always easy enough to differentiate in the very full) to hundreds of primary maps definition section of the essays , but in and books important in one way or the narrative map-histories it becomes another in the development of the field. impossible to maintain these fine, mod Those encountering these map types, ern distinctions and most of the same materials, and techniques in other guises cartogra phers and maps are cited in will have a yardstick against which to eacb. All three overlap with Compass judge their relative importa nce. Finally, declination map. Loxodrome and Rhumb its approach to cartographic history by line are defined in the A sections as analyzing the material culture -the ar synonymous, but each gets an essay to tifacts and their parts-can suggest itself. intriguing connections that would other Like other books of reference, Car wise go unrecognized. What, for in ·. . an abundance of tographical Innovations will be dipped stance, do the Mitchell map of North "firsts." "earfiests ," into for facts rather than read through America (1755), the Cantino world map and " notables. " for a unifying argument. Unfortunately, (1502), and the Kirkstead psalter map of the facts are not always as easy to come ca. 1300 have in common?(All show by as they might be. One of the most boundaries.) Cartographical Innovations consistent disappointments is the un is a unique and import ant addition to the evenness of the citations to the liter literature of the history of cartography ature. Some citations to primary and is bound to be a staple on reference documents include titles in the original shelves for a long time to come. language, places and dates of publication, and names of publishers, but most omit Robert W.Karrow, J r. one or more of these elements. Some Administrative Curator of Specia l essays cite the secondary literature (in Cnllections a nd Curato r of Maps parenthetical references) fairly consist The Newber ry Library ently, while others leave one wondering Chicago. Ill inois where to go for more information. For instance, under Tactile map, we read of "a relief globe of papier mache, 41 em. in diameter . . . made in 1822, inspired by Johann August Zeune, the geog rapher-cartographer, who was associated Mapping the North with the first German school for the blind which opened in 1806" (70). If one Carolina Coas t: Sixteenth wished more information about this Century Cartography and globe, including, perhaps, the location of the Roanoke Voyages. the original, one would get no help from By William P. Cummings the essay. Anyone of five or six Raleigh, NC: Division of Archives and references cited in the bibliographical History, North Carolina Department of section might have been the source of Cultural Resources, 1988. 143 pages. this reference, but it is impossible to say ISBN 0-8652-232-2 (paperback) $10.00, which. Only two errors of fact were plus $1.50 postage and handling. noted: the purchase of Alaska was 1867, not 1845 (168) and the name of the 16th Throughout the decade of the century Cologne cartographer is Vopel, eighties, the state of North Carolina has not Vogel (255). The index is adequate. devoted considerable energy and ex Despite these relatively minor short pense to the observance of the quadri comings, Cartographical Innovations fill s centennial of the first English attempts a real need and will surely have a long to explore and settle North America. and useful life. Map dealers and li- Numerous conferences , programs, pres- 36 MERIDIAN 2 eot entations and, of a more permanent feature. The volume concludes with a nature, a series of publications, have section of 28 plates, photographically been produced commemorating the mo reproducing many of the more important mentous events of the 1580's, As part maps discussed in the essay.Each map of that series , the present work is is reproduced on a single sheet, accom intended to bring together in a single panied by an extensive caption. brief account what we know of the Those familiar with Professor Cum explorations related to the English colo ming's work will not be surprised to nial ventures of that period, and the learn that he has produced a well geographic information they produced. researched, thoroughly documented, lit Although not specifically stated, it ap erate and very readable account. His pears to be aimed at a popular audience text reveals a profound understanding of rather than a scholarly one, not only the minutiae of the various There is no one better qualified to expeditions and voyages he chronicles, produce a treatise on this subject than . . . it appears to he but also of the perilous nature of aimed at a popular au William P. Cumming, a native North seafaring expeditions in the early era of dience .. . Carolinian and the dean of historians of sail, and the politics governing the American discovery and exploration, He control and access to the geographic has produced an extended essay, divided information these expeditions produced, into nine chapters , totalling 63 pages of He even demonstrates a thorough com text. The scope of the work is quite mand of the geologic and hydraulic broad. It starts by examining the car forces which created and then alte red tographic materials and information avail the coastal landscapes mapped in the able to the English explorers and