Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47171-8 — Great Christian Jurists and Legal Collections in the First Millennium Edited by Philip L

Home , Canon Episcopi, Synod of Gangra

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47171-8 — Great Christian Jurists and Legal Collections in the First Millennium Edited by Philip L. Reynolds Index More Information

Index

Acacian schism, 297, 306–7, 319–20 Apostolic Canons, 186–87, 324–25, 432 Admonitio generalis (Charlemagne), 120, 122, Apostolic Constitutions, 186 166–67, 175 Apostolic see (sedes apostolica), 69, 402, 404, 408 Admonition to a Spiritual Son (Admon.), 337 apostolicity, 128 admonito, 421 Arbor cognationum, 413 adoptionism, 155, 414 Arianism, 135 Adrian II, 408–9 Aristotle, 268, 363 adultery of the heart, 23 artes liberales, 384 Adversus haereses, 131 asceticism, 289, 353 aequitas (fairness), 15 Ash Wednesday, 24 African Canons, 293 assembly (ecclesia), 26, 40 Against Faustus the Manichee (Augustine of astrological fatalism, 289 Hippo), 271, 279 Astronomer, 418–19 Age of Pseudo-Isidore, 407–9 Attila the Hun, 286–87 agents of God, 10 auctoritas, 110 Agobard of Lyon, 439 audientia episcopalis, 302–3 aid (adiutorium), 256–57 Augustine of Canterbury, 113–14 Aistulf, King, 146, 147 Augustine of Hippo Alberic II, 152 Christianity, war and justice, 278–79 Alexander of Antioch, 138 City of God, 273–76 Alger of Lie`ge, 475–76 Donatist Controversy, 276–78 alienation of church property, 373–74 introduction to, 9, 10, 266–68 almsgiving as penitence, 361 nature and species of law, 269–73 alternative to Roman law, 65–68 reception and signiﬁcance, 279–80 Ambrosiaster Roman law and, 266–68 introduction to, 10, 252–55 Aurelia Atiaris, 66 law of faith, 255, 257–58 authority (auctoritas), 132 natural to Mosaic law, 256–57 authority of patristic tradition, 305–6 reception and signiﬁcance, 263–64 avarice, 175, 199, 356, 365, 372, 373 Roman law and Christian doctrine, 259–63 Avellana collectio, 294 sacred and secular law, 255 Ayres, Lewis, 271 Ambrosius Iudex, 413 Anastasius II, 320 baptism rites, 293 Angelic Rule, 218–21 barbarians/barbarian law, 81, 86, 111, 258, 300, 319, Angilram of Metz, bishop, 404 362, 366 Ansegis of Fontenelle, 433 Barnes, T.D., 64 Anselmo Dedicata, 193, 195, 467 Baugulf, monk, 343–44 Apostle creed, 4 Benedict of Aniane, 17, 216–18, 222, 346

478

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47171-8 — Great Christian Jurists and Legal Collections in the First Millennium Edited by Philip L. Reynolds Index More Information

Index 479

Benedict of Nursia, 4, 200 importance of, 10, 323 Benedict’s Rule. See Rule of Benedict penitential material and, 203, 208–9 Benedictus Levita, 34, 38, 406 as problematic, 35 Berger, Adolf, 473–74 Roman law and, 92 Bernard of Clairvaux, 39 secular legislation and, 36–37 Bernard of Septimania, 419 sovereign authority and, 40 bishops violation of, 285 in Carolingian era, 120–24 canonical rules (regulae canonicae), 34, 110, 114, collections and decretals, 30–32 208–9, 211, 401 ecclesiastical councils and, 26, 111–15 canons (canones) Isidore the Merchant on, 401–3 canon law, 34–50 legal vs. quasi-legal capacity of, 41 collections and decretals, 30–32 penitential books and, 205 conciliar canons, 25–30 poetic/fictional portrayal of, 163–64 defined, 33, 288 Roman law in Merovingian kingdom, 96–101 forgeries and false attributions, 330 bishop’s court, 302–3 introduction to, 3, 25 Blondel, David, 409 judicial process of, 41–50 Boniface, monk, 343, 345–46 political framework of, 38–40 Boniface VIII, Pope, 310 role of, 35 Breviary (Breviarium Alaricianum), 59 terminology, 32–34 Brunner, Heinrich, 74, 78–79 vocabulary of, 37–38 Burchard, bishop of Worms Canons of Laodicea, 327 church law collection, 461–66 Canons of Theodore, 190–91, 192, 202–3 Decretum, 449, 450, 458, 459–61, 462–68, 472 Canons Regular, 18 introduction to, 458–59 canonum quadripartita, 193 life and work, 209, 459–61 capital sins (peccata capitalia), 199 Burden, John, 450 Capitula Angilramni (CA), 404, 405 Burgundian kingdom, 88, 89–90 Carolingian era/polity, 32, 40 Bury, J. B., 74 canonical collections, 193–96 Byzantine influence, 156–57 churchmen and the church, 163–70 councils and bishops in, 120–24 Cadaver Synod, 152 introduction to, 155–58 Caesarius of Arles, bishop, 112–13, 221–25 palace and cloister, 159–63 caesaropapism, 119, 156–57 papacy and, 151 Canon Episcopi, 466 penitential importance, 206–7 canon law, 34–50, 73, 445, 471. See also church law power-relations in, 403–4 canon of truth, 5 purity and danger, 170–76 canonical authority, 117, 451 scandal and, 176–79 canonical collections summary of, 180 Apostolic Canons, 186–87, 324–25 Cassian, John, 230, 233, 284, 355–56 authority of, 188–93 Cassiodorus, 316 beginnings, 185–88 catechesis, 5 Carolingian era to eleventh century, 193–96 categorization of laws, 431–34 contributions to, 323–29 Celestine I, 140–41 identifying and classifying, 183–85 Celidonius of Besançon, 285 liber canonum, 195, 315, 323–29 cenobitic life of monks, 341 value of, 182–83 centenarii, 97 canonical penance, 19, 178–79 Chalcedonian orthodoxy, 143–44 canonical regulation (ius antiquum) charity, 101, 321, 347, 348, 354, 360, 361, 364, 370, authenticity in, 330 373–75, 377, 476 crafting of, 107, 447 Charlemagne, King, 120, 148, 149, 157, 159–63, development of, 288, 312, 323–25 170, 423 disciplinary matters and, 329 Charles the Bald, 34, 43 forgeries and, 437 Christian Apologist, 10

