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TREATY 8: a British Columbian Anomaly
TREATY 8: A British Columbian Anomaly ARTHUR J. RAY N THE ANNALS OF NATIVE BRITISH COLUMBIA, 1999 undoubtedly will be remembered as the year when, in a swirl of controversy, Ithe provincial legislature passed the Nisga'a Agreement. The media promptly heralded the agreement as the province's first modern Indian treaty. Unmentioned, because it has been largely forgotten, was the fact that the last major "pre-modern" agreement affecting British Columbia -Treaty 8 - had been signed 100 years earlier. This treaty encompasses a sprawling 160,900-square-kilometre area of northeastern British Columbia (Map 1), which is a territory that is nearly twenty times larger than that covered by the Nisga'a Agreement. In addition, Treaty 8 includes the adjoining portions of Alberta and the Northwest Territories. Treaty 8 was negotiated at a time when British Columbia vehemently denied the existence of Aboriginal title or self-governing rights. It therefore raises two central questions. First, why, in 1899, was it ne cessary to bring northeastern British Columbia under treaty? Second, given the contemporary Indian policies of the provincial government, how was it possible to do so? The latter question raises two other related issues, both of which resurfaced during negotiations for the modern Nisga'a Agreement. The first concerned how the two levels of government would share the costs of making a treaty. (I will show that attempts to avoid straining federal-provincial relations over this issue in 1899 created troublesome ambiguities in Treaty 8.) The second concerned how much BC territory had to be included within the treaty area. -
Recreation Management Plan for the Muskwa-Kechika Management Area
Local Strategic Recreation Management Plan for the Muskwa-Kechika Management Area Frog River, Courtesy of George Smith Ministry of Sustainable Resource Management May 2005 Recreation Management Plan for the M-KMA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Over the course of developing this plan a number of groups and individuals kindly provided their time, support and expertise who we would like to acknowledge, since their efforts have helped to ensure the formation of what we hope to be a balanced and informed recreation management plan (RMP) for the Muskwa-Kechika Management Area (M-KMA). In establishing the original Muskwa-Kechika Recreation Management Plan (M-KRMP), in addition to a number of groups and individuals who provided their input and expertise, a Working Group consisting of government agency staff, First Nations representatives and M-K Board members combined efforts. Members of this Working Group are listed in Appendix 1. In establishing the Mackenzie Addition’s Recreation Management Plan, input and support was also received by Provincial Government staff, First Nations representatives, M-K Board members and a number of tourism and recreation stakeholders; however, this was not achieved through the formation of a Working Group. A list of specific individuals and involved groups occurs in Appendix 1. Special thanks is extended towards these above-mentioned core groups and individuals whose hard work and commitment has resulted in a plan that will provide for continued recreation opportunities in the Muskwa-Kechika while maintaining the area’s spectacular wilderness and wildlife values. Our sincere gratitude is also directed to those groups, individuals, clubs, organizations and local communities and governments who took the time and effort to assist in this worthwhile planning process. -
Lt. Aemilius Simpson's Survey from York Factory to Fort Vancouver, 1826
The Journal of the Hakluyt Society August 2014 Lt. Aemilius Simpson’s Survey from York Factory to Fort Vancouver, 1826 Edited by William Barr1 and Larry Green CONTENTS PREFACE The journal 2 Editorial practices 3 INTRODUCTION The man, the project, its background and its implementation 4 JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE ACROSS THE CONTINENT OF NORTH AMERICA IN 1826 York Factory to Norway House 11 Norway House to Carlton House 19 Carlton House to Fort Edmonton 27 Fort Edmonton to Boat Encampment, Columbia River 42 Boat Encampment to Fort Vancouver 62 AFTERWORD Aemilius Simpson and the Northwest coast 1826–1831 81 APPENDIX I Biographical sketches 90 APPENDIX II Table of distances in statute miles from York Factory 100 BIBLIOGRAPHY 101 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1. George Simpson, 1857 3 Fig. 2. York Factory 1853 4 Fig. 3. Artist’s impression of George Simpson, approaching a post in his personal North canoe 5 Fig. 4. Fort Vancouver ca.1854 78 LIST OF MAPS Map 1. York Factory to the Forks of the Saskatchewan River 7 Map 2. Carlton House to Boat Encampment 27 Map 3. Jasper to Fort Vancouver 65 1 Senior Research Associate, Arctic Institute of North America, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada. 2 PREFACE The Journal The journal presented here2 is transcribed from the original manuscript written in Aemilius Simpson’s hand. It is fifty folios in length in a bound volume of ninety folios, the final forty folios being blank. Each page measures 12.8 inches by seven inches and is lined with thirty- five faint, horizontal blue-grey lines. -