documents he discusses. colonists prior to setting out for the New Professor Cumming has covered much World, beginning with the reports and of this ground before, In numerous maps from the earliest voyages . Cum articles and several books he has exam ming discusses these voyages in detail, ined and reported in detail on the and carefully analyzes the maps associ explorations and the maps they pro ated with them. He documents the duced.His Southeast in Early Maps extent to which English perceptions of (Cumming 1962) remains the definitive the Atlantic coast of North America work on the subject, and the folio of were conditioned by Spanish explorations maps, with commentary, that he pro and maps, He devotes an entire chapter duced for the North Carolina Depart to "foreign" maps which were, or might ment of Archives and History more than have been, available in England just prior two decades ago served a model for to the voyages of Humphrey Gilbert and many similar productions (Cumming Walter Raleigh, He then follows through 1966).1 Some of Cumming's earlier with what the English colonists actually work, and even some of the same found when they arrived on the outer language, inevitably finds its way into banks, and how the picture of the coast these pages as well. (For example, that they constructed found its way into compare the discussion of Juan Vespucci subsequent European cartogrphic pro on pages 13 and 14 with that on page 84 duction. of the Discovery of North America The text is presented in a large format (Cumming, Skelton and Quinn 1971». (8'12- by l I-inches), and though set in a This is not to say that the present work ... a new synthesis of single column on the page, the type is is merely a rehash of previous publica the topic ... repre large enough and with broad enough tions. It is instead a new synthesis of senting the state of the margins to be easily read. A separate the topic, incorporating the most recent art" at the present 20-page section of 228 notes, numbered scholarship and interpretation, represent time. in a single sequence, set in much smaller ing the " state of the art" at the present type which is difficult to read, follows time. Its real value is in bringing the text. The notes are followed in turn together all of this material in a single by a brief appendix comparing the brief, readable account. coastal nomenclature on sixtee nth cen The book has its shortcomings, how tury Spanish charts, a very useful ever. Many of the map reproductions are ~ MERIDIAN 2 37 so small and blurry that they are Printed Maps Delineating the Texas impossible to read. Why, for example , and Southwestern Chapters in the must the detail from Juan de la Cosa's Cartographic History of North America. 1500 world chart be reduced to scare Austin: Texas State Historical Associa cely more than 3- by 5-inches, sur tion. rounded by a sea of white on the 8112- by ll-inch page? I found it necessary to refer to better reproductions of the Robert S. Martin maps published in other books; ironically, Assistant Director of Libraries for some of these were Cumming's own Special Collections works, notably the magnificent Discovery Louisiana State University of North America cited above. s Finally, Baton Rouge, Louisiana the book lacks both a bibliography and an index, features which would prove extra ordinarily useful, especially for the popu lar audience for which it was evidently intended. These defects do no detract Sheppard's International from the merits of the text, they merely limit its usefulness. It nevertheless Directory of Print and remains a welcome addition to the Map Sellers literature and, at the price, a bargain for London: Europa Publications, 1987. individuals and libraries alike. (Distributed in the USA by Seven Hills Books, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202).268 pages. NOTES ISBN: 0-946653-25-9. $42.00.. 1. This reviewer's own work with Texas Perhaps this book reflects the " com maps (Martin and Martin 1982) is ing of age" for map collecting, as this among the many which conciously volume will surely take its place in many followed the Cumming North Carolina libraries next to Sheppard 's Book Dealers model. in the British Isles (1987) and Sheppard 's 2. As an author who has himself been Book Dealers in North America (1986). victimized by designers and printers As the publisher states, " . . . there has in much the same way, this reviewer been a marked growth in trade and the recognizes that this is a criticism to market is showing every sign of continu be laid at the feet of the publisher, not ing expansion. Indeed, many more deal the author. ers now see prints or maps as their sole or principal line of business. LITERATURE CITED "The Directory contains standard in Cumming, WilliamP. 1962. The South formation for more the 700 dealers from east in Early Maps: With an Annotated Argentina to the U.S. Virgin Islands. Check List of Printedand Manuscript Included are the title of the firm, full Regional and Local Maps of South address, proprietor, telephone number, eastern North America During the hours, description of stock and spe Colonial Period. 