480 Index

Christian commonwealth (christiana cognitio, 66, 82 respublica), 365 Collectio Avellana (CA), 298, 306, 307–8 Christian Latin, 14 Collectio Britannica, 298, 307 Christian penance. See penance/penitential Collectio Danieliana, 406 prescriptions Collectio Dionysiana, 186–87, 315, 329, 330–31 Christian people (populus christianus), 164, 165, Collectio Dionysio-Hadriana, 120, 148, 191–92, 193, 167, 169–70, 172, 175 330–31, 430 Christian Roman emperors, 108 Collectio Hibernensis, 183, 188–93, 196 Christian slaves, 375 Collectio Hispana, 33, 183, 188, 193, 295, 382, 393 Christianizing of Roman law, 68–69 Collectio Vetus Gallica, 204 Christians/Christianity. See also bishops; canons; collections of canons, 30–32 monastic rules; papacy; penance/penitential Collections of Local Importance, 473 prescriptions comitatus, 97 City of God, 273–76, 279 common legal culture, 385–86 contribution to Christian chronology, 322 commonwealth (res publica), 13 conversion to, 266 communion and penance, 294 divine law, 245, 273 complaints against the church, 373 doctrine and Roman law, 259–63 concilia mixta, 108, 118 Donatist Controversy, 276–78 conciliar canons (libri canonum), 25–30, 114–15, legal targeting of, 244 120–24 legality of practice, 240–44 conciliar tribunals, 41, 42–43, 122 martyrdoms, 63–65 concilium, deﬁned, 28 monotheism of, 242, 246 concord (harmonious social order), 359–62, moral writings, 417–21 365–69 persecution of, 64 Concordance of Discordant Canons, 124, 386, 409 sin and, 290, 293 Concordia Canonum, 184 suffering in, 289–90 Conferences (Cassian), 230, 233 theory of Christian law, 300–1 confession and penance, 22–23, 452 war and justice, 278–79 Confessions (Augustine of Hippo), 266, 271 Christological controversies, 286–87, 294, 298, consanguinity, 458, 462 317–18 consensus, 97, 109–10 Christ’s body (compago corporis Christi), 360 Constantine, emperor, 28, 58, 67, 133–38, 239–40, Chronicon (Isidore of Seville), 384 247–48 church and state, opposition between, 365–69 Constitutio Constantini, 151, 401, 424 church law, 459, 461–66, 471–77. See also Constitutio Romana, 149–50, 152 canon law Constitution of Chlothar II, 100 Cicero, 245–46, 268 controlling law, 53–55 City of God (Augustine of Hippo), 273–76, 279 Contumeliosus of Riez, 112–13 civic piety, 273 Corpus Iuris Civilis (CIC), 53–55, 58, 389 civitas, 96, 97 The Corrector (Buchard), 462 Claudius of Turin, bishop, 423 Coulanges, Fustel de, 75 Clement of Alexandria, 357 Council of Agde, 112 clergy (ordo ecclesiasticus), 165 Council of Ancyra, 20–21, 199 clergy (sacerdotes), 173 Council of Arles, 111 clerical abuses, rulings, 301–2 Council of Carthage, 291, 293, 294, 329 cloisters in Carolingian era, 159–63 Council of Chalcedon, 28–29, 136, 141, 286, 299, Clovis, 112 301, 317–19, 328 Codex Euricianus (CE), 88 Council of Chalon-sur-Saoˆne, 212 Codex Gregorianus, 58, 242 Council of Clichy, 117 Codex Hermogenianus, 242 Council of Constantinople, 327–28 Codex Justinianus, 68, 69, 373 Council of Elvira, 291–92 Codex Regularum, 216–18, 226, 335 Council of Ephesus, 317 Codex Theodosianus, 89 Council of Frankfurt, 422, 423 coercive power (potestas), 40, 311 Council of Germania, 38

