THE ARTIST in TIMES of WAR Mark Visione Faculty of Arts and Social
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THE ARTIST IN TIMES OF WAR Mark Visione A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Sydney College of the Arts The University of Sydney 2018 Statement This volume is presented as a record of the work undertaken for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Sydney College of the Arts, University of Sydney. Summary The works made and words written for this candidature function as an argument against war and the belief in its inevitability. While the art works support the argument, they have often also inspired it. I contend that attitudes to war must recognize and take into account the physical, cultural and emotional damage done to societies. In an Australian context, it seeks also to unshackle national identity from an exclusive militarist tradition. The written element does this, firstly, by introducing differing attitudes towards war within society: militarist, realist and pacifist. Attitudes of artists towards war are then represented by the highlighting of particular artists to suggest some common themes in the arts with regard to war. There follows a realistic reappraisal of the Australian military (particularly the First AIF) in order to suggest a reasonable attitude towards the significance of war on society rather than that currently held in Australia. The Dutch Second World War diarist Etty Hillesum is then used to exemplify the state of the civilian in war, a dimension not present in many current Australian perceptions of war. The final section deals particularly with the nature of the ANZAC Tradition within Australia. It looks at its origins in the attitudes of the colonial period and discusses its exclusive nature and narrow scope in seeing war as a drama played out by men in uniform rather than a destructive force affecting every corner of society. It points out the importance of indigenous and migrant histories of war which currently occupy so little space in our perception of nationality. Lastly, it concludes that, historically, artists have supported and still support the currently held views of national identity and its links to the ANZAC Tradition. Table of Contents Page Introduction 1 Chapter I: An Argument for Peace. 4 Chapter II: The Artist’s Response to War. 37 A. Tableaus. 37 TABLEAU 1: The Limit of Inspiration. 39 (Piero della Francesca / Max Beckmann) TABLEAU 2: Instructions for Utopia. 58 (Diego Rivera / Yoko Ono) TABLEAU 3: Histories. 76 (Gordon Bennett / Tony Albert) TABLEAU 4: Victims and Consequences. 101 (George Gittoes / Ben Quilty) B. The Soldier and the Civilian. 128 1. Dispatches. (Australian attitudes towards the military and 128 war) 2. The Civilian in War: Etty Hillesum. 201 Chapter III: The ANZAC Tradition, National Identity and 231 Multiculturalism. The ANZAC Tradition, Nationality and Exclusion. 231 A Reason for Going to War: The Anzac Tradition and 237 the Hegemon. ANZAC, Moral Distancing, Multiculturalism. 246 Conclusions. 265 Appendices. Appendix 1: Art, artist and audience: Problems and 272 Solutions. Appendix 2: Technical Notes. 281 Appendix 3: Two Poems. 291 Appendix 4: from The Iliad: The consequences of 293 Hector’s death. Appendix 5: Etty Hillesum Cycle: Quotations from: 297 The diary and letters of Etty Hillesum. Appendix 6: List of Works created as part of the PhD 311 Research. Appendix 7: Catalogue of Works Exhibited. 313 Appendix 8: List of Works Exhibited. 321 Bibliography. 323 Acknowledgments. I wish to acknowledge the support given to me by my supervisor, Colin Rhodes. I also wish to acknowledge the advice and assistance given and patience shown by Joanne Shields and James Visione. List of Illustrations Page Figure 1. Honoré Daumier, L’empire c’est la paix, 1870. 5 Gillotype on newsprint. 22.9 x 18.50 cm. National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C. Figure 2. Piero della Francesca, The Legend of the 40 True Cross Cycle, 1447-51. Fresco, San Francesco, Arezzo, Italy. Figure 3. Piero della Francesca, The Legend of the 43 True Cross Cycle, the battle against Maxentius [?], 1447-51. Fresco, San Francesco, Arezzo, Italy. Figure 4. Piero della Francesca, The Legend of the 44 True Cross Cycle, the battle against Chosroes, 1447- 51. Fresco, San Francesco, Arezzo, Italy. Figure 5. Max Beckmann [?], ____, 1915 (destroyed). 46 Fresco, Wervicq, France. https://sites.google.com/site/genealogievanelslande/03- d-16de-17de-eeuw-nrs-f-y-ca-cj/b-joos-van-elslande- berten-nr-g-ca, last viewed 28 Aug 2016. Figure 6. Max Beckmann, The Grenade, 1915. Etching 51 (state), 43.5 x 28.8 cm. Figure 7. Max Beckmann, The Grenade, 1915. Etching 51 (state), 43.5 x 28.8 cm. Figure 8. Mark Visione, Breakdown (Beckmann in 54 Wervicq) (portrait study), 2016. Drypoint (with dremel), 24.5 x 26 cm. Collection of the Artist. Figure 9. Mark Visione, Breakdown (Beckmann in 56 Wervicq), 2016. Drypoint (with dremel) and collagraph , 98 x 75 cm. Collection of the artist. Figure 10. Mark Visione, Breakdown (Beckmann in 57 Wervicq), 2016. Drypoint (with dremel) and collagraph , 98 x 75 cm. Collection of the artist. Figure 11. Diego Rivera, Indian Warrior, 1931. 