2nd edition. Chapel cialties, number of catalogs if issued and Hill: University of North Carolina languages understood by the proprietors. Press. This information is organized by country Cumming, William P. 1966. North Car and alphabetically by town. The volume olina in Maps. Raleigh: State Depart begins with two extremely brief (1112 ment of Archives and History. and 2-page) overview articles on the Cumming, W. P., R. A. Skelton and D. international map and print trade. This is B. Quinn. 1971. The Discovery of followed by listings of periodicals, refer North America. London: Elek Books; ence books, and a too-brief glossary. New York: American Heritage Press. The geographical directory then occupies Martin, Robert Sidney, and James C. the majority of the volume with 172 Martin. 1982. Contours of Discovery: pages . This is followed by an alphabetical 38 MERIDIAN 2 eot index of dealers and a potentially very Interpretation of useful specialty index of dealers. This volume is attractively printed, Topographic Maps. adequately hardbound and easy to use. By Victor C. Millerand Mary E. When compared to International Direc Westerback tory of Map Dealers (1982) or to World Columbus , DB: Merrill Publishing Com Directory of Dealers in Antiquarian Maps pany, 1989. x 24196 unnumbered (Ritzlin 1980), it is obvious that Shep pages. pard's is not only more comprehensive ISBN: 0-675-20919-6 (paperback). but also includes additional important $25.00. · .. bringing together information on stock and specialties. It is information on over frustrating, of course, to find listings in The authors of this hefty paperback 700 dealers. the earlier titles and not to find them in caught my attention immediately, with a Sheppard's. Such is the nature of collect persuasive assertion that one cannot ing this type of information and the interpret a topographic map; one can publisher is to be commended for only interpret the topography as a map bringing together information on over depicts it. The shift of emphasis is 700 dealers . welcome because it encourages the If your library either has an anti reader to evaluate the maps, as well as quarian map or print collection, is the terrain, and thus occasionally to find acquiring such materials, or serves a things that were hinted at but not clientele that might benefit from this properly displayed on the map. information, I believe this directory will The next welcome surprise arrived in the form of a footnote on page 3, in prove to be a valuable resource. It is, in which the authors assert that the dif the final analysis, the most comprehen ference between a linear feature that is sive and up-to-date information we now have on this segment of the map and slightly curved and a true curvilinear feature is " like the distinction between print trade. "large" and "fairly large" potatoes, LITERATURE CITED (vague and arbitrary) but surprisingly International Directory of Map Dealers. workable." It is clear that the authors 1982. Tring, Herts., England: The have looked over the shoulders of Map Collector Publications. hundreds of literal-minded students and Ritzlin, George. 1980. World Directory of gently led them to appreciate (maybe Dealers in Antiquarian Maps. Chicago: even to revel in) the awesome ambiguity Chicago Map Society. of the real world. The book is filled with Sheppard's Book Dealers in North Amer subtle clues that address intermediate ica: a Directory of Antiquarian and map readers where they are, not where Secondhand Book Dealers in the they should be, and thus can teach them U.S.A. and Canada, 1986-87. 1986. to learn on their own. 10th edition. London: Europa . I use the word " intermediate" for a Sheppard 's Book Dealers in the British reason. The Introduction provides a Isles: a Directory of Antiquarian and sketchy road map of the book, and it Secondhand Book Dealers in the tells beginners about a thoughtfully pro United Kingdom, the Channel Islands, vided Appendix entitled "Getting Ac the Isle of Man and the Republic of quainted With Topographic Maps." Ireland. 1986. 12th edition. London: Unfortunately, that appendix drops the Europa Publications. reader directly into a not-too-clear dis cussion of bearings and azimuths, which is much more complex than is needed to David Cobb read the rest of the book. A follow-up Map and Geography Librarian section on scale is also too detailed; the University of Illinois section on contours is reasonably Urbana, Illinois straightforward; sections on latitude and township-and-range deal with symbols and ideas that have been carefully ~ MERIDIAN 2 39 expunged from all map examples in the "stair-step" in the narrative is almost book; and the discussion of gradient sure to draw readers' attention to these (which is the key to the approach used squared-off features (and, by extension, in the text) is left to last, after the away from the actual marine terraces patience of the reader has worn a bit that are the subject of the map). And the thin. full-page reference maps of the United Chapter One on General Principles is, States are models of clarity, but they are by contrast, a good introduction to basic rather large for the information con inferential geomorphology (though it veyed. A gray-screened shaded-relief does lavish a bit too much attention on base map would have been much more the rather klunky old obsequent-subse informative in the same space. quent-resequent typology). It has its The biggest problem with the book is focus on stream dissected landscapes, its resolute focus on the