DOCSLIB.ORG

Aerodynamic Development of the Buckeye Bullet 3 Electric Landspeed Vehicle

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Aerodynamic Development of the Buckeye Bullet 3 Electric Landspeed Vehicle Aerodynamic Development of the Buckeye Bullet 3 Electric Landspeed Vehicle A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Carrington Bork Mechanical Engineering Graduate Program The Ohio State University 2012 Master’s Examination Committee: Dr. Giorgio Rizzoni Dr. Mei Zhuang ©Copyright by Carrington Bork 2012 Abstract For almost two decades The Ohio State University’s electric motorsports teams have been winning races and setting records. The OSU student designed Buckeye Bullet was the first electric car to reach speeds in excess of 300 mph. The Buckeye Bullet 2 was the first hydrogen powered car to break 300 mph and the team would eventually hold the record for the world’s fastest electric car with the Buckeye Bullet 2.5. The team of students is now setting its sights on reaching over 400 mph using advanced lithium ion batteries in a completely new vehicle, the Buckeye Bullet 3. At these high speeds aerodynamics play a crucial role in determining the vehicle performance and safety. This thesis presents the aerodynamic development of the Buckeye Bullet 3 and its role in shaping the future of land speed racing. ii Dedication This thesis is dedicated to all the hard working individuals that have been a part of the Buckeye Bullet 3 team. Without you this would not be possible. iii Acknowledgments The work presented in this thesis has had contributions and support from a number of individuals and organizations. Foremost, I must acknowledge the dedication and resourcefulness of all the Buckeye Bullet Team members past and present. I am constantly amazed that a group of students is allowed and able to design and build electric cars that push the envelope of electric vehicle technology. The dedication of these team members is what makes this program, and subsequently this thesis, possible. I have learned a tremendous amount about vehicle design, project management and teamwork from my fellow team members and through my involvement in this program. I am thankful that I have had to opportunity to take part in this endeavor. TotalSim LLC has been a huge contributor to this work. When I started my master’s program I knew virtually nothing about CFD or aerodynamics. TotalSim was willing take me on as an intern and train me how to use OpenFOAM and their proprietary software. The engineers at TotalSim were instrumental in helping me setup my model for the Buckeye Bullet and in general giving advice on vehicle design and analysis methods. The Ohio Supercomputing Center has kind enough to allow us to use their facilities for running our simulations. They have supported the program from the beginning and continue to offer their services. iv Venturi Automobiles has been the primary monetary sponsor for the program since the BB2.5. They have had a strong input on the development of the new vehicle from the start. They have graciously trusted our team to develop a new electric landspeed vehicle and worked with us to develop a driveline to power it. v Vita August 2, 1985………………………………………………………. Born – Cleveland, OH. USA 2006-2007…………………………………………………………….. Underbody Design Coop Honda R&D of America 2005-2009…………………………………………………………….. Member, Buckeye Bullet 2 Team Center for Automotive Research March 2009…............................................................. B.S. Mechanical Engineering Ohio State University 2009-2010…………………………………………………………….. Integration Engineer Rolls-Royce Energy Systems 2010-2012…………………………………………………………….. Member, Buckeye Bullet 3 Team Center for Automotive Research 2010-2012…………………………………………………………….. CFD Engineer TotalSim LLC Fields of Study Major Field: Mechanical Engineering vi Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................. ii Dedication ............................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................ iv Vita ...................................................................................................................................... vi Fields of Study ...................................................................................................................... vi Table of Contents ................................................................................................................. vii List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... x List of Tables ....................................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1 Introduction to Electric Land Speed Racing .............................................................. 1 1.1 Project Background .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 The Buckeye Bullet ................................................................................................... 2 1.1.2 The Buckeye Bullet 2 ................................................................................................ 3 1.1.3 The Buckeye Bullet 2.5 ............................................................................................. 5 1.1.4 The Buckeye Bullet 3 ................................................................................................ 7 1.2 The Bonneville Salt Flats .................................................................................................. 7 1.3 Thesis Motivation ............................................................................................................. 9 vii Chapter 2 General Vehicle Information ................................................................................. 11 2.1 Project Goals .................................................................................................................. 11 2.2 Vehicle Overview ........................................................................................................... 13 2.2.1 Driveline ................................................................................................................. 13 2.2.2 Battery System ....................................................................................................... 22 2.2.3 Suspension and Steering ........................................................................................ 26 2.2.4 Brake System .......................................................................................................... 