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Sichuan village Puinting in traditional style 6t, Li Htnsheng FOUNDER: SOONG CHING tlNG (MME. SUN YAT-SENI (18e3-te8lr. PUBLISHED MONTHTY BY THE CHTNA WEIFARE INSTITUTE IN ENGLISH, SPANISH, FRENCH, ARABIC, GERMAN, PORTUGUESE AND CHINESE

vot. xxxt MARCH 1982 Articles o the Montlf Chino's Economy in CONTENTS 1981 P. 29 Women Bosed on Premier Zhoo Equal Opportunities Ior Women Garns and Problems 22 Ziyong's report on goyern- Three Women Lawyers - 26 ment work, this orticle brielly reyiews Chino's Economy economic situotion ond Creative Thinking at Motor City t8 principles for luture China's Economy in 198'l and Princrples lor lls Future 29 development. How Shandong's Cotton Output- Grew Jb lncome Tax on Foreign Enterprises 4tJ Meeting People's Consumer Needs 50 Long Road Upword - the Wo Notionolity Society P. 10 The Wo people ol Yunnon Where They Stay ln Beijing Hotels and lnns 4 province, once mired in Growing and Changing with- the New Chrna +b poverty ond bockwordness, Army and People Helping One Another 55 hove experienced greot - progress ond serious Notionolities setbocks - 5i66s 1949, A Long Foad Upward Ior the Wa Nationality Policy chonges- ond o re. surgent economy hove Educotion ond Culiure mode the post three yeors A Brigade's Fishery School )t o 'second liberotion.' Cultural Notes. Operas on New Thenres; Chrnese Acrobats; Chinese Tradilional Painting I n strlute Fou nded btr Archoeology Digging Up an Ancient Copper [,4ine 38 Medicine Tibetan Traditional Medicine 1a look hotels Exercises to Prevent Colds A vivid ot the copitol's 64 ond other occommodotions which Across the Lond serve visitors, ond some new Bridging the Yellow River 34 focilities under construction, G i nseng 45 Yongho Gong, Lama Temple in Beijing 58 Columns ond Speciols To Our Readers: About Our Reporting ) Yonghe Gong, Beiiing's Lomo Tenrple P' 58 Our Postbag a Humor I ntury Yonghe Gong, st lomo Do You Know: About Radio and Television in Chrrru 17 once the scene of P Socked Dance Sketches roops ond suflering ring the 41 ctioning Children: A Postwoman's Day 49 volution," it is now ogoin. Legends and Tales from History: A Kingdom Lost lor a Concubine's Smile 72 Equol Opportunities Language Corner: Lesson 15 for Women P.22 " Seeing a Peking Opera 70 ls there ony discrimino' Cover Pictures tion in iobs or educo' Front: Statue of Tsongkhapa, founder ol the Yellow Sect tion? Whot's "women's ol Tibetan Buddhism, at Yonghe Gong, Lama work"? A look ot temple in Beijing. Huo Jianying Chinese women's con' Back: Scene along the Keshi Fliver on the western tinuing struggle, with slopes of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang. qovernment suppott, for He Chongyun equol opportunities'

Ediioriol Officer Woi Wen Building, Beiiing (37), Chtno Annuol subscri'ption in U,S,A. US38.0O Applicotion to mbil ot 3econd Coble: "CHIRECON" Beijing, closs postoge rote is pending in Son Froncisco. ln North Americq, Genarol Distributo;: GUOJI SHUDIAN, P,O, Box 399, Beijing, Chlno. send oddress chonge to Chino Books ond Per?odicols, lnc,, 2929 24 street, Son Froncisco, cA 94100. .TO OUR READERS. About Our Reporting

a few of our editorial staff, translators OUR magazine has nearly forty staff reporters, half NTOT v of them grouped in three general sections l\ inctuaea, have traveled internationally during -eco- the same period to Thailand, the Philippines, West nomic, social-politi.cal and cultural and the rest at- - - Germany, Britain, the U.S.A., to Arab and African tached to particular language editions. Every one of countries including Egypt and Madagascar. and to these men and women, besides working in Beijing, Latin American nations inciuding Argentina. Peru, travels to other parts of the country to write or ar- Colombia and Venezuela. Some went on writing as- range for articles on the spot. During 1981 and the signments or as members. of press and, publishing first quarter of this year, they and our seven staff tours, others on temporary loan to other organiza- photographers ranged over 24 of China's 30 admini- tions, a few as family visitor$. strative divisions. Where they worked is shown on In addition, we have sent several young people the accompanying map. to study abroad for periods ranging from several To keep you abreast of new developments in Chi- months to two years, in France, the U S.A.. Mexictl nese agriculture, we sent teams to the provinces of and Portugal. Sichuan in the west, and Anhui and Shandong in the 'lan- acquaintance with our readers, their re- f)ETTER east. Their in-depth investigations focussed on IJ guages and the countries in which they Iive will cent key shifts in rural pblicies and on their eflect. certainly result from all this. To cover the construction of capital projects, re- We, trust that it will show in constantly improved porters with pen and camera went twice (at two stages pertormance by our magazine of its task of promoting in its building) to the giant Gezhouba Dam and its friendship and understanding between the people of attendant hydro-electric and navigation projects in the China and those of other larids. tl middle reaches of China's mightiest river, the Chang- jiang (Yangtze) and once to the remote Qinghai plateau where a new railway is edging toward Tibet' Reporting on other iilelustries, they traveled, among other places, to the shipyard of Dalian, now building modern vessels not only for China but for export, and to Liaoyang's new petrochemical complex. Both are in northeast China.

RITERS' and photographers' journeys to China's national minority regions ranged from Xinjiang' in the far northwest rimmed by snowy mountairis, to the semi-tropical areas of Yunnan, Guangxi and Hainan Island. They also criss-crossed the provinces of Guang- dong and Fujian, home areas of most of the millions of people of Chinese ancestry living in foreign . countries. PIaces Visited Many places were also visited to' get stories on by Our Staff Beporters the youth, education, employment, culture, sports, in 1981 scenic spots and religious life. In short, the panorama of China we present to our readers is a wide-ranging, up-to-date and first- hand one.

CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS We must rvork energetically and con- the 1930s my father bought a book tinuously from 1982 and beyond until describing the expedition of a Swiss this objective is realized. geological team into the Mount Gongga FRANCIS SHIEH area, exploring in 1930-31 a region that Upper Marlboro, Marglanil, U.S.A. few had heard about or seen. Besides detailed descriptions oI the geography, Congratulations Only One China people and plants of the area, and some On the 30th anniversary of the found- Pleasb give me more inlolmation bf the hardships that faced the expedition, many ing of China extend about Communist the book contained Reconslructs, we and Nationalist photographs. to all of you our sincere eongratula- China. I have just re-read the Swiss actions and best wishes. Your efforts are JOSEPH KWAO DE-SOUZA count, and in comparing it with the well appreciated on the small island of Kumasi, Ghano article in China Reconstrucls, I, have the Republic of Malta. There is only one China-the Peo- the impression that the area is still a World friendship better: under- and p\els Republic of China, Taituan is an wonderland of nature. I hope you will standing through correspondence one is inseparable part ol our country and, be able to keep it that way, for Mount of the aims of our organization and we the gooernment oJ the People's Re- Gongga undoubtedly must be one of would like to extend an invitation to pub\ic oJ China is its sole legitimate your the world's most majestic mountains. readers who would like to have goaernment anil its sole representatiue HANS WAELTI friends from Malta, to write: Albert in the United Nations. This is re- Victoria, Canada V. Rutter, Direetor, International Cor- cognized bg most countries anil peoples respondence Club, 5 Duke of York of the usorld,, and is A precondition ol Articles Too Detailed Street, Harniun, Malta. re\ations usith China. ALBERT V. RUTTER With the uictorA oJ the Chinese peo- It seems to me that your topics are more Hamrun. Malta ple's reoolution in 1949, the reactionarA wildly dilated upon and take rule of the Kuornintang utas ouerthrou:n. time to read before one goes on to In Memory of Soong Ching Ling The island proDince ol Taiwan is the another topic. Therefore to save time, onlg place remaining under try to summarize and illustrate with I was deeply touched to read of the still Kuo- mintang control, and is thus tem- pictur'es to make the reading more passing of Soong Ching Ling, who par- lively. publishing porarilg separated tr.om the mainland, ticipated fully in the maga- prouince BABA ZUMAH zine. My family, myself the many It is d of China and, not a and reunitieil, Kuahu Prasu, Ghano readers to whom I have passed the "countrg". Wlten Chind is the TaiTDan adm,inistrati,on be one July 1981 special memorial supplement uill oJ its local gooernments. On Advertising and Theory send our deep condolences. - For this reason, the ternls "Com- say advertising is a good China Reconstrzcrs interests me as a You that munist Chind" anil China,' long as the advertis- reader to understand not only China's "Nationalist thing. I agree as are inappropri,ate and do not tally uith ing presents facts and information achievements over Bast years, present and future plans but also its great the tacts. Detrimental to the sooer- about the products on sale. But when Chinese and desire to help developing nations. eigntg and dignity of the you see, for example, women people, theg originated u:ith a hand,ful happy youngsters on billboards I think Please if possible try to be short and ol people who haue long schemed to you use the same salesmanship as the concise, perhaps by eontinuing some creata "tuo Chinas-" capitalists pf the West and that is a succeeding issues. topics in For proposeil u:ays,ol peaceJul really bad way. PAOLO ILLELIT reuni- lication, sde "To Our Readers,, in You also criticize Mao's theor.r, of, Soroti, Uganda the Februarg 1981 issze oJ China continuing the revolution. I think he Reconsttucts" was right: you must continue to fight China's Reunification _ Ed. bourgeois and Ieudal ideology where I am a professor of economiis and I and when it's uncovered. On the other hand of course you mustn't widen the do remerTrber the Shanghai Com- Taiwan Magazine a Propaganda scope of the struggle, so that contradic- munique of 1972. Almost ten years has "BIurb tions among the people are treated like elapsed most call and it is timely to I subscribe Io China Recoitstructs and contradictions between the people and for the reunification of China for I am very impressed with the scope of their enemies. I think the last failure economic f easibility. In the spirit of your articles. .dnd I am particularly lvas caused by a wrong unde-rstanding the Shanghai Communique, Taiwan is pleased to see articles which show that of the theory of the continued a part of China. there is some unemployment and other revolution. I was so impressed by Chairman Ye problems. To the Western mind there HANS C. PETERSEN Jianying's elaborations on policy con- is something very wrong with a society Brabranil, Denmark cerning return of Taiwan to the with nothing wrong to say of itself. By motherland, especially the statement contrast I also mistakenly subscribed More about Modernization to a Taiwan magazine and although that when the country is reunified, One thing I would like to see more Taiwan technically it rs very well printed and can enjoy a high degree of presented of is how China is tackling problems autonomy as a speeial administrative it is a continuing propaganda blurb and tells me nothing of the island in. her ef{orts towards the four mod- region and retain its armed forces. ernizations. So few of us over here I was also delighted to learn that and its way of life. I consider it a waste of money. know what they are. Perhaps you can Taiwan's current socio-economic system explain to us what the four moderniza- will remain unchanged and that people DEREK H. ROUT Cltristchurch, Neta Zealand tions are and what achievements have in authority in Taiwan may take up been made. Also would like more on posts of leadership in the affairs of how China is developing natural Mount : her the one and only China. It is so true Gongga resources and the Chinese railway that the reunification of the motherland The article on Mount Gongga in the syEtem. is in the interest ot all Chinese- July 1981 issue brought back memories ROBERT K. GBAJU wherever we are. from my childhood in Switzerland. In Fteetoun. Sierra Leone

MARCH T982 J i,Vfhere They Stay in Beiiing

LI CHUANG

The rate oI occupancy of rooms is between 96 and 113 Percent, so that every day about 10,000 PeoPIe must sleep in temporarY beds set up in hotel corridors, Passageways and offices. Even the narrow rvooden cots for the customers of public bathhouses (which ciose at eight in the evening) are Pressed rnto service. inns are E *-'"" Beijing's hotels and classif ied as large, medium and large hotels The Yanjing is one ol Beijing's newe-\t lrotels. /,lt u n rt S lt tt tl tt rt tt small. Ot the 24 managed by the Beijing Tourist Bureau and the MuniciPal Com- peopie pass through cal care. are in transit ()l'on toul'lst LfOW many mittee, all but two are multi-storY Ilrhe airp<,rts. railway and bus tripa, All of them need hotel buildings. The tu,o excePtions are stations into Beijing everY daY? a'ccommodations. ()ne-story aIf airs in Chinese-style How man5, hotels are there for Beijing today has 365 hotels anri hotels cater thenr? What about the shortage ot inns (if we include those in the courtyards. The large and accommodations for foreign tour-

LI CHUANG is a reporter on the staff of China Eeconstructs,

4 ()ne of the oidest inns i:r tseijirg.

Ara undlrgrounC inn in tseijiirg's air defenee systen: and the passageway leadi:rg icto the itrn. Well-known chefs garnish dishes for hotel guests. Reception room in a luxury suite at the Nationalities Hotel.

The Xiangshan Hotel, no*, under construction, was designed by the famous Chinese-American architect. I. M. Pei. Pltoros b-t Zhou Younut, 14,tng Xiuntin and I!tr,t ,liutt.t tng enterprises by neighborhoods. Llcr- arn,c1 Serv-lce Company in the city mestic Chiaese paironlze those. of Xuaneheng in Anhui province. Rates (in ll"enminbi. rvhich ex- The man, 29, ',,,ras called Zhu You- ciranges at approximately 1 ?C zhaa, and iris u,ife, 24, tr{ua.ng yuan to the U.S. Collar) are: 50 t smaller: hotels. I decided colors give a toueh of freshness to Fusuijing Street in the westet:n look at them firsL At seven in the 200-year"-oid inn. There are part of the city. It occupied twcr the morning I went, to one of the 30 gue.st roorns with 140 beds. Ievels, had a floor space of 1,000 accommodaticrns 6g"rr.i"s in lront About two-thirds of the hotels square meters and 148 beds. oI the Beijing Railway Station. it i1r.d inns run by the Beijing Hotels Manager Yu Junzhi led me down iracj iust opened and about 400 peo- and Inns Compan_v are near Qian- a spiral"staircase into a spacious ple stood in iine ai the door. Asking men. The reason is that befor:e undergr:ound corridor flanked b1,' around. I learned that sorne had li.beration in 1949 this uised to be. guest rooms, r.vashrooms and a eome off the train at foui in the and still is one of Beijing's largest checkroom. were rnorning and had w,aiting All oI these been for comrnercial centers. The old Bei- brightly three hours. lit, neat and ciean The air jing Raihvay Station was located rn,as fresh. A special bus Lrrings I found the- head of the agency, her"e r-rntll it was moved eastward guests here from railwa.v sta- Liu Erqian, a siocky midcile-aged the to its present lcrcation in 1959. As tion 6,400 per month. man. r Tho told me many the of Beijing expanded. new blrsiness - people were in transit, staying in I had thought it might lre un- i'enters grew and the populaiion unciergroundl the only d.r.y comfortable to iive city a or tr,vo. They increased, the municil>al govr:rn- wanted to be put up near the sta- but my d.oubts were dispelLed af l.er ment expanded existing hotels and I saw the inn. was equipped tion but the nearest hotel was a It inns hc,re and built new ones, in- kilomeier away. "It's iike this in with air cr.rnditioners and rnc;isiure c).uriing 18 rnedium-sized ones in man1, large cities in China," he removers, The temperature re- the last two y;ears, each four to said. "We need a few big hotels mained between 22 t

MARCII IS82 ditioning anC a banquet hall for 2.000 walled with carved wooden panels. Today's new 23-storY building, with modern facilities, was completed in June 1974. In 1949 Beijing had only three first-class hotels such as the old Beijing Hotel. By the end of the 50s there were 14. Another five were constructed in the 70s. Some progress has been made in the last two years in combj.ning modern facilities with traditional architec- tural styles. The Zhuyuan (Bamboo Garden) Hotel in the citY's outskirts was constructed on the New al,tendants at the Chongwe[men No. 2 tloslel near Reijing's main railway basis of a 19th centurY Prince's station learn to make beds properly' Xinhtl'a residence. It has 22 guest rooms around an exquisite little garden. hotel in Zhuoxian building, connected on its western furnished in a mixture of western The tourist from Beijing, side to two older ?-story buildings. and Chinese styLes and lighted at county, 60 kilometers 30 These three buildings, different in night with kerosene lamPs. The consists of two courtyards with height, color and style, reveal the first ?-story building went uP in guest rooms. Its main service cen- history of Beijing Hotel. 1917. It contained 21 rooms on each ter contains a spaeious loung'e and It began in 1901 as a Chinese floor, electric lights, elevaiors, and bar. A Japanese guest among the style courtyard inn. In the front central heating. In 1955 another first group o{ clients to put at this courtyard was a bar and a seven-story building rose west ol hotel remarked that it was much restaurant. In a courtyard behind the older building, adding 240 more interesting than high-rise were twenty rooms for guests, rooms. It also contained air con- hotels.

for cart drivers and their animals iloles 0n the History ol Ghinese lnns and for sick people. Along all the main highways were sPecial Posts f.t HINA'S first biographical existed even prior to the SPring where government couriers and \J history, Historical Records and Autumn period (770-476 B.C.), officials could change horses and (Shi Ji), contains this story: In when the book was comPiled. rest, and hostels for civilians 356 B.C. Shang Yang became In the Wei-Jin period (220-420) By the Yuan dYnastY (1275- prime minister of the State o{ Qin. Emperor Wu Di of Wei took a 1368), with the approval and Pro- He instituted reforms to make personal hand in reforming old tection of the government, even Qin prosperous and strong, but hostelries and setting uP new monasteries were running inns. was accused by the aristocracY of ones for traveling merchants. The Notes on the History of the Yuan plotting rebellion and had to flee. improved facilities included DAnastA records that one monas- Once he tried to put up at an inn, "warm rooms in winter, cool and tery in the capital Dadu (near Bei- but the innkeeper, not knowing shady places in sumrirer, abun- jing) operated 100 or more inns who he was, told him:. "Prime dant fodder f or animals and a and taverns. There u'ere 1,490 Minister Shang Yang has'made a variety of utensils for the use of government-run courier Posts in Iaw that the innkeeper who pro- lodgers.'' the country, some with as manY vides lodgings to a traveler During the 'Iang dynasty (618- as 400 horses. After the Yuan without identification papers- wiII 90?) a thriving econor-ny and dynasty, innkeeping flourished as be punished." Shang Yang had to flourishing foreign tlade necessi- one of the most lucrative trades. leave, and was later caught ando tated the ccnstruction ol manY Courier stations disaPPeared in killed by Qin soldiers. riifterenL krnds of inns in the th.e late 19th and earlY 20th cen- This story tells us that inn:; capital Chang'an Apart f rom turies, as railways and modern existed more than 2,000 years ago ordinary ones run by Private in- postal f acilities came into exist- in China, anQ that the State of dividuals and the government, ence. Meanwhile, the number of increas- Qin had regulations about them. there were special ones , f or inns in cities and towns Actually, material in the ancient foreign merchants and Ior minor- ed, and multi-story hotels with Book of Eites indicates that both ity natir:nalities f rom China2s modern facilities and 100 or more private and governmbnt'run inns border regions, as well as those guest rooms began to appear. tr CHINA BECONSTRUCTS 8 In March 1981 another first-class out ovei the park's scenery. Elegant (Great Wali) The fdrmer hotel, Hotel. the Yanjing, opened in Bei- and graceful, the hotel is a com- is in west Beijing. Its main build- jing. Its 24 stories, four of them bination of the best of Chinese ing will be 27 stories high and underground, contain b1B rooms, and Western architecture. The will include an octagonal r"ev

HUMOR

A Criticism Backfires Buying a Watch A student can't read the A young couple go to buy a teacher's comments on his home- wristwatch. She wants a small work, and asks him to explain women's watch. them. The teacher studies the Man: "It's too small .jyour characters for a long time be- eyeslght's not that good." fore realizing that the words Woman: "It doesn't mdtter he'd written were: "Your as long as other people can see handwriting is too mess;ir and it on my wrist!" unreadable."