excitingly and it ends with a restatement of the unique. Many of the map descriptions difference between real and depicted have a "mystery-story" format, which terrain. This flows neatly into a short begins to wear thin after one has tried to chapter on the distinction between map digest a few dozen exceptions to a rule reading and map interpretation, with a that has never been clearly articulated. good choice of maps to illustrate the In this, the authors have plenty of interplay of "normal" and "cata company-they resemble nothing so strophic" landforming processes. much as an architect who directs our · .. quite well written but not especially easy. And then the authors make a curious attention to an anomalous Swiss chalet shift to glacial terrain for the first of nine on the Atlantic Coastal Plain, without chapters on individual categories of geo showing us the stately Carolina-I and morphic processes. These chapters are elevated logpen houses that dominate the quite well written but not especially vernacular house architecture of the easy. Each chapter has a mercifully short region. introduction and a series of longer For that reason, I have difficulty expositions of individual maps. The recommending this book for classroom maps, in turn, are wonderfully clear use, despite its authoritative tone and black-and-white abstractions of standard superb graphics. I don't mind owning U.S.G.S. topographic maps, showing two copies (I had bought one before only contours and a bare minimum of receiving the review copy), because I elevational information. They are suspect that at least one of them will be grouped together at the end of the text, out on perpetual loan to advanced for convenience in cross-referencing. students, and I expect them to report on These are preceded by an ll-page it in glowing terms. But I think I will glossary, a scant page of references, a need another book to get students up to set of answers to text questions, and a speed to learn at this level. And, in my list of map citations. Well-crafted block fondest dream , this book will stimulate diagrams occur frequently in the text, some equally-talented human geog but their orientation often differs from raphers to write a similar treatise. In my Many of the map de that of the maps, for clarity in showing a opinion, that is the fairest criterion for scriptions have a "mys tery-story" format, ... particular detail. All in all, the authors judging this book. By that criterion, it is show a great deal of respect for the a winner: I have found no book that even motivation and persistence of the read gets close to this level of sophistication ers, and readers who possess those in the interpretation of the cultural qualities will be amply rewarded. One landscape as depicted on topographic could quibble in many places-page 41 maps. talks about ditches as reasons for straight contours, page 146 spends a lot of time analyzing the effects of a Philip J. Gersmehl railroad, but a gorgeous collection of Department of Geography artificially leveled house-lots on map 4-2 University of Minne sota is not mentioned in the text, even Minneapolis, Minnesota though the repeated use of the phrase 40 MERIDIAN 2 eGt The World Map accommodate them. " Nor should we expect a truly comprehensive directory. Directory, 1989 Each geographic heading is followed by Aaron Maizlish and William S. Hunt by an annotation which describes the Santa Barbara, California: Map Link, major map publishers, preferred scales 1988. 278 pages. and best choice. Very helpful. Prices and ISBN: 0-929591-00-3 (paperback). discounts are indicated and seem reason $29.95. able, at least for the institutional buyer. Index maps are abundant and the car In this decade of catalog marketing, it tography is clear and mostly original. was only a matter of time before a U.S. In foreign mapping, Map Link shows map dealer came out with a catalog its strength, as one might expect of a approach to marketing map products. company formed to acquire maps for Last year's Map Link's Directory was a research libraries. Particularly with maps prototype of this more finished 1989 of European , Latin American and African edition. As a first offering, the 1989 countries, the stock on hand seems to Directory is a success. Hopefully Map be more than adequate. Asian countries Link will continue to respond to its and Eastern Bloc nations don't fair as customers and grow to meet the market well - again, as one might expect. demands. The Directoryseems to list primarily There are few surprises here for the topographic and political maps , though it map librarian, which is refreshing. For describ es itself as a more comprehensive In foreign mapping, the general user, however, the expecta map vendor. As a topographic map Map Link shows its tions might surpass reality. A blurb catalog it works well, though initially one strengt h ... describes the company: " Founded five looks for and expects more. years ago to facilitate map acquisition One type of map which this reviewer programs, Map Link has grown rapidly was particularly eager to find repre to serve many academic research librar sented was absent. Maps for educators ies in the U.S. and Canada. Working would be a fine addition to Map Link's initially with librarians to solve difficult inventory. Wall maps are always difficult