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Understanding the Sexual Recruitment of One of the Oldest and Largest Organisms on Earth, the Seagrass Posidonia Oceanica
RESEARCH ARTICLE Understanding the sexual recruitment of one of the oldest and largest organisms on Earth, the seagrass Posidonia oceanica 1☯ 2☯ 1☯ Laura Guerrero-MeseguerID *, Carlos Sanz-LaÂzaro , Arnaldo MarõÂn 1 Departamento de EcologõÂa e HidrologõÂa. Facultad de BiologõÂa, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain, 2 Departamento de EcologõÂa, PabelloÂn 13, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. * [email protected] a1111111111 Abstract a1111111111 a1111111111 The seagrass Posidonia oceanica is considered one of the oldest and largest living organ- a1111111111 isms on Earth. Notwithstanding, given the difficulty of monitoring its fruits and seeds in the a1111111111 field, the development of P. oceanica during its sexual recruitment is not completely under- stood. We studied the stages of development of P. oceanica seeds from their dispersion in the fruit interior to their settlement in sediment through histological, ultrastructural and meso- cosm experiments. P. oceanica sexual recruitment can be divided into three main stages OPEN ACCESS that focus on maximising photosynthesis and anchoring the seedlings to the sediment. In Citation: Guerrero-Meseguer L, Sanz-LaÂzaro C, the first stage (fruit dispersion), seeds perform photosynthesis while being transported MarõÂn A (2018) Understanding the sexual recruitment of one of the oldest and largest inside the fruit along the sea surface. In the second stage (seed adhesion), seeds develop organisms on Earth, the seagrass Posidonia adhesive microscopic hairs that cover the primary and secondary roots and favour seed oceanica. PLoS ONE 13(11): e0207345. https://doi. adhesion to the substrate. In the last stage (seedling anchorage), roots attach the seedlings org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207345 to the substrate by orienting them towards the direction of light to maximise photosynthesis. -
The Anthropocene Biosphere
ANR0010.1177/2053019615591020The Anthropocene ReviewWilliams et al. 591020research-article2015 Review The Anthropocene Review 1 –24 The Anthropocene biosphere © The Author(s) 2015 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/2053019615591020 anr.sagepub.com Mark Williams,1 Jan Zalasiewicz,1 PK Haff,2 Christian Schwägerl,3 Anthony D Barnosky4,5,6 and Erle C Ellis7 Abstract The geological record preserves evidence for two fundamental stages in the evolution of Earth’s biosphere, a microbial stage from ~3.5 to 0.65 Ga, and a metazoan stage evident by c. 650 Ma. We suggest that the modern biosphere differs significantly from these previous stages and shows early signs of a new, third stage of biosphere evolution characterised by: (1) global homogenisation of flora and fauna; (2) a single species (Homo sapiens) commandeering 25–40% of net primary production and also mining fossil net primary production (fossil fuels) to break through the photosynthetic energy barrier; (3) human-directed evolution of other species; and (4) increasing interaction of the biosphere with the technosphere (the global emergent system that includes humans, technological artefacts, and associated social and technological networks). These unique features of today’s biosphere may herald a new era in the planet’s history that could persist over geological timescales. Keywords biosphere, evolution, global ecosystem, neobiotic species, planetary state, production and consumption, technosphere Introduction Humans transport organisms around the globe (McNeely, 2001 and references therein), con- struct unique agricultural and urban ‘anthromes’ for organisms to live in (e.g. Ellis, 2013; Ellis et al., 2012, 2013a, 2013b), and have concentrated biomass into a particular set of plants and animals (e.g. -
Cycling Accident Fact Sheet
Traffic Safety Basic Facts 2013 - Main Figures Traffic Safety Basic Facts 2018 Cyclists Traffic Safety Basic Facts 2018 – Cyclists General In 2016, about 25.600 people were killed in road accidents throughout the EU, a reduction of 40% from the 2007 total of 43.150. This fact sheet explores the known characteristics of cyclist fatalities. Cyclists, while relatively small in proportion with respect to motorized vehicles, have a high level of vulnerability, creating a significant need to better understand the characteristics specific to this user group. A good insight into the problem provides an opportunity to improve the safety of this cheap, convenient and environmentally safe mode of transport. Fatality refers to any road user who was killed outright or who died In 2016, about 2.000 cyclists within 30 days as a result of the accident. This fact sheet addresses were killed in road accidents cyclists fatalities hereinafter referred to as fatalities. The term “bicycles” in the EU countries, 8% of all refers only to push bikes. The most recent year or period for which data road fatalities. are available has been analysed. Bicycle fatalities make up 8% of the total number of road accident fatalities in 2016 in the EU countries. In these countries, 2.015 people riding bicycles were killed in road accidents in 2016 (excluding Lithuania and Slovakia). Figure 1: Number of cyclist fatalities and all road fatalities, EU, 2007-2016 Source: CARE database, data available in May 2018 Figure 1 shows both the number of cyclist fatalities and the number of all road fatalities in the EU between 2007 and 2016. -