Whose Fault Son: Father, how come my teacher doesn't even know rvhat a horse is? Father: What? Son: Yesterday I handed in my painting of a horse and teacher wanted to know what I'd painted. bg Ding Cong

MARCII 1982 ffiffiffi effd pwand far the rytfomm$rtp }-ANG DONG

A 'barren and savage land" is and people began to rvork xhelr Xirrreng is cornpletel'y mociern in Jt rvhaL they caled the ancient way out of poverty. But the ultra- app.rar"ance. i-ining ""l're nrail-r Wa ]:omeland, the Awa Mountain Lef t tendenci.es which leached street, which i.s rvidc enouE{h to elistlict, in tire days before libera- their height during the "cultural accommodate three cars driving tion. A steep and rugged area revolution"-- and wtiich had par-- abreast, are a movie theater, hotel, sanci.,vichecl betrareen the Lancang ticularly harsh effects on minorify bookstore, county bank and a and l$ujiang rivers in southwestern and border areas seriously disrupt- foreign trade company. The piped Yunnan province near the Bur- ed the economic progress that had r,vater supply draws on a small re- mese bcrrder, the terrain contribut- been made, especially in outiying sei'voir near the top of the moun- .:t1 to its image as a wild place, parts of the region. In the Last few tain. It's ditlicult to believe that quicken- but so did many aspects of social years policy changes l-iave this peaceful little totvn is not fai' pace life. ed the of development once from the old site of Mengkii, the The region was poor and back- more, and life has become better former opium tl'ading post. The vrard. A form of slavery still for the region's 260,000 Was and opium irade with opium existed. Bandits roamed the area, several hundred thousand people --along cuitivation was abolishe.d short- and blood feuds among villagers of other nationalities. - lesulted in the heads of enemies ly af tei' Iiberation, and bandits drsplayed on poles by the roadside. Mountainside Town later burned Mengka l,o the gr-ound. Slightly over half oI the town's Opium poppies were a local cash The Ximeng Wa Autonomous crop, of Meng- total floor space was constructeci and the srnall town County around IVII. Ximeng is one ka selved as a trading post where just in ihe iast two to three Years. of 1wo local autonomous counties a reflection oI the recent spurt in where established in the 1960s the local prosperity. Wa live in compact communities. On my lirst day in Ximeng I Over 72 percent of the county pop- old a man of Li na- ulation of more than 60,000 are met an fliend, who had the rev- Was, the remainder being Lahus, tionalrty ioined Dais, Hanis, Lisus and Hans. The olution in Lancarrg county over 30 main street of Ximeng, the county years ago. In lhe early 1950s, town, winds steeply upward froirt when he was vel'y young. he had the middle of the mountain to neal been one of a group sent here t

County head Sud .Iia (left) is never too busy tn talk witlr the many people who Mountainside towrl the Ximeng cotln- visit his home. ty seat. - Xie Jun rnerchants from China's interior r"egions came to barter for opium. The 1949 liberation brought enormous changes to the social, ecoriomic and cultural life of the Wa. as it did to all other national- it,ies in China. Unfortunate social praetices of the past disappeared,

FANG DONG is a staff reporter for China Rrconstructs"

10 ,ii l, 1a' A Wa village Brick houses are becoming more common in the Awa Mountains.

Wa girls at a market fair A member of the Yunnan Provincial Song and Dance Ensemble coaches a local gloup with dancers of Wa and other nationalities.

Wa girl

Crushing rice wiih rnortar and pestle.

Water is fetched from a nearby stream in long bamboo tubes.

Weaving. Tractors belonging to a production brigade.

*t Burning thc vegetation on a mountain slope belore planting it with crops.

Winnowing. ['ltoros bt Xit Jutr Taken my frien,C Sui Plaxtirg drrlarici millet on a slope. by to visit Zou Ltancollg Jia's home, I found him in ordinary Wa garb a black suit topped by a red 4urban.- His wife, also a Wa and employe'd by the county bureau of industry and commerce, served us the .cuStomary treat for guests. a home-made rice wine. We protested that we were not drink- ers, but were assured that the wine was very light. It was in- deed light, tart and refreshing. During the 1950s, Sui Jia had risen to be vice-head of Ximeng county. Hanging in his home is a picture from that perio,d of Qhair- man IMao Zed,ong receiving him .3:+ ... and other members of a Ximeng delegation in Beijing. But during the "cultural revolution" Sui was all virtually unktrotvn in the chief's household. Nagei escorted removed from his post and sent off county before liberation made me tcr the honre of Yan Lai. a physical grass- to do labor at the great strides. - stocky and riunburnt ex-arlnyman roots level. There he accomplished the ultra-Left of of about 30 rvho is nolv leader of a great deal work But Poiicies of down-to-earth later years caused great harm. the commune's Yuesong brigade. in production and construction, These policies were so divorced His report on the brigade's historY and gained a reputation as a man from reality that they ignored re- wa.s quite revealing. of action. In December 1980 he popuiation just gional differences in ciimate, ter- The brigade's of was elected county head b;r the 600. rain, Ievel of economic develoP- o\/er 1,600 cultivates soute local people's congress. A popular land. moslly ment, history and social custours, hectares of Planted saying around the county is that rice, beans, winter' and demanded that everY region to dryland if you want to find the governor, buckwheat. red rice and corn. In same ancl ybu still have to go look the conform to the Politicai posi-liberation years. in pattern. thc early grassroots units or among the economic production had increased dramati- manY of China's masses. The Wa, like caliy, their 1950s lecord harvest nationalities, live in a minority being 450,000 kilograms of grain, borrier region rvhere climate and under influenee of ultra- Rich But the Eesources, Slow terrain are significantly dilferent Left policies, output slipped to be- Development from those of central China. so iween 150-2b0,000 kg. annuallY, insistence on a standard agricul- further. Despite the mountainous ter- and later' declined even tural pattern distorted the local years were 1969 and rain, Ximeng county is rich in re- The worst economy. The emphasis on moving 1970, when allocation of grain sources. Mineral wealth includes the rapidly to higher levels of collec- per person dropped to an average silver, gold; iron, tin, asbestos tive managemeni suited neither' the everyone had to mica and lead. The area's exten- of 3-4 kg.. and economic base nor social conditions. mountains to sive forests include, valuable tree make trips into the Progress in promoting minority dig up edible roots to eat, species and rnedicinal herbs. Fer- cadres to positions of responsibility For years the brigade had sub- tile soil, a mild climate and plenti- was retarded. sisted on tens of thousands of kg' ful rainfall favor the cultivation of But today the situation in the of relief grain from the state I several kinds of grain, potatoes. Wa homeland has improved so in one particulariy bad year,' the cotton, hemp, tobacco, sugar cane, much that local people talk of the amount rose to 45,000 kg. Starting tea, and other subtropical crops. past few years as their "second in 1980, however, the government But this richly'endowed region liberation." stopped levying grain t4x tor three is still quit€ poor. Before liberation years running to encourage PeoPle it might better have been described give Yuesong Commune to farm rnore land and to as destitute. Many Local resources them a chance to build up their had never reaIly been tapped. The I was taken to visit Yuesong, econorry. These and other policy area's major cash crop was opium. now as in the past Ximeng county's reforrns showed quick results. By Considerable progress in economic poorest commune. My guide and the end of 1980 oniy 5,000 kg of development wds ma,cie in the interpreter was a WA woman relief grain was needed, and the 1950s. All-tirne record grain har- named Nagei, who as a child in follorving year none at all, since vests were achieved. Education, the old society had lost her father the brigade itself grew enough to health care ancl electric power and became slave in a village give each family 2-3.000 kg. The - a MARCH 1982 i5 r'{raciside. Yan assure'.{i me that sLlch practices had been abolished for a long tiroe. Brlt 1:e alsc told me {rf a happiei' custcln thai rt'as being revi','ed, PeoPle are onee .igain carving the hugd traditional Wa wooden drunns. Once beaten IL) af-ipease gods and dernons, Lhey now heiP celebrate the new Prros- peritS,'. County head Str.i Jia is one of the best drumireers and dancers in the region.

Diversification Yuesong commune as a who1e, ..r * well off in ternrs of th+& rhougl.r lairly tt iand, labor polver and r'veather **,p-"q*e conditions. had followeai the same pattern of raPid development in the 1950s and then a Period of such a!i' sl1la.llpox and cholcra. ccrllrnl}n f'he county hospita!. Killer diseases it rvas de- aurong ihe Wa hef rrre liberation, have nort' been { ompleiel-Y eliminr,ted, alrd stagnai;ion duriug rvhich modr:rn rnedical care is norv available, Qi nt Lian"lotr pendent on loans for Pro'duction, reliet for living expenses and state- 1gB1 grain croP was stiil being sold grarn for food- Norv the foo

16 mango tree planted that survives. 50 Jen is awarded to the person in charge (1,000 have now been piant- ed at Yuesong). Every new surviv- About Radio aild Television China ing tung-oil tree brings a reward in of 20 fen. J'l-lHE Central People's Broadcasi- hygiene and science, regular pro: Lisuo comrnune, with 50 tractors I ing Station (CPBS), China's giams for workers, peasants, young and bulldozers. is fairly weli off domestj.c service, transmits nation- people and school children, and and has a high degree of mechani- rvide. There are also 106 local sta- broadcasts f Taiwan province zation for this part of the province. or tions in the provinces, municipali- (207"); and light entertainment Thriving sidelines and a large pig; tie.s and autonomous regions tians- (60%). Other items such as advance raising industry contribute to the rnitting on 130 channels. The Inter- program announcements and set- local stand- relatively high living national Broadcasting Station is ting-up exercises per grain to music make up ards. By 1980 capita food the country's overseas service, Rd Lisuo brigade had reached an at whose call sign is Radio Peking. Radio Peking broadcasts world- average of 400-450 One young kg. The CPBS broadcasts about g5 wide a total of 136 hours a day in man told me that his share had hours daily on six channels. 38 foreign languages, putonghua come to 500 kg. rnore than he - Two are in putonghua (standard and four local dialects. could really use. His family had Chinese), the third is beamed to obtained government lc,sn of a Taiwan province in putonghua and HINA Central Television 3,150 yuan buy a hand tractor f\ to the southern Fujlan and Hakka \-l (CCTV) transmits to every which would also allow them to dialects, the fourih is transmitted part of the country. A11 provinces, take up transport work as a side- to the national minority regions in municipalities and autonomous re- line occupation. Mongolian, Tibetan, Uygur, Kazak gions have their own stations, 38 The brigade has a and a 'arinery and Korean, the fifth to over- in all. There are 246 relay and tea factory; the local tea is of ex- seas Chinese in putonghua, Can- transmitting stations, each u,ith cellent quaLity, and most is o.x- tonese, Hakka, Chaozhou (south- more ported, than 1,000-watt capacity. The tea-proce.ssing factor5. eastern Guangdong) and Xiamen CCTV transmits in color on two earned profit 12,000 yuarr a of in (scuthern Fujian) dialects, and the channels. The first, beamed to the 1980, eaeh household's share rang- sixth is devoted to light entertain- entire country, broadcasts every 200-500 yuan. Per ing between ment items. evening for about five hours, and capita income averaged for 1980 Programs include news, excerpts also on Sunday mornings and nearly 40 yuan. from newspaper articles and fea- afternoons. The secontl channel Xinctrang commune's Amo bri- tures like "World Events"; ",{.cioss transmits only to the Beijing area: gade. once ncltorious as an opium- the Land" and "Around the World" CCT'V exchanges film programs producing famous center" is now (L.5Tl); special subjects including with television networks in some r.rrork. for its forestr"y After the study courses, sports, features on 20 countries. n deshruetion of the opium poppy fieids following liberation, the mountain slopes where they once schooi-age children attend primary 20 of the brigades. The state re- grew 1a1, i:arren and denuded for school -- a relatively low propor- cently allocated 600"000 yuan in years. But now they are covered tion general paddy by Chinese standards, construction funds to the county. with terraces of rice, tea but a big advance ovcr the past. The rani

MARCH 1982 L7 ehines as their basis, and stagted experimenting. After much effort, a basic design and a protoffie were produced and refined. Final- Iy the first Chinese-made machine of this type went into operation. It replaced ten large milling machines and seven over-head cranes, con'rbined ten separate processes into one anci raised work .t' efficiency tenfold. It now takes only 11/z minutes for the six faces of a cylinder body form to be milled. China's first automated, elec- tronically controlled die-casting assembly line was designed mainly by Rao Jiemin, a middle-aged engineer at the No. 2 Plant. He Liu Chert Assembly line for the East Wind l4(l truck, had researched both Chinese and foreign automated assembly lines for years, and thought he had a way to improve the basic design. Creative Thimking He and electrical engineer Wang Huaxiang divided the whole line into six sections, each -.vith a at'Motor City' .sectional operation desk which could control either the whole line TU ZIIENGMING or a singie section. In this way a single section's malfunction could not stop the whole line a com- T USt 13 years ago, Shiyan in relatively rare in China. The growth mon problem in many aut

~~18 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Control room for a foundry shop.~~

lnside a bearing workshop. Grindcr at work. In every iaetory vou wiit find workers with their noses into machines seeking to iml)rove them, like these rvorkers with the rruck's diesei enqinc. East Wind trucks readl to leave rheir plant. l'ltotos ltt Litr ('lttn urttl Li l't'it youren 'steel electrir:ai engineer Feng is used in more than hal.f of traced the problem to a damaged all structural parts; more than half angle eoding part. They had to o{ t}re other steel used is a new replace it with the only spare part. high-strength type; and over half But the incident made Ferig think. the cast iron used is nodular (cast The part was composed of 2,000 iron with gr"aphite added). These electronic elements and cost over rnaterials rely on domestic re- 30,000 Deutschmarks to replace. sources: and some g0 1:arcent of What if it broke again? them are produced in China. Feng started to consider the Deputy generai engineer yu possibility of substituting domes- Yunhan, a lg47 graduate of 't*;". t.cal).y pro1duced electronic ele- Shanghai's ,Tiaotong University, is : ments. Plant treaders Chiel engineer frIeng Shacnong se*rns strongly in charge of production. It is not to be encouraging his young grand- supported the idea, and Feng unusual for hirn to drive to branch daughter (o take an in[erest in dhe worked on, checking data and plants in the middle of the night subiect dearest to his he,art" dralting preliminary designs. Six to solve production problems. Weng Sanglut electricians willingly submitted When the 2\i-ton heavy-duty their individual designs, so that vehicle assembly line rvas under the final could be based on the construction, he supe::vised the paratus which make it possible best elements in each. After much work of improving the quality of to test new products efficiently testing and revising, a Chinese- 704 production items. He also and deveiop reliable data on rvhicir made angle coding part was pro- personally designed and oversaw planning an

~~MARCH 1982 u$ffiE porffiennafrftfres {Br omel!; effiBy mims, $ome Problems~~

~~TAN MANNI~~

A I/ICNG the Chinese nowadaYs, Thtrt mothers carr leave home more of the housework and child- jlL 6a11i6g a woman ''Mrs. so- for a job was made Possible onlY rearing responsibility. Especiaily and-so," or identifYing her as a after the. government Provided when the child is sick, it is often "houservife" is verY likelY to be state-subsidized nurseries and kin- the mother who has to ask tor t.lken as irnpolite, if not a humiliat- dergartens. In some cities these leave. ing insult. Evolving sex roles in look after 70-80 percent of all the Moreover, the labor Protection China have changed formalitY. In small children of 'rvorking mothers benefits for women workers some- tht: old China mo"st women had to who need such care. After all, times push them into unfavorable sr-rbmii to their breadwinner hus- sharing household work and situations. For examPle) women bands at home and contend with parent responsibilitY is PoPular workers arb entitled to Paid having rreither personal identity among working parents todaY. absences during Pregnancy, 56 theY were leave and nor role in societY - days of paid maternitY krrown only as their husbands' Job Discrimination nursing hours alterrvard. Some -vV1VeS. More than one hundred miliion factories grant mothers who Plan Tlmes have changed. Most in the to have only one child a haif-Year outside peeple were born Period Chinese v/omen now work earJY 60s' paid maternitY leave as a measure but between the 50s and and are no longer hornemakers working age, theY are to promote the one-child PolicY' providers for their Reaching contributing now swelling the urban work force This causes some hosPitals and laniilies. iVIanY of them have factories to reject v/omen workers in at a rate nf some three million made outstanding contributions year and rvait for govern- assigned to them on the grounds and have thus gained every their work labol departments tt> aLlocate that they would have ditficulties So painful is their ment social prestige. jobs. when a nunrber oI nurses or other' nlemory of the that theY do them Past most cases, the man has the working women take maternitY be callecl by their hus- In nor like tn primacy in getting a job. What leaves at the same time. Although bands' na.rnes anymore. is the the government and the women's hundred mil- causes this discrimination IiaLf oI the three Loward the federation work hard to make the the coun- erroneous attitude iion peasant rvorkers in burden at people see that child-rearing is a women earning their working woman's extra tryside are work she shoulders special contribution of women to own lirring. In the cities 24 mil- home After lion rvomen (30.8 percent of all A<'ademy ol Sciences' goverriment workers) work f or Women membel's ol trhe Srienle Council ot the Chinese governmeni organizations and state-or,l'ned lactories" In r.he col- iecti're1;' owned enterprises they are an e.ren larger pereentage o{ the work lorce. Arnong the 20 million hired by these enterprises in 1980 roore than haif are women. Today when - one drops in at hornes on the city ianes, one often finds only aged or retired house- keeping grandmothers instead of houserr,'ives" Apart from the weak and disabled, or young women studyirng for a university examina- iion, women of working age hold permanent or temporary jobs outside their homes.