65 Moveable fresco, 74.9 x 58.3 cm. MOMA, New York, USA. Figure 12. Yoko Ono, Cut Piece, 1964. Performance. 68 Figure 13. Yoko Ono, Play it by trust, 1966. 69 Sculpture/performance. Figure 14. Mark Visione, Náufragos, 2017. Collagraph, 74 chin collé, drypoint and overprinting, 98 x 76 cm. Collection of the artist. Figure 15. Gordon Bennett, Poet and Muse, 1991. Oil 80 and acrylic on canvas, 170 x 225 cm. Private collection. Photo: Richard Stringer. © The Estate of Gordon Bennett. Figure 16. Tony Albert, Yininmadyemi (Thou didst let 85 fall), 2015. Sculpture, height: 7 meters, Hyde Park, Sydney, Australia. Figure 17. Mark Visione, The Lotus Eaters, 2017. 96 Collagraph and drypoint, 80 x 168 cm. Collection of the artist. Figure 18. Mark Visione, The Lotus Eaters, 2017. 97 Collagraph and drypoint, 80 x 168 cm. Collection of the artist. Figure 19. Mark Visione, The Lotus Eaters, 2017. 98 Collagraph and drypoint, 80 x 168 cm. Collection of the artist. Figure 20. George Gittoes, Soundtrack to War, 2005. 106 DVD cover, documentary film. Figure 21. George Gittoes, Rampage, 2006. DVD 106 cover, documentary film. Figure 22. George Gittoes, Rampage, 2005. Still, 107 documentary film. Figure 23. Ben Quilty, Trooper Luke Korman, 2012. 114 Aerosol and oil on linen, 190 x 140 cm. Australian War Memorial, Canberra, Australia. Figure 24. Ben Quilty, Trooper M. after Afghanistan, 119 no. 2, 2012. Oil on linen, 170 x 180 cm. Collection of the artist. Figure 25. Mark Visione, The Betrothéd Ones, 2017. 123 Drypoint and collagraph, 152 x 98 cm. Collection of the artist. Figure 26. Ben Quilty, Dresses for Soulaf, 2016. 125 Installation. Collection of the artist [?]. Figure 27. Mark Visione, The Betrothéd Ones, 2017. 127 Drypoint and chine collé, 152 x 98 cm. Collection of the artist. Figure 28. N.g., Group of Australian soldiers of the 9th 172 Light Horse, Egypt, 1917[?]. Private collection. Figure 29. Mark Visione, The Horseman, 2015. 173 Collagraph, 50 x 50 cm. Collection of the artist. Figure 30. Mark Visione, The Endless Plain, 2015. 174 Collagraph, 50 x 50 cm. Collection of the artist. Figure 31. Egyptian, Ramses III, Hands-of-Libyan- 175 soldiers-counted-at-Medinet-Habu, 12th Century BCE. Figure 32. Mark Visione, The Bottle and the Boot, 176 2016. Collagraph, 44.5 x 35.5 cm. Collection of the artist. Figure 33. Mark Visione, Larrikin (after Giotto and Piero 177 della Francesca), 2016. Collagraph and drypoint, 35.5 x 44.5 cm. Collection of the artist. Figure 34. Mark Visione, Larrikin (after Giotto and Piero 177 della Francesca), 2016. Collagraph and drypoint, 35.5 x 44.5 cm. collection of the artist. Figure 35. Giotto Bondone, Saint John the Apostle from 178 The Lamentation of Christ, 1303-05. Fresco, Capella degli Scrovegni, Padua, Italy. Figure 36. Piero della Francesca, Battle between 178 Heraclius and Chosroes (detail), 1452-66. Fresco, San Francesco, Arezzo, Italy. Figures 37. Mark Visione. Seated Man, 2016. 179 Collagraph and etching, 49.5 x 37 cm. Collection of the artist. Figure 38. Mark Visione, The Big Dust Up I (First 181 Version), 2016. Dry point and collagraph, 98 x 75 cm. Collection of the artist. Figure 39. Mark Visione, The Big Dust Up I (Second 182 Version), 2016. Dry point and collagraph, 98 x 75 cm. Collection of the artist. Figure 40. Mark Visione, The Big Dust Up I (Third 183 Version), 2016. Dry point, collagraph and folding, 98 x 75 cm. Collection of the artist. Figure 41. Mark Visione, Self-portrait study- The Big 184 Dust Up I, 2016. Collagraph, 26 x 24.5 cm. Collection of the artist. Figure 42. Mark Visione, The Big Dust Up II (First 184 Version), 2016. Dry point and collagraph, 98 x 75 cm. Collection of the artist. Figure 43. Mark Visione, The Big Dust Up II (Third 185 Version), 2016. Dry point and collagraph, 98 x 75 cm. Collection of the artist. Figure 44. Mark Visione, Shirkers on the Beach, 1915 I, 187 2015. Collagraph, 6 x 50 x 50 cm. Collection of the artist. Figure 45. Mark Visione, Shirkers on the Beach, 1915 189 II, 2015. Collagraph with ghost print, 6 x 50 x 50 cm. Collection of the artist. Figure 46. Mark Visione, Self-portrait study for 190 ‘Shirkers,1915’, 2015. Collagraph, 24.6 x 22.5 cm. Collection of the artist. Figure 47. Mark Visione, The Cove (First Version), 191 2016. Collagraph, 50 x 50 cm. Collection of the artist. Figure 48. Mark Visione, The Cove (Second Version), 191 2016. Collagraph, 50 x 50 cm. Collection of the artist.