New Version of Labour Ministry's Mobile App Offers 33 Services
www.thepeninsula.qa Saturday 18 January 2020 Volume 24 | Number 8140 23 Jumada I - 1441 2 Riyals BUSINESS | 13 SPORT | 18 US-China trade deal Al Ghazali to ease global guides What uncertainty: A Pleasure IMF Chief to win New version of Labour Ministry’s mobile app offers 33 services SANAULLAH ATAULLAH The e-services of THE PENINSULA ‘Amerni’ application The Ministry of Administrative Devel- include housing opment, Labour and Social Affairs has launched the third patch of electronic application follow up, services for ‘Amerni’ application on smart phones in Arabic and English to rent allowance follow save time and efforts of users — indi- up, house purchase- viduals and companies. The third patch includes five new ownership request, services. As of now, the app offers a total and title deed re- of 33 services including 21 services for individuals and 12 services for com- quest, among others. panies, said the Ministry in a post ‘Mobile Application Guide’ published on its website. Android Users, in both languages Arabic The users will now be able to file and English. The user guide is intended complaints against violating manpower to inform the users how to use an recruitment offices. The domestic e-services application - Amerni - for Al Sadd crowned Qatar Cup champions workers can also file formal complaints, the Ministry of Administrative Devel- in addition to other services provided opment, Labour and Social Affairs in Al Sadd’s players and officials pose with the Qatar Cup trophy at Al Sadd Stadium, yesterday. Al Sadd defeated Al Duhail by the Labour Relations Department. Qatar. -
World Population Ageing 2019
World Population Ageing 2019 Highlights ST/ESA/SER.A/430 Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division World Population Ageing 2019 Highlights United Nations New York, 2019 The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which States Members of the United Nations draw to review common problems and take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. The Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs provides the international community with timely and accessible population data and analysis of population trends and development outcomes for all countries and areas of the world. To this end, the Division undertakes regular studies of population size and characteristics and of all three components of population change (fertility, mortality and migration). Founded in 1946, the Population Division provides substantive support on population and development issues to the United Nations General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the Commission on Population and Development. It also leads or participates in various interagency coordination mechanisms of the United Nations system. -
Exposure-Adjusted Road Fatality Rates for Cycling and Walking In
CPB Corporate Partnership Board Exposure-Adjusted Road Fatality Rates for Cycling and Walking 168 Roundtable Alberto Castro in European Countries University of Zurich Sonja Kahlmeier Discussion Paper University of Zurich Thomas Gotschi University of Zurich CPB Corporate Partnership Board Exposure-Adjusted Road Fatality Rates for Cycling and Walking 168 Roundtable Alberto Castro in European Countries University of Zurich Sonja Kahlmeier Discussion Paper University of Zurich Thomas Gotschi University of Zurich The International Transport Forum The International Transport Forum is an intergovernmental organisation with 59 member countries. It acts as a think tank for transport policy and organises the Annual Summit of transport ministers. ITF is the only global body that covers all transport modes. The ITF is politically autonomous and administratively integrated with the OECD. The ITF works for transport policies that improve peoples’ lives. Our mission is to foster a deeper understanding of the role of transport in economic growth, environmental sustainability and social inclusion and to raise the public profile of transport policy. The ITF organises global dialogue for better transport. We act as a platform for discussion and pre‐ negotiation of policy issues across all transport modes. We analyse trends, share knowledge and promote exchange among transport decision‐makers and civil society. The ITF’s Annual Summit is the world’s largest gathering of transport ministers and the leading global platform for dialogue on transport policy. -
Global Climate Risk Index 2018