TAN MANNI is a St,aff reporter for China, Reconstructs. CHINA RECONSTRUCTS society, and that any work sui.tabLe f or women should be given io them. recruiting units still tend to favor men. When, for example, the People's Bank in a county in Guangdong province tested applicants foi a clerk's job, women were required to have 30 points more to compete with men, writes a reader to the magazine Women of China, "Other local factories even reiected women by returning three .women to the labor department for one man," she adds. A man in the Beijing Labor Bureau remarks wryly, "Most of our ernployment work seems to be to crack down on job discrimination against women and get enterprises to accept the women we send them." Generally, in Beijing a proportion between men and wornen is negotiated between the labor-departments and the recruiting enterprises. In 1980, 180,000 out of 220,000; and in 1981, 130,000 out of 220,000 applicants for jobs were employed. Women were more than half. Last year their proportion among newly accepted workers in Beiiing in the following fields is this: 90 percent in ihe tex- shi Ruoyi, a raplain in trai,irrg on the ship Donglanglro,g \*. !ii o. rhc ('hang- tile industry, 80 percent in the jiang (Yangtze) River. medical departments. 70 percent jn commerce and business, 60 per- we " cent in light industry and handi- can do bettel at our .1obs in,;obs suitable t() theil phy.sicai Trying juggle conditions. crafts and 50 percent in the to home duties irnd ln which the_v- can bring electrical and electronic instru- work. some wolking moiher.s their abilities trr ['u]l p]ay- More- rnents industry. echoed this: "I think I should give river. labor protection t'<;r' working As those up m)- own career for the sake of women should not be negiected." for who are not yet "Women placerJ in iobs, the neighborhood my husband's and of my child's The cry return home" committees and parents organiza- f utule." loused an uproar among the tions are responsible for seeing Strongly opposing these views. woffr€r; Chen Lurifeng. 33-year:- that they obiain temporary work the All-China National Women's oJd team leadel of the Bei;ing No. or professional training. Young Federation wrote to the Chinese 3 Radio Equipment Plant and men and women are treated alike. Communisi Party's Central Com- mother of a three-year'-o1d child, rrrgued, This is not only in consideratioi-r mittee, "Women workers have "Why is it that we really count of their livelihood but aiso to get become an indispensabie part of lor something at home now? the work Iorce Sending them Because we are eerning as much rid of the potential undermining ! factor to a stable city life. home will only weaken the drive as our men On trtp of that, we to modernize China and the cause are also doing the bulk of the 'Women Return Home'? of women's emancipation. The housewrtrk," Qld women whr> leit solution to the iob problem is to home to work after liberation re- In recent years, as job problems expand production to ereate neuz minded othel's thal "once you have became serious, some people sug- .iobs." nt> earnings of your own anymore, gested replacing women workers This vieur was supported by the you'li know what it's like to have who have heavy family burdens Party. In 1980 Vice-Premier Wan to ask your husband for money." with unemployed unmarried Li told the Nationai Placement A career woman pointed out women. Some husbands added, Conference. "We must stick to the typically; that "our society doesn't "Send our wives home and subsi- principle of equality between men ask the women to return home. dize us with their wages. When and women. and to equal work for It is wastef ul for a woman we are freed of household chores. equal pay. We musi place ra,,omen to care for her home and familv

MARCH 1982 service to the local people riot only won her the familiar name "Sister Wei" but also the post of manager of the local Nationality Trade Company. Last year she was also elected vice-head of the county. Zhang Shizhen, a national model saleswoman in Tianjin, is now assistant manager of the municipal vegetable company. She was elected a member of the Nationai People's Congress in 1978. A fair number of women have also been elected to this highest organ oI state power. There are 741 of them or 21.1 percent of the delegates. There are 38 in the standing committee, 19.4 percent Ding Aiju and Ding Ailian, trvin sisl,ers from a Henan village, both passed col- of its members. In addition to the lege entrance exams and are iow studying a[ Qinghua University. late honorary chairman Soong Ching Ling, two other women have reached high government office, at the expense of her own career. has appointed two women ambas- Deng Yingchao and Shi Liang, If she does, when her child-rearing sadors, and thirteen rninister- bot[ vice-chairmen of the Stand- days are over, she will feel a lack counsellors and counsellors. There ing Committee of the National of accomplishment and find her- are also many women commercial People's Congress. Women officers just non-person society!" self a in and cultural attaches in Chinese in the State Couneil include, a "Women's work" is a stereotype embassies abroad. vice-premier, two ministers (water typical of the old society. They . Now, more emphasis is being- conservati<.rn and textiles) and 43 were usually hired in traditional put on the professional training of vice-ministers and vice-bureau "women's jobs" such as clerks, women workers. They constitute directors. There are 39 women nurses, teachers, shop assistants 42 percent of the 680,000 trainees vice-govelnors of provinces. au- and textile workers all rela- - in technical schools. Half of the tonomous regions and vice-mayors tively low paying jobs. Today, country's enterprises have set up oI municipaiities. Chinese women have made sub- technical schools and training The growing stature of women stantial inroads into nearly every courses avaiiable to both sexes. is obvious in science and technol- occupation. Young worke'rs reaching high ogy, 1.67 million women account- Since China practices a unified school level are urged to take ing for one-third of China's scien- wage. system in different trades, spare-time courses with paid leave tists, engineers and technicians. and pay differences between dif- during work hours. One-third of Eighty thousand are doing re- ferent industries and crafts vary the nine million spare-time college academies of only slightly. No woman-dominat- and spare-time technical school search'work in the natural sciences. The Chinese ed fields pay less than the fields students are women workers. Academy Sciences has 272 in which men predominate. Many enterprises carry on profes- of women fellows and as- sional training classes during work research sociate researchers, and 4,874 Break Down Barriers hours so that working women-with household burdens can get the women assistant researchers. Women have also entered areas training necessary for better work Fifteen outstanding women scien- formerly monopolized by men. A and adVancement. tists are members of the Acad- notable example is in the field of emy's committees of physics, medicine. Women doctors and Promotion mathematics, chemistry, biology, students so dominate in hospitals geology and basic sciences. and medical schools that last year Many women shop assistants in entry into medical schools was commerce have worked their way Women in Science Training made easier for men in order to from the counter to the ranks of meet the need for male doctors. management, simply based on Generally speaking, China is Women have also broken into their good service to customers and still backward in its .economy. other formerly tabooed trades and their outstanding ability. One of This affects the balance of the posts. Women bus drivers are a these is Wei Xiuying of Sandu development of science and comrnon sight in the cities. More county in Guizhou province. She technology. Of the few advanced and more womerl pilot planes and has sold goods worth several mil- scientists in China, some are captain coastal and inland ships. Iion yuan without making a single women. Because women were The Ministry of Foreign .Affairs error. Her honest and considerate Iong neglected in education, the

24 CIIINA RDCONSTRUCTS government now attaches great ment of the North China Indus- importance to training more trial College. / women scientists in the After liberation, Wang Shiren universities. was sent to major in rocket en- Qinghua, the best science uni- gines in the Moscow Aeronau- versity in China, has 1.287 women tical Engineering Institute, gra- students, 16.5 percent of the total. duating atter seven years with Most of them major in architec- good records. She returned to ture, chemical engineering, math- China to work in a rocket engine ematics, physics and chemistry, research institute together with accounting for one-fourth of the her men schoolmates. She was students in these departments. In neither daunted by the difficulties the departments of automation (its caused by the withdrawal of the director is a woman), economic Soviet experts in the earlY 1960s management, computer engineer- nor disappointed by the countless ing, radioelectronics. applied math- failures in her research. In 1970 emAtics, precision instruments Chen Lunlen leads a u,ork seclion in she participated in the launching Beijing's No. 3 Radio ;\ppliance (woman deputy{irector), engi- of China's first satellite. Factory, neering mechanics, and civil and Today more and more women environment engineering, women scientists in astronavigation have students are 15 to 20 percent of been trained in China. ManY of the total. them joined in the launching of a The small proportion of women carrier rocket in 1980. Some of in Qinghua is not only due to its them led in this work. high entrance standards but to Zhang Min, an assistant re- the fact that a sense of inferiority searcher in the Shanghai Metal- prevents many good women lurgy Institute, is another success- students from applying. Zhao ful woman scientist. Her work Yanqin. an outstanding woman on integrated circuits has helPed graduate of Qinghua's machine narrow the gaP between China tool department in 1964, said when and world levels in this f ield' talki.ng about this problem, "A1l Four-fifths of the scientists work- the women students here have set ing on integrated memory circuits very high demands on themselves. under her leadershiP are women. They are among the best students woman graduate of Xu Qian, a Ding Xuesong, formcr anlbassador, $'as in the protessions of computer and Qinghua University in the earlY the firs{ Chincsc woman to hold such radio inf ormation, and in other 5Os, was one of Chi.na's first to a position. departments they have also major in oil refining. TodaY she achieved very good records." is deputy manager and chief engineer of the Shandong Petro- Famous Women Scientists chemical Works, China's second 'workers. Iargest, staffed 6,000 Training on an equal basis with by graduated in men, women scientists have had Dong Xinju, who geology the same year great success, possibly because at Qinghua located ore for they work very hard to achieve as Xu Qian, iron their goals. Wang Shiren, 54, was the Wuhan Iron and Steel Com- one of the engine designers for pany. Now deputy-head of the China's first satellite launched in Beijing Geology Bureau and its 1970. She learned to read and assistant chief engineer, she has write during the anti-illiteracy done many surveys in the city and geological campaign in the liberated areas knows the structure led by the Communist Party. In under Beijing like the back of her the war against Japan (193?-1945) hand. when she worked at an Eighth Route Inspiring Victory Army munitions factory, Young women in the newspaper de- she learned chemistry, and mathe- The Chinese women's volleyball livery service of one of Shanghai's matics by herself and was then team is another testimony to the neighborhood commitrtees start off on their rounds. Pltotos bA Xinhua sent to study in an industrial improvement of women's role in school. In 1948, after finishing all China. Their hard-working spirit the senior-middle school courses and success in capturing the world good example for China's women in one and a half years, she was cup last year has not only inspired in their drive for equal admitted to the aviation depart- all the Chinese people but set a opportunities. tl

MARCII T982 25 In 1939, after her graduation ree LaMi;ers Han hung out her sign as an at- tffomen torney. But because she was an CHEN MAODI unknown law;rer, without backing, there were few clients. After the war in Pacific broke law- IJAN Xuezhang. 69 year-old en who had received legal training the out, -[-[ vice-head of the Shangha! As- returned to the profession. Attor- yers in the British and French sociation of l-awyers. attracted at- ney Han Xuezhang was one of concessions had to register with tention during the trial of the gang these. the Japanese authorities. Han of four as the only woman at- Xuezhang refused, took down her sign and didn't resume her prac- torney acting as defense counsel. Fighter on the Legal Front Foreign lawyers observing court tice until after Japan surrendered procedures in China have often Han Xuezhang was born the in 1945 been surprised by the number oI second daughter to a couple w-ith determined and incisive women no sons. Boys were considered Iawyers. In talks with their Chi- precious and girls rvorthless in ol.d nese counter-paris it is often the China and she was unwanted, As experienced women Lawyers who a result she developed a strong per- speak out with self-assurance. sonality and a hatred of sociai in- When U.S. Supreme Court Justice equality. In middle school she was Warren Burger visited China re- a "radical €1ement". In 1931 when cently he praised the active parti- public sentiments were aroused cipation of women in the legal because the Kuornintang adopted profession. a pas5ive attitude toward Japan's China has 6,000 lawyers. seme invasion of the three northern 700 of them women. Their num- provinces, she was one of seven ber lvould be larger if the judicial middle school students who brave- system had not traveled such a At the [rial of the gang of four, At- tortuous course over the last thirty ly led 3,000 Shanghai middle torney Han Xuezhang presents the school students to Nanjing to de- defense argument for Yao Wenyuan, years. In old China, women in Iaw Sun Yifu were almost unthinkable. even for mand that the government regain those who were admitted to uni- control of the lost territory. versities. Few gained entrance into Explaining why she studied Han Xuezhang became legal ad- law schools and even fewer be- J.aw, Han Xuezhang said, "From visor for the Shanghai Associated came prominent attorneys. the time 1 was born I was treated Eoening Net"os. But due to pres- After 1949 the doors of lar,v unequally. I saw my own grand- sure from the Kuomintang authori- schools were opened to r.,"'omen. mother, my mother and other ties, the business which had ieased The proportion of women larv women forced to endure the anger the office and printing plant to the students promptly increased, and of their husbands and discrimina- paper broke the lease. Publication in some schools the number of tion by society. I dreamed that stopped during the dispute. Han 'vvomen almost attained parity someday I would be a lawyer who Xuezhang courageously argued with men. In 1956, when the could protect women's rights and before the court on three occasions Ministry of Justice began to re- their struggle for equality." In and sharply struggled with the gister lawyers, there were 19 1934 Han Xuezhang entered the Kuomintang. Though her tenacity lawyers' associations and com- Shanghai Institute of Political Sci- made the judges uneasy, they mittees, 810 legal consultancy of- ence and Law While studying ruled against the Associated Eue- fices and not quite 3,000 lawyers. law. she became more active in the ning Netos. The case made Han Only part of these were post-l949 women's movement and was Xuezhang knoq,n as "democracy's graduates selected as a council member of advocate". Lawyers were welcomed by the the Shanghai branch of the Wom- Han Xuezhang's long-cherished people, but in the late 1950s "Left" en's Cornmittee to Save China. Her desire to be a protector of women's ideas damaged the legal system. coJ.leagues pf that period stiil re- rights was only realized after ihe Defense lawyers as were labeled member how Han Xuezhang led establishment of new China when crimes" barred. "camouflaging and the chants when they organized she became a presi.ding judge of It w-as not until the National Peo- demonstrations. In a per- courts handling civii and marriage plels benefit Congress a'dopted the Pr'ovin- formance help establish a night cases of the higher people's court sional Regulations to for Lawyers in school for women workers. Han in Shanghai. Here she handled August 1980 that the systen-r was Xuezhang starred in Ibsen's Nora. thousands of eases brought under restored. At that time most rvom- Cherishing the role oI this woman the Marriage J,aw of 1950. She who resisted the male dominated helped many women whom the CHEN MAOIII is a reporter with Xinhua News Agency's Shanghai society. today she still keeps a old society had forced into mar- branch. photograph of herseif as Nora. riage to gain divorces from hus-

26 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS bands who treated them harshly, pressed pro{essionais and iay peo- Associ.ation, ln a ciivorce iitigation. She also passed a death sentence ple alike, and Yao wa-q acquitted Zhang Yinyun's husband. Zhang on a gang notorious for attacking on the second charge. Jie, rvas a middie levei leader l:: wornen, a Sttaudong coai rline. a.ncl li,-;,t' "The most unforgettable event Neu' Generation works for the Shanghai Residence in my life," Han Xuezhang said, Building Company. Their relation- Ni Binbin, 50, was among the "was when the special people's shjp after their marriage in 1954 court appointed me defense f irst lawyers trained af ter 1g49. She graduated l'"'as good. But later" iiiness marle counsel for Yao Wenyuan, one of from Shanghai's Zhang East China Institute of Politicai Yinyun weak and aged the gang of four. At first I couid beyond her years. husbanC Science and La,w in 1955 and went Her not reconcile my emotions with began ignoring her. Zhang Jie, my assignment." Han's feelings to work as a notarization lawyer for the municipal judicial depart- arguing that no love 'uvas ieft in stemmed from the unprecedented their relationship- a rnent. She had lrever had a pri- asked [,,:r harrn the gang of four had done. divorce. A{tel attempts at recon- vate law practice or exper-ienced Both she and her husband, Pro- ciliation tailed, the case \\/ent to the indifference the as fessor Gu Weixiong at the Interna- of courts court. Han Xuezhang had At the hegin- tionaL Politics Department of .Ni Binbin, representing Zlnang ning of her second year of practice Fudan University, had suffered Yinyun. sharply denounced Zlnang she was appointed defense counsel from their actions. "But a being for Jie's behavior as not in accorciance lawy6r," she continued, "I have some Japanese war criminals in a special military court triai. with socialist rnorality. Her ac- the responsibility to defend people cusations ernbarrassed ihe Attorney Ni is now head of the him to on the basis of truth and law." point he could his lawyers in the No. 1 Legal Con- that not hold up IIan. Xuezhang and her associate head. Since Zhang Yinyun coriid defense sultancy Office in Shanghai, Her attorney i:irvestigated the clearly see the esserice of her hr-rs- tiles for four months, talked with Office phone rings constantly and she has many visitors. Those being band's character, she did not con- Yao Wenyuan many times, heard test the divorce. the case brought against him by represented often come to taik matters over with her while other:s Another divorce ca.se concernecl just want to discuss legal affairs. a wornan scientific researcher and Ni Binbin often takes cases in- an engineer. After the couple',s volving marriage, family and in- maniage in 1970 their relationship heritance disputes. Today, though r.vas good and they both aCored legally women have achieved their son. But in 1980 the wife equality in the family and society, discovered that her husband was in fact inequalities siill exist. Ni involved uzith another woman. Binbin expiained, ''Our responsi- Thereafter they argued at the bility is based on reality and on slightest provocation. When the using the law as a standard to pro- wife reached the end of her tect the iegal interests and equal patience, she demanded a divorce. status of wornen. We persisi in The husband did not c,onsent bui nn uncompromising struggle with was alsc unwilling to admit to his Ni Binbin at the time of her lirst court vrife made mistake. case, a trial of Japanese war criminals, the feudai view of u,'omen'.s in- that he had a Finaliy the rvife asked Ni Binbin to represent her. Altorney Ni the court. checked numerous affi- made a careful investigation and davits and reviewed the material concJuded that the couple's emo- evidence before concluding that tional bonds had not been io1,al1y the accusation that Yao Wenyuan brr:ken- In a sisteriy manner, she was a principal culprit in the talked to both of them separateJ.y. counter-revolutionary group as emphasi.zing the preciousness pi' defined in the indictment was the couple's relationshlp and established beyond doubt and urging them to consirier the should not be contested. But she welfare of their child. She criti- believed that the evidence u,as not cized ihe husband and tried to sufficient to prove he had parti- make him see the unacceptability cipated in the planning an Xiang Li (lelt) and Zhao Gui (second of left) consult with a client. of extra-maritai affairs in socialist armed rebellion in Shanghai and Xia Daoling China. She brought rnorality and therefore his guilt on this charge justice to bear on him until he should not be conceded. As his feriority and with incorrect agreed to break off his affair and defense counsel, she tried to estab- practices." n ork to restore good relations Iish the limits to his criminal Last year Attorney Ni repre- with his wife. responsibility. Her well-reasoned sented Zhang Yinyun, a woman Ni Binbin said, "When we aiguments based on the law im- mernber of Shanghai's Science handle this type of case we must

MARCII T982 LI keep in mind China's conditions from the Institute'' of ' Politicai tempting to murder his wile so he and protect the stability of mar- Science and Law and the Instiiute could marry another woman. FIe riage and family life. This is in of Jurisp:'udence, f amiliarizing had tri-^d t-o electr-ocute her while thc interest of both women and tierself 'u;ilh governrnenl- pol.icir:s, she =wa-s re.sleep but "sire r.:,'i-rke up. chiidren and in accordance with Iaws and decrees. Suddenly feeling guilty, he stop- the law., By this time she lvas already the ped to beg her for mercy. When child. he Younger Lawyers mother of a three-J,ear-old Xiang Li met the defendant, Her mother-in-law helped lvatch had decided to deny this crime. In Shanghai there are many the child so she could concentrate Xiang Li carefully explained that young lawyers who are university on her studies. While her according tr: China's criminal code. graduates. There are also rnany husband did most of the house- in an atternpted homicide one who have passed the bar examina- work, she studied front cla",rn t<.r nrust take fulL responsibility for iirx: thlough se-lf-study. Xiang Li, drisk. the intended result even though it a 33-y*ar-o.[d woman and former The Shanghai Lawyers Associa- was not realized. Educated by worker, is one of the latter. I{er tion assigned an experiencecl Xiang Li, he confessed his crime. husband worked in a court and woman attorney, Zlnaa Gui" to She carefully read the file, talked with his encouragemEnt she be- tutor her. Before each case, Xiang to the defendant and presented his came determined to contribute her Li and Zhao Gui reviewed the file case in a f actual manner. She efforts to establishing a legal sys: together and visited the accused or pointed out that while he could tern in China. She started by his fepresentative. Xiang Li have persisted in his action after auditing philosophy classes at East studied and analyzed all of her his wife had awakened, he had China Normal University after tutor's arguments. The legal con- stopped" Her arguments convinced work" Last year she took an sultancy office allorved those the court to give him a relativelY examination to be a teacher at that young lawyers who had passed the light sentence of seven yeerrs school Because of her high score bar examination to handle cases Xiang Li's tutor was pleased the school recornrnended that she with the guidance of their tutors. with her pupil. She said, "To see be transferred to a legal con- This practice helped them learn. In these maturlng young women law- sultancy office in the city. Her Iess than a year Xiang Li was yers with their enterprising spirit. new unit made arrangements to handling ten cases on her own. sharp rntellect and sense of justice heip her train as a lawyer. Single- -Her first assignment was to re- is to see China's legal contingent rnindedly she studied materials present a worker accused of at- expanding." tr

,MOTOR CITY' graduate of Qinghua Uni.versity's also contracted with customers in MechanicS Department, he went the U.S.. Japan, Britain, France. (Continued from p. 21.) on to study automotive engineer- West Germany, Canada, Romania, data. This'means that testing of ing at the Massachusetts Institute Hongkong and Macao for more vehicles can be done in a few days of Technology in the U. S. In the than US$ 5 million worth of auto- under controlled conditions instead 1940s he was an engineer at Ford motive parts.