Index 481

Council of Maˆcon, 116 Diocletianic edicts, 61, 240–41, 243, 244, 246, Council of Mainz, 205 247–48 Council of Nicaea, 25, 27, 28, 108, 134, 140, 148, Dionysius Exiguus 325–26, 328, 432, 437 Acacian schism, 319–20 Council of Orange, 112 contribution to Christian chronology, 322 Council of Paris, 117, 424 contributions to canonical tradition, 32, 148, Council of Saint-Macre, 437–38 323–29, 473 Council of Saints, 116 contributions to papal decretals, 143 Council of Sardica (Serdica), 291, 328–29 Council of Chalcedon, 317–19 Council of Toledo, 118–19 introduction to, 315–16 criminal justice, 44–45 Laurentian schism, 320–21 criminal prosecutions, 63 life and times, 316–22 cult (religio), 245 reception, 330–31 cult of images (De cultu imaginum), 423–24 Scythian controversy, 322 cura animarum, 22 summary of, 330 cure of souls, 21–23 Dionysius of Alexandria, bishop, 61, 64–65 Cushing, Kathleen, 462 diplomata (s. diploma), 100, 101 Cyprian, emperor, 133 disciplinary canons (corpus canonum), 25–26, Cyprian of Carthage, 108, 431 323–24 Cyril of Alexandria, 294, 317, 328 discipline (disciplina), 16, 362 discipline of a rule (disciplina regulae), 230 Dacheriana, 193, 206, 211 Discipulus Umbrensium, 202, 203–4 Damasus I, bishop, 134, 135–36, 137, 140, 410 discretio (discernment), 362 Dardanian bishops, 306–8 dispute settlements, 43–44, 389–91 Das Kirchenrecht der Katholiken und Protestanten divination and magic practices, 21 in Deutschland (Hinschius), 108 Divine Institutes (Lactantius), 239, 245, 246, 249 De divortio treatise, 434–36 Divine justice, 358 De institutione laicali (DIL), 413–14, 415, 419–21 divine law, 8, 10, 34, 49, 245, 273, 374, 434 De natura rerum (Isidore of Seville), 384 divine preparation (praeparatio), 290 De praescriptione haereticorum (On the divine punishment, 371–72 Prescription of Heretics) (Tertullian of divine universalism, 289 Carthage), 132 Divinis praeceptis, 405–6 Decalogue, 7 Donahue, Charles, 472 Decentius, bishop, 139–40 Donatist Controversy, 67, 111, 276–78 declaratory creeds, 5 dualist beliefs, 289 decretals Duo sunt political theology, 39, 299–300 defined, 137–38, 285, 288 Dyophysites, 319 forgeries of, 151 Gelasian Decretal, 304 Early Medieval Europe (Meens), 24 of Gelasius I, Pope, 297, 303–7 Easter controversy, 131–32, 169–70 General Decretal, 305–6 Ebo of Reims, 179, 206, 399 liber decretalium, 315, 329–30 ecclesia, defined, 158, 166, 167, 168, 176, 178 overview of, 30–32 ecclesiastical authority (auctoritas), 39, 365–69 Pseudo-Isidorian decretals, 308, 309 ecclesiastical body (corpus ecclesiae), 165 Decretum (Buchard), 449, 450, 458, 459–61, ecclesiastical councils. See also specific councils 462–68, 472 bishops and, 26, 111–15 Decretum (Gratian), 35, 36, 297, 364, 449 in Carolingian era, 120–24 Defender of the Church (defensor ecclesiae), Frankish and Visigothic, 115–19 302 history of, 107 Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte, 84 origins, typology, and protocol, 107–11 Diana, goddess of pagans, 466 role of, 27–28 Didaskalia Apostolorum, 66 ecclesiastical law (iuris ecclesiastici), 262, 433–34 Dignitatis humanae, 249 ecclesiastical regulation (regulae ecclesiasticae), Diocletian, emperor, 28, 240–44 33, 287–94

