xperts acknowledge that death is then filled and sealed. Masons covered century, but probably less than that. Chapter 6 a process, not an event. In some the altar and crypt with a low, step-up The El Diablo sector itself seems to cases, it begins with discomfort platform. The final steps at this stage, have been in the middle of a building Eand disorientation, a somnolent state at doubtless planned from the start, were spurt, accompanied by ritual interments times jagged with pain (Nuland 1993). the far bolder constructions of the of buildings, when all such activity Then comes clinical death. From a po- Temple of the Night Sun. Eventually suddenly ceased (Román Ramírez 2011). DeathComestotheKing tentially reversible condition, it passes the smaller, simpler Shrine rose above The reasons for this are obscure, yet they to a biological demise from which there the tomb itself. As proposed in Chapter may have included a severe blow to the is no return. Decay sets in. Under harsh 5, the Temple and the Shrine were ruling family or a marked translation of Stephen Houston circumstances, after rotting and reduc- at once mortuary, calendrical, and royal activity to the lower landscape of tion to bone, the corpse becomes noth- accession-related. El Zotz, where new tombs and mortuary Sarah Newman ing at all, at most a faint stain in the soil. Despite the effort that went into its pyramids were constructed during the Other than the problem of embalming or construction and elaboration, however, final years of the Early Classic period. Edwin Román preparing the body in its tropical clime, the Temple soon proved unstable. Its That the occupant of the tomb was however, such physical facts of death over-heavy stucco, poorly attached to a ruler is highly probable. The architec- Thomas Garrison are less relevant to Burial 9 than the sus- masonry, cracked and slid off. It seems tural investments described in Chapter tained actions or ritual pauses reflected probable that successors at El Diablo 2 and the mortuary furniture reported in the tomb. had insufficient access to a talented in Chapter 3 leave little doubt of his Burial 9 provides strong evidence of sculptor capable of repairing the dam- singular importance. What continues mortuary preparation and its sequelae. age. A raised floor level, bringing the to frustrate is the absence of glyphic The motivation, a royal death, could Temple to the level of the main El Diablo evidence for the ruler’s identity. Tiny not have been surprising for an older, plaza, posed new problems of drainage. glyphs on the back of his hematite mir- arthritic male, even if the passing was This was only slightly deterred by thin ror tantalize, but reveal almost nothing sudden. His successors soon com- berms and narrowed doorways to keep other than a probable tag of possession. missioned an open cavity to receive water out. The first phase of the Temple An early lord of El Zotz is mentioned the body. Defined by plastered walls, was also off-kilter, prompting efforts— in Stela 2 of Bejucal, position B6, ca. ad this chamber lay within an elevated awkward ones—to buttress its shifting 381—the name is much like those of platform. In front, at waist height, bulk. Such improvisations were insuf- later kings, CHAK-FISH-DOG [otter?]- stood a theomorphic altar. Still thick ficient, and, after an episode of intense AHK—and the dates are congruent with with waxy residue, its top served as a burning, builders encased the whole the approximate age of the tomb (Figure place for burning incense and making within the tidier phases of Strs. F8-1-2nd 6.2). sacrifices. How long it took to complete and F8-1-1st. Most likely, this episode of The presence of a stylized “ojo these offerings is unknown. Perhaps partial destruction was a ritual necessity, de reptil” on one ceramic object (see burial required an auspicious day set done by locals, consistent with the Chapter 3) offers compelling evidence by calendrical or celestial conditions. studied mutilation of the noses, mouths, that the date of Burial 9 occurred close Some lag could also have been practical. and diadems of the Temple’s cornice to or just after the so-called Teotihuacan Time was needed to assemble goods stuccoes, though it might have come “entrada” of January 15, ad 378 (Martin or to invite distant guests; other delays from an attack on such a prominent and Grube 2008[2000]:29-31). Karl Taube arose from the grim tasks of finding building and dynastic shrine. At this (personal communication, 2014) has also infants and small children to accompany later stage, Str. F8-1 was no longer an observed that the interments of children the deceased or hacking at adult slaves assemblage of distinct shrines and and infants in ceramic vessels strongly or war captives for their fingers, toes, multiple entrances and exits, but a recall a practice known at Teotihuacan and teeth. These body parts found their single chamber with what appears to (e.g., Sempowski and Spence 1994:248- way into caches placed before and after have been simpler iconography. The 249). What can be said is this: the tomb the interment. Meanwhile, the body ambitious programs of the Temple of dates to the final quarter of the fourth was slathered with red paint, perhaps the Night Sun seem not to have been century ad, and it correlates roughly padded with textiles or some other replicable. Later architects may have with momentous changes in the central perishable material. Presumably, along been no longer willing to invest heavily Maya Lowlands. There is no earlier ruler with the removal of abdominal organs, in its ornament or, perhaps, that outlay attested with any firmness in the glyphic this retarded putrefaction or diminished went into frontal masks that remain record. Most likely, but not certainly, odor, although there were likely to only as ruined outsets to either side of the tomb held a dynastic founder. The have been more esoteric reasons for this the structure’s front stairway. Scattered Temple of the Night Sun was clearly of bundling and application of viscous visitors came at a later date, but the con- intense interest to the royal family for specular hematite and sprinkling of struction and use of the pyramid must several generations, perhaps mentioned powdered cinnabar. The tomb was have been relatively brief—perhaps a as far away as Tikal, on Tikal Stela 31

Figure 6.1. Mask 2 from Burial 9 ruler’s chest. Photo: Tessa de Alarcon.