Rainbows on the Firesteel
on RAINBOWSthe FIRESTEEL Pretty nice rainbow trout – 22 inches – LARRY’S SHORT STORIES #77 – n the wild and remote areas of western Canada, they use Son Russell and I fi shed this magnifi cent river for a couple Ithe term ‘fl y-out’ fi shing; as the only way to get you to of days – fi rst, at the outlet of the lake, where 100 fi sh per most of the best streams and lakes is to ‘fl y-out’ from base person was the expected day. Then we fi shed the main camp – in a small plane, with fl oats attached to the landing part of the river, below and between some falls, where we gear. At the end of the day’s fi shing, you fl y back and caught fewer, but bigger fi sh. Russell is a more serious make plans to fi sh a different river ‘tomorrow’ -- in another fl y fi sherman than myself. I took one fl y rod, he took fi ve. remote location. The daily plane rides between base camp Mostly we used and the fi sheries become something to look forward to, as dry fl ies and "...6,000 rainbow they provide a spectacular view of the scenery and wildlife. the fi sh would When fi shing the rivers, there are often three choices – readily take trout per mile..." each generally being a single destination for the day; you them, even if can fi sh the outlet of the lake, where the river begins, the there were no apparent rises. Everything was catch and inlet, or along the course of the river -- if the pools are release, with barbs down, but we did enjoy fresh rainbow large and deep enough to accommodate the landing trout during two different shore lunches. -
Liard First Nation Newsletter R I a O
rst Fi Na d t Liard First Nation Newsletter r i a o i n L K A S K A Issue 1 June 2020 Message from the Chief relationship within the business community. The debt owed to the federal government has been reduced, and reports and Council on funding provided are submitted on time. Dear Liard First Nation Members: We have expanded the staff employed by LFN and have a housing officer and an employment officer. A Housing In June of 2017, the current Council began its term, and the Committee was established to oversee and administer the last three years have been challenging and rewarding. housing allocations. The Coronavirus (COVID-19) has presented LFN with unex- In the area of economic development, this Council has pected issues. In response to the risk posed by COVID-19 addressed the corporate financial trouble of the past and and the economic pressure, the LFN Council provided cleaned up the old mess. We established a new develop- financial relief and essential services to keep members ment corporation, First Kaska, which is on the right path healthy and safe. to creating job opportunities and wealth for LFN citizens. Much progress has been made during this time. This Council has rebuilt the relationship with the Govern- As of April 1, 2018, LFN has no longer been under ment of Yukon and negotiated agreements, such as the third-party management and the Council have been in Nahanni Range Road and the Robert Campbell Highway, charge. Since this change, all funds have been accounted that will provide jobs for members. -
Dease Liard Sustainable Resource Management Plan
Dease Liard Sustainable Resource Management Plan Background Document January, 2004 Ministry of Sustainable Resource Management Table of Contents Table of Contents................................................................................................................. i List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... ii List of Maps ........................................................................................................................ ii List of Acronyms ...............................................................................................................iii Glossary .............................................................................................................................. v 1. Introduction.................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Plan Objectives ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Background.............................................................................................................. 1 1.3 MSRM Mandate, Principals and Organizational Values......................................... 2 1.4 SRM Planning and Plans Defined............................................................................ 3 1.5 Scope of Dease-Liard SRM Plan ............................................................................. 5 1.6 The Process ............................................................................................................. -