482 Index

ecclesiastical remuneration, 374 Excerptiones de gestis Chalcedonensis cocilii Ecumenical Councils, 5, 10, 29 (Excerptiones), 405 Ecumenical Patriarch, 368 exiguus, defined, 315 Edict of Paris, 98, 99–100 Edict of Theoderic, 87 First Council of Constantinople, 327–28 edicts (edicta) First Council of Nicaea, 400 as ad hoc legislation, 99 First Epistle of Clement, 129–31 defined, 55, 102 first just men (primi iusti), 275 Diocletianic edicts, 61, 240–41, 243, 244, 246, forgeries and false attributions, 330, 397–99, 247–48 404–7, 465 disenfranchising Christians, 240 Formosus of Porto, Pope, 122, 152 of Frankish kings, 433 formulae, 97, 98, 99 Great Persecution, 239 Fourth Council of Toledo, 110, 393 imperial edicts, 242 Fourth Lateran Council, 21, 327 against Manicheans, 259 Fragmenta Vaticana, 62 of Merovingian kings, 99 Franco-papal alliance, 146–48, 149 persecution edicts, 61 Frankish-based codes, 90–92 secular edicts, 432 Frankish councils, 115–19, 408 Theodosian Code and, 58, 248 Frankish ecclesiastical workshops, 436 Edictum Rothari, 413 Frankish episcopate, 403 educated Christians, 9 Frankish kingdom, 96–101, 113, 205 Einhard, 162–63, 172 free will (voluntas), 239, 246 elderly protections, 369 Fuhrmann, Horst, 399 eleventh century canonical collections, 193–96 Fulda Abbey, 343–46 Elipandus of Toledo, 414 Fulk of Reims, 454 envy, 199, 356, 365 episcopal assembly, 27, 28, 112, 134, 135, 416 Gelasian Decretal (Ep. 42), 304 episcopal authority (auctoritas), 138, 157, 174, 190, Gelasius I, Pope 286, 417, 418, 434 Acacian schism, 306–7 episcopal court of Rome, 371–74 bishop’s court, 302–3 episcopal duties (ministerium), 171, 449 Collectio Avellana, 306, 307–8 episcopal order (ordo episcopalis), 418 decretals of, 303–7 episcopal theft, 302 introduction to, 39–40, 141–42, 297 episcopal theocracy, 157, 158, 179 as legislator, 298–303 episcopal visitations, 28, 41, 44, 45–46, 208–9, 444, life and works, 297–98 449, 450–51, 454, 462, 466 reception and significance, 307 episcopalis audientia, 41, 66, 68 rulings on clerical and social abuses, 301–2 episkopoi (overseers), 26–27 summary of, 312 Epistle to the Romans, 130 theory of Christian law, 300–1 Epitaphium Arsenii (Louis the Pious), 403 two powers theory, 299–300, 308–12 eremitic life of monks, 341 General Decretal (Ep. 14), 305–6 error sin (peccatum, crimen), 363 German-language scholarship, 75 eternal law (lex aeterna), 269–71 Germani, 84 ethical-legal equilibrium (iuris status), 390 Germanic (germanisch) law, 73, 76, 80, 83–87 Etymologies (Isidore of Seville), 35–36, 109, Germanic aristocracy, 77 385–86, 387–93 Germanic law, 11, 78, 80, 81, 83–87, 92, 94 eucharist, 19, 20, 21, 199, 210, 267, 302, 303, 354 Gesta Karoli (Notker), 163–64 Eugene II, 149 gluttony, 365, 462 European law, 73 Gnostic heresies, 9 Eusebius of Caesarea, 60–61, 242 Gothic rule, 59, 299, 319 evangelical truth of New Testament, 432 Goths of Italy, 87 Excarpsus Cummeani, 204–5 governing papal patrimony, 371–74 exceptio spolii, 402 Gratian, Pope, 35, 36, 364, 477 Excerpta, 188 Gregory III, Pope, 145–46

Index 483

Gregory IV, Pope, 405–6 Hispano-Roman population, 382 Gregory of Tours, 234 Historia Gothorum (Isidore of Seville), 383 Gregory the Great (Gregory I) Historia monachorum in Aegypto, 342 Benedictine tradition, 334–35 Historia Tripartita (Isidore of Seville), 400 concord and, 359–62, 365–69 holy church (sancta ecclesia), 173 diversity of monastic life, 234 Holy Rule, 221–25 governing papal patrimony, 371–74 Hormisdas, 321 hierarchy as providential order, 357–59 House, George, 462 importance of canons to, 185 Hugh of Saint-Victor, 309 interwoven authorities, 369–71 human law, 9, 10 introduction to, 143–46, 353 The Humiliation of Sinners (Mandfield), 24 justice, 362–65 life and work, 353–57 imitatio imperii (imitation of imperial rule), 111–12 military involvement, 369–70 imperial coercive power (potestas), 174 opposition between church and state, 365–69 imperial edicts, 242 reception of, 378 In honorem Hludowici (Ermold), 415 slaves and Jews under, 375–77 innate diligence (naturalis industria), 290 summary of, 377 Innocent I, Pope, 133–43, 292, 305 virtues, 361–65 Institutes or Regulae (rules), 62 institutio, 414, 419, 420 Hadrian I, Pope, 146, 148, 308, 330–31 intercessory prayer, 231 Hamilton, Sarah, 24 Investiture Conflict, 409 handbooks of Roman law, 61–62 Irish ascetical wanderers (peregrini), 201 harmonious social order (concord), 359–62, Isidore of Seville 365–69 central role of witnesses, 391–93 Harmony of Canons (Concordia canonum) common legal culture, 385–86 (Cresconius), 48 impact of, 5–6, 32, 33, 35–36, 40, 110, 381–82 Harmony of Dissonant Canons (Gratian). See national law and, 387–89 Decretum output of, 382–85 Hatto of Mainz, 448 procedure for dispute settlement, 389–91 have a right (ius habere), 15 utraque lex, 387–93 Hebrews, 246, 247 Isidore the Merchant (Isidorus Mercator) Henry I, King, 347–48 Age of Pseudo-Isidore, 407–9 heresy/heresies, 5, 9, 67–68, 299 on bishops and popes, 401–3 hierarchy as providential order, 357–59 further research on, 409–10 Hierocles, Sossianus, 243–44 introduction to, 397 High Priest (pontifex maximus), 129 other forgeries, 404–7 Hilary of Arles, 285 power-relations in the Carolingian realm, 403–4 Hildebold of Cologne, 168 Pseudo-Isidorian decretals, 308, 309, 397, Himerius, bishop of Tarragona, 31 399–401, 472 Hincmar of Laon, 308–9 Pseudo-Isidorian forgeries, 397–99 Hincmar of Reims Iudicia Theodori, 202–3 authenticiy of decretals, 407, 408 ius, defined, 14–16 categorization of laws, 431–34 ius canonicum, 34–35, 38 Council of Saint-Macre, 437–38 ius civile (civil law), 15, 36 De divortio treatise, 434–36 ius commune, 15, 54, 386 introduction to, 10, 42, 43, 429 ius gentium (human law of nations), 357–59 Little Work in Fifty-Five Chapters, 436–37 ius/iura, 37, 38 Paris manuscript of, 429–31 ius militare (military justice), 15 significance and reception, 439–40 iustitia, defined, 356 summary of, 439 Ivo, bishop, 476–77 Hinschius, Paul, 108 Hispana Gallica Augustodunensis (HGA), 400–1, Jeremiah of Sens, 423 404–5 Jerusalem council, 27