2312015 InDeath Temple Comes of the Night to the Sun: King A Royal Tomb at El Diablo, Guatemala, by Stephen Houston, Sarah Newman, Edwin Román, and Thomas Garrison, pp. 230-233. Precolumbia Mesoweb Press, San Francisco. (glyph H5). There, in what appears to be disproportionate to most other people a toponymic statement, a location linked in their kingdoms. The bundles of cloth to the Jaguar God of the Underworld is and balls of hematite were likely placed mentioned at approximately the same in the tomb in the same way that they time as the active period of the Temple would have been packaged for long- (Figure 6.3). That it refers to El Diablo, distance trade, reflecting the ruler’s drenched with such imagery and place at the pinnacle of the economic likely visible from Tikal, seems a strong landscape. possibility. In any case, the overall The Exemplary Dancer. Mortuary pattern of El Zotz accorded with solar furniture in the tomb is not only about alignments that centered on the Temple abundance or visual effects, but also (see Chapter 1), though the chronology concerns sound and performance. The of the Early Classic at El Zotz is too jade celts and Conus shells with tinklers unclear to posit an exact, year-by-year of dog teeth—even the large Spondylus staging of these developments. shells had small beads to strike their The Diablo tomb can be understood surface—correspond to the dress worn by sequence, as above. But, in final by royal dancers in images of the analysis, it represents varied proposi- Classic period. tions about kingship and a normative In short, the tomb contained Figure 6.5. Emergent solar disks from the Codex Nuttall, p. 21; summation of royal roles: someone who kills, consumes, ac- British Museum. Photo: Trustees for the British Museum, ET The Great Sacrificer. An attribute of cumulates, and performs, a checklist Am1902, 0308.1, Add. Mss. 39671. rulers is their authority and ability to of behaviors thought suitable for those enforce the ultimate sanction, that of claiming kingship. Yet, from a broader too, with the emergence of solar disks above streaming bands (Figure taking human life for reasons perceived perspective, the link is to a far grander Figure 6.2. Bejucal Stela 2 passage (glyphs 6.5; Boone 2000:99; Hamman 2002:Fig. 4; Pohl 2005:114). Marked to be legitimate. The bodies of infants, statement: that the ruler participated B6-B7), with name highlighted. Drawing: by stars, a celestial enclosure or place of emergence hovers directly small and vulnerable, along with parts in cosmic cycles. Various bowls in Stephen Houston. above. Such themes play out equally in the Arroyo Group at Mitla, of adults, went into the tomb and the tomb attest to celestial beings of Oaxaca, whose Postclassic paintings commemorate the foundation of deposits nearby. The right hand of the the sun on cosmic journeys. Monkeys “leading kingdoms” (Pohl 2005:112). The announcement is that “solar principal occupant likely held an obsid- bellow as harbingers of the dawn, cycling…interconnect[s]…with notions of place and production, self ian object that sawed and mangled while Old Gods blend into turtles that and community” (Hamman 2002:Note 5; see also Hanks 1990:353-355; bone (see Appendices I and II). float as islands in ancient seas. In the Watanabe 1992:34-42). Earlier still, the birth of the sun was tethered to The Great Consumer. The tomb Temple of the Night Sun, the overall Teotihuacan, where primordial sacrifice led to the orb’s ascent from presents ample evidence of large imagery reinforces a bond between the Pyramid of the Sun (Sahagún 1950-1982:Book 7:3-9). Although appetites, with bowls for tamales, rulers and resurgent, recycling suns, that myth surely dates to much later than the urban florescence of birds, and an olla for an atole-like liquid with perhaps even a hint of seasonality Teotihuacan, it still raises the question of whether the “entrada” of ad steeped with lime powder. As with in the positioning of the deity masks. 