acquisitions problems in Latin America to keep track of and have a ready and Africa, Map Link has become the market on campus and with public school nation' s clearinghouse for foreign and teachers. Educational slide collections domestic map series from around the and facsimile maps would be welcome world. We now serve retail customers, additions as well. A major federal map companies, libraries and map stores." publisher which provides important maps The catalog is a comfortably sized for educators and students was totally paperback . The typeface is easy to read overlooked. CIA maps , both the "Brief (not recopied, like some vendor's cata ing" and the " Country Study" series logs). The page layout is ample, with are in high demand in this reviewer's plenty of room for pencilled annotations. map library. The 8112 x l l-inch format is It's geographic arrangement is according copied and distributed in classes. A .. . this is a well planned marketin g tool to the " G" Schedule of the Library of commercial vendor of these maps, singly whose time has defi Congress classification scheme. Refined and in bulk, would be a ready alternative nitely come. searches are best done with the G to the Government Printing Office. Schedule in hand, though the catalog One final comment. An 800 telephone works well enough without it. number would be a real benefit to this For maps of the United States, major selector. As I was writing this review, I commercial map publishers' wares are received a call from the regional Map well represented, as are major federal Link sales representative. Great idea. I mapping agencies. However, the local had no idea there was one (he's new). map publisher often goes begging as do Those names and addresses might be state mapping agencie s. Unfortunately, a added to the catalog. degree of detail is lost. To give Map The overall impre ssion with The World Link the benefit of the doubt, they claim, Map Directory, 1989 is that this is a well " if you have special needs, we'll try and planned marketing tool whose time has eIIO MERIDIAN 2 41 definitely come. The concept is timely. Continued development is critical. At $29.95 it is a little pricey to buy each year. A price supplement sheet might be an alternative , though I would think Map Link might send the next year 's edition gratis to active institutional buyers . All , '".:;:z.-, told, The World Map Directory, 1989 is a < .--' - welcome addition to research collections -~~ ... o and public libraries. M URRA Y H UDSON Patrick McGlamery BOOKS & MAPS Map Library, Homer Babbidge Library 1I' ~ lm~ and Able 10 A",st lnstitutjons In Cnlle<:tion 1lt-'·...k,l'm...nt University of Connect icut Storrs , Connecticut .o\ ntiq"arian .\ laps and Booh with ~ laps uzww ~ Esp...<:iaU\· "I U.S. Sooth and Wesl prior 10 1900 wan ~1a ps I(, Other l.a r ~e ~ laps The Old I'u'l Office lU'I So uth C hu rch Sl n 'l't Un, 1"-' Halls, T... nneswe .' xll.m Teleph"nl': 'IUI-XJ 6-'IU:,7 ELECTRONIC MEDIA REVIEW GEODEX GEOgraphic page user's manual. The system runs on IBM compatible microcomputers with InDEX System for Map DOS version 2.0 or higher, and supports Series. IBM foreign character fonts . It requ ires By Chn'stopher Baruth two drives, one for the CEODEX Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin , program (which can be a fixed or 1988. diskette drive), and the other for data One Sif4-inch diskette and User's man file diskettes. ual, 82 p. $75.00. Data which can be input for each sheet CEODEX is a computer software include map type, projection, prime program which provides a machine meridian, scale, latitude-longitude extent, readable inventory of individual sheets in contour interval, edition number, series map series . It was compiled by Christo data, and compilation, field check, and pher Baruth. of the American Geograph print dates. as well as the number of ical Society Collection at the University copies in one 's collection. of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. CEODEX was CEODEX also has the capability to originally designed to meet the needs of create subfiles based on the above data the A.G.S. collection, but interest in it in variable or fixed fields. to make by other map librarians prompted its printouts of files in a variety of ways and publication. formats. and to create an index to the The CEODEX software package con files in the system. Other capabilities are sists of one 51/i-inch diskette and an 82 creation of ASCII files which briefly list MERlIJlA!'; 2 eGO sheets held or not held (for acquisition tunately, ~Ir. Baruth does provide the usages), and the backup of data files. A.G.S. Collection's toU free telephone After one becomes familiar with the number through which he is available to system, input of sheet level records can personally help one se t up this program be done quite rapidly. as function keys on one's computer and "walk you can be programmed to enter repeated through" the routine s. data common to a map series, such as The big question in evaluating this scale or prime meridian. Mr. Baruth has software program is : how will it help my also included a program which remem operat ion? After the time and effort are bers the dimension of quadrangles after invested to input the data, and establish the first sheet's coordinates have been a map inventory. what does one do