28 Chapter 3 Analysis Methods ................................................................................................. 33 3.1 CFD Model Setup ........................................................................................................... 33 3.1.1 Introduction to OpenFOAM ................................................................................... 34 3.1.2 snappyHexMesher ................................................................................................. 34 3.1.3 Solver Information ................................................................................................. 38 3.1.4 Computing Resources ............................................................................................ 39 3.2 Correlating Results ......................................................................................................... 40 3.2.1 BB2 Wind Tunnel Testing ....................................................................................... 40 3.2.2 Correlating Results with BB2 Suspension Data ...................................................... 42 3.2.3 Limitations of Wind Tunnel Testing and CFD Testing ............................................ 51 3.3 Aerodynamic Performance Goals .................................................................................. 53 Chapter 4 BB3 Aerodynamic Design ...................................................................................... 57 viii 4.1 Vehicle Packaging ........................................................................................................... 57 4.2 Yaw Stability ................................................................................................................... 67 4.3 Vehicle Ride Height ........................................................................................................ 73 4.4 Vehicle Design Features ................................................................................................. 80 4.4.1 Wheel and Wind Deflectors ................................................................................... 80 4.4.2 Tail Geometry ......................................................................................................... 82 Chapter 5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 84 5.1 Summary of Results ....................................................................................................... 84 5.2 Future Work ................................................................................................................... 87 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................ 89 ix List of Figures Figure
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Towards Adaptive and Directable Control of Simulated Creatures Yeuhi Abe AKER
    --A Towards Adaptive and Directable Control of Simulated Creatures by Yeuhi Abe Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Computer Science and Engineering at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY February 2007 © Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2007. All rights reserved. Author ....... Departmet of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Febri- '. 2007 Certified by Jovan Popovid Associate Professor or Accepted by........... Arthur C.Smith Chairman, Department Committee on Graduate Students MASSACHUSETTS INSTInfrE OF TECHNOLOGY APR 3 0 2007 AKER LIBRARIES Towards Adaptive and Directable Control of Simulated Creatures by Yeuhi Abe Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science on February 2, 2007, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Computer Science and Engineering Abstract Interactive animation is used ubiquitously for entertainment and for the communi- cation of ideas. Active creatures, such as humans, robots, and animals, are often at the heart of such animation and are required to interact in compelling and lifelike ways with their virtual environment. Physical simulation handles such interaction correctly, with a principled approach that adapts easily to different circumstances, changing environments, and unexpected disturbances. However, developing robust control strategies that result in natural motion of active creatures within physical simulation has proved to be a difficult problem. To address this issue, a new and ver- satile algorithm for the low-level control of animated characters has been developed and tested. It simplifies the process of creating control strategies by automatically ac- counting for many parameters of the simulation, including the physical properties of the creature and the contact forces between the creature and the virtual environment.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Speed in Ormond Beach
    The History of Speed in Ormond Beach ORMOND BEACH, Fla. - In 1903, the smooth, hard-packed sands of Ormond Beach became a proving ground for automobile inventors and drivers. These first speed tournaments in the US earned Ormond the title “Birthplace of Speed.” Records set here during speed trial tournaments for much of the next eight years would be the first significant marks recorded outside of Europe. Motorcycle and automobile owners and racers brought vehicles that used gasoline, steam and electric engines. They came from France, Germany, and England as well as from across the United States. The Ormond Garage, the first gasoline alley before Indianapolis Speedway, was built in 1905 by Henry Flagler, owner of the Ormond Hotel, to accommodate participating race cars during the beach races. The Ormond Garage would house the drivers and mechanics during the speed time trials. Owners and manufacturers stayed, of course, at Flagler’s Ormond Hotel. Pictured: The Ormond Garage in 1905, with Louis Ross in his steam-powered "Wogglebug" No. 4 and other racers. Tragically, the Ormond Garage caught fire and burned to the ground in 1976, destroying one of auto history’s most important landmarks as well as antique cars owned by local residents who used the Garage as a museum. Sadly, all that remains is a historic marker, in front of SunTrust Bank, built on its ashes on East Granada Boulevard. Racing on Ormond Beach started in 1902. But the city’s famous connection with racing began in 1903 when the Winton Bullet won a Challenge Cup against the Olds Pirate by two-tenths of a second.