484 Index

Jesse of Amiens, 398 law of deeds (lex factorum). See Mosaic law Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ) law of faith (lex fidei), 7, 255, 257–58, 431 adoptionism and, 414 law of retribution (lex talionis), 358 Christian law and, 245 law of the rule (lege regulae constitutum), 230, 339 Christ’s body, 360 laws (leges) divinity of, 8, 67, 317, 432 defined, 11–12 humanity of, 318 establishment of, 5–6 incarnation of, 322 introduction to, 3 miscalculated year of birth, 315 ius, defined, 14–16 New Testament and, 431–32 monastic rules, 16–18 offenses described by, 463 Mosaic law, 6–8 parables and, 275 nature and concept of, 11–14 praise to, 166 penitential prescriptions, 18–25, 49 sayings of, 128–29 post-Roman law, 11 Jewish law, 6, 8, 247, 356 Roman law, 8–11 Jews under Gregory the Great, 375–77 laws (nomoi), 33 Job’s rhinoceros, 365–69 laws of the world (leges saeculi), 433, 434 John (Apostle), 132 lay aristocrats, 152 John VIII, Pope, 150 lay investitutre, 471 Jonas of Orleáns, bishop leaders of the church, 40 introduction to, 413–14 learned law, 54 life of, 414–17 legal system/order, 46–47 moral writings, 417–21 legates (legati) of Christ, 10, 260–61 morality as law, 422–25 leges, defined, 33–34 Pseudo-Cyprian section of, 173 leges barbarorum (laws of the barbarians), 87, 92 summary of, 425–26 Leges Langobardorum, 90 Judeo-Christian traditions, 132 Leidrad of Lyon, 156 judges (iudices) of God, 10 Leo I, Pope, 47, 432, 436–37 judicial process of canons, 13, 14, 18, 21, 23, 35, Leo III, Pope, 148 41–50, 389 Leo IX, Pope, 347–48 judicial savagery, 63 Leo the Great Julius I, bishop, 135 ecclesiastical regulation, 33, 287–94 juristic writing, xiii, 56 later influence, 141, 294–95 Justinian II, 145, 354 life and work, 283–87 Justinianic corpus, 95 Leodoin, bishop of Modena, 47–48 Leviticus, 7 kanon, defined, 5 Levy, Ernst, 78, 79–81 Keefe, Susan, 445 Lex Baiuvariorum (LBai.), 91–92 kingdom (regnum), 166 Lex Burgundionum (LB), 89 Kunkel, Wolfgang, 80 Lex familiae (Buchard), 459–61 Kuttner, Stephan, 476 Lex/Leges Visgothorum (LV), 89 Lex Ribvaria (LRib.), 91 La Chaise-Dieu federation, 346–49 Lex Romana Burgundionum (LRB), 90 Lactantius Lex Romana Visigothorum (LRV), 59, 88–89, Divine Institutes, 239, 245, 246, 249 387 historical context, 240–44 Lex Salica (LS), 86, 90–91, 101, 433 introduction to, 239 Libellus responsionum, 185 life and works, 239–40 liber canonum, 195, 315, 323–29 reception and significance, 247–50 liber decretalium, 194, 195, 315, 329–30 Roman law and, 244–47 Liber Extra (Gregory IX), 386 lapsed Christians, 21 Liber Pontificalis, 142, 145, 297, 400 Last Judgment, 366 liber sententiarum (book of opinions), 109 Laurentian schism, 320–21 libertas religionis (freedom of religion), 239 law of Christ, 7 Libertinus, emperor, 366–67, 376