with entered. For subsequent sheets, only it? As mentioned above, GEODEX has the southwest comer coordinate s are the capability to create subfiles of sheets entered . and the system provides the not held, for acquisition purposes . But, other three. will it help with other library operations. Lest you worry that , even with the such as reference? One of GEODEX's programming aids mentioned above. data major functions is maintaining an index to input of map series holdings will req uire the map series that have bee n input, . . • )Ir. Haru th encour age. eooperative an enormous amount of time, it should whereby files are selected by geographic effort. among the map be stressed that Mr, Baruth encourages area searches . Geographic coordinate eclleetices which have cooperative efforts among the map col searches for individual map shee t cover acquired GJ:OIJEX. lections which have acquired GEODEX. age can only be accomplished after a To this end. he authors a GEODEX series file is accessed. In terms of newsletter providing news about cooper reference work. therefore, GEODEX ative data input efforts and lists of series does not seem to be as effective for already input. Libraries with complete determining what series map coverage is holdings of particular series are encour available for a geographic are as is aged to input them and make their files consulting the library's online or card available to other collections. catalog, or for that matter. the series' Mr. Barath has programmed GEODEX index map. to sort deta files you acquire to match the In summary. GEODEX is quite effec filing arrangement of your collection. live in doing what it was designed to do, After you become familiar with how to which is to provide rapid input and manipulate the file, this reconciliation is reconciliation of map series holdings. Mr. fairly rapid. GEODEX is programmed to Baruth is to be commended for having A u ~ e r · . man ual. wr n search for records by point or by area , the expertise to compile this software ten by an inte rmediary and entries for series as well as individual and for providing it to the map library ••• might be more eas sheets can be displayed. community. If the user's manual is il,· unden tood •• • In the descript ion of GEODEX's rewritten so as to be more "user capabilities above. the reader should friendly." GEODEXcould receive more make notice of the caveat . "after one widespread acceptance and use. When becomes familiar with the system .. ." considering whether or not to acquire it This statement alludes to a problem with for one's library, computer hardware the GEODEX user's manual. In it, the compatibility. availability of staff expertise step-by-step instructions for fol lowing and time need ed to input and reconcile GEODEX programs and routines are holdings should be evaluated. and how vague and confusing. In being intimately weU your existing means of map series familiar with GEODEX and computer sheet control works for you. programming , Mr. Barut h has written the instructions in a "shorthand" under J im Coombs stood. perhaps, by people with consider Map Librarian able computer programming experience . So uthw est .:\Jissouri State A user's manual. written by an inter Un iversity mediary (as with many software pack Spr ing field , .:\I issou ri ages), might be more easily understood by the average map librarian. For- INFORMATION FOR information should be in the following order: Author's last name, first name, CONTRIBUTORS second author (first name, last name), date of publication, title of the work, and Meridian is published semi-annually by (in the case of books) the place of the American Library Association's Map publication and publisher, or (in the case and Geography Round Table. It contains of periodicals) the periodical title, volume articles which (1) advance the organiza number, and inclusive paging. For tion and dissemination of cartographic, example: geographic, and remote sensing collec tions and information; and (2) describe Jones, Samuel. 1987. Maps for Everyone. and document the major trends and Smithville, Calif.: Cartographic Publishing issues in the professional development of Works. cartographic and geographic librarianship Jones, Samuel and Constance Williams. in North America. 1979. Mapping for Everyone. Smithville, ALA members and other persons Calif.: Cartographic Publishing Works. interested in the objectives of the Map -- 1980. " Mapping for Everyone in and Geography Round Table are invited New York State." Maps Today to submit manuscripts to the Editorial 159:160-166. Board for consideration. Full-length man Cite references in the text by giving uscripts (generally not exceeding 7,500 the author's last name(s), publication words) as well as shorter commentaries, date and any relevant information within research notes and letters should be parentheses , e.g ., (Smith 1988) or Smith addressed to: Philip Hoehn, Library Map 1988, 299). When an author has more Room, University of California, Berke than one publication in a given year add a ley, California 94720. letter to the date to distinguish them , Format. Manuscripts should be sub e.g., (Iones 1988a) (Iones 1988b). All mitted either on a 5.25 inch floppy disk citations should be verified carefully. For with one paper printout , or in three further guidance on this and other