~~28 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Chino's Economy in l98l - ond Principles for lts Futu re Our Staff Reporters~~

1.r HINA did much to put her the founding of the People's Re- produet mix. Formerly it supplied \-,t economic development on a public (the peak harvest was in mainly the needs of capital con- more solid basis in 1981. A pivotal 1979). A new breakthrough in struction and of heavy inciustry report by Premier Zhao Ziyang, cotton production followed the all- itself. Now it is doing more to approved by the National People's time record of 1980. Oil-bearing equip light industry and agricul- Congress in December, outlined crops grew by 17 percent, after ture. The manufacture of products the gains made, pointed out the successive big increases in the in over-supply has been cut back. tasks for 1982 and announced three previous years. Forestry. That of iterns most needed for ten long-term principles for the animal husbandry and fishery consumption and export has been development of the national made progress. Enterprises run increased. With this revamping, economy. The report was seen as by rural communes and production heavy industry began to pick up realistic and confident, neither teams grew; household sideline oc- again in the fourth quarter of

setting exaggerated goals nor cupations moved ahead even 1981 . underestimating China's capacity faster. for steady economic growth. The output of industry (by Construction, Research, Trade value) as compared with the same Growth Amid Readjustment periods of the previous year, fell The previous over-extension of The main concern during the by 0.2 percent in the first quarter capital construction was being year was readjustment of the na- of 1981, but rose by 1.? peicent overcome. With investments used tional economy as regards the ratio and 3 percent respectively in the more rationally, the major stresses between accumulation and con- second and third quarters, and at in 1981 were on:1. Projects for sumption, between agriculture and a faster rate in the fourth. textile and other light industries industry, and between light and Light industry production, in- bearing directly on the people's heavy industries. cluding textiles, did 12 percent livelihood. 2. Those concerned That the readjustment was pro- better than in the previous year. with energy, the production of ceeding effectively and steadily Cotton yarn and. cloth, chemical building materials, transport and was shown by the basic balance fibres, sugar, etc., were up to p1an. communications. The proportions be{ween state budget revenues and Particularly large vv'€re the in- going to education, science, cul- bxpenditures, and between credit creases in the output of consumer ture, public health and urban leceipts and expenditures, achiev- durables, such as wrist-watches, utilities were raised. Over 90 per- ed in 1981. The budget deficit, bicycles, sewing machines, TV sets,, cent of the capital construction which had been 17 billion yuan in washing machines and electric projects scheduled for completion 1979 and 12.7 billion in 1980, fans. They ran into doufole-digit in 1981 were finished according to dropped to only 2.7 billion last percentages! or even more for some plan - a rate unknown for many year. Such a lessening of a na- items. There were improvements years. tional deficit in so short a time has in design, quality and variety. Scientific research, guided by 'close seldom been seen in any country. Heavy industry did much to the principle of integration Production in this time of change its service orientati.on and with economic construction, played adjustm€nt, despite the retrench- ment, was also satisfactory. The total otltput of industry and agriculture (by value) was up 3 percent as compared with the pre- NOTE TO READERS vious year. (The projected rise for. The full text of Premier Zhoo Ziyong's exhoustive report is ovoiloble 1982 wili be 4 percent.) in. th.e 106-poge pomphlet, Chinq's Economy ond Development Principles Agriculture, upon whose growth which olso contoins o report on stote finonies, delivered'to the Congiess the development of China's na- by Finonce Minister Wong Bingqion. tional edonomy essentially depends, Avoiloble in English, French, Sponish ond Joponese tronslotions the was plagtred by extreme drought pornp_hlet con be oidered from Chino Pubticotions Center (Guoji Shudion), P.O. Box 399, Beijing, Chino or froni bookstores hondling Chinete publico- and floottr conditions in many prov- tions obrood. Price: $1.30 in the U.s,A., ond 65 p. in Britoin. inces. Nevertheless it yielded the second highest grain crop since

~~MARCII 1982 29 Cons.umer goods such ns [extiles are now being produced in larger quantities, better quality and greater varie t v. Liu Zhitaet~~

Electronic device developed joinlly by the Tianjin Rd,dio Plant antl the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Scientific research is now more closely integrated with the needs of the growing economy. Yang Wumin

an important role.. In 1980, more brigades and 1981 sa\v a further sion and instituting many different than 2,600 major research Projects increase. forms of the system of resPonsi- yielded good results, followed by More housing was built in the bility for production. Their general more in 1981. About 50 Percent of rural areas; incomplete returns feature is the shifting from PaY- the findings are 'already being shovzed that about 900 million ment accr:rding to the working appiied to production. In agricul- square meters of fioor space were hours to payment based on sub- ture, the large-area popularization added in the past three years. In stantial results. Peasants who of such improved crop stiains as cities and towns, 80 miliion square used to work together on largel hybrid paddy rice and Lu Mian meters of new. residential sPace aggregations are, now often No. 1 (see story on page 36) cotton were corapleted by the end of 1981. grouped in specialized teams, or seed has contributed substantiall;r As regards ernployment in cities production tasks are set for to the increased output of grain and towns, 4.77 million People got families or individuals. The Peo- and cotton, In sPace Projects, the jobs between January and SePtem- ple's government has taken a {irm successful launching of three satel- ber 1981, and the figure aP- grip on two important links: the lites with a single carrier rocket proached I million by the end of establishment and perfecting of marked a new triumPh for Chir.a's the year. the responsibility .qystems and the science and technology. Bank savings in the urban and diversification of f arming and Domestic and foreign trade ex- rural areas rose to 49.4 billion yuan other rural undertakings. At the panded. More commodities were in the first ten months of 1981, an same time. it has significantly supplied to the home .market and increase of 9.5 billion yuan, show- raised its prices paid to producers eonsumer demand was met fairlY lng the people's confidence in for farm and sideline products. rvyell. Retail sales {or 1981 ex- China's economic prospects and in and decided to import a certain ceeded by 9 Percent those for 1980 the currency. quantity of food grains every year. Imports and exports both grew AII this has been of help to the considerably. Rural Readjustments readjustment of crop patterns, the The good results achieved in diversification of the lural Well-Being People's Income and economic work owe their success economy in accordance with local With the overall increase in agri- to the principle of readjustment" conditions, and the overall re- cultural production, the Peasant restructuring; consolidation anrl habilitation of the rural areas. incomes moved uP. In 1979, there improvernent with readjust- In industry, the emphasis is on were 7,622 production brigades ment as the key- present task and readjusting the proportions be- who.se members each received an a basis for others. tween its different branches. average of over 300 yuan from the In rural Policies, the readjust- coupled with the necessary re- distribution of collective income. ments began in 1979, ensuring .the structuring. These factors have led In 1980 there were 5,569 such production teams' power of deci- to the sustained increase in the

~~30 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS ,,.'"-;,,~~

Newly built Xinglong eoal mine in Yanzhou, Shandong province. In line with overall plans for economic development, scarce capital construction funds are norv primarily allocated to key sectors ruch as Iight industry, energy, buildi ng ma.t€rials, transport and communications. Wu Zengilang

proportion of light, industry in the cannot yet be regarded as stable sets (f actories, machines" r:tc.) 27 total industrial output (by value), because it was based moie on times. But consumption per capita ,afd the reorientation of bigger curtailed expenditure than on the only doubled, National income, sections of heavy industry to give nverall growth of the economy. therefore, had increased nlore direct service 1.o light industry and Thus, e',/en with the greater slowl;, than production. vrhiie t}-re iigriculture. as already mentioned. stabilit5, of prices, those of some people's standard bf living lagged In the past three years the consumer goods are still rising. behind national income: its im- government has gradually en- Ef f ective counter-measures are provement was not ccmmensurate hanced the power of decision of being urgentiy cqnsidered. with the labor they contributed- industrial enterprises. introduced ''In continuing to readjust the national the syslem of economic responsi- economv," Premier Zhao Blazing a New Trail biiity, carried out the principle of Ziyang said, "besides ,balance and distribution accol'ding to work, stabiiization the country should The report prllposed that China and striven to give fuller play to strive for speedy advance and should blaze a new and Practical the supplementar;r role of regula- sound growth of the economy. For trail f or attainment of better purpose, tion through the market under the this it is necessary to economic results and getting more thoroughly methods guidance of the stale plan. All change the benefits for t.he Chinese perople" evolved over the years under the these initial reforms have helped consisting of ien principles: to influence of 'Left' ideology and, 1. Accelerate the developrnent invigorate China's industrial proceeding enterprises, to overcome from the actual condi- of agriculture by relying tllx corr the tions in China, blaze a new trail formerly widespread phenomenon rect policies and oo seience, characterized by a fairly steady The peasants, he staied, want tc Gf equalization of wages and tempo and better economic results, socialist agriculture. but bonuses regardless of the quantity stick to and more substantial benefits to power, and quality of work done, and to not to the conceniratior: of the peopie." other stimulate the initiative of enter- enforced equalitarianism and He pointed out both the achieve- "Left" errors. Hence the ir-riroduc- prises and of their workers and rnents shortcomings past As staff. and of tion of the nerv ruratr policies. socialist construction. Between regards agricultural science, China, 1952, when China rehabilitated her with a vaSt population br:t r.:ot Long and Shorl-Terrn Problerns war-ravaged economy and started enough land, shouicl treasure every on her planned economy, and the inch of -soil and use it in the best Although the successes of the year 1980, the total output of her possible way. past year are striking, the basic industry and agriculture increased 2: Give promihe,nce to the de- balance achieved between re- 9.1 times. national income went up velopment. of consumer goods in. venues and expenditure last year 5.2 times, and industrial fixed as- dustries and further adjust the

~~MARCH 1982 31 Another rich soyhean harvest at Xinli commune,, Heilong- jiang province, Output of oil-bearing crop-s nationw.ide has risen substantiallv in each o[ the past three years. Hu Wei~~

~~?he l98f total grain output approached the recoral lg?9 level which was the highest sinee lhe founding of the People's- Republic Y'uan Zhaoui~~

service {irientation of heavy 4. Carry out technical trans- made for their employment and industry, formation step by step in key units for study to upgrade their "Under present conditions," and make the maximum use of knowledge and skiils. Prernier Zhao Ziyans said, "faster existing enterprises" 6, Raise more construction gror,Vth of the production of con- The machine-building industry funds and use them thriftilY sumer goods will promote the ex- is to be transformed and reor- through improved methods of pansion of heavy industry ar'Id ganized early. With its help. acquisition, accumulation and defi.nitely not hinder it. The beginning i.vith key enterprises. spending. growth of the former will set more outdated equipment wi.il be te- The main funds will come from and higher demands on the latter." placed over a fairly long period of increased and improved produc- 3. Eaise the energy utilization time. tion, Ircopholes through which ratio and promote the building of 5. Carry out all-tound con- iunds are wasted or misused are and necessary restruc- deposits bY the energy tindustry and transport. solidation to be closed. Bank turing industries by groups" Local authorities, enterprises and These are weak links at present. of Under industrial economic individuals will suppiement na- 1n energy, there rnust be not oniy an system. enterprises tionally budgeted fr,rnds in the new capacity but, iI particular, responsibility and their workers and staff alike financing of construction. savings. There is a tremendous will gain or lose eeonomicaily ac- 7" Persist in an open-door potential the latter: though fcr cording' to the alnount and policy and enhance China's China stands fourlh in the rlrcrld economic results of their work. capacity for self-reliant action. in energy output. waste is very Administratlon will be simplified "By linking our country with oil great. llenceforth, China's and leading bodies becorne the rvorld market. expanding should be used mainly for petro- younger in their comPosition. En- foreign trade, irnporting advanced chemicals and export; for fuel, terprises will be consolidated. technology, utilizing foreign capitai her abundant coal will be group by group, over a numbel of and entering into different forms employed its use r€: - but fuil years. Those whose products are of international econcimic and quires great expansion of transport. redundant or poor, which are technological ccrcperation," said Oil economies do not mean that wasteful in use of energy and raw Prerhier Zhao. "we can use our China's oil reserves 41s in question, materials, and which have con- strong points to make up for our as some penple abroad have said; stantly incurred losses or created weak points. Far from im- new discoveries, the premier re- serious poliution wiII be shut down. pairing our eapacity for self- vealed, evoking loud applause, en- suspended, amalgamated with reliant action, this will Only serve sure that China wiil definitely not others, or shifted to other products to enhance it." Greater exports switch from being an exporter of as required. Workers of such en- ar:e the key to expanding foreign oil to an importer. terprises wil,l have arrangements trade. Putting her products to the

ao CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Cornmune ]rrenibers' incomes have grown significantly in the last fen, years, increasing demand in the countryside for bicycles, sewing rnachines, radiios and TV sets. Yao Zongyi Yingkou poit,'Liaoning provinee, fulfilled its 1981 cargo- handling goals 40 days ahead of sc.hedule. Upe:rading of transport faeilities of all kintls is an tor in de- reloping the national economy and and loreign frade. I Xiao Ye { E. I

~~:.4w:)~~

test of international competition L Raise the scientific and cul- struction, especiglly of heavy in- will help China improve quality, tural level of all working people, dustry, was over-stressed at the variety and managernent. Imports and organize strong forces to expense of consumer goods, hous- of technology will be of the most. tackle key scientific. research ing and urban facilities. Now it advanced equipment and pro- projects. is possible and necessary to change cesses that she cannot provide at Education in China continues to this. However, the change must home; not of entire plants which aim at producing workers with be gradua). as standards of living include many things that can be both socialist consciousness and cannot run ahead of the growth of made at home. China, being a culture, and integrating mental production and the productivity of sovereign socialist state. needs and with manual labor and inteilec- labor. One essential for bettr:r' will welcome foreign investment tuals with 'vvorkers and peasants. livelihood is population control peo-- beneficial to her modernization. Instruction at a1l stages should as othel'wise the increase in program. ple offset production growth. subject to the principle of equality serve the modernizalion will and mutual benefit. \,Vork in Vocational middle schools will be education, Some Projections special economic zones (v",ith much increased. In higher universities colleges are sup- ,The foreign investment) will adhere to and report went on to some Pro- plemented by spare-time TV lhe charactelistics of socialism, and iections. China's 6th Five-Year (1981-85) primarily one of socialist morality rvill be promoted courses and by correspondence. Plan is general specialized

~~MARCH 1982 D.) the dangerous trip. Now they can cross on the Jimai bridge, 150 meters long and eight meters lvide, with a loading capacity of ten tons.~~

Many at Lanzhou Turning north and then flowing eastward again, the river enters Lanzhou, capital of Gansu province. Lanzhou stands al the crossroads of ancient routes linking the western part of China with the rest of the country through the Gansu Corridor, and linking up Qinghai. Ningxia and Xinjiang. It is also the geographical center of China. 1372 dynasty YE QIYANG In a Ming general ordered a pontoon bridge built near Lanzhou in preparation I for a battle in the Gansu Corridor" In 1385 this bridge was moved by B a local military official to the foot of Baita (White Pagoda) Hill north T ONGEST river in China after the south. The other, at Madoi 40 of the city. The bridge consisted I-r the Changjiang (Yangrze), the kilorneters east, serves the Qinghai- of 24 boats fastened to four cast- Huanghe (Yeliow)) River origi- Sichuan highway. This ?O-meter iron posts on the banks. The oniy nates in the highiands of the structure built in the 1950s was bridge leading to the western Qinghai-Tibet plateau, winds its the first reinforced concrete bridge regions! it was called the First roaring way fcr 5,464 kilometers on the Huanghe. Huanghe Bridge Under Heaven. through nine provinces until, itself Southeastward from Madoi. The name notwithstanding, it as broad as a mighty sea, it close to the southern border oI was not very safe. It was often empties inio the ocean on the coast Qinghai pror.ince. is Jimai near broken apart by the high waters of Shandong province. It is a the town of Doalag, an important of summer and autumn, and the difficult river to bridge, its cur- ferry spot between Qinghai and boats were smashed by ice floes rents long defying China's past Sichuan provintes. By now the in winter and spring- In 1907 the level of technology. The first mountain stream that was the Qing dynasty government con- bridge was built over it in 190b Huanghe has grown into a sizeable tracted with a German firm to and two more followed before 1g12 river whose annual fiow (3.7 bil- build an iron bridge at the cost of at Zhengzhou (Henan), Lanzhou Iion cubic meters) is seven times 360,000 taels of silver. It was (Gansu) and Jinan (Shandong). that at Madoi. Once the only way famed in pre-liberation geography And then there were no more until of crossing here was by a raft books as one of the three iron after China was liberated in 194g. made from an inflated ox-skin. bridges over the Huanghe (the Today the iiver is spanned by a Before the hide was inflated, other two were in Henan and total of 54 bridges cif various types. traveliers placed their luggage in- Shandong provinces), but, not well The , two bridges farthest side it to keep it steady, then. after maintained. it became unusabie, upstream at 4,000 meters sur- inflation. lay prone on top of it for. Reinforcement after liberatiorr rounded by- cloud-shrouded, snow- capped peaks are the highest bridges in China.- The river as it approaches them from the height seems to be flowing out of the sky. The uppermost of these bridges is at Lake Ngoring. This B0-meter- long four-meter-wide wonden span across the Hi"langhe has made possible mechnized transportation of salt from the Hejiang salt field to