    [Show full text]
  • 7.6 Moments and Center of Mass in This Section We Want to find a Point on Which a Thin Plate of Any Given Shape Balances Horizontally As in Figure 7.6.1
    Arkansas Tech University MATH 2924: Calculus II Dr. Marcel B. Finan 7.6 Moments and Center of Mass In this section we want to find a point on which a thin plate of any given shape balances horizontally as in Figure 7.6.1. Figure 7.6.1 The center of mass is the so-called \balancing point" of an object (or sys- tem.) For example, when two children are sitting on a seesaw, the point at which the seesaw balances, i.e. becomes horizontal is the center of mass of the seesaw. Discrete Point Masses: One Dimensional Case Consider again the example of two children of mass m1 and m2 sitting on each side of a seesaw. It can be shown experimentally that the center of mass is a point P on the seesaw such that m1d1 = m2d2 where d1 and d2 are the distances from m1 and m2 to P respectively. See Figure 7.6.2. In order to generalize this concept, we introduce an x−axis with points m1 and m2 located at points with coordinates x1 and x2 with x1 < x2: Figure 7.6.2 1 Since P is the balancing point, we must have m1(x − x1) = m2(x2 − x): Solving for x we find m x + m x x = 1 1 2 2 : m1 + m2 The product mixi is called the moment of mi about the origin. The above result can be extended to a system with many points as follows: The center of mass of a system of n point-masses m1; m2; ··· ; mn located at x1; x2; ··· ; xn along the x−axis is given by the formula n X mixi i=1 Mo x = n = X m mi i=1 n X where the sum Mo = mixi is called the moment of the system about i=1 Pn the origin and m = i=1 mn is the total mass.
    [Show full text]
  • 2010-01-26 Houston Installation Contact Wire1
    Installation of Contact Wire (CW) for High Speed Lines - Recommendations Dr.-Ing. Frank Pupke Product Development Metal and Railways IEEE meeting - Houston, 25.01.2010 Frank Pupke 2010-01-25 Content 1. Material properties 2. Tension 3. Levelling Device 4. Examples for installation with levelling device 5. Quality check 6. Different Contact Wires in Europe 7. Recommendations Frank Pupke 2010-01-25 Examples – High speed Cologne- Frankfurt Spain Frank Pupke 2010-01-25 World Record Railway 574,8 km/h with nkt cables products The high-speed train TGV V150 reached with a speed of 574,8 km/h the world land speed record for conventional railed trains on 3 April 2007. The train was built in France and tested between Strasbourg and Paris The trials were conducted jointly by SNCF, Alstom and Réseau Ferré de France The catenary wire was made of bronze, with a circular cross-section of 116 mm2 and delivered by nkt cables. Catenary voltage was increased from 25 kV to 31 kV for the record attempt. The mechanical tension in the wire was increased to 40 kN from the standard 25 kN. The contact wire was made of copper tin by nkt cables and has a cross-section of 150 mm2. The track super elevation was increased to support higher speeds. The speed of the transverse wave induced in the overhead wire by the train's pantograph was thus increased to 610 km/h, providing a margin of safety beyond the train's maximum speed. Frank Pupke 2010-01-25 1. Material Properties - 1 Contact wire drawing: Frank Pupke 2010-01-25 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report
    COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS ANNUAL REPORT July 1,1996-June 30,1997 Main Office Washington Office The Harold Pratt House 1779 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. 58 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10021 Washington, DC 20036 Tel. (212) 434-9400; Fax (212) 861-1789 Tel. (202) 518-3400; Fax (202) 986-2984 Website www. foreignrela tions. org e-mail publicaffairs@email. cfr. org OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, 1997-98 Officers Directors Charlayne Hunter-Gault Peter G. Peterson Term Expiring 1998 Frank Savage* Chairman of the Board Peggy Dulany Laura D'Andrea Tyson Maurice R. Greenberg Robert F Erburu Leslie H. Gelb Vice Chairman Karen Elliott House ex officio Leslie H. Gelb Joshua Lederberg President Vincent A. Mai Honorary Officers Michael P Peters Garrick Utley and Directors Emeriti Senior Vice President Term Expiring 1999 Douglas Dillon and Chief Operating Officer Carla A. Hills Caryl R Haskins Alton Frye