Index 485

Libri duo de synodalibus causis et disciplinis Merovingian church councils, 19 ecclesiasticis (Two Books concerning Synodal Merovingian Gaul, 76 Investigations and Ecclesiastical Instructions), Merovingian kingdom, 75, 96–101 193, 444–46, 448–55, 465, 466–67 military involvement of papacy, 369–70 Libri Theodosiani, 60 ministerium, 175–76, 422, 424 Life of Benedict. See Rule of Benedict Miracula sancti Maximini (Lethald), 415 Life of Charlemagne (Vita Karoli) (Einhard), misericordia, defined, 357 162–63 Mitteis, Ludwig, 79 Life of Columbanus, 225–26 monastic penance, 200–3 litania maior (sevenfold penitential monastic rules (regulae) progression), 354 Angelic Rule, 218–21 Little Work in Fifty-Five Chapters (Opusculum LV content of, 214–15 Capitulorum), 436–37 Holy Rule, 221–25 liturgical prayer, 347 introduction to, 3, 16–18 Logos of God, 317 as normative text, 232–34 Lombard Kingdom, 90 Regula Columbani, 225–28 Loschiavo, Luca, 13–14 restoration of, 161 Lothar II, King, 435, 447 Rule of Benedict and, 214–15, 216–18, 220–21 Louis the Pious vita regularis, 215, 216–18 dismissal of bishops, 398 monoepiscopacy, 26, 27, 131 historiography of politics and religion, 157 Monophysites, 319, 322 monastic reforms by, 346 monotheism, 242, 246 morality under, 418, 422–23, 426 monothelitism, 144 Old Testament and, 169 moral correction, 231 public penance and, 161, 177–78, 206, 212, 419–20 moral nobility, 417 recognition of bishops, 121 moral norms, 198, 288 reinstatement of, 416 moral writings on Christianity, 417–21, 426 respecting bishops’ authority, 403 morality as law, 422–25 revolt against father, 415 Mosaic law, 6–8, 255, 256–57 role of pope, 149 loyalty to God, 419–20 national law, 87, 387–89 Lunn-Rockliffe, Sophie, 262 natura (primordial state of nature), 357–59 natural justice (naturalem iustitiam), 258 MacLean, Simon, 446, 447 natural law, 256–57, 272–73 magic and divination practices, 21 nature (physis), 318–19 management of heavenly government (superni nature of law, 13, 269–73, 431 moderaminis dispositio), 358 Nelson, Janet, 311 Mandfield, Mary, 24 Neoplatonists, 243, 266 Manichaeism religion, 266, 285, 301 Nestorianism, 317–18 Marbod of Rennes, 348 network of love (compago caritatis), 360 marriage contracts, 8–9, 292, 420 New Prophecy movements, 27 Martel, Charles, 146, 147 New Testament, 128, 132, 287, 375, 431–32 Martianus, bishop, 393 Nicene creed, 4, 326, 327 martyrdoms, Christian, 63–65 Nicholas the Great, 150–52, 392 Matfrid of Orleáns, 419–20 nomokanons, 33 matters of the church (causae maiores), 402 non-imperial agents and Roman law, 63 Maundy Monday, 24 non-orthodox Christians, 300 Maurice, emperor, 367–68, 371 norm of justice (norma iustitiae), 4 Maximin Daza, emperor, 20, 57, 61 norm of living (norma vivendi), 4 Maximus the Confessor, 144 norma, defined, 4 Maximus the Cynic, 327 normative texts and practices (first McKitterick, Rosamond, 445 millennium), 3–5 Meens, Rob, 24 Notker Balbulus, 180 mercy (misericordia), 362 Notker I, 163–64

486 Index

Novellae constitutiones (novels, new laws), 54 Patroclus of Arles, 140 Nuremberg laws (1935), 78 Paul (Apostle), 128–29, 132, 135, 291, 359 Paul of Tarsus, 63 oaths and penance, 464 Pax Christiana, 133 Odilo of Mercoeur, 347 pax ecclesiae, 116 Old Testament, 6, 168, 169, 173–74, 287, 335, 438 Pax Romana, 133 On Free Choice (Augustine of Hippo), 268, 269, peace of the gods (pax deorum), 273 270, 271, 272, 375 Pelagian controversy, 139 On Free Will (Augustine of Hippo), 271 Pelagianism, 284, 290, 291, 298, 301 on the catholic faith (de ﬁde catholica), 68–69 Pelagius II, Pope, 353, 355 On the Lord’s Sermon on the Mount (Augustine of penance/penitential prescriptions (iudicia Hippo), 272 poenitentiae) On the Sacraments of the Christian Faith (Hugh of almsgiving as penitence, 361 Saint-Victor), 309 canonical regulation and, 208–9, 445 On the Spirit and the Letter (Augustine of Hippo), communion and, 294 6, 272 confession and, 22–23, 452 On True Religion (Augustine of Hippo), 270–71 cure of souls, 21–23 opposition between church and state, 365–69 growing interest in, 207–8 orders of governance, 39 historiography of, 23–25 ordo iudiciarius, 389 importance in Carolingian period, 206–7 ordo monasterii, 336 introduction to, 3, 198–200 Origins (Isidore of Seville), 384 laws and, 18–25, 49 Ostrogothic Kingdom, 89 monastic penance, 200–3 oaths and, 464 Pachomius, monk, 218–21 perjury and, 203–6 Pactus Alamannorum (PA), 91 as reconciliation with Christian community, Paenitentiale ad Heribaldum, 207 19–21 Paenitentiale ad Otgarium, 207 sevenfold penitential progression, 354 Paenitentiale Ambrosianum, 201 summary of, 210–12 Paenitentiale Capitula Iudiciorum, 204, 208 variety within, 203–6 Paenitentiale Sangallense tripartitum, 204 penitential books, 200–3, 208 pagan literature, 283 perjury and penance, 203–6 pagan Rome, 129–33, 298 permanent sexual continence, 260 pagan slaves, 375 persecution edicts, 61 papacy. See also individual popes persecution of Christians, 64 birth of papal state, 146–48 Peter (Apostle), 128–29, 132, 135 Constantine I to Innocent I, 133–38 petitions and referrals (consultationes), 60 decline of, 148–50 Petrine Triad, 136 governing papal patrimony, 371–74 piety (pietas) Gregory the Great, 143–46 balance of, 362 Innocent I to Symmachus, 138–43 of bishops, 114 introduction to, 128–29 civic piety, 273 Isidore the Merchant on, 401–3 compassion and, 370 military involvement of, 369–70 deﬁned, 356–57 Nicholas the Great, 150–52 heavenly piety, 366, 367 role of, 35 Hebrews and, 246 role of Western empires, 148–50 Plato and, 243 Rome before Christianity, 129–33 principle of divine law, 245 papal decrees (decreta apostolicorum), 434 of Theodosius, 58 papal patrimony, 371–74 pious commonwealth (sancta/pia respublica), 365 Paris manuscript of Hincmar of Reims, 429–31 Pippin III, King, 146–47, 414 paterfamilias, 27, 275, 311 Pippin of Aquitaine, 416, 420–21, 425 patriarchal churches, 286 Pippinid Councils, 120, 422 patristic tradition, authority of, 305–6 places of worship, 65