THINK TANK & RESEARCH BRIEFING PAPER GLOBAL CLIMATE RISK INDEX 2018 Who Suffers Most From Extreme Weather Events? Weather-related Loss Events in 2016 and 1997 to 2016 David Eckstein, Vera Künzel and Laura Schäfer Global Climate Risk Index 2018 GERMANWATCH Brief Summary The Global Climate Risk Index 2018 analyses to what extent countries have been affected by the impacts of weather-related loss events (storms, floods, heat waves etc.). The most recent data available – for 2016 and from 1997 to 2016 – were taken into account. The countries affected most in 2016 were Haiti, Zimbabwe as well as Fiji. For the period from 1997 to 2016 Honduras, Haiti and Myanmar rank highest. This year’s 13th edition of the analysis reconfirms earlier results of the Climate Risk Index: less developed countries are generally more affected than industrialised countries. Regarding future climate change, the Climate Risk Index may serve as a red flag for already existing vulnerability that may further increase in regions where extreme events will become more frequent or more severe due to climate change. While some vulnerable developing countries are frequently hit by extreme events, for others such disasters are a rare occurrence. It remains to be seen how much progress the Fijian climate summit in Bonn will make to address these challenges: The COP23 aims to continue the development of the ‘rule-book’ needed for implementing the Paris Agreement, including the global adaptation goal and adaptation communication guidelines. A new 5-year-work plan of the Warsaw International Mechanism on Loss and Damage is to be adopted by the COP. -
BFA Blueprint
BIKE PLAN BIKE SUMMIT STRONG NETWORK TRAFFIC COMPLETE SKILLS STREETS SAFE ROUTES TO SCHOOL POLICE TRAINING EQUITABLE TREATMENT BIKE TO WORK DAY ADVOCACY GROUPS BicycleFriendlyAmericaSM The Blueprint contentJAN-FEB 2011 The Bicycle Friendly 2 Community Program Grows Up 6 Bicycle Friendly Community List 8 Bicycle Friendly Business List 13 Bicycle Friendly State List 64 What Can You Do? 14 engineering 50 enforcement 16 Complete Streets 52 Strong Laws 20 Building Bicycling into 54 Targeted Enforcement Transportation Networks 26 Including All Bicyclists 56 evaluation 58 Bike Master Plan 28 education 60 Bicycle Advisory Committee 30 Traffic Skills Training 62 Data Collection 32 Safe Routes to School & Work The articles in this magazine were 34 Educationg Engineers and Planners written by League staff including Andy Clarke, Meghan Cahill, Alison Dewey, Darren Flusche, Elizabeth 36 encouragement Kiker, Bill Nesper, Jeff Peel and Carly Sieff. Cover illustrations by Katie 38 Bike Month Omberg. 40 Leading Advocate 42 Advocacy Groups Copyright 2013, League of American Wheelmen, Inc. dba League of 45 Maps, Guides & Signage America Bicyclists, 1612 K Street NW, 47 Game Changers Suite 510, Washington, DC 20006. The Bicycle Friendly Community Program wice a year, a small group awarded communities – we’ve now state! There are a lot of elements to of League staff disappear reviewed more than 400 aspirants being “bicyclist-friendly” and every into a conference room and recognized 158 at the bronze or one of the questions in our detailed armed with a stack of higher level – and equally obviously application forms is there for a reason Tcommunity applications, and a pile the program has expanded to cover – and yet we know, after reviewing of comments from cycling leaders states, business and universities in ad- literally hundreds of applications in those communities. -
Structure of Mediterranean 'Cnidarian Populations In
Homage to Ramon Marga/et,· or, Why there is such p/easure in studying nature 243 (J. D. Ros & N. Prat, eds.). 1991 . Oec% gia aquatica, 10: 243-254 STRUCTURE OF 'CNIDARIAN POPULATIONS IN MEDITERRANEAN SUBLITTORAL BENTHIC COMMUNITIES AS A RESUL T OF ADAPTATION TO DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 2 JOSEP-MARIA GILIl & ENRIe BALLESTEROs .• 1 Insti t de Ciencies del Mar (CSIC). Passeig Nacional, s/n. 08039 Barcelona. Spain 2 � Centre d'Estudis Avanc;:atsde Blanes (CSIC). Camí de Santa Barbara, s/n. 17300 Blanes. Spain Received: March 1990 SUMMARY The presence and abundance of Cnidarians, extremely cornmon in Mediterranean sublittoral benthic communities, exerts a profound effect on the entire structure of such communities, although the roles of Anthozoans and Hydrozoans differ in accordance with their different biological characteristics. Structural differences in benthic cnidarian populations were observed in three sublittoral cornmunities located within 100 m of each other yet differing considerably in light intensity and water movement. Species-area and Shannon's diversity-area curves were computed for each community from reticulate samples constituted by 18 subsamples 2 of 289 cm . Species-area curves were fitted to semilogarithmic functions, while diversity-area curves were fitted to Michaelis-Menten functions by the method of least squares. Species richness, species distribution, alpha-diversity, and pattem diversity were estimated from the fitted curves. Patch size for Anthozoans was smaller than that for Hydrozoans in all three communities. Diversity was greatest in the cornmunities with the lowest and with the highest light intensity and water flow levels, but species richness was highest in the intermediate community. -