Robert D. Hormats Grayson Kirk Senior Vice President William J. McDonough Charles McC. Mathias, Jr. Paula J. Dobriansky Theodore C. Sorensen James A. Perkins Vice President, Washington Program George Soros David Rockefeller Gary C. Hufbauer Paul A. Volcker Honorary Chairman Vice President, Director of Studies Robert A. Scalapino Term Expiring 2000 David Kellogg Cyrus R. Vance Jessica R Einhorn Vice President, Communications Glenn E. Watts and Corporate Affairs Louis V Gerstner, Jr. Abraham F. Lowenthal Hanna Holborn Gray Vice President and Maurice R. Greenberg Deputy National Director George J. Mitchell Janice L. Murray Warren B. Rudman Vice President and Treasurer Term Expiring 2001 Karen M. Sughrue Lee Cullum Vice President, Programs Mario L. Baeza and Media Projects Thomas R.
    [Show full text]
  • Aerodynamic Development of a IUPUI Formula SAE Specification Car with Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) Analysis
    Aerodynamic development of a IUPUI Formula SAE specification car with Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) analysis Ponnappa Bheemaiah Meederira, Indiana- University Purdue- University. Indianapolis Aerodynamic development of a IUPUI Formula SAE specification car with Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) analysis A Directed Project Final Report Submitted to the Faculty Of Purdue School of Engineering and Technology Indianapolis By Ponnappa Bheemaiah Meederira, In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Technology Committee Member Approval Signature Date Peter Hylton, Chair Technology _______________________________________ ____________ Andrew Borme Technology _______________________________________ ____________ Ken Rennels Technology _______________________________________ ____________ Aerodynamic development of a IUPUI Formula SAE specification car with Computational 3 Fluid Dynamics(CFD) analysis Table of Contents 1. Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 4 2. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 5 3. Problem statement ..................................................................................................................... 7 4. Significance............................................................................................................................... 7 5. Literature review
    [Show full text]
  • Cycling Accident Fact Sheet
    Traffic Safety Basic Facts 2013 - Main Figures Traffic Safety Basic Facts 2018 Cyclists Traffic Safety Basic Facts 2018 – Cyclists General In 2016, about 25.600 people were killed in road accidents throughout the EU, a reduction of 40% from the 2007 total of 43.150. This fact sheet explores the known characteristics of cyclist fatalities. Cyclists, while relatively small in proportion with respect to motorized vehicles, have a high level of vulnerability, creating a significant need to better understand the characteristics specific to this user group. A good insight into the problem provides an opportunity to improve the safety of this cheap, convenient and environmentally safe mode of transport. Fatality refers to any road user who was killed outright or who died In 2016, about 2.000 cyclists within 30 days as a result of the accident. This fact sheet addresses were killed in road accidents cyclists fatalities hereinafter referred to as fatalities. The term “bicycles” in the EU countries, 8% of all refers only to push bikes. The most recent year or period for which data road fatalities. are available has been analysed. Bicycle fatalities make up 8% of the total number of road accident fatalities in 2016 in the EU countries. In these countries, 2.015 people riding bicycles were killed in road accidents in 2016 (excluding Lithuania and Slovakia). Figure 1: Number of cyclist fatalities and all road fatalities, EU, 2007-2016 Source: CARE database, data available in May 2018 Figure 1 shows both the number of cyclist fatalities and the number of all road fatalities in the EU between 2007 and 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • World Population Ageing 2019