paper copies. Papers should be typewrit matters relating to manuscript prepara ten or computer-printed, double-spaced tion, refer to The Chicago Manual of on one side only of white 28 x 22 cm. Style, 13th ed. , University of Chicago (8.5 x 11 inch) paper with 3 cm. (1 inch) Press. or larger margins on all sides. They Units of Measure. Authors should should be in the English language. Disks ordinarily use the International System will be returned to the author. (metric); other units may be given in Abstracts. A typewritten, double parentheses. spaced abstract of approximately 75 to Tables . While each table should be 100 words summarizing the main points discussed in the manuscript, its meaning of the paper should accompany each should be clear without reference to the article. text. Each table should be assigned an Endnotes. If needed, notes should be Arabic number (e.g., Table 1), and used sparingly and should be brief and should be typed double-spaced on a limited to explaining points in the manu separate sheet at the end of the text. script. They should not be combined Each should have a clear, concise title with citations to literature, which are to and column headings. be in a separate list. Endnotes should be Illustrations. Each illustration should be numbered , and should be submitted on a assigned sequential Arabic numbers separate sheet, typed double-spaced, (e.g., Fig. 1) and should be camera and placed at the end of the text under ready. If an illustration is not easily the heading " Notes." understood independent of the text, it Literature Cited. All works cited should be accompanied by a caption, should be listed alphabetically by the first typed double-spaced on a sheet at the author's last name in a separate, double end of the manuscript. Photographs spaced list at the end of the manuscript, should be 8 x 10 inch glossy prints. following endnotes (if any). Bibliographic Illustrations should be professionally pre- 44 MERIDIAN 2 eof pared .Each photograph or illustration should be capable of legible reduction to ADVENTURES IN HISTORY 7 x 9 inches. Only black-and-white illustrations can be accepted. The cost of preparing illustrations is the responsi bility of the author.Please protect camera-ready copy when mailing the A Buccaneer's Atlas manuscript. All original, camera-ready Basil Ringroses South Sea W aggoner art will be return ed to the author(s) after Edited by DEREK H OWSE and NO RMAN J. W.T HROWER publication. With it For e- word bv D. B. Q uinn Copyrighted material. Permission to O n Ju ly 2l.J , 1h81, (I bau d of Eng ltsh bucca neers ca ptu red a Spa nish ship, from wh ich they obtained a derrotero, or book of charts and include copyrighted material in the manu sailing di rections. One of the buccaneers, B.1Sil Ringrose. subse script should be obtained by the author quently added a text to the compilation and information 10 the from the copyright holder. Articles pub Spanish charts. Covering the coast from California 10 Tierr, del Fuego, the Gala pagos. an d Juan Ferna ndes, Basil Ringroec's sou th lished in Meridian are copyrighted by sea waggont>r is a rich source of geographical information. with the American Library Association. In observations on navigationa l. physical, biological, and cultura l quiries for reprinting, photocopying, or featu res. • 575.00 translating material should be addressed to the Office of Rights and Permissions, American Library Association, 50 E. Voyages of Discovery Huron St., Chicago, IL 60611. All Captain Cook and the Exploration of the Paci fic material in Meridian subject to copyright LYNNE WITHEY may be photocopied for the noncornrner- Ne w in paper-c--T he special strengt h of Withey's treatment of Cook's story, apar t from her exceptional na rra tive skill, is to fix the voyagl'S in the scientific. strategic and literary settings of their time." - Wlis/rillst Oll Post Rook World "The voyages. and the ir sign ificance - fur those involved and for us today -c-come alive in Witht."Y's hands ih a marvelously told ad venture story." - Sail Francisco Chroniciv Hook Rl'l'it'i(' 512.95 pi-1 Ft'r The Earliest Printed Maps 1472-1 500 TO:-JY CA MPBELL "This is not just another selec tive representation of early car tographic efforts; but .1 comprehe nsive volume which traces the histor y of over two hu ndred maps prod uced d uring the ea rliest yeMs of mapma king histor y. Reprod uctions of the map s dccomp,m y the chronology and history: the fig ures art' clea r and well detililed ."- Th(· BOOA1t'Otch 575.00 At lJ(}(lks/orcs or (/III toll -f11'(' 1-SIHJ-S22-titlS7. VNI (.,. MII stcrCord 0111.11. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS B ERKELEY • 94720 ~ ~fF. RID I A~ 2 45 THEMAPAND GEOGRAPHY ROUND TABLE of the American Library Association announces its OCCASIONAL PAPERS SERIES In cooperatoo with the Speculum O rbis Press, the J\.1ap and Geography Round Table has launched a series of monographs on topics of interest to institutional and private map collectors. The series is intended to cover a wide ran ge of subjects related to map collections. including cartobi bliogra phv, map hbraranship. and the histo ry and development of cartography. f\.1onographs on the mapping of the American West and on the histo rical map resources relating to N e"\'V York O ty have already appeared . Future monographs will include the histo rical mapping of the US. National Parks. the early maps of Southern Asia, and a greatly enhanced index to Carl I. wheat's ,'vI.lpping rhp Tr Ocu ~o n",l P .l. ~r No . 