378 reinforced solar concepts of kingship at El Diablo and elsewhere. many such offerings and in depictions Its solar beings might have been In such a light, by audacious claim, the tomb and attendant ico- of them, the intent seems less to high- related, in as-yet-undiscerned ways, nography in Str. F8-1 celebrate the origin of one dynasty in particular, light feasting and the generous sharing to seasonal horizon points or to some though couched in the broadest possible frame. The Temple and tomb of food and drink, than to center on segmentation of the diurnal cycle. The propose a sweeping merger of human and divine attributes. An emer- unilateral consumption by the ruler. message is hopeful and potent. Like Figure 6.3. Tikal Stela 31 (G5-G6). gent sun, setting time and possibly the seasons in motion, coincides In this instance, the dining came after the sun, the most dominant feature of Drawing: Stephen Houston. with a new-fledged dynasty. It sweeps away a dark, pre-dawn past, as death, by magical means. The jade bead the daytime sky, rulers will return from noted elsewhere in Mesoamerica (Hamman 2002:356-357), to initiate in his mouth, the highest quality stone their nighttime travel over jeweled some Nahuatl-speaking, others extend- later reigns in the fullness of day. The story is not unique to El Zotz. in the crypt, may have been inserted heavens. They might crave, at least ing into the highlands of Guatemala When the Copan dynasty resurges after the death of its king in conflict, with maize dough, by analogy with symbolically, the blood desired by Figure 6.4. Solar disks from the Codex Vienna, p. (Chinchilla Mazariegos 2013; Diaz 23; Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna. the Hieroglyphic Stairway of that site calls it a “dawn,” pas, the arrival practices documented in the early the Sun God, as smeared around the Balsera 2008; Jansen 1997). In these Photo: ADEVA, Graz. of a new sun, possibly a new royal line (David Stuart, personal com- Colonial period (see Chapters 2 and 3). mouths of at least three masks on the areas, the birth of new dynasties fused munication, 2006). The Assembler of Wealth. The jade Temple cornice (see Chapter 5). At with images of nascent suns, times perhaps not a fluke, used by “1 Ajaw [Flower],” At El Diablo, high seat of the El Zotz sovereigns, the theme of celts and chest or belt ornaments each dawn, each setting of the sun, the of darkness now lit by lambent fire. one of the Hero Twins of the Classic Maya and continued calendrical celebrations and the accessions yet to come (Figure 6.1), the shaped, indented Temple would blaze with red color, Some such suns levitated from bloody the embodiment of lordship. The other disk in the show that patterns had been set. The Temple could serve later rulers balls of specular hematite, the jade repeating its performance and reinforc- temples. On page 23 of the Codex Vienna contains the Mixtec Sun God. The Vienna as a dynastic memorial and as the locus for future enthronements. The jewels with now-fragmentary pearls, ing its message every morning, each Vienna, for example, solar disks rise further emphasizes the role of creator couples, a building itself, resting on the body of a deceased lord, seemed even to Spondylus beads threaded into a late afternoon. with bloody trails from a red-streaked pattern recalling the pair featured on the roofcomb resemble a perishable scaffold for accession or the first Period Ending many-stranded necklace, bundled Although far distant in time and smoking building (Figure 6.4; Anders of the Temple of the Night Sun (Boone 2000:91-92, of a reign. Affixed with emblems of war, it showed the seated ruler cloth, and lavishly adorned bowls and place, there are telling parallels in the et al. 1992:148; Boone 2000:90, 94; Furst Fig. 47). looking towards twilight; seen from the front, where celebrants might lids underscore the sheer, nonpareil Postclassic Mixtec sources of Oaxaca, 1978:216, 219-220). One disk even holds On page 21 of the Codex Nuttall, another Mixtec gather, it received the halo of each new day. Death had come to the richness of kings, on an order vastly Mexico, and in cultural regions nearby, the day sign 1 Flower, the same name, source, the appearance of new dynasties correlates, king, but kingship, like the sun, blazed on and on.

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