Viewed for Over 30 Years As for Ecologists
Reports Ecology, 89(12), 2008, pp. 3261–3267 Ó 2008 by the Ecological Society of America AN EXPERIMENTAL DISTURBANCE ALTERS FISH SIZE STRUCTURE BUT NOT FOOD CHAIN LENGTH IN STREAMS 1 ANNIKA W. WALTERS AND DAVID M. POST Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208106, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8106 USA Abstract. Streams experience frequent natural disturbance and are undergoing consid- erable anthropogenic disturbance due to dam construction and water diversion. Disturbance is known to impact community structure, but its effect on food chain length is still a matter of considerable debate. Theoretical models show that longer food chains are less resilient to disturbance, so food chain length is predicted to be shorter following a disturbance event. Here we experimentally test the effect of disturbance on food chain length in streams by diverting stream flow. We found that our experimental low-flow disturbance did not alter food chain length. We did see an effect on body-size structure in our food webs suggesting that food chain length may be an insensitive indicator of disturbance. We suggest that habitat heterogeneity and food web complexity buffer the effect of disturbance on food chain length. The theoretical predictions of disturbance on food chain length are only likely to be seen in homogeneous systems that closely approximate the linear food chains the models are based upon. Key words: disturbance; food chain length; food web; stream community; water diversion. INTRODUCTION longer than floods, increase in intensity with time, and Disturbance is a key force structuring ecological can isolate sections of the stream (Boulton et al. -
Tech Spec Gnss.Pdf
FÉDÉRATION AÉRONAUTIQUE INTERNATIONALE TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION FOR GNSS FLIGHT RECORDERS TO IGC STANDARDS Second Edition 20 December 2010 AMENDMENT LIST (AL) RECORD Amendments are published by FAI via links from the IGC GNSS web page www.fai.org/gliding/gnss. T he fu ll w eb reference for the com plete version of this document is: www.fai.org/gliding/gnss/tech_spec_gnss.asp Amendments should be proposed to the Chairman of the IGC ANDS or GFA Committees (ANDS = Air traffic, Navigation and Display Systems , GFAC = GNSS Flight Recorder Approval Committee). This can be done either by direct contact or through the FAI Secretariat. For the FAI address, see the Preliminary Remarks page after the contents list that follows. The proposal should include the reason for the change and a form of words suitable for direct incorporation in this document. AL ACTION DATE AMENDMENT DETAILS 0 20 December 2010 Original issue 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 IGC GNSS FR Technical Specification - i - Second Edition - December 2010 CONTENTS Page i Amendment Lists - Table ii - iii Contents iv Preliminary Remarks v - xi Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations Chapter 1 - IGC Approval for Equipment Used for Flight Verification 1.1 GNSS FR Approvals - Policy and General 1.2 IGC GNSS FR Approval Committee (GFAC) 1.3 Notification by Manufacturers 1.4 Test and Evaluation 1.5 IGC-approval 1.6 Applicant’s agreement 1.7 Use of FRs within Nations 1.8 Notification and Issue of Documents and Files 1.9 Production Standards 1.10 Problems or Questions Chapter 2 - General Principles and Requirements -
January 1977 N:Arks the Start of the Fourth Year Pres
I, ,, • ' VOLUME 4 NO. l QUARTERLY JAN. 1977 Oftici&l Organ UNICYCLIOO SOCIETY OF AMERICA Inc. @1977 All Rte Ree. Yearl.:y Membership IS Includes Newsletter {4) ID Card - See B1Ju,k Pg 1 OFFICERS FELLOW UNICYCLISTS : January 1977 n:arks the start of the fourth year Pres . Paul Fox of our not-for-profit organization and we feel we have come a long way V. Pres. R. Tschudin and have been of real service to unic;rclists everywhereo See. T. Dick Haines • At our annual membership meeting in August incmnbent officers PAUL FOX, President, and DICK HAINES, Sec'y Treas. were reelected. ROBERTO FOUND!R MEMBERS TSCPUDI N was voted our new Vice President to take place cf retiring Bernard Crandall V. Po JOHN WPITE (See 11Meet Your New Officers 11 - pc.ge L). Paul & Nancy Fox Plans are under way for a 1977 !Jational Meeting of some type in Peter Hangach Marion, Ohio August 20-21. Since last year' s meet in Au~st 1 76 for Patricia Herron mer 'l. P. John White has contacted clubs that participated and from a Bill Jenack questionnaire submitted to them has come up with some constructive Gordon Kruse ideas and guidelines for the upcoming 1977 Annual Meetingo Steve McPeak President PAUL FOX wishes to announce that a meeting is beillg called Fr. Ju. J. Moran of interested parties the first Sunday of March (Mar.6,1977) in Marion, nr. Miles s. Rogers Ohioo At the meeting the rules and regulations for the 1977 get- to1,ether Charlotte Fox Rogers will be finalized and Apro issue of newsletter will carry the results • .t~ Rubel As noted in Editorial, pg 22 of last issue, our ffational Meetings Dr.