1 b plor,Jlion ,md M.I(If ~ 0/ tflt- Amt'rK.m \ \i("St. 5eI('(ff:'Cl f s ~~ . ed. by Donna P. Kot"pP. 1986. 17L 182 p. 1SB.'l (}'H2757· 0 H S18.1) 5 plus S1.25 hdndhng and surface po stage. CONTENTS: "'1apping the T ran~\l ssi s si ppi wes: An annotated Canobl bliogra phy, by K("llI"J('lh Nebenzahl.-The Notor IOUS Doctor Roblnson: A 1'.\exlCan Re\lolutlonary s l'.1ap of North America. by Robert S. l'.1artln.-A Tale o f Two Cartographers: Emory. Wa rren . and TheIr l'.1aps of the Tran s·Mlssissippi West. by frank N. Sc::hubert.-bploratlOn and Mapping o f tbe Southwest Route, fro m Missouri to Southern California. by /ames A. Coombs.- TIw- Wagon Road Surveys. by Cha rles A. Seavey.- Ceorge M. Wheeler and the Geographical Surveys west of the l00th Merid ian, 18(1).1879. by Robert W . Karrow . Jr.-Mapping the Ul'lIted Slates·Me",ico Borde rlands: An Overview, by Norman J. W . Th row('f.- I'.1.apping the Southwest: A Twen tieth Cen tury Histo rical Geographic Pe rspective, by john B. Garve r, Jr. A Gvid!'!o Ni' fOf!( ,11 MIP Rt'}(Jvrn's for Gr('a/er New Yor k. by Jeffrey A. Kroes sler, sponso red by the Social Science Research Council Committee o n NE'wYo rk City. 1988. [11].5&p. ISBN(}I)J2757.Q2-2 S11.9 5. Detailed d escriptions o f the holdings of 49 libraries and archives with cartographiccouecnons im po rtant for the study o f Nt'W York City. f\.\dnyentri es list spec ific titles and much unique manuscript mate rial is lndexed. A table shows at a glance th e special emphases o f the vario us collec tio ns, for instance o n a particular bo rough or time period o r on a particula r type of map [aerial views, real estate, socio-cultural. insurance, etc.]. S P ECU LU M O RBI S PR E SS 730 N. Frankl in Sr., Chica go . Illinois 60610 U.S.A. (312) 266-1171 o Please send co pie s of MAGERT Occas io na l Paper(sl No. _ Tota l cost [aurnail orders outs ide the U.S. add 55.00 per title) _ o Bill us (instltu tlons only) 0 Ched :JMoney o rde r (in U.S. fund s) enclosed o Please cha rge my credit ca rd: Visaca rd no . Masterca rd no . Exp. da te Signa tu re (as o n ca rd) Name Street Address Gty, Sta te , Pro vince. Po sta l Code. Country 0.., e .. cial purpose of scientific or educational advancement granted by Sections 107 and 108 of the Copyright Revision Act of See the Grand Canyon 1976. like never before in this fine art print Cover letter. Each manuscript sub mitted should be accompanied by a letter that skillfully combines topographic of transmittal. It should include names, map details, satellite imagery, and titles, institutional affiliations and tele phone numbers of the author(s), and a brilliant colors statement that the material has not been The BrightAngel,Arizona Quad is reproduced using20 published and is not under consideration different, solid Toyo inksfor elevation intervals, plus for publication elsewhere. Authors should reflectivegold antique lettering. A lightlyscreened also include copies of any of their papers Landsatimage is superimposed. TheCanyon which are in press or under considera emerges asafieryserpent as it winds tion elsewhere if they include information across aglittering page. which would be helpful in evaluating the work submitted to Meridian. Review of Manuscripts . Manuscripts cART o g rap h y received are given an initial review by by the editor. Those selected for further review are submitted to at least two An drea J. Kron $15.00 plus$3.00shipping andhandling (up to 5 prints) 450 lB Ridgeway readers, generally members of the Edi In New Mexico, add5.375% sales tax torial Board or the panel of consulting Los Alamos, NM Purchase Orders accepted 87544 (Print measures 16 x 20 inches) editors. Names of authors are removed (505) 662-2397 from the manuscript and thus a~thor name(s) should be on the first page of the manuscript only. Insofar as possible, other items in the manuscript that identify the author are blocked out by the editor prior to submission for formal review. When the review is completed, a process generally taking six to eight weeks, the editor will notify the author. INDEX TO ADVERTISERS Reviewers consider the style and con Richard B. Arkway, Inc. 18 tent of the manuscript, giving weight to Art Source International 32 organization, writing style, originality, Butterworths 17 importance to the literature, methodol Cartographer, Ink 32 ogy employed, and the author's investi CARTography 47 gative thoroughness. George Cram 48 Publication. If a manuscript is ac Murray Hudson 42 cepted for publication, it will be pub Map Link 4 lished generally six to 12 months after Martayan Lan Back cover acceptance, depending upon the number The J,T. Monckton Ltd. Inside back cover . of accepted manuscripts . It may be Rand McNally 2 edited to conform to the style of the George Ritzlin Inside front cover journal, and the editor may recommend Speculum Orbis Press 46 changes to the author. The author will Univ, of California Press 45 have an opportunity to review proofs to Western Assn of Map Libraries Inside back cover insure accuracy. Twenty-five offprints of The H. W. Wilson Co. 24 the article will be supplied without cost to the author. e\It MERIDIAN 2 47