Index 487

placita, 100, 101 prophetic ministry (ministratio prophetica), 165 placuit-form, 109 proposals (suggestiones), 60 Plato, 243, 363 Protestant Reformation, 239 plebiscites (plebiscita), 55 Pseudo-Isidorian decretals, 308, 309, 397, political community (salus publica), 12–13, 273 399–401, 472 political framework of canons, 38–40 Pseudo-Isidorian forgeries, 397–99 political theology theory, 310 Pseudo-Isidorus Mercator. See Isidore the pontifical authority (auctoritas), 174 Merchant Poschmann, Bernard, 23 post-Roman law Quadripartita, 193–94 approaches to, 73–81 Quesnelliana, 187 Burgundian Kingdom, 89–90 Questions on the Heptateuch (Augustine of character of the codes, 92–94 Hippo), 278–79 Frankish-based codes, 90–92 Questions on the Old and New Testament Germanic (germanisch) law, 83–87 (Quaestiones ueteris et noui testamenti) introduction to, 11 (Ambrosiaster), 252–53, 254, 259, 263–64 law codes, 87–88 Quierzy document, 147 Lombard Kingdom, 90 Quinisext council, 145 Ostrogothic Kingdom, 89 Roman law and, 82–83 rachinburgs, 98 Southern codes, 88–90 Radbertus, Paschasius, 398 in successor kingdoms, 81–87 Ratger, monk, 344–46 summary of, 102–3 Rathod of Trier, 447–48 Visigothic Kingdom, 88–89 rational (rationalis), 270 power-relations in the Carolingian realm, 403–4 Raz, Joseph, 13 The Practice of Penance (Hamilton), 24 reason (ratio), 270 praefatio (preface), 109 reconciliation with Christian community, 19–21 prayers rectitudo, defined, 356–57 challenges to, 348 Regino of Pru¨ m coercive power vs., 388 confession of sins and, 210 collection of, 378 introduction to, 444–46 by councils, 110 life and work, 123–24, 208–9, 446–48 for the dead, 354 method of compiling, 451–54 different focuses of, 318 purpose of episcopal handbook, 448–51, 465 divine law and, 339 reception and significance, 454–55 faith in, 19, 101 regula, defined, 17, 33 during famine, 170, 171 Regula ad virgines, 224–25 importance of, 160, 207, 344, 354, 367, 368 Regula Benedicti. See Rule of Benedict intensification of, 170 Regula Coenobialis, 200, 226–27, 232 intercessory prayer, 231 Regula Columbani, 225–28 liturgical prayer, 347 Regula cuiusdam ad virgines, 229 for ministering to people, 348 Regula monachorum, 226–27 in monasteries, 343 Regula Pachomii, 219, 231–32 as pleasing to God, 417 Regula pastoralis, 355, 363 for the poor, 361 regularitas in monasteries. See monastic rules for right living, 4 relativism, 377 trimming of, 345 religio illicita (unlawful religion), 63–65 presbyteroi (elders), 26–27 remarriage laws, 47 present rule (praesens regula), 230 reports (relationes), 60 Price, Richard, 19 rescriptum, defined, 57–58 Priscillians, 289 resolutions of the Senate (senatus consulta), 55 private penance, 23 respublica Christiana, 382, 388 privilegia, 68 restraint, 377 Privilegium Ottonianum, 152 Robert of Turlande, 346–49