Minister of Mines PROVINCE of BRITISH COLUMBIA
Minister of Mines PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ANNUAL REPORT for the Year Ended 31s December 1959 BRITISH COLUMBIA DEPARTMENT OF MINES VICTORIA, B.C. HON. W. K. KIERNAN, Minister. P. J. MULCAHY, Deputy Minister. J. W. PECK, Chief Inspector of Mines. S. METCALFE, Chief Analyst and Assayer. HARTLEY SARGENT, Chief, Mineralogical Branch. K. B. BLAKEY, Chief Gold Commissioner and Chief Commissioner. Petroleum and Natural Gas. J. D. LINEHAM, Chief, Petroleum and Natural Gas Conservation Branch. To His Honour FRANK MACKENZIE Ross, C.M.G., MC., LL.D., Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of British Columbia. MAY IT PLEASE YOUR HONOUR: The Annual Report of the Mining industry of the Province for the year 1959 is herewith respectfully submitted. VI. K. KIERNAN, Minister of Mines. Minister of Mines Office, March 31st, 1960. Brian Terence O’Grady died at Victoria on July lZth, 1959, at the age of 76. He had been in the employ of the Department from 1920 until his retirement in April, 1948. He was very well known in the mining industry. Mr. O’Grady was born in Madras, India, and was educated in Eng- land at Wellington College and the Royal School of Mines. After three years in South Africa he came to Canada in 1907. From 1910 to 1913 he was engineer in charge of surveys for the Municipality of Victoria. He was on active service from 1914 to 1918, winning the Military Cross and the Serbian White Eagle. He joined the Department as Assistant Resident Mining Engineer at Revelstoke in 1920, became successively Resident Mining Engineer at Nelson and Vancouver, and from 193X was engaged in special work at Victoria. -
Order of the Executive Director May 14, 2020
PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Park Act Order of the Executive Director TO: Public Notice DATE: May 14, 2020 WHEREAS: A. This Order applies to all Crown land established or continued as a park, conservancy, recreation area, or ecological reserve under the Park Act, the Protected Areas of British Columbia Act or protected areas established under provisions of the Environment and Land Use Act. B. This Order is made in the public interest in response to the COVID-19 pandemic for the purposes of the protection of human health and safety. C. This Order is in regard to all public access, facilities or uses that exist in any of the lands mentioned in Section A above, and includes but is not limited to: campgrounds, day-use areas, trails, playgrounds, shelters, visitor centers, cabins, chalets, lodges, resort areas, group campsites, and all other facilities or lands owned or operated by or on behalf of BC Parks. D. This Order is in replacement of the Order of the Executive Director dated April 8, 2020 and is subject to further amendment, revocation or repeal as necessary to respond to changing circumstances around the COVID-19 pandemic. Exemptions that were issued in relation to the previous Order, and were still in effect, are carried forward and applied to this Order in the same manner and effect. Province of British Columbia Park Act Order of the Executive Director 1 E. The protection of park visitor health, the health of all BC Parks staff, Park Operators, contractors and permittees is the primary consideration in the making of this Order. -
BC Hydro > Peace Project Water Use Plan
Peace Project Water Use Plan Revised for Acceptance for the Comptroller of Water Rights August 21, 2007 Peace Project Water Use Plan Revised for Acceptance by the Comptroller of Water Rights Generation August 21, 2007 Peace Project Water Use Plan Preface The Water Use Planning process for BC Hydro’s Peace facilities was initiated in February 2001 and completed in December 2003. The proposed conditions in this Water Use Plan, for the operation of BC Hydro’s Peace hydroelectric facilities, reflect the December 2003 consensus recommendations of the Peace Water Use Planning Committee. BC Hydro thanks all those who participated in the process that led to the production of this Water Use Plan for their effort and dedication. The proposed conditions for the operation of BC Hydro’s facilities will not come into effect until implemented under the British Columbia Water Act. Generation Resource Management August 21, 2007 Peace Project Water Use Plan Page i Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1 2.0 DESCRIPTION OF WORKS............................................................................. 1 2.1 Location ..................................................................................................... 1 2.2 Existing Works .......................................................................................... 2 3.0 HYDROLOGY OF THE PEACE RIVER BASIN ........................................... 4 3.1 Drainage Basin.......................................................................................... -
