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Race, Geopolitics, and the Repeal of Asian Exclusion, 1940-1952

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Race, Geopolitics, and the Repeal of Asian Exclusion, 1940-1952 Reorienting America: Race, Geopolitics, and the Repeal of Asian Exclusion, 1940-1952 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Hong, Jane H. 2013. Reorienting America: Race, Geopolitics, and Citation the Repeal of Asian Exclusion, 1940-1952. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Accessed April 17, 2018 4:11:40 PM EDT Citable Link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:11051186 This article was downloaded from Harvard University's DASH Terms of Use repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA (Article begins on next page) © 2013 – Jane H Hong All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Professor Erez Manela Jane H Hong Reorienting America: Race, Geopolitics, and the Repeal of Asian Exclusion, 1940-1952 Abstract This dissertation examines the movement to repeal the Asian exclusion laws in the United States during World War II and the early Cold War years. It situates campaigns for repeal in the context of two interrelated developments: African American civil rights activism in the United States and shifting U.S. geopolitical interests in post- 1940 Asia. As U.S. foreign policy priorities pivoted toward Asia beginning in World War II, Americans’ view of the world changed in ways that, at times, allowed geopolitics to supersede restrictions based on race. Drawing from U.S., Indian, and Korean sources, the project charts how a transnational cast of American missionaries, U.S. and Asian state officials, and Asian and Asian American activists used the newly expedient language and logic of geopolitics to end the racial exclusion of Asians from immigration and naturalization eligibility. The study highlights a paradox at the heart of the repeal campaigns: beginning in World War II, the perceived foreignness that underwrote the historical exclusion of Asians as “aliens ineligible to citizenship” legitimized them as spokespersons for repeal. During a time when few Americans had knowledge of Asia, Asian American activists parlayed their presumptive expertise as Asian “insiders” to secure a foothold as lobbyists on Capitol Hill. The strategy undermined Asian Americans’ claims to inclusion in the long-term, however, by reinforcing their image as racial foreigners in America. ! iii The dissertation builds on a growing body of literature interrogating the relationship between international developments and U.S. racial reform. Comparatively little scholarship about this period has looked beyond a white-black racial binary, in spite of Japanese internment, U.S. military occupations in postwar Japan and Korea, and unprecedented American intervention across Cold War Asia. My study demonstrates how developments particular to Asia – the Pacific front of World War II, Asian decolonization, and the Korean War – both facilitated and constrained the scope of legislative reform activists achieved. ! iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iii ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................. viii INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 Creating the Problem of Asian Exclusion PART I ...............................................................................................................................32 World War II and the Problem of Chinese Exclusion, 1943 CHAPTER ONE ....................................................................................................41 The Citizens Committee to Repeal Chinese Exclusion: Establishing Geopolitics as the Language of Repeal PART II ..............................................................................................................................78 The Colonial Cases: Repeal as an Anti-Colonial Imperative, 1943-1946 CHAPTER TWO ...................................................................................................84 A Tale of Two Leagues: Entwining Indian Independence and Immigration Reform CHAPTER THREE .............................................................................................125 The Limits of Reform: Korean Americans and the Problem of Korean Independence PART III ..........................................................................................................................166 The Cold War Campaigns: Bringing Asian Exclusion Repeal into the Story of Cold War Civil Rights, 1947-1952 CHAPTER FOUR ................................................................................................170 Reconceptualizing Civil Rights: The Japanese American Citizens League and the Judd Bill CHAPTER FIVE .................................................................................................226 Bridging Korea and Korean America: The Cold War Campaign for Korean Rights EPILOGUE ......................................................................................................................276 APPENDIX A ..................................................................................................................287 Select U.S. Immigration Laws Pertaining to the Repeal of Asian Exclusion, 1943-1965 APPENDIX B ..................................................................................................................288 Population and Immigration Tables, 1900-1990 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................292 ! v ABBREVIATIONS CACA Chinese American Citizens Association CCBA Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association ILA India League of America INC Indian National Congress JACL Japanese American Citizens League KACW Korean American Committee for Wallace KINB Korean Immigration and Naturalization Bill KINC Korean Immigration and Naturalization Committee KNA Korean National Association KNRP Korean National Revolutionary Party SKPL Sino-Korean People’s League UKC United Korean Committee ! vi Dedicated to my grandfather, Il Sun Hong (1922-2007), a witness to history vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Graduate school is a long road, and I have (happily) accumulated many debts along the way. Erez Manela has been the most supportive advisor I could have asked for. I thank Erez for his steadfast belief in this project (and its author), his avuncular good cheer, and his generosity of spirit and time. Lizabeth Cohen was consistently gracious despite her busy schedule and provided incisive feedback at critical moments. I was incredibly fortunate to meet David K. Yoo soon after moving to Los Angeles. David introduced an East Coast transplant to the wonderful academic community of UCLA, and thoughtfully fielded emails and read chapters long after I returned east. Naoko Shibusawa and Robert O. Self provided valuable counsel and support during my first year of graduate study at Brown. I may not have returned to graduate school at all, if not for the encouragement and support of my undergraduate advisor, Mary Lui, and the counsel of Matthew Jacobson. I thank Mae Ngai for her suggestions early in the formulation of this project, and Cindy Cheng and Ellen A. Wu for generously sharing drafts of book chapters before they were published. I also thank Leti Volpp for allowing me to audit her Immigration Law course at Berkeley Law School in the fall of 2009. Funding from a number of sources supported the research and writing of this dissertation: the Theodore K. Ashford Dissertation Fellowship at Harvard, the Department of Education’s Jacob K. Javits Fellowship, the Mustard Seed Foundation’s Harvey Fellowship, Harvard’s Weatherhead Center for International Affairs and Charles Warren Center for American History, the Harvard History Department, and UCLA’s James and Sylvia Thayer Short-Term Research Fellowship. Travel grants from the South Asia Initiative and Korea Institute at Harvard supported several research trips to Asia. ! viii Parts of this dissertation have been presented to the Harvard International and Global History Seminar (HIGHS), the NYU Center for the United States and the Cold War, the Association for Asian Studies (AAS), the Association for Asian American Studies (AAAS), and a Post-Graduate Conference on Empire at the University of Sydney. I thank Sugata Bose, Matthew Connelly, Henry Em, Nikhil Pal Singh, and Marilyn Young for their feedback and assistance in making these forums so fruitful. Harvard is an amazing place to do graduate study. My work has benefited from conversations with Rachel St. John and Carter Eckert, as well as with Scott Kurashige, Kornel Chang, and Mary Dudziak during their times at the Warren Center. Teaching for S. Deborah Kang was itself an invaluable learning experience in great mentorship. I would like to thank the members of Liz Cohen’s 20th-century writing group over the years for their help in formulating this project from the prospectus stage onward. I am particularly grateful for the good humor of my cohort, Bryant Etheridge, Josie Rodberg, and Clinton Williams. Incisive comments from Brian Goldstein and Elisa Minoff helped me think through two of the most important chapters. I was fortunate to connect with some wonderful Korean Studies
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