    World Population Ageing 2019 Highlights ST/ESA/SER.A/430 Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division World Population Ageing 2019 Highlights United Nations New York, 2019 The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which States Members of the United Nations draw to review common problems and take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. The Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs provides the international community with timely and accessible population data and analysis of population trends and development outcomes for all countries and areas of the world. To this end, the Division undertakes regular studies of population size and characteristics and of all three components of population change (fertility, mortality and migration). Founded in 1946, the Population Division provides substantive support on population and development issues to the United Nations General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the Commission on Population and Development. It also leads or participates in various interagency coordination mechanisms of the United Nations system.
    [Show full text]
  • Exposure-Adjusted Road Fatality Rates for Cycling and Walking In
    CPB Corporate Partnership Board Exposure-Adjusted Road Fatality Rates for Cycling and Walking 168 Roundtable Alberto Castro in European Countries University of Zurich Sonja Kahlmeier Discussion Paper University of Zurich Thomas Gotschi University of Zurich CPB Corporate Partnership Board Exposure-Adjusted Road Fatality Rates for Cycling and Walking 168 Roundtable Alberto Castro in European Countries University of Zurich Sonja Kahlmeier Discussion Paper University of Zurich Thomas Gotschi University of Zurich The International Transport Forum The International Transport Forum is an intergovernmental organisation with 59 member countries. It acts as a think tank for transport policy and organises the Annual Summit of transport ministers. ITF is the only global body that covers all transport modes. The ITF is politically autonomous and administratively integrated with the OECD. The ITF works for transport policies that improve peoples’ lives. Our mission is to foster a deeper understanding of the role of transport in economic growth, environmental sustainability and social inclusion and to raise the public profile of transport policy. The ITF organises global dialogue for better transport. We act as a platform for discussion and pre‐ negotiation of policy issues across all transport modes. We analyse trends, share knowledge and promote exchange among transport decision‐makers and civil society. The ITF’s Annual Summit is the world’s largest gathering of transport ministers and the leading global platform for dialogue on transport policy.
    [Show full text]
  • Simplified Tools and Methods for Chassis and Vehicle Dynamics Development for FSAE Vehicles
    Simplified Tools and Methods for Chassis and Vehicle Dynamics Development for FSAE Vehicles A thesis submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the School of Dynamic Systems of the College of Engineering and Applied Science by Fredrick Jabs B.A. University of Cincinnati June 2006 Committee Chair: Randall Allemang, Ph.D. Abstract Chassis and vehicle dynamics development is a demanding discipline within the FSAE team structure. Many fundamental quantities that are key to the vehicle’s behavior are underdeveloped, undefined or not validated during the product lifecycle of the FSAE competition vehicle. Measurements and methods dealing with the yaw inertia, pitch inertia, roll inertia and tire forces of the vehicle were developed to more accurately quantify the vehicle parameter set. An air ride rotational platform was developed to quantify the yaw inertia of the vehicle. Due to the facilities available the air ride approach has advantages over the common trifilar pendulum method. The air ride necessitates the use of an elevated level table while the trifilar requires a large area and sufficient overhead structure to suspend the object. Although the air ride requires more rigorous computation to perform the second order polynomial fitment of the data, use of small angle approximation is avoided during the process. The rigid pendulum developed to measure both the pitch and roll inertia also satisfies the need to quantify the center of gravity location as part of the process. For the size of the objects being measured, cost and complexity were reduced by using wood for the platform, simple steel support structures and a knife edge pivot design.