Pacific Great Eastern Railway
PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA DEPARTMENT OF RAILWAYS PACIFIC GREAT EASTERN RAILWAY also Proposed Extensions and Potential Resources of Central Interior and Northern British Columbia, 1949 VICTORIA, E.C. NOVEMBER, 1949 PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA DEPARTMENT OF RAILWAYS PACIFIC GREAT EASTERN RAILWAY also Proposed Extensions and Potential Resources of Central Interior and Northern British Columbia, 1949 VICTORIA, B.C. NOVEMBER, 1949 AN APPRECIATION. From time to time various departments of Government issue bulletins and pamphlets on one or another of the many economic, topographic, or geographic aspects of different sections of the Province. In this bulletin the Department of Railways has gathered together in comprehensive and compact form a wealth of material on the topography, resources, and industries of the district served by the Pacific Great Eastern Railway. The Pacific Great Eastern Railway continues to make possible the growth and development of a rich and important section of the Province. The railway is owned and operated by the people through their Provincial Government. It is well that students in our schools should come to appreciate that section of the Prov• ince and the contribution which this railway makes to its present and future. The Department of Education is most appreciative of the generosity of the Department of Railways in providing copies of this bulletin for the libraries of all schools in the Province. W. T. STRAITH, Minister of Education. PACIFIC GREAT EASTERN RAILWAY COMPANY. PACIFIC GREAT EASTERN RAILWAY, ALSO PROPOSED EXTENSIONS AND POTENTIAL RESOURCES, 1949. The substance of the following reports may be outlined by quoting the Terms of Reference given to the Committee on Resources and Railways, 1945. -
Salvelinus Confluentus) and Dolly Varden (S. Malma
Molecular evidence of current and historical introgressive hybridization between bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and Dolly Varden (S. malma) by ZOE REDENBACH B.Sc, University of British Columbia, 1997 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Zoology) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA August 2000 © Zoe Redenbach, 2000 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada DE-6 (2/88) ABSTRACT Natural hybridization, once thought to be relatively rare, has been widely observed in both plants and animals. Studies of species that hybridize at low rates across wide ranges, however, are still relatively rare. Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) and bull trout (S. confluentus) have widely overlapping ranges and have been shown to hybridize at two localities. This thesis is a molecular analysis of Dolly Varden / bull trout hybridization over a range of spatial scales. Large-scale mtDNA phylogeography revealed that Dolly Varden survived the last glaciation in a previously unsuspected refuge south of the ice sheet, which resulted in continuous sympatry of a Dolly Varden refugial population with bull trout over the last 100,000 years. -
Muskwa-Kechika Case Study (Northeastern British Columbia and Adjacent Areas of the Yukon and Northwest Territories)
Conserving Canada’s Natural Capital: the Boreal Forest Muskwa-Kechika Case Study (Northeastern British Columbia and adjacent areas of the Yukon and Northwest Territories) Prepared for: National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy Ottawa, Ontario By: R. McManus Consulting Ltd. and Salmo Consulting Inc. Calgary, Alberta July 2004 NRTEE Muskwa-Kechika Case Study TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 The Boreal Forest Program................................................................................. 1 1.2 Case Studies........................................................................................................ 2 1.3 Muskwa-Kechika Case Study............................................................................. 2 1.3.1 Methods....................................................................................................... 4 1.3.1.1 Literature Review.................................................................................... 4 1.3.1.2 Interviews................................................................................................ 4 1.3.1.3 Multi-stakeholder Workshop .................................................................. 5 2. Legislation and Policy Framework..................................................................... 6 2.1 Case Study Region.............................................................................................. 7 2.1.1 Major Players.............................................................................................