~~YE QIYANG is on the slaff of ihe Huanghe River Hydraulic Committee.~~

34 CHINA R,IiCONSTRUCTS enabled it to serve up till the nearby. The first, built by the present. People's Liberation Army in 1949 In 1979 the hew 5-lane Lanzhou when it was marching south to Highway Bridge was completed, Iiberate the country, conSisted of Jt measures 304 m. Iong and 21 m. ten iron chains with boards laid wide and has a loading capacity of across them. In 1973 this was re- 200 tons. Three rail bridges have placed by a cable suspension also been built at Lanzhou since bridge. There is now also a liberation on lines leading to Xin- Dragon's Gate railroad bridge. jiang, Baotou and Qinghai, Blocked by towering Mt. Hua- shan, the river turns-sharply east- which is the Replace Dangerous Ferries ward at Tongguan, communications r'uncture of Sha- The 650-km. stretch of the anxi, Shanxi and Henan provinces. Huanghe in Gansu province is In the past passengers on the now crossed by 1? bridges, One Xi'an-Taiyuan rail line had to get is a cable-suspension type built in out of the trAin, be ferried across Gao1an county by three produc- the river, and resume their tion brigades of a people's corn- journey in train on the other side. mune with help from the state. This ended in 1970 when the Tonggu6n was All liinds ol bridges cross the river. It is 259 m. long and 6 rn. wide. railroad bridge Above, a suspension fool bridEie atrcss Then the river goes northward completed. The river is spanned the Longyang valley. Qinghai province, through Ningxia to begin its big by two more bridges farther east in the upper reaches" Li JieJan loop in Inner Mongolia and then turns south to rush for ?00 kilo- Madoi highway bridge, the first reinforced con('rete blitlge built on the tluanghe, meters through the valley be- dates from the 1950s. Pun Ilanqing tween Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces. The two are nolu linked by seven bridges. One of the most dangerous sections in this valiey is the portion between Baode in Shanxi and Fugu in Shaanxi, known as Wu-' milang Misty Waves. The roaring flow- is forced between high cliffs and dashed against huge boulders in the center of the river, throwing up huge waves and spray. No one knows how many lives have been claimed by the torrent here in boat crossings 1977 since aniient times. In the r+--. river was blocked with a 750- -..i. t " meter long dam for hydropower supply, also serves as a which Zhongshan Bridge, famous 190? iron structure at the site of the "First Bridge bridge f or crossing. After its under Heaven," ititl serves Lanzhou in the northwestern proi'ince of Gansu, though completion a second highway the city now also has a newer and better one. Hatt Sandatg bridge the Tianqiao (Heavenly Highway Bridge) was built eight kilometers to. the south. A place as dangerous as Misty Waves is the Dragon's Gate at the southern end of the valiey, another ancient ferry. It is also called the Gate of Yu, for Iegend has it that this opening in the river was made by Yu the Great, f irst king of the Xia dynasty (21st-16th centuries B.C.), famed for controlling a flood. Bridges have been constructed at three ancient ferry spots

MARCH T982 near Luoyang, one of China's ancient capitals. From Luoyang on, as it crosses the north China plain, the river slows down and drops the silt it has been- carrying. Thus the bed of the river has risen as much as three feet, and in some places ten feet, above the fields around it. The local people call it "elevat- ed river". From a width of two to tive kilometers, the river has now ..; . widened to 20 kilometers in Henan ):; province, creating pioblems for bridge builders, Dikes have been ..'<, built on both sides four or five meters higher than the surface oI '.t the water, and the bridge must go above them, making it at least ten meters above the bank. The first rail bridge in this area ( flow ,shandong r.vas built in 1905 at Zhengzhou for the north-south Beijing-Han- kou line by a French firm. For a Cotton 0utput Grew long time the 2.950 m. 1O0-arch structure rvAs the only bridge CHEN BIJIANG passage between north and south. Its foundation was not very deep and flood and war took their to1l, qHANDONG has tor years ranked 225 kilograms more per. hectare so it frequentiy broke down. A r.J first in cotton output among than other strains flood in July 1958 destroyed an China's provlnces. But severe The new variety was developed droughts and an early frost in arch, and communications were by Pang Juqin and a team of 1981 might have been expected to technicians at Shandong province's severed until it could be repaired. decrease production considerably. Cotton Research After In 1960 new Institute. a rail bridge was In fact, however, the 1981 yield years of crossbreeding beginning built 300 m. from the oid one. It of 600 million kilograms was 10 in 1961. a superior seed was ob- is 2,900 m. long. with 71 arches, percent higher than the figure for tained and then subjected to radia- 1980 itself year and piers that extend 30 m. into - a of record tion to produce a still stronger the riverbed. The old rail bridge harvests. strain. Lu Mian No. 1, as it was The major reasons behind has been surfaced for road Shan- named in 1976, was the first Chi- dong's two years of bumper crop.s traffic. nese strain produced by this are some important changes in method of irradiating seeds to go In Shandong province, where China's overall agricultural policies into extensive production. In 1981 the }truanghe empties into the sea, and the introduction of a new China's State Council awarded the there are two rail bridges, The strain of cotton. Lu Mian No. 1 breeders a first prize for scientific one at Luokou was built in 1912 ("Lu" is another name for Shan- invention. dong province. by Germans. Its northern end and "mian" means Between 1977 ahd 1981 the area cotton). was destroyed in the 1958 flood sown with the new seed, which quickly became very popular and communications were severed with New Cotton Seed Shandong province cotton growers. for sorne time. new double- A rose to 860,000 hectares, or 98 per- Lu Mian track rail bridge was opened to No. 1 bears more cotton cent of the province's cotton land traffic 20 km. upstream in July bolls earlier than other varieties, and 1981. This 13th rail bridge built more flowers before frost sets Policy Changes in. It is strongly resistant plant across the Huanghe.since libera- to diseases and adaptable to widely In the past, nationai farm poli- tion, is the longest, cies overemphasized totaling b,?00 different environments. Under the grain produc- m" tion. Most in length, with its biggest arch same water, fertilizer and soil agricultural areas were expected spanning 120 m. A Z,\LZ.B-n.- conditions, it produces as as to be self-sufficient in much grain long highway bridge was even if local conditions opened were -more suited Iast December CIIEN BIJIANG is a reporter with to other crops. four km. down Xinhua For Shandong province from News Agency,s Shantlong cotton the old bridge. D branch. growersr the necessity of devoting 36 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS some of their land to grain naturally limited cotton production. The insistence on self-sufficiency in this respect has norv been lifted, and the state encourages cotton growing by linking saies of grain at the low state-set price to cotton production. It works this way: If a production team sells as much as 5 kg- of ginned cotton per team memb€r to the state, it can buy 183 kg. of grain per head at the special price, For 10 kg. of ginned cotton per Popularizing the new colton strain at il rnitrket in Chiping (ount!', Shandong person, the figure goes up tt> provinee. (I-eft) ,'Lu Mian No. 1,' and its breeder Pang Juqin, Xinhua 190 kg. For still higher sales. two additional kg. of grain can be bought for every 0.5 kg. of cotton, Bales of g-inned cotton lrein4 loaded in nor(hliestern Shandong Xirt htt a As a result of the new policy, the cotton-growing area of the whole province had expanded by 1981 to 930,000 hectares some 200,000 hectares more than- in 1980. The responsibility system in agriculture, under which incomes are li.nked with the fulfillment of assigned responsibilities, has also had a substantial impact on cotton production. This could readily be seen 'during the 1981 drought, when individuals and work teams all over Shandong took the initiative in preserving their crops by drilling new wells and fetching water by whatever means possible.

Jumps in Incnnre The increases in cotton production have translated into big boosts in individual incomes, especially in the northwestern parts of the province, where many cotton-producing villages were formerly poor and backward. Before 1979, per capita annual income in these areas was only around 40 yuan (about U.S. $23). and more than half of the production teams could not manage any cash distribution at all. In addition to the food supplies distributed by the teams, many villagers depended on state subsidies. Now the cash income of many of the people in these areas has. just in 1980-81, risen abruptly to around 150 yuan (about U.S. $88). This figure is somewhat above average among Chinese commune members, and provides a comfortable if still far from wealthy, standard of living. n

~~MABCH 1982 Digging Up on Ancient Copper Mine~~

~~XIA NAI and YIN WEIZHANG~~

A NCIENT Chinese societie.s of near Huangshi in southeast Hubei Shafts and Tunnels A z-a.ooo years ago shaped province, which is still an imPor- The mine structure consists of bronze into tools and weaPons, tant copper mining center. The old vertical shafts 40 to 50 meters area of beautiful urorks of art of all kinds, mine stretches over an deep, horizontal tunrrels branching even musical instruments. At times about two square kilometers. Ex- off them at the levels where ore 1979, bronze was so plentiful that it was cavations, which began in veins are found, and the additional ancient Iavished on the tombs of the im- also disclosed nearbY vertical shafts which descend from had been portant dead one Hubei Province smelting furnaces which many tunnels, called "blind wells" - covered by slag and so nobleman who died in 433 B.C. was Preserved because they are not oPen to the buried with ten tons of bronze ob- over the centuries. air. on the age of the jects. The recent discoverY of an First estimates wells" were ob- samPles and Some "biind ancient copper mine and smelting mine, based on soil hold water, for ear- viously designed to works (bronze is an alloY of coPPer artifacts, indicated that the relativelY liest pits were dug at the outset of the tunnels have a and tin) has added a whole new sophisticated drainage system, dimension to our knowledge not the Spring and Autumn Period with additional pits others to tink two or more tunnels. just of the technologY behind this U7A-416 B.C.), been ex- being opened late in the Warring Still others may have age of bronze but of the dailY of Srates period (475-221 B.C.). ploratory shafts dug in search working life of miners who lived new pockets of ore. We also found almost 3,000 years ago. Carbon-14 tests confirmed the the the remains of wooden frame struc- The mine was discovered in 1974 general estimate. but dated pits somewhat earlier than tures inside tunnels and shafts at Tonglushan (Copper Green Hill) first from 7?0 B.C. and the latest to the begin- which kept the walls ning of the Western Han dYnastY collapsing. XIA NAI is director of the Institute of quite Archaeology untler the Chinese Acade- (106 B.C.-A.D. 24). The coPPer for The overall structure is my of Social Sciences. the bronzes in that ancient noble- elaborate. One Pit consists of YIN WEIZIIANG, a young research man's tomb may weII have come three vertical shafts connected by tellow of the Institute" presiiled over with the excavation at Tonglushan. from Tonglushan. seven tr-rnnels. each equipped

~~Diagram of one section of . the ancient c.oppe'r mine; A through C are vertieal shafts, I through 7 mark (he location of blind wells.~~

~~Enlrance of a vertical shaft.~~

CHINA REOONSTRUCTS a "blind well." A single tunnel may have several branches. The ore pockets worked by the ancient mrners. concentrated in belts sur- rounded bv' marble and volcanic rock, contained an average of 5-20 percent pure copper, the rest being made up of magnetite malachite, and cuprite. The ore-bearing rocks are rather loose and fragmented, so that mining them must have been relatively easy. The quality of ore samples and the amount of slag (some 400,000 tons) left around the mine allow us to estimate roughly the quantity of

Illining tools recovet.ed: l. Iron chisel: 2, Concave iron hoe;3. Iron hoe; 4. Iron axe; 5. Iron iake; 6. Iron hammer; ?, Wooden troughs; 8., 9. Axe- shaped chisels; i0. Roat-shaped panl 11. Wooden ladle;12., 13. Wooden buckets,

kets, which were then raised to and ladles found were almost cer- Stone hammer and shallow holes filled higher levels by a system of ropes tainly used to scoop up water', with crushed ore found near the remains and pulleys. We lound segments of which could either be emptied of a smelting furnace. into rope and wooden hooks, with shal- the troughs or lifted to the surface low grooves carved on them to by means of the windiass copper taken from the mine during accommodate ropes, embedded in mechanism. Some of the smaller the walls of shafts. tunnels were its jiletime lome 40,000 tons. apparently built es- - Among the most'important finds pecially foi drainage. were two wooden axles, which. Short bamboo slips burned at Mining Tools were used as windlasses, found one end and found inside the tun- Tools and equipment left in the near the mine entrances. The best nels were probably used as lights. preserved pits tell us a great deal about the is 250 cm. in length, and Small boat-shaped wooden pans, mining technology of the period. its ends are whi.ttled down so that some still filled with ore, may have In the earLier ones we found bronze it fits into the two support posts at been used to wash ore to test its the entrance of the mine shaft. quality the high-quality heavier chisels and other instruments, - while in the shafts and tunnels of By means of ropes attached to ore would sink to the bottom, while later dates we discovered ham- the windlasses, baskets of ore and other materials would tend to mers, chisels and hoes of iron. waste materials could with little float. Combined with visual ob- One iron chisel has four bamboo effort be brought to the surface servation, this testing of ore sam- hoops fastened around its wooden and tools and supplies lowered ples on the spot would help miners han'dle to prevent it from splitting. easily to various levels of the mine. decide whether an ore pocket was Spades of iron and bronze have We constructed a duplicate of the worth excavating and in which very thin blades, and were pro- windlass mechanism, supplying direction to dig. bably used to scoop up flakes of some parts that were missing, and A quantity of what are believed ore or discarded rock fragments. found that it worked quite to be the miners' 'llunch-boxes" Fragments of rattan or bamboc efficiently. \Mere also found small bamboo baskets found in the mine, some Along the edges of some tunnels baskets finely woven- of very thin still containing malachite or other were found the remains of wooden splints. A number of other articles materials, in'dicate how ore and water troughs, part of the mine's of common daily use wooden waste brought to the surface. The drainage system. The troughs winged cups, gourd ladles,- bamboo miners (or wells" de- baskets and pottery fragments used metal spades empty into the "blind - wooden or bamboo shovels, also scending from the tunnels. The makes us feel very close to the found in the pits) to load the bas- dozens of handled wooden buckets hard-working miners who used

JIIARCH 1982 39 t.hem so many centuries ago. And In addition to the furnaces them- cent pure raw copper and a quanti- all the more eager to discover the selves we f ound stone hammers i;z of slag containing a residue of miners' residential quarters, rvhich and balls which were probably 1.83 percent copper. Both figures must have been nearby but which used to crush ore, shal.low holes correspond fairl5r closely to that har.e not yet been found. filled with crushed ore of uniform of the ingots and slag remains size, pottery vessels, bronze adzes, found at Tonglushan. In two The Smelting Site copp€r ingots, slag, iron ore dust separate smeltirtgs, we had used up and kaolin. 1,300 kilograms of ore and 600 of Near the entrance to Pit No. 6 charcoal. we found the remains of smelting Building an 'Ancient' Furnace The results obtained convincd furnaces buried under heaps of u.s that we had basically duplicated slag and dating from the Spring We constructed a furnace of our the srnelting furnaces of the Spring and Autumn period. The seven own based on all of the data from and Autumn period, and dis- furnaces recovered consist of a the Tonglushan furnaces to help covered a great deal about how base laid half underground. a us understand the smelting process they operated. The experiment smelting " chamber, and a top, and test whether our assumptions showed, for instance, that the fur- Beneath each furnace is a ventila- about lurnace structure were cor- naces must have had only one out- tion passage that can be opened or rect. Careful attention was paid to let for discharging both molten closed. useful both for adjusting duplicating the original materials copper and slag. the temperature of the furnace and cdnstruction process, and the chamber and f or keeping water smelting experiment used the same What We've Learned out of the furnace. fuels and grades of ore available to Tonglushan is located on the preserved smelters. One furnace, better the ancient shore of Lake Daye, which in turn than the others, is elliptical in Our second expei'imental fur- connects with the Changjiang shape (some of the others are rec- nace was 1.5 meters high, with a (Yangtze) River. A collection of tangular) 70 cm. iong and 40 cm. blast tuydre on elther side of the 1.5 kilogram copper ingots found wide. There is an outlet for the furnace chamber. A small motor at the bottom of the hill suggests molten copper and one of what used to blow air through the that smelted copper may have to r,r,as probably a pair of tuydres tuydres was the sole conceSsion been transported over considerable (nozzles through which blasts of modernity, and did not affect the distances before being made into air would be delivered to the cham- validity of the experiment. bronze objects. Bronze-casting ber at intervals throughout the For about 10 hours. ore and fuel sites of the same period as the smelting process). The number of were fed continuously to the fur- mine have been found not too far mended spots on the furnace in- nace and slag uras discharged at trom Tonglushan, and it is not dif- dicate that it was rather easily re- reg.ular intervals (14 tirnes in all)" f icult to imagine ingots being paired and'had a long length oI At the end of the experiment we loaded onto boats and carried service. had over 50 kilograms of 95.5 per- easily over the lake and the river to wherever they were needed. The discoveries so far have given Reconstructing a working model o[ an ancient smelter increased the archaeologists' knorvledge of old metallurgical techniques, us many insights into ancient Pro- duction methods. It is now clear that mining, smelting and bronze- casting were each very specialized processes and showed considerable technical sophistication at a very early date. This division of labor undoubtedly €nhanced production. It is also a sign that the civilization which supported such activities was quite advanced both in technology and in social organization. Many archaeologists have had the satisfaction of discovering beautiful bronzes which testify to the artistry of ancient times. We . take particular Pride in the evidence we uncovered of the craft and ingenuitY ol ordinarY workers miners and smelters who con- -tributed their part to -the making of those bronzes. tr

~~40 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS llance Sketches E Ia BY YE, QIANYU~~

~~Garland. Happiness.~~

~~Dance performed by the Uday Shankar Dance Group.~~

~~Bhrata Natyum, Indian dancc,~~

~~On the Bank of Ruili River, (Dai nationality)~~

~~YE QIANYU, a famous Chinese painter, is viee-chairman of the Chinese As- sociation of Artists, and director of the I)epartment of Traditional Chinese Paintings of the Central Acatlemy of Fine Arts.~~

MABCII T982 The human body has two sYs- tems called "puLses", the "blaek" and the "white". The former is the blood circulatory system and the latter. "unbeating". the nerv- Tihetan Traditional ffiedicine ous system. The ancient religiotrs custon-t practiced by ancient Central A.sian peoples partially dissecting a CAI JINGFENG of dead body and exposing it to birds of prey in an open place may have contributed to an early and rather rFHE detailed knowledge of anatomY distinctive body oi medical learned lrom India, and adding and pathologJ/ among the Tibetans, I theory and practice developed experience in treatment gained Tibetan medicine was in over the centuries on the Tibetan over the centuries in Tibet itself- advance oI other ancient medical plateau is today a precious medical Serving as the theoretical back- systems in its theory of embryol- heritage of the Tibetan people and ground for Tibetan medicine is the ogy. Its view was that the human an important part of Chinese idea similar to the concept in tra- embryo is formed by a combina- traditional medicine as a whole. ditional Indian medicine that the tion of the semen of the f ather When a patient goes to a Tibetan human body is composed-(which of three and the blood of the mother, elements Rlung could passes doctor, the latter usually first - and that the embryo questions him about various symp- roughly be described as vital through three stages of develop- toms and horn, they be-gan and energy), Mkhris (bile), and Badkan ment, assuming first the form of a develcped. Ther-r he will place (phlegm)" Sickness is caused by an tish. then a turtle and ttren a pig -- three fingers on the patient's wrist imbalance of these three. In a a theory which shows marked and carefully observe his pulse, person in good health the three similarity to modern scienti.f ic not merely the rate, but rnany are in harmnny. knol'vledge that during its growth' other manifestations. He looks at the patient's tongue, and examines Trvo ancienl charts illustrating trarlitional Tibelan diagnostic techniques and the color, smell and sedimentation medit'al instmments. of the urine. Finally, on the basis ,'& of his dia6gnosis he wiil prescribe some medicine, most likely in the form of black pills the size of a pea. The method of diagnosis from the pulse is quite similar to that used in the traditional medicine of the Han Chinese elsewhere in China, and Tibetan medicine has a close kinship with it in other ways as well. It is believed that this method of diagnosis was introduced into Tibet from central China in the seventh century, and later traveled from there to India. Two Han princesses who went to marry Tibetan kings during that century took with them a large number of medical practitioners as well as medical books. Thus the stage was set for the development of Tibet- an medicine by taking the best of Chinese medicine,- combining it with ancient medical knowlecige

~~CAI JINGFENG is ileputy rlirector of the Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine's dcpartment of meclical history and literature,~~

~~42 the human f etus reproduces the various stages of the evolution of mankind.~~