    [Show full text]
  • Rocky Mountain Express
    ROCKY MOUNTAIN EXPRESS TEACHER’S GUIDE TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 A POSTCARD TO THE EDUCATOR 4 CHAPTER 1 ALL ABOARD! THE FILM 5 CHAPTER 2 THE NORTH AMERICAN DREAM REFLECTIONS ON THE RIBBON OF STEEL (CANADA AND U.S.A.) X CHAPTER 3 A RAILWAY JOURNEY EVOLUTION OF RAIL TRANSPORT X CHAPTER 4 THE LITTLE ENGINE THAT COULD THE MECHANICS OF THE RAILWAY AND TRAIN X CHAPTER 5 TALES, TRAGEDIES, AND TRIUMPHS THE RAILWAY AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES X CHAPTER 6 DO THE CHOO-CHOO A TRAIL OF INFLUENCE AND INSPIRATION X CHAPTER 7 ALONG THE RAILROAD TRACKS ACTIVITIES FOR THE TRAIN-MINDED 2 A POSTCARD TO THE EDUCATOR 1. Dear Educator, Welcome to our Teacher’s Guide, which has been prepared to help educators integrate the IMAX® motion picture ROCKY MOUNTAIN EXPRESS into school curriculums. We designed the guide in a manner that is accessible and flexible to any school educator. Feel free to work through the material in a linear fashion or in any order you find appropriate. Or concentrate on a particular chapter or activity based on your needs as a teacher. At the end of the guide, we have included activities that embrace a wide range of topics that can be developed and adapted to different class settings. The material, which is targeted at upper elementary grades, provides students the opportunity to explore, to think, to express, to interact, to appreciate, and to create. Happy discovery and bon voyage! Yours faithfully, Pietro L. Serapiglia Producer, Rocky Mountain Express 2. Moraine Lake and the Valley of the Ten Peaks, Banff National Park, Alberta 3 The Film The giant screen motion picture Rocky Mountain Express, shot with authentic 15/70 negative which guarantees astounding image fidelity, is produced and distributed by the Stephen Low Company for exhibition in IMAX® theaters and other giant screen theaters.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Climate Risk Index 2018
    THINK TANK & RESEARCH BRIEFING PAPER GLOBAL CLIMATE RISK INDEX 2018 Who Suffers Most From Extreme Weather Events? Weather-related Loss Events in 2016 and 1997 to 2016 David Eckstein, Vera Künzel and Laura Schäfer Global Climate Risk Index 2018 GERMANWATCH Brief Summary The Global Climate Risk Index 2018 analyses to what extent countries have been affected by the impacts of weather-related loss events (storms, floods, heat waves etc.). The most recent data available – for 2016 and from 1997 to 2016 – were taken into account. The countries affected most in 2016 were Haiti, Zimbabwe as well as Fiji. For the period from 1997 to 2016 Honduras, Haiti and Myanmar rank highest. This year’s 13th edition of the analysis reconfirms earlier results of the Climate Risk Index: less developed countries are generally more affected than industrialised countries. Regarding future climate change, the Climate Risk Index may serve as a red flag for already existing vulnerability that may further increase in regions where extreme events will become more frequent or more severe due to climate change. While some vulnerable developing countries are frequently hit by extreme events, for others such disasters are a rare occurrence. It remains to be seen how much progress the Fijian climate summit in Bonn will make to address these challenges: The COP23 aims to continue the development of the ‘rule-book’ needed for implementing the Paris Agreement, including the global adaptation goal and adaptation communication guidelines. A new 5-year-work plan of the Warsaw International Mechanism on Loss and Damage is to be adopted by the COP.
    [Show full text]