488 Index

Roman law. See also post-Roman law rules (regulae), 44, 109 alternative law, 65–68 Augustine of Hippo and, 266–68 sacred church (sancta ecclesia), 176 canon law and, 471 sacred laws (sacrae leges), 255, 433–34 Christian doctrine and, 259–63 sacred places (loci sancti), 161 Christianizing of, 68–69 sacrum palatium, 155–56, 168, 178 collections and decretals, 31 sancta regula, 230, 231, 233 collective census, 433 Savigny, Carl von, 73–74 controlling law, 53–55 scandal (scandalum) and Carolingian polity, deviation from, 388 176–79 handbooks, 61–62 scientific loneliness of America, 78 ius, defined, 14–16 Scripture, as ultimate law, 16 Lactantius and, 244–47 Scythian controversy, 322 Merovingian kingdom, 75, 96–101 Second Council of Seville, 400 operation of, 63–65 secret penance, 22, 24 overview of, 8–11, 82–83 secular authorities, 365–69, 370–71 paterfamilias and, 27, 275, 311 secular edicts, 432 slaves and, 292 secular knowledge, 383 sources and practices of, 94–95 secular law (forensis), 36–37, 255, 373–74, 434 study of, 473–74 secular power (potestas), 39, 162 summary of, 70 seeds of righteousness (iustitiae semina), 256 Theodosian Code, 58–61, 94–95 semi-Pelagianism, 112 thinking law, 55–58 Sendgericht (synodal tribunal), 45–46 Roman vulgar law, 78–79, 83, 89 Sententiae (Isidore of Seville), 40, 62, 390–91, 392 Rome before Christianity, 129–33 Sessa, Kristina, 311 Rousseu, Philip, 219 sevenfold penitential progression, 354 Royal Frankish Annals, 206 sexual continence, 260 royal power (potestas), 157, 164, 175, 177, 299, Sicut Judaeis (Gregory IX), 376 404, 438 Sigismund, 112 Rule for Nuns, 222, 223, 225 Silvester I, Pope, 133 Rule of Augustine, 223 sin, 290, 293, 363 Rule of Basil, 337 Siricius, bishop of Rome, 31 Rule of Benedict (RB) Sirmondian Constitutions, 95 community of monks under, 340–41 slaves under Gregory the Great, 375–77 in context, 335–36 Smaragdus, Ardo, 220–21 Fulda Abbey, 343–46 social abuses, rulings, 301–2 influence of, 225 social nobility, 417 introduction to, 3, 334–35 Southern codes, 88–90 La Chaise-Dieu federation, 346–49 species of law, 269–73 law in, 338–40 speculative theology, 462 monastic rules and, 214–15, 216–18, 220–21, 234 spiritual authority (auctoritas) of priestly ruler, 311 overview of, 16–18, 228–32 stability of the realm (stabilitas regni), 160 principle of procedure and order, 341–43 statute of a people (constitutio populi), 12–13 Rule of the Master, 337–43 statutes (leges), 15, 55 sources, 337–38 Stephen II, Pope, 146–48 Rule of Donatus (Regula Donati), 229 Stephen III, Pope, 146 rule of faith, 5 Stoic principles, 287–88, 289, 357 Rule of Isidore, 336 Sturm, monk, 343, 345–46 Rule of Pachomius, 336 sub regula, 234 Rule of the Holy Fathers (Regula sanctorum successor kingdoms post-Roman law, 81–87 patrum), 217 suffering in Christianity, 289–90 Rule of the Master, 337–43 Summa theologiae (Aquinas), 280 ruler (princeps), 165 Supplex libellus (SL) (document of supplication), ruler (rectores), 363 344–46

Index 489

Syagrius of Autun, 124 Unam sanctam (Boniface VIII), 310 Symmachus, 60, 138–43, 321 unchangeable rule (Institutio Sanctae Regula), 224 Synod of Ancyra, 326 under a rule and an abbot (sub regula vel Synod of Antioch, 326 abbate), 233 Synod of Gangra, 326 universal faith (fides catholica), 69 Synod of Neocaesarea, 326 universal synod, 40 Synod of Paris, 174–75 unjust king (rex iniquus), 173 Synod of Rome, 303 unwritten law (lex non scripta), 12 synodal assembly (conventus synodalis), 28 utraque lex (two laws), 387–93 synodal council (concilium synodale), 28 synodal court (Sendgericht), 123, 450 Vandal invasion, 286–87 Synonyma (Isidore of Seville), 389 venial sins (peccata minuta), 199 Syntagma Canonum Antiochenum, 324, 328 Vercelli codex, 413 Verona codex, 308 taxation policies, 372 Vetus Gallica, 189–90, 192 temporal law (lex temporalis), 269–70 vicars (vicarii) of Christ, 10 terminology of canons, 32–34 vicinage groups of landholders (vicini), 92 Tertullian of Carthage, 9–10, 132, 239 Victricius of Rouen, 138 textualized teaching, 232 Vienna school, 86 Thaumaturgus, Gregory, 294 virtues, 361–65 Theodoric of Nonantola, 407 Visigothic Code, 242 Theodoric the Great, 113, 141, 300–1, 317, 320–21 Visigothic regime, 11, 88–89, 93, 111, 115–19, 381, Theodosian Code, 11, 54, 58–61, 89, 94–95, 194, 388 247–48, 301, 387, 430 Vita Burchardi, 459 Theodosius I, emperor, 135, 276–78 Vita Columbani, 227–28 Theodulf of Orleáns, 122, 453 Vita Maximini (Berthold of Micy), 415 Theutberga, Queen, 435 Vita Pachomii, 219–20 thinking law, 55–58 vita regularis, 215, 216–18 Third Council of Toledo, 32 Vita secunda Hucberti (Jonas of Orleáns), 418, Thomas Aquinas, 12, 280 424, 426 Thomas a` Becket, 367 Vogel, Cyrille, 23 titulus, 58, 68 Vogels, Heinrich, 253–54 Tractates on the Gospel of John (Augustine of Hippo), 278 Waitz, Georg, 74 Translatio Marcelli et Petri (Einhard), 172 Walcaud of Lie`ge, bishop, 418 tribal law, 85–86, 87 war and justice for Christianity, 278–79 Trinitarian doctrine, 260 way of living (modus vivendi), 18 true wisdom/true reverence (cultus), 239 Wetzel, James, 271 truth of God (Lex Dei), 383 wise ruler (rex sapientissimus), 169 Twelve-Tables terminology, 56, 57 witches, 466 two powers theory, 299–300, 308–12 witnesses, central role of, 391–93 two-realm political theologies, 280 worship of God (cultus divinus), 165–67

uicarius, 260–61 Zacharias, Pope, 145–46 Ullman, Walter, 311, 407 Zechiel-Eckes, Klaus, 398, 399