Pharmacology Medicines used in traditional Tibetan treatment are made mainly from plants, animal lif e and minerals found on the Qinghai- Tibet plateau. Among the most common are Saussureo laniceps, hawk gizzards and a type of gentian. Since the boiling point on the plateau is less than 100"C, the method of boiling the ingredients to make broth is not widely used. Lecturing to trainees at the Hospital of Tibetan lllerlicine. Zha.ti Instead, the ingredients are ground up and made into pills. pressure. They are also soaked in lvine, and blood epilepsy. and an aftereffercts of cerebrovascuIar made into pastes, ointments, and excess of red corpuscles. A single diseases. iiquors. pill may include 30 to 80 different Early Medical Books Tibetan medicines have proven ingredients. Seventy are contain- eIf ective f or some illnesses com- ed in the Margarita pill. u'trich is The present script for the Tibet- mon on the high plateau. including used in China and exported abroad an language is said to have been ulcers, rheumatoid arthritis. high for treatment of paraiysis and the created during the early and middle seventh celltury, and the earliest medical literature date.s from that period. The most famous work is The Nour Tantras compiled under the Tibetan medical master gYu-thog Yontan Gon- po in the late eighth century" As does the well-known 'early work on traditional Chinese medicine the Huangdi Neijing (The Yellow Emperor's Canon of In- ternal Medicine) dating from the latter half of the eighth ceniury, it contains material on physiolo- gy, snatomy, pathogeny, patho- logy, therapy, prevention, phar- macoiogy, and principles of clinical practice. The Four Tantrss laid, the foundation for the further development of Tibetan medicine and has been reissued many times with revisions, supplements and annotations. Translated into Mon- golian, English, French and other languages, it has been of considerable influence both in China and abroad. A Chinese edition will be published in 1982. The classical work of Tibetan pharmacology is The Brilliarui Pearl completed in the 15th century. It lists over a thousand plant, mineral and animal ingredients found on the high plateau- A set of drawings was also developed for illustrating

43 makes house calls illeasuring the pulse beats of the circulatory antl other bodily ai \f idelf s(atteted herdsmen's tents in the pBstoral area. systems is irn important part ot traditional Tibetan medical Chano Hongen diagnosis. Zhatt concept.r irf iraditional Tibetan Opthalmol.ogical Diseases in Tibet- western medicine. Medical care. medicine. an Medicine and books on the inc)uding hospitalization. is givetr llibetan medicine has been given treatment of common diseases. To without charge in Tibet. considerablc attention b.v the peo- facilitate the use of Tibetan treat- The hospital also sends out more p1e's governrrent since liberation meirts. The Standard. TLbetan than 40 doctors in rotation in in 1949, Son-ie of the classical Phartnacology lnas been published mobile medical teams. They visit medical departmenls of six nearly a hundred home-ward r.r,olks have been re-edited and a by provinces rvhere Tibetan medicine patients in f arn-iing and herdir. g nurrber u{ nerv 'rvorks have been is useci. including A Neut Tibetan areas. ',vritten. The hospital's pharmaceutical Medicine, Tertual Research o'n the Training Doctors factory. with semi-automatic { Fr;'lr'r' TanI ro.s. Trea.tment ol There was a Department of equipment, produces about 500 Public Health and Meteorology in kilograms of pills a year, a 140- The fac- ilIedicines once nlade by hand in the the Tibetan local government be- fold increase over 1959. phalmaceutical factory 0i the Lhesr fore liberation. and it trained a tory supplies traditional Tibetan Ilosp;tirl ul Tibetan !tredicine are notv few doctors who served the upper medicines to the Tibetan Auto- nrade [r1 nrachine Zha,rl r:1ass; poor serfs couid not afford nomous Region and the nearbY doctors. Seven was the greatest provinces of Qinghai, Sichuan. number of students lt ever had. Yunnan and Gansu and the Inner Tibetan medicine was on the verge Mongolian Autonomous Region. of dying out and was riddled with Some are exported to NePal, Sik- fraud. for the doctors often cheat- kim and India. ed their clients. In 1959 this de- The hospital trains medical Per- P4: partment was transformed into a sonneL in elementary and advanced hospitai where peasants and herds- courses in Tibetan medicine and men as well as others in Tibet are pharmacology, and students get treated in the bright and spacious further education through doing wards and outpatient department. clinical practice under the supervi- Equipment for laboratorY tests sion of experienced doctors. and modern apparatus for use in The Tibetan Autonomous Re- diagnosis were added such as gion set up a medical college in X-ray and electrocardiographs. 1978 which has departments of The hospital's f ive department medicine, pharmacology, Tibetan heads and 28 other physicians. riredicine and public health, and a along with additionai staff mem- graduate school. Another middle- bers, treat some 800 outpatients Ievel medical school also iocated in daily. They have improved on Lhasa teaches courses in Tibetan traditional Tibetan medicine by in- medicine in addition to its regular troducing many concepts from modern,medicine course. tr

CHINA RECONSTRUCTS The province's Fusong county has become China's major ginseng producing area. Not counting the imsemg state farms, more than 95 percent of the county's production teams cultivate the plant. The annual AN YICHAO output of fresh ginseng is almost 2,165 tons, 35 times the amount produced in 1949 and more than ' half of China's total output. rnHE Ginseng plants to ginseng root enjoys world- Giant ginseng root discovered in the are slow i wicie renown for its medicinal virgin forest of Fusong county. mature. A one-year plant is as properties. In China its reputa- small as a match, while after two years they begin to sprout tiny tion goes back thousands of years. long ago, they say, a ginseng root The Han dynasty (206 B.C.- umbrella.shaped leaves. Seedlings became the wife of a Korean pine. are transplanted after the 'third A.D. 220) text Canon of Materia They lived happily in the Merlica gi.ves a minute description year, and they begin to grow more Yimeng Mountains south of the rapiidly, finally bearing crystal- of its properties and effects, and Bohai Sea Shandong province; in clear red berries. Cultivated plants ever since it has been a staple of But then a rich man started to fell reach maturity after six or seven Chinese traditi.onal medicine. all Kor6an pines in the area to the years a rate ten or more times Modern chemical analysis shows rebuild his manor. The young - that the root contains panaquilon, f aster than their wild counter- couple decided to f 1ee to the panaxin, panax acid, essential oils, parts. After they are harvested, Changbai Mountains, But it was 'Red, White and other varieties of and various B-complex vitamins. a long, arduous journey, and the is ginseng must be put through a It a diuretic and can lower blood ginseng worried that she could not sugar. Enthusiasts claim that place number of processing steps such as adjust to this strange far cleaning, steaming, air-curing, ginseng tonic stimulates the cen- Korean pine from home. So the stove-curing, and so on. tral nervous system, strengthens pledged to remain always by her the mind, Research on the plant's medi- heart and calms the and side to protect her and that is that use leads cinal properties continues. A re- regular to long life why they are found- together to span. cent discovery is that . ginseng this day. Ginseng requires special grow- stimulates blood circulation in the including indirect skin, so ginseng cream, perfumed ing conditions, Domestic Cultivation sunlight, water and cold tempera- soap and toothpaste have been tures. In China its natural habitat Because wild mountain ginseng developed. Scientists have also is the vast virgin forests of Jilin is so difficult to' find, many at- found that a pinch of red ginseng province in the Changbai Moun- tempts have been made to grow it 1rcwder added to a culture medium tain region of northeast China. commercially the first experi- can stimulate the growth of There the soil is rich with humus, ments dating back- over a thousand various kinds of seedlings. Some damp but not waterlogged, and the years ago. The plant's growing researchers afe even exploring trees are spaced widely enough to conditions are so special that most ginseng's potential in the treat- ailow just enough sunlight to shine early attempts failed. Modern cul- ment of certain kinds of cancer. D through their branches. tivation involves such methods as A variety of "baby ginseng" is using soil rich in humus from the found smaller forests, is virgin forests and protecting the Workers at the No, I Ginseng Farm in in but it Jilin's Fusong county arrange the roots valueless. For centurieg ginseng plants from direct sunlight with in drying frames. collectors have had to venture deep north-south angled sheds. Photos bu Yuan Zhaoai into the mountainous virgin As early as 1957, Jilin province's forests to find the'root. Today's Research Institute for Local Prod- collectors occasionally find the ucts set up a research section skeletons of those who lost their mainly concerned with ginseng way and paid for it with their production. Local agricultural de- lives. partments and Jilin Agricultural University's Department of Local A Legend Products have trained many Because ginseng is so often found specialists and advise communes in growing next to tall I(orean pines, the area about the latest scientific a legend has grown up among the methods. people of the mountains. Long, In the last few years. growing and processing ginseng has become AN YICHAO is a staff reporter for an increasingly important sideline Xinhua News Agency's Jilin branch, industry for communes in Jilin. MARCH 1982 45 had rlo chance to go to coliege. Instead I was sent as a f arm worker to remote Liujiawan vil- 1age, south of the Changjiang (Yangtze) Biver. I left in Febru- ary, when north China was still covered with -srrow, but at Liujia- q,'an the plants had already turned green. Rice paddy fields stretched in every direction. Tender young plants of many kinds and red flowers flourished in the sunlight. My new home was beautiful. I lived with a poor peasant fami- Iy. Duo Duo, my host's daughter, was just two years older than I, and she became my "eider sister." She was reticent by nature, but the shy smile rarely left her face. She was good at every kind of farm- work. The pigs she led were fat, the vegetables she planted, sturdy. Duo Duo patiently taught me Lin Ping and her father Lin Yuan, in 1981, read the Octotrer 1959 issue ol China Reconstructs, Zhang Jingde everything she knew how to chop lirewood, build a- fire. cut grass. During my second year in the Grawing ond Chonging viilage, our commune was stricken by a severe flood as Luhu Lake overflowed vast stretches of paddy with the New Chino tields. As soon as the weather cleared. r,illagers rushed to the LIN PING fields to see whad could be sal- vaged. Heavy ears of ripening rice swung loosely in the 'water. The October 1959 Chino Reconstructs corried the orticle "Ten Yeors Old" obout the lO-yeor-old girl Lin Ping ond one Born Following the team leader's in lhe some yeqr os the new Chino, these young ing up example, people quickly fetched heolthy ond strong ond getting o good educotion. tought wooden basins and other con- o sense ol sociol responsibility-to li0e not jus but to be concerned lor others' welfore, Recently we osked Lin Ping, now tr tainers to hold the rice Plants. At fledging writer, to describe her life in the yeors ofter 1959, f irst the girls were reluctant tcr jump into the waist-deeP water, but then Duci Duo took the lead TnHINKING graduated junior about lhe article 'ul,hen I lrom and one af ter another followed I lrom China Reconstrucfs, middle school. Its turbulence bat- suit. That year, despite the flood, which was written by my father, tered every family, and mine was rve managed to reco',rer 60 perceni tocrk me back to that time over 22 no exception. of the rice crop. years ago when our third-grade My schoolteacher mother was I can remembel very clearlY study group met at my home. In crueily beaten. and she and my Duo Duo helpirry me exchange mY our typical Beijing-style courtyard journalist father were both for a rvet clothes for dry ones, and then house we did our homework and time kept in solitary confinement. sitting do-wn to my supper rice. Il many other things together. In Of cour.se I was terribly anxious seemed to me then that no food spring we planted bean! and about them, and every day took had ever smelled better or tasted squash In in the courtyard. them food and Iresh clothes in a as good. I '"vas learning that each autumn we picked dates or pearS. basket. My life at that time was grain of rice we eat is the fruit of When winter came mother took us like something I had once only very hard rvork. inside and told us stories around seen in unhappy films about the the stove., past" In the years since then events in Nnan-Made Disasters China have taken many twists and those years r'vhen ultra- In the Countryside During turns, and the lives of all of u.s Left ideoiogy held sway, produc- were closely linked with the fate In 1969 I graduated from senior tion teams were pressured to de- of our country, The "cultural middle school. Father wa^s still liver to the state not iust the usual revolution" had already begun under interrogation. so of course I quotas, bui sizable additional

46 CHINA NECONSTRUCTS amounts as a sign of their steady pace around that machine, Duo and so rnany other women I "loyalty". This caused great hard- tying broken ends and changing had known. I began to write down ships to team members, who didn't spindles with ciockwork p_recision. my thoughts, and soon had an have enough rice to eat. At noon, whiie others rested, she article. tr submitted it to a One year we had to travel sev- swept the floor or worked at clean- magazine, and was overwhelmed eral dozen kilometers to dig wild ing the machines. when I learned it rvould be pub- Iotus roots to feed ourselves. One day Xu fainted on the job Iished. This was my first harvest, Despite the coid water, we took off and was taken to ther hospital. anci I knew that the ground had our padded shoes and rolled up the There doctors discovered'a tumor been plowed and the seeds planted bottoms of our trousers. Duo Duo in her abdomi:n. One of them during those ten chaotic years. taught me how to remove the top wondered, "How couid she have Often I am all too conscious of Iayer of mud with a spade and kept on working with that pain?" my own shortcomings bef ore I 'how to use rny toes to search out When she retur"ned. she worked as start io write, and lose all con- the roots in the ice-bold mud. hard as ever. No matter how fidence when I have finished a When I dug out my first lotus many times I urged her to rest, she manuscript. But then I remember root, I was as trappy as a fisher- rr',ouid refuse with a warm smile my dear friend Duo Duo digging man who had caught a big fish. and a shake of her head. In so out lotus roots with frostbitten But even before I announced my many ways she reminded me of hands, or my teacher Xu walking triumph. Duo Duo handed me a Duo Duo. on despite her aching legs, and I piece of clean-washed root to try. begin to leel strong again. It was fresher and sweeter than Hungry for Knowledge In just a month I am going to any vegetable I had eaten in Ieave school to take up a teaching After the faLl of the gang of four Beijing. job. another point in my in 1976, my parents went back to turning At the end of the day, our hands lite. No matter where I go I am rere work" The system of college en- \ as red as turnips from the determined overcome any trance examinations was restored, to cold, but we were happy. Each of setbacks along the way, and I am a nerv door opened for those of us us had gathered about 40 kilo- determined to use my pen to give who had longed for more educa- grams of lotus roots. So. by one life to the simple, honest workers tion. I studied day and nighL, was means and another, we tided our- and peasants who have nurtured fortunate enough pass, and selves over that hard winler. Even to was me, to the people of my generation admitted to Beijing Teachers' Col- today I cannot taste lotus root who have been tempered by hard- Iege, where I majored in Chinese. without thinking of those days and ships. and the new prospects of So after nine years absence, I re- to of my beloved elder sister Duo our socialist China. r,vhich is the turned to my home in Beijing. Duo. same age as I I was among the first students am tr admitted to college after the "cul- The Textile Mill tural revolution." My classmates After turo years in the country- included herdsmen from Inner 1959: Lin Ping and classmate Guo Hui in Beijing's Beihai Park at the lime side, I was transferred to a cotton Mongolia. farm workers of produc- the oliginal article rvas putrlished. mill in Wuhan. Hubei province. tion and construction corps and Here I found the work was just as factory workers, and many who hard as in the viIlage. Although had been sent to Iive and work in our workshop floor measured only the countryside. Our ages ranged a few dozen square meters, I had from 18 to over 30. Our experi- to walk more than ten kilometers ences were very different, but all a day around the machine I tend- of us treasured the opportunity to ed. However, through doing this learn. which had not come easilS' routine but pre-ssure-filled job, I to us Iearned to respect my fellow work- We were often up and studying ers, simpie and honest. hard- before the sun rose, and still at it working and indomitable. up to midnight, long after the stars During the "cultural revolution" and mcon had come out. We were labor discipline was very lax. iike hungry sheep let loose in a Nobody dared to talk about pro- mountain pasture. eating greedily duction or efficient management. to make up for lost time. It seem- Even if someone slept during work ed we wanted to gain back all at hours, nothing would be done. once what had been lost over ten But most of us ',,r,'ent silently about years. our jobs, refu-sing to give in to this In 1980 I read the novel Xu Mao bad trend. My teacher Xu, a and His Daughters, and wa.s par- master worker, had varicose veins ticularly impressed with one char- which made walking difficult and acter. the f ourth daughter- Xu painful, but she never stopped her Xiuyun. She reminded me of Duo

MARCH T982 a total taxable income of only 1.000,000 yuan. This is an encouraging measure for foreign in- lncome Tax vestors and is unprecedented for domestiq. enterprises. 0n Foreign Question: What other encourag- Enterprises ing measures ar! being taken in Liu Zhicheng taxation ? pro- chino's Foreign_Enterprise Answei: The new tax law lncome Tox Low went into elfect Jonuory l. A chino vides Reconstructs stoff reporter recently interviewed Llu zHlcHENG, heoi of Generol special exemptions and re- loxotion Bureou of the Ministry 6f Finor ce. Here ore his oniwers to qulstions. ductions. For instance, if a foreign enterprise schedules operations for ten years or more in f arming, Question: What is the purpose of progressive rates. excess tax on forestry, or the new income tax law? earnings. There grades. animal husbandry are five other low-profit occupations, it Answer: Since China is carrying The lowest is 20 percent on annual out a more dpen economic policy, may apply for an exemption from income below 250,000 yuan. The income profit- an increasing number of foreign highest is 40 percent on annual in- tax in the first making year and be given 50 enterprises are setting up establish- come above 1,000,000 yuan. a The percent reduction ments in China as independent tax is computed and paid in in the second and operations, joint business ventures Renmi.nbi (RMB). third year. With the approval of the Ministry Finance, may or cooperative production with To this tax is added a 10 percent of it also be given percent Chinese enterptises. The new tax local income tax. fhus; the a 15 to 30 reduction in income tax period law is intended to safeguard the highest rate is less than 50 percent, for a 10 years f interests of China, takes into ac- lower than the tax (including of ollowing these first count the fact that foreign in- Central Tax, op Federal Tax, and exemptions and reductions. vestors must make economic feasi- local tax) in developed countries, Another example is that income interest given bility analyses for their enterprises as well as in many developing from on loans to the Chinese government in China, and allows foreign in- countries. This especially en- or state banks vestments to be profitable. The courages foreign enterprises in by international finance organizations are law was based on China's taxation joint business operation with exempt from income tax. Chi- This practice over many years and the nese enterprises, particularly also applies to income from those interest on loans given pre- widely solicited opinions of inter- involving large-scale operations at a ferential rate by foreign banks to national taxation lawyers. such as the exploitation of natural China's state banks. Question: What is the range of gas and off-shore oil. ? What is done about taxation Whgt is the function Question: Answer: The range Question: dual taxation? of taxation of this tax law in developing eco- includes (1) Foreign companies, Answer: Income tax on foreign en- nomic cooperation between China enterprises and other economic terprises having no establishments and othei countries? organizations engaged in inde- in China whose profits come from Answer: income pendent business operations in How to Ievy an China is generally called withhold- tax is very important in encourag- China; (2) Those engaged in co- ing tax, a tax internationally ac- operative production or joint busi- ing foreign investment and de- knowledged and levied according ness operations with Chinese en- veloping economic cooperation with to the principle of tax jurisdiction. terprises; (3) Those which have no other countries. The new law not Some countries, such as France establishments in China but derive oniy provides that tax on foreign and Holland, credit enterprises income from China through in- enterprises shall. be assessed at which pay income tax in foreign vestment, technology, service or. progressive tax rates on excess countries from such a tax. In other activities. earnings but that "the taxable in- addition, tax rates can be reduced Question: How do the rates com- come of a foreign enterprise shall through bilateral treaties or pare with other countries in the be the net income in a tax year agreements. world ? after deduction of costs, expenses Question: Do foreign enterprises Answer: Tax rates affect the im- and losses in that year (Article 2)." in the special economic zones in mediate and vital interests of en- Losses incurred by a foreign en- Fujian and Guangdong pay in- terprises. Thus our first consid- terprise in a tax year may be car- come tax according to this law? eration was their ability to pay. ried over into the next year and Answer: The foreign companies, Some large foreign enterprises in made up with a matching amount enterprises and other economic China are heavily invested and drawn from that year's income. organizations in the special eco- make high profits, others are me- For example. a foreign enterprise nomic zones of Guangdong's Shen- dium-sized or small and make incurs a loss of 1,000,000 yuan. zhe5r, Zhuhai and Shantou and lower profits. The principle "more The next year it makes a profit of Fujian's Xiamen pay tax according profit, more tax" is being applied, 2,000,000 yuan. It can then make to the regulations of these special taxable incorne being assessed at up the 1,000,000 yuan loss, leaving economlc zones. tr

48 CHTNA RECONSTBUCTS- Children She asked me to read her a letter and write a reply for her, then, pouring me a cup of milk. com- A Postw omon's Doy mented, "Yakexi !"* After delivering another Iew letters, I realized there were some boiled corn cobs in my bag. 1 never knew who put them there. When I looked at my watch, I knew it was time for me to go and give a leison to the chil'dren in the village school. They wanted to have a Han language teacher, May 2, 1981 but they couldn't find one. So.I, Dear Cousin, a high-school graduate, promised When your letter arrived, I had the schoolmaster that I would just come back from making my teach them one class every letter- deliveries, Now I imagine a myriad delivering time. After class and a lights are twinkling in your city. discussion with some of the pupils, 'What should I talk about first? I found rn;r bag even weightier Let me tell you what I did today. than before, when I picked it up. AwuI is a small, out-of-the-way Apart from their homework, it mountain village, ten kilometers contained some cheese, dried apri- from our post office. To get to it, cots and apples. There was nothing I have to c$oss several mountains. I could do about it. They must When dawn breaks, I begin to have been slipped in there on the climb with a bulky bag and a water sly by those little rascals. bottle by my side. On the top of When I finished my delivery, the mountains is a dense forest of srnoke from the village's kitchen pine trees. Through the thick, chimneys hovered in the air. It luxuriant leaves, the sunlight casts was time for lunch. At the en- shadows trance to the village, I saw uncle on to the path. I often Zhao Shuang, the autbor. feel afraid walking here alone. To Jiangbur driving his sheep'home- boost my courage, I usually hum ward, "Sorry, uncIe," I stopped a Kazak song I learned from the flocks of sheep belonging to Awul him, "I'lt go and see auntie tomor- local folk. Out of the forest and ViIlage. row. OK?" "Tomorrow? Tomorrow across another mountain. I can see The old shepherd Jiangbur, see- isn't my wife's birthday." Belore ing me, called, "Aha, mY wild goose I could say anything, he had drag- comes here again!" I went over ged me to his home. While eating, First prize gold to him and qat on a rock rubbing I glanced from time to time at my medal won by gleeful- Zhao Shuang in my hands along one of the sheeP's watch. Auntie said to me the Chilrlren's ba,cks, which relieved mY fatigue ly, "Don't worry, lass. My old Writing Contest a lot. Then, pointing at mY Per- man'Il take you back." As I was sponsored by the must International Post- spiring face he added, "You about to say no, he whispered, al Union. be tired, lass. Only after manY "Don't. Otherwise she'll blame me." Shao Yan flights can an eagle's wings become She preten,ded to be angry, scold- strong. A girl like you from the ing, "Hurn, you must be saying city has to get used to Your dailY something bad about me. . . ." "Oh work. By the way, today's my no!" retorted the old man waving wife's birthday. After your work, his hands quickly. "Would I dare mme and have lunch with us, will do that? Especially on your birth- you?" day." His wile burst out laughing. Uncle Jiangbur's words en- So did I. couraged me. I delivered letters Just after'he brought me home along the tree-lined street. A group and the clatter of his horse's hoofs of children caught sight of me had faded away, I wrote you this calling, "Auntie's coming!" They letter. I feeL l will never be able wanted to drag me to their home to tear mysglf away from this to drink milk. I made a promise place. I'd like to know what you before going to Aunt Paxiahan's. think. With alt best wishes, *"Wonderful" in the Uygur language. Your cousin, Shuong

~~MARCII 1982 49 Meeting People's Gsnsumer Needs~~

~~LIU HONGFA~~

A RECENT small commodities without success. At one time even motiity production in Henan began fL exhibition in Henan provi.nce pans, bowls and needies could not a rapid growth. held in the city of Zhengzhou at- be found. tracted thousanils of visitors with A department store saleswoman Fanrous Brands Come Back an endless array of consumer goods in the city of Xuchang reported Three obvious characteristics of high craftsmanship, including this situation hel leaders. Her to have now appeared in Henan's small items such as candies, cakes opinion reached Yan Jiming, vice- small commodity production. First, and preserved vegetables and ar- governor of Henan province. Yan ticles for daily use such as needles, taki.ng advantage of the fact that called a provincial small commodi- the province is predominantly buttons, ropes, nails, locks and ties production conference to study handles. agricultural, great efforts are being There were children's the problem. "The purpose of so- garments, ma

~~LIU IIONGFA is a staff reporter tor China Reconstructs. t~~

50 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS as long as six centi.meters or Another exarnple is from Yong- wound around the finger twice cheng county, 80 kilometers south- without a break. Containing spe- east of Yuxian county in eastern cial ingredients and processed with Henan" This area grows cayenne superb skiil, it could be stored a pepper and dates. The pepper is week even on hot days without go- noted for its large size, thick pulp ing bad. Canned beancurd retained arld hot taste. The dates are its good taste for three years. farnous for their size and Formeriy offered as a tribute to sweetness. The local people used ernperors, today Yuxian county's to make the pepper into bricks beancurci is still the best in the and dry the dates. The bricks .{ province. were crumbled, mixed with sesame ffi Mung bean cakes, manufactured seed powder and baked with in Yuxian county and made with a flour. Dried dates were used in special technique, were known in dumplings or chewed. When the the cities of neighboring provinces government recently began paying before liberation under the brand higher prices for these products, "Xing Ho Shun"" Hexagonal in the peasants worked hard to in- shape, jade-green, small and con- crease their output. Today cayenne taining the finest quality mung pepper bricks and dried dates not beans and sesame seed oil, they had only satisfy the domestic market a delicate fragrance and taste. A but are exported to countries of years person southeast Asia. Plastic hand-branked noodle-making few ago, the only machines produced by the No. 3 Flastic still alive who could make them Better Plant in Xiuxiang, Henan. Xinhua was Yang Daorong. He was invited Children's Clothes to work as an adviser in the old Among the small commodities of bakery. " The mornent the cakes Henan province, children's clothes that people wanted prettier clothes made according to his recipe and manufactured in the city of Xu- for their children and could afford 'wide directions were put on the market, chang are today sold in a them. They then f ormed three they were quickly sold out. Mung rgnge of sizes and current styles. groups specializing in design, tech- bean cakes then becarne one of the They can be found in department nology and technical innovations. best-sellers at an Ali-China Com- stores in major cities such as Bei- The hat factory started a cam- modities Fair, Today a gieat num- jing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Wuhan paign, asking every worker and ber of students have learned and Guangzhou. staf f member to design a new Yang's skills. The output of mung Three factories making children's model, make a constructive sug- bean cakes has increased over ten garments organizpd an investiga- gestion or devise a technological times. tion in the large cities. They found innovation. The resulting new hats for boys and girls in all sizes and Colorf ul children's clothes a consumer i.tem always in great demand are l,urn- styles brought purchasing agents ed out by the Machine-Embroidered- Chitdren's Garment Factory in- Xuchang, from many di.stant cities. In 1981, Henan, yan Shichano domestic orders were 900,000 and foreign concerns bought 34,700 ffi, rand+ - && { the total quota of the factory. The investigation by the factory making children's garments found the market full of dull goods and many items out of stock across the country. Besides, people did not like the usual medium-quality garments. Therefore, it began design- ing new and better types. more than 90 varieties for children in ",ri different sizes and styles. Two hun- d a*.1 '.\\: dred and forty thousand of them '"*.;:\ were sold in one year. ".qF The shoe faetory, after a similar inquiry, began turning out a full range of varieties in aII types and i %., sizes, rangihg from size 12 for one- rnonth-o]d babies to size 27 for men a; pairs &" and women. Five million (Continued on p. 69)

~~MAN,CH I982 51 A Brigade's Fishery Scfioof~~

~~ZHANG JINGMING~~

nNE autumn night in 1981 the would specialize in every aspect of \-., prawn beds of Gushan com- fishery. mune's Shuichan fishery brigade Zou's proposal won immediate at Weihai, Shandong province on support from brigade members, China's east coasd were brightLy lit and the school opened in Septem- and bustling with activity. A new ber 1966. The first class of 40 class of the brigade's secondary- junior middle school graduates level fishery school was trying was selected by Zou, who became Fishery school sttrtletrts lcarn lrr ttsc out a technique never used locally and still is school principal. Classes nautical char.ls. before - catching prawns by were held in three small rooms luring them with lamps. Under almost bare of equipment. Siu- the central role pltryed by the the guidance of teachers and dents and teachers caught jellyfish fishery school in the brigade's de- fishery veterans, the youngsters (processed for food in China) or velopment: "But f or the young demonstrated that they had mas- cut edible seaweed in their spare people educated in it. the brigade tered the method. The brigade time to earn some 800 yuan for would have lound it almost im- members who had turned out to desks, books and equipment. possibie to mechanize production." watch the operation greeted their ' In the 15 years since, profound Of the brigade's current f ishery success with cheer's and applause, changes have taken place in the work torce of 740. more than half It was another small triumph for brigade. The old sailboats have are fishery school graduates. Apart the fishery school. been replaced by a fleet of special- from sorne who have gone on to All over China, in the country- ized motor craft equipped with college or into the army, all now side and in the cities as well, great such advanced equipment as posi- work in the brigade's aquatic efforts are underway to upgrade tion-finders and fish-detectors. In products farm, shipyax'd or fishing general educational levels and in fleet, many of them as captains, particular 1965 the brigade's yearly income to strengthen basic was less than 800,000 yuan and per engineer.s.,directors or technicians. technical education. Such efforts capita income less than 600 yuan. are a vital. part of the drive to Brigade income is now 3.5 milLion Book Learning, Field Work modernize the national economy. If yudn and per capita income about Every year 30 to 40 of ihe com- the Shuichan brigade is something 1,000 with some individuals earn- mune's junior middle school grad- of a pioneer in this area its ing as much as 1,500. uates are enr-olled in the fishery school has been operating - 15 for Zou Lijin, now nearly 60 and school examination of their y€ars it is due to the foresight after with the weatherbeaten face a academic 1evel, moral qualities and of its -leaders and the enthusiastic of fisherman, is quick to point out physical The length of support of students and brigade fitness. to tu'o years. Each mernbers over the years. schooling is one Zou Lijin, foundel and plincipal oi the student is required to take three fishery school, with some of the curr.ent courses of study in fishing, naviga- Sailboats Mechanization crop of students. tion and aquatic products breeding, to Photos bg Zhang Jingming and Zhou Youma as weli as three general corirses in Fifteen years ago the brigade's mathematics, Chinese language ocean-fishing operations depended and political theory. on several dozen wooden sailboats. During the spring fishing season. With the development of collective students learn not just from books production, some motorboats had but by going out to sea with the been added to the fleet, but, many fishing fleet. In eatly winter they of the fishermen were still ilI- learn to raise kelp and.mussels. terate and others without technical When motor craft are being re- training, so they were unable to paired, students are taken to the operate or repair the boats, which shipyard so that they can apply stayed on the beach. During the what they have learned about 1966 spring fishing season, two of engine structure, maintenance and the fleet's sailboats were lost in a r-epair. storm. This made brigade Party The school's teachers spend much Secretary Zou Lijin'mors deter- of their spare time either in pre- mined than ever to carry out an idea he had conceived to start a - ZIIANG JINGMING is a staff reporter secondary technical school that for China Reconstructs,

~~52 CHINA RECOI{Sf,RUCTS -feacher Yu Clhunqin giving a lecture at the water products f'arm.~~

~~Students and fishermen making a good catch of the prawns they have bred tlremselves.~~

~~Captain Zhou Yuehua, a graduate of the school.~~

~~Han Minghua, another graduate, worl~~

Qu Yankai became a diver after grad ua tion, Fishery school students going out itl sea earlv in the rnorrring. ,/.itrtit j r,inttt paring lessons or in upgrading their .tl own knowledge. Yu Chunqin, who :;, teaches aquatic products breeding, came from a fisherman's famiiy, He frequently visits a neighboring fish farm 5 kilometers away to exchange ideas. Cong Peizhang teaches navigation and fishing techniques. A 1960s graduate of a Shandong merchant marine institute, he often goes out to sea with the local fisherrnen to learn from their practical experience. In 1981 both men spent their summer vacation visiting fishery colleges and research institutes in Yantai and Qingdao, also in Shan- dong province. The two have compiled hundreds of pages of -different teaching texts about or aspects of fishery"

Practical Researeh Some time after its establishment, the school was asked by the brigade to find a better way to breed edible kelp in Renshen Bay. The old frame beds in the bay were not working Strong gales blew the plants out of the beds and onto the beach, and harvests were extremely sparse. Labor of Iove: older \4'omen from an army unit's neighborboori fook on the joh of Students and teachers delved washing and resewing the soldiers' quilts. into tl-re written research materials and consulted veteran fishery workers. They rnade on-the- spot observations, particularly on f,rmy alld People * windy and rainy days. After many experiments, they determined the most suitable depth for the kelp (}ne beds and devised a better planting flelping Amother frame. The area of the brigade's kelp farm has now expanded from QI SULIN and WANG CHENGSONG 3 to 40 hectares and per-hectare output is up from 15 to 30 tcns. fnHE PeripJt.'s Lrberalion Army's tionary strugglc cculil never have The students' practice in pro- I leputation fol r'lose ties with been wcn" duction and scientific research the people rvas lormed during the In peacetime the FLA lrar'l main- over: the years has consolidated War of Resi.stance Against Jap-an tained its Iine tradition r:f -qelfiess what they have learned in the and the liberation struggles both service. Counlless stories could classroom and produced graduates before and after it. The imperial, be told atrou.t tl-ie PLA's part in equipped to deal flexibly with warlord and KMT armies had been construction pro;'ects and eco- problems. fishing This approach instrurnents of oppression and per- nomic development. its heroism in has also enriched the brigade and secution. The FLA v/as something times of flor:d or other emergen- made th,e school self-supporting. cies, and day-by-day efforts, new in people'p experienee it its In the past 15 years, without .a large s€r\."€ fought their oppressors and pro-- and srnall. to the penny of state investment, it has people. The f ollowtng are just tected interests, there- managed to build a schoolhouse, their and a few examples from the records pay administration expenses, buy fore they gav€ il their lvhole- of the arrny units fegularly sta- books and equipment. and provide hearted support" Withor.rt the close tioned in the city of Xuzhou, medical care and board f or the cooperation between the affny arid Jiangsu piovince, in the eastern students. '_t tht, Chinese m.tsses. the rerrolu- coastal area.

.uARCrH 1982 5-r At the foot of Yunlong Moun- hauling rocks alongside his men. for the sehool, white"vashed class- tain in the southern suburbs of During the construction Process roolns. repaired s€wers, leveled the Xuzhou tries 5.7-sq-iare-kilometer which was made .more difficult playground, and constructed extra Lake Yuniong. In summer local -because of the complex toPograPhY benches and desks rnhen they were people flock to the tree-lined iake and rock faults the armY con- needed. Students and teachers to s.,vim or go boating, or just to sistentiy shciuldered- the hardest were invited to fiLms, oPeras and enjoy the beauriful scenery. But and dirtiest tasks" And Xuzhou other recreational activities spon- this sarne stretch of peaceful water residents responded. At one point, sored by the army. was once a menace rather than a when the builders were working Two PLA soldiers, Xu Shegetr pleasure for the inhabitants of around the clock to comPlete the and Wang Shulong, gave uP their Xuzhou. splilin'ay before the height of the spare time to be after-school coun- season, civilians of all ages selors. They told stories, taught Lake Yunlong rainy I{arnessing pitched in to carry tea and drink- the' children to sing and helPed The lake is sitrrated in low-Iying ing water up a steeP and sIiPPerY them rehearse performances. They marshy ground" In the olci days, slope to the men. were always readY to discuss when torrents of rvater rushed Tcq'ard the end of the Project, schoohvork, recomrnend outside down the mountain, the lake o'.,er- soldiers were dredging the river of reading, or just to listen to stu- fiora'ed and flooded surrounding accumulated silt, working rvaist- dents' problems. areas-. In the early 1$60s, as a first deep in the cold, filthY water de- One fcurth grader becarrre Xu's step towards controlling the spite a piercitrg March wind. particular concern. The bo-v was a waters. Xuzh<>u people and locai Again and again concerned cut-up, {requently absent from Peo- 'nehi::d PLA uriits ioined forces to con- p1e along the riverbanks PrePared school anti in his lessons. struct a 4,1O0-meter dike along the hot meals and insisted that the Xu didn't scold. but trea"ed hirn northerrr bank r.rf the lake. The hard-lvorking troops stop long as a )rounger brother rvhc; had Brm5r's contl'ibutions E/ere so sig- enough to eat thern. Xuzhou Peo- some probiems. He r','orked with nificant that it was named the ple have never iorgotten the arnty's the bo-v's teacher and Parents to "August 1" dike, after t).re anniver- contributions tr.l their safety and tr-v to areruse his interest ln learn- sary of the PLA's founding. welf are. ir-rg. After long ef f orts, ihe boY r,r"ith began to pay mrire att,ention to his But even the dike, the Serving the Children siiuation remained sornewhat srudies, and soon he rvas earning dangerous fclr over a decade. The In 1980 one group of soldiers lespectable marks in every lake had no outlet, and its bot- completed their term of service subject. tom ln,as higher than ttre center of and were demobilized. Among When the army held a celebra- the city. In 1976 construction be- those who saw thern off wele the tion to honor its own outstanding gan on a 620-;neter spillway students and teachers of the units and individuals, Guangming tunnel directly through the moun- Guangming Primary School. School's honorary uncles made ar- tain along with a suraller channel Children clung tb their army "un- rangements for ihe school's best to link the spillway to the river cles" as if they would never let teachers to be honored as well. As that runs through the city. Army go. On every side tvvas heard much as any PLA soldier, these units stationed at Xuzhou co- "Don't forget to write!" teachers wer:e "fighters" who Ce- operated with Iocal construction The Guangming School wes served recognition. teams from the beginning. Ma very near the army base, and PLA Serving the ElderlY Chaoheng, leader of the army units had adopted it as their sPe- builders, set ti-re example by living cial' responsibility. The soldiers Yin Yanliang, a retired worker. on the worksite and riigging and had constructed eement walkr,vays Iives with fii,q famiiy on Donghua

~~Army medical rvrrkers iour rural production brigades. Ofticers and soldiers tackle srlctw and garbage remnval ior Xuzhou clty. :'..1 '*r].~~

~~.',n , PLA units help orri at harvesl tinre. In gratitude for all his services to their sehool, children present Xu Shegen with the rcd scarf of ihe Young Pioneers. Phctos by Li Chenglin~~

Street in the northern section of borer- They lived in a rickety shed the soldiers came back ftom a the city. His wife is partially para- which provided little protection period of training, team members lyzed. he has a teen-age son who from wind, rain and cold. would come around to the barracks is mentally retarded, and he him- But trouble pursued them. KMT to help out. It got so that the sol- self suffers from high blood pres- soldiers, claimit'rg that the shed diers u.ould hide their laundry sure. Although they have no real was in the way of some new de- when tfiey saw the team coming, economic difficulties since Yin's iense works, tore it to the ground. but the iaughing civilians would pension is adequate, managing Yin knew better than to protest invariably find it. The soldiers daily chores used to be a serious such actions, but they beat him parties for problem. kept planning dinner anyway. For a long time afterward their new friends after the work But Yin's horrre is close to an streets. the couple lived in the was done, but team members kept army company's headquarters, seeking shelter under the eaves of slipping away individr"laily so that and when the soldiers heard about other people's houses. the soldiers not be put to his problems they began to help What was taken from him by would out. They took tr-rrns doing various the KMT soldiers had been more the trouble. chores. When the household than restored by the PLA. Yin Some 45 households in the city's needed grain or coal, the soldiers went around telling his story again Huancheng district are the families fetched them. For three years Lu and again * the story of two dif- of armymen in active service or Shoufang carried \ rater, washed ferent armies, two very different kiiled in the iine of duty. iust as clothes and did some of the house societies. the army had adopted Yin Yan- cleaning. When Yin fell ilI, it was liang's family, the team adopted 'Cherish the Army' Lu '"vho took him to the hospital, these families as their special re- brought him fruit and cakes, and Some time before the 1981 Spring sponsibility. Neighboring members then cared for him when he came Festival. a group of Xuzhou peo- of the ieam helped with household home. ple decided it was time to show chores, errands, and any other Ohce, during a very heavy rain, their appreciation of the PLA in tasks that needed doing. members of the company show,ed a concrete way. A 90-member Wang Mutang'and his wife, both up io patch Yin's roof. Deciding cherish-the-army servicg team was in their seventies, came under the that simple repairs were not formed. It included people frorh care of Sun Guirong and Sun Yu- grandmothers, doctors enough, they moved the family to students to lan Besides' numerous chores and to barbers, shop assistants to neigh- an army barracks. -As soon as the errands, the two team members borhood cornrnittee leaders. Just saw that the old coupie never rain stopped they devoted their before the festival they set out for spare lacked for companXr, even bringing tlme to tearing down the the Srmy barracks with basins, a group of young children to Per- old house and buiiding a ilew one. brooms, serving machines and small Their daughter' , When Yin saw his new house daily necessities. Descending on form for then:,. for the first time, he started to the surprised soldiers. the barbers on active service with the armY, cr)/. The soldiers could not know offered free haircuts and the doc- came home to visit lvith the inten- it, but the house had speciai signif- tors medical check-ups. Young tion of taking them back r'l'ith her icance for him. In the years be- people pitched in to clean the bar- so she could care lor therl. Wang fore liberation Yin and his wife racks and older wonien washed happily turned dow-n the offer. had fied the countryside to try to and mended clothes and quilts. "With all our friends and neigh- make a living in Xuzhou. Yin eked The soldiers !1'ere overwhelmed. bors, we have ail the care we need. out a precarious existence as a But that was not the end. Be- We're never loneiy. We're going to rickshatv puller or common la- fore every major festival. or u,'hen stay right here!" D

~~MARCII 198? 51 Yon€he Gongl, Larna T'emple f;n Beiiind~~

ZOU TTNG f N the northenst corner of Beijing's city proper'. I just south of the nerv round-the-city express highway, rises a vast complex oI ancient vermilion buildings with curving yellou,-tiled roofs. This is Yonghe Gong, one oI the important temples of the Tibetan Buddhist (sometimes calied Lan-raist) faith. housing many line examples of historical relics and neligious art, and norv visited by worshipers and tourists alike. The earliest of this group of ancient structures date from 1694 when it was the residence of the Manchu prince rvho later ruled as Yong Zheng (r. 1723-1736)" At that time the complex was stated 1r 6 to cover 99.7 mu becau^se the residence of a prince il was rrot supposed be 100 mu (6.7 hectares), i to over :-1 but it actualiy exceeds that amount. The present name, Yonghe Gong, bestowed rnuch later, means Palace of Harmony, but at that time the scene thele was anything but harrnonious. In the closing years of his reign, Emperor Kang Xi had disinherited his eldest son by the empress as being unflt to succeed him, opening the way for intense rivalry among his other sc,ns. Yong Zheng, the fourth son, gathered together a group of Buddhist monks. soldiers and men of ability into an organization which operated out of this house. It was known by an in- nocuous name which would be roughly the equivalent of today's Rnd and Gun Club implying it was devoted to the princely pastimes of bird-catching and fishing. With the group Yong Zheng plotted one conspiracy' after another to eliminate his rivals, and stopped at nothing, even torture, to elicit information. Appointed successor by Kang Xi on his deathbed. Yong Zheng became emperor, framed and executed two of his brothers, and made his organization the basis of a secret sen,ice which kept watch on of- *{ ficials and ferreted out dissidenis. In the third year Ihe statu€ uf [Iaitreya carved from a 26-metcr-long tree of his reign he declared \is old house one of the royal trunk, traveling residences f orhidden to commoners, re- named it Palace of Harmony and began to have the green tiies of the roof changed for imperial yellow The temple. approached from the south through ones as befiited a ntonarch's home. That is how today three beautif ul archways, consists of five main among tempies, which have green tile roofs, Yonghe buildings on a north-south axis and contains many Gong with its golden ones is an exception. Yong splendid halls. including the Great HaIl, Yongyou Zheng later turned .it over for use of the lamas, and (Hall of Eternal Blessing), and Falun (Hail of the 1?44, his was forrnally made into a in after death, it Wheel of Life). An outstanding one is Wanfolou temple. (Pavilion of Ten Thousand Buddhas). a three-story tower which houses an 18-meter-high carved sandal- ZOU trING is a staft' reporter tor ChinaReconsfructs. wood Buddha made from a single tree trunk. tamas

~~58 CHINA ftECONSTRUCTS The signboard above the door proclaims that this is the Palace of Harmony in (left to right) Mongolian, Tibetan, Han and Manchu.~~

~~Archway before the Yonghe Gong. t$l'..~~

~~Lamas at Yonghe Gong.~~

(Left) The White.Avalokitesvara, according to Tibetan Buddhism, an incarnation of Guanyin, the Goddess of Mercy. (Right) Sumeru Mountain, a bronze sculpture of the Ming dynasty Wan Li period (1573-1679), a representation of Buddhism's world outlook. At the bottom is the sea; the top, the mountain where Sakyamuni lived; on the slopes are the dwellings of the four heavenly kings. The central section of the giant mural depicting the story of Sakyamuni.

The Falun Hall (Hall of the Wheel of Life) is typical of Tibetan One of the Bell and Drum Towers. Photos bv Htto Jitnrittg from the temple say that the to be preserved. More recently, elder lamas staffing the ternple at foundation of the figure ex- after the policies on freedom of present. tends another eight m. under- religion and protection of his- Much of this I learned from the ground, giving ihe trunk an torical relics were fe-implemented, abbot of Yonghe Gong,. w-ho at overall length of 26 m. the goverrrment allocated another 60 has spent much of his life Yonghe Gong is a temple of the large sum and assigned to Yonghe at the ternple sirrcr: he came Yellow Sect of Tibetan Buddhism. Gong the country's only team for there as a young lama. He has Four halls on the east and west repairing ancient architecture. seen much happen there both be* wings are devoted to the larnas' The arches and every hall have fore and after liberation. He re- studies of spetialized subjects: been repaired and repainted. calls how deeply hurt he felt to see Mathematics Hall with its astro- An event at the temple remem- officials in the Department of nomical instruments; Medicine bered by many old Beijing re- Mongolian and Tibetan A{fairs of llall; and Chan (Zeri) Hall and sidents is the masked "devil the Kuomintang government be- Mi HalI for two schools under the dance" to drive out "devils" or fore liberation enriching themselves Yellow Sect. evil a- sojemn religious ceremony at the expense of the lemple. He Interesting pieces of religious which- contains many elements is even angrier about an incident art include a bronze representation from Tibet's indigenous religion. that happened before he was born of Mount Sumeru, according to It was a colorful festival held - the merciless looting of the tem- Buddhist tradition the center of every January on the lunar ple by Russian soldiers when the the universe above which iies calendar until 1956 and attended eight-power ailied army invaded paradise; the Mountain of 500 by many more than were believers Beijing in 1900 to "put down" the Arhats (those who have achieved in Tibetan Buddhism..In the years Boxbr Uprising, and Russian enlightenment and are on the road that fol1owed, the music for the troops overran the area around to Buddhahood), who are cast in the temple and nearby Beixinqiao. gold, accompaniment was lost and a lot five metals, silver, copper, of the costumes and masks disap- This was part of the looting of the iron and tin; and in the Mi Hall peared. Now that the policy on re- city by foreign soldiers of many many-armed male and female ligion is being implemented again, nationalities. As they were Buddhas engaged in sexual there is a possibility that Bei,jing withdrawing they even took the intercourse. residents will have a chance to diamonds and ol,her prccious witness the festival again. Last stones set into the stems of flowers Survived'Cultural ftevolution' year from spring to October the on either side of the statue of temple received 460,000 worshipers Tsongkhapa, religious reformer How relics in Yonghe Gong and visitors. who founded the Yellow Sect. managed to pa-ss unscathed But, the old abbot said, he has through the "cultural revolution" also Novice seen the revival of the coun- is a story in itself. In August 1966 [,amas try, the gradual implementation of group a. of more than 100 Red Twenty-six young men from the correct policies on religion, the Guards, attacking the "four olds" grasslands of Inner Mongolia, resumption of normal religious ac- (old ideas, cu)ture, habits and where Tibetan Buddhism is prac- tivities, and much aid from the customs), marched in, bent on ticed, were enrolled in the temple government for repair of the tem- destroying this hotbed of feudal in spring 1981 to train as lamas. ple, so he also has cause for great superstition and former den of im. Chosen with assistance from the Joy. perial iniquity. The late Premier department in charge of religious Last October 26 by the lunar Zhou Enlai was informed of the affairs of the people's government, calendar (November 21), the anni- situation sent and Vice-Minister of they are the first Yetlow Sect versary of the birth of Tsong\hapa Foreign Affairs Han Nianlong to lamas actually to be trained at in 1357, was the occasion for a cele- talk with the Red Guards. After Yonghe Gong. They enrolled with bration at Yonghe Gong. The days of negotiation inspired by the the approval of their parent.s after lamas burned incense in the morn- prestige of Premier Zhou, not only passing educational and heatth ing and said prayers in the morn- did they withdraw their intention tests. The youngest is 15, the ing, at noon and at dusk. The of wrecking the place, but left eldest, 30; most are under 20. They smoke of the incense rising, the some of their people to guard it. are now learning the Tibetan light of the altar lamps, the sound Thus the architecture, the tablets language, the religious discipline of of bronze bells and of the drums of inscriptions, screens and rolls of the Yellow Sect, the traditional and traditionai musical instru- sutras u,ere left untouched. Even sutras and religious rituials. Half ments accompanied by the lamas' the sl,:tificial vessels and other their time- is spent in classroom solemn chanting of the sutras are equipment suffered no damage. study and the rest in service tasks ali proof that now those who wish Soon after liberation in 1949 the around the halls. Each student to worship are free to do so, as people's government had spent a gets a monthly subsidy of 30 yuan guaranteed by the provisio-hs in the substantial sum for restoration of from the temple. They follow Constitution of the People's Re- the temple, and in 1961 it was monastic discipline and are ex- public of China on freedom of iisted as a national cultural relic pected to become successors to the religion. tr

~~MARCII 1982 63 Exercises to Prevent Colds~~

SET of exercises that seem to help prevent colds among 2,917 exercisers, while among 3,065 who did A has been created by a combined group oI doctors not exercise the rate was 16.35 percent. and teachers. The exercises were introduced to the public by tr'irst tried out in primary and middle schools in Sports lVeri-rs and the China Central Television. They Xinxiang, Henan provincg, in the winter of 1974, the are based on gymnastic movements involving strik- rdsult was: Of 5,640 participants, only 8.3 percent ing and massage of acupuncture points used in treat- caught colds. Among 5,843 non-participants, however- ing a stuffy or running nose, and for reiieving fever. incidence of coids was 11.8 percent' In six Henan It is hoped that the exercises'will help build up the cities the in,cidence of colds was only 7.74 percent people's resistance to co1ds.

~~Note: Exercises ore performed in time to multiples of o bosic 8-beqt count. Begin by morching in position for two 8-beqt counts,~~

I. RUBBING HANDS. (two 8 beats) Starting position: Stand straight with arms at sides. Spread legs to shoulder width. Movements: 1. Raise arms naturally to front of chest. With palms slightly curved inward, place left hand over right. Rub hands together with rotating motion. First move left hand downward toward you and right hand upward away from you untit right hand is over left hand. 2. Move left hand upward away from you and right hand downward toward you untii left hand i.s over right hand again. 3, 5, 7 , same as 1. ft.}.:, Tffi,t 3.a to starting *rr,,o.' o.' last beat. '"t.,.' tace rubbing pattern II. RUBBING FACE. (two 8 beats) II Starting position. Same as I. ,l Movements: 1. With fingers together, bend elbows upwards until middle fingers touch sides of nostrils. Move hands upwards to hairline, continue outward and downward along hairline with center of palms to the jaws and back up to st4rting point (see diagram). Repeat same motion to tq,rc B-beat counts, returning to starting position on last beat. III. RUBBING NECK" (two B beats) Starting position: Same as I. Movements: III 1. With fingers together, bend elbows upwards 1 until hands reach both sides of neck. Rub baekward 8-beat counts. Re- and forward alternately for two 1. Make loose fists with palms facing downwald position last turn to starting on beat. Bend arms horizontally in front of chest and'stretch The areas rubbed the above Requirement: in them vigorously sideways and backward' should feel warm rubbing. three exercises after 2. Stretch again. IV. CHEST-EXPANDING EXERCISE. (two 8 beats) 3. Stretch arms horizontally in front with palms Starting position: Same as I. facing upward. Stretch arms vigQrously sideways and Movements: backward"

RECONSTRUCTS 61 CHINA 4. Stretch again -as 5 and 6, same 1 and 2. 7 and B, same as 3 and 4. Repeat same motions to two I beats and return to starting position on last beat. V, MASSAGING ACUPUNCTURE POINT YING- XIANG. (four 8 beats) Starting position: Same as I. Movements: Make loose fists and press acupuncture point Yingtiang on both sides of nostrils (see diagram) with index fingers. Rotate fingers in circle moving outward from and then inward torvard nostrils. Repeat for two 8-beat counts. Return to starting point on last beat. ,/i i t, crease from /lG=--J'\rose ro Eourh Yinqnang ' i VI. MASSAGING ACUPUNCTURE POTNT FENGCHI. (four B beats) @!7>^"\__*y Starti.ng position: Same as L Location oI acupunctu]e point Movements: 1. With fingers together, bend elbows and press acupuncture point Fengchi on back of neck (see diagram) with index, middle and fingers. Rotate ring V fingers in eircle going outward and then inward. ,l Repeat for four 8-beat counts, returning to starting position on last beat.

VII" STRIKING ACUPUNCTURE POINT ZUSANLI which is located about four fingers below kneecap see diagrarn. (four 8 beats) - Starting position: Stand at attention. Movements: 1. Move left leg sideways ('V"to shoulder width. Raise arms upward to form a position overhead. palms forward. Look straight ahead wjth chest out" 2. Bend forward and touch ground with finger VI tips. 3. Again touch ground with finger tips. 4. Make fists. Strike acupuncture point Zusanli on left leg with inner side of left fist while swinging right arm sideways diagonally. 5. Repeat movements with right Ieg and right fist. 6. Same as 4. 7. Same as 5, 8. Return to starting position. Repeat the above motions for four 8-beat counts. V[I, CONCLUDING MOVEMENTS. (two 8 beats) 23 1rII Starting position: Stand at attention. Movements: 1. Make loose fists and raise arms sidewavs horizontally. At same time raise left leg to 45. wiih knee bent and shank relaxed. 2. Put down left leg and cr:oss fisls in front of abdomen. 3. Same as 1, but raise right leg instead. 4. Same as 2. Repeat,for two 8-beat counts. In all movements, breathe evenly with muscles relaxed. Return to starting position on last beat VIII

~~MARCH T982 65 Cultursl Notes~~

historicar and tradi- In 1980 the Shanghai Acrobatic Operas 0n Jlcw Themes ;,"#;i"ir""?X, Troupe went to the United States. rFO After a perfornranee at the Ken. ENCOURAGE local opera nedy Center in Washington, Pre- I troupes 10 stage items on con- 'the sident Carter, having his picture temporary subjects, Ministry taken with the artists, rernarked. of Culture sponsored a 15-day "It was a pleasant evening. Ycur modern festival of operas on perf ormance helped dispel my themes last October in Beijing. worries. You are really good Troupes from eight provinces took envoys of new China." In 1981 a part. operas, chuanju, Beijing performing panda calied Wei Wei huaiju, hanju, huadeng, caicha and went the Shanghai troupe to others were performed. with Japan. It so captivated memberx Audiences were irnpressed with audiences that they the retreshing content and style. of the struggled to thei.r photos For example, Smashing a Bowl, by have taken with the panda. a huai,ju troupe from Jiangsu, cen- Famous acrobat Xia Juhua w'ith a Chinese acrobatics has earned tered around a peasant fami)y young applentice. Li Fen dispute sparked by the daughter- press praise in many countries. in-law's ill-treatment of her Japanese papers noted "the magic mother-in.law. who was forced to pr"owess" of Chinese acrobats doing the Monkey King. Italian dailies move away. It had already been Chinese Acrobats staged 300 times in the province, called Chinese acrobatics a mar- great velous and skilful art. The media arousing stir arid comment. first Chinese Acrobats As- played mHE in other countries spoke of the The actress who the role I sociation was founded ]ast of the daughter-in-law had herself aci'obats' supernarural skill and November in Beijing. Xia Juhua. beauty. been mean to her mother-in-law was f anrous woman acrobat. The founding of the Chinese and driven her away. After the inaugural performance, elected its head at the Acrobatic Association marks more opera's first she 170 repre- meeting. Some acrobat than 2.000 years of Chinese acroba* went to her mother-in-law's lodg- sentatives attended. ing in tears and asked her to come tics history. It will help the ai't In old China acrobatics r,t,as one progress and keep up ivith the back. lowest most despised of the . and new times. At the festival's . closing cere- occupations. Acrobats wandered mony, the Ministry oI Culture is- from place to place, barely earning sued the troupes medals and a living. When the new China was Iraditional later symposium of awards. At a founded, acrobatics became a true playrrrights and opera singers, art form and acrobats, Iike other Painting lnstitute Vice-Minister of Culture Wu Xue performers, I benefited from the urged the artists to continue government's concern. Founded creating modern operas and The first acrobatic troupe was advised simultaneously developing organized in 1950 in Beijing. T AST November the Chinese Today China has about 124 pro- L Traditional Painting Resealch A scene frorn "Smashr"" ,riy);' fessional troupes at county ievels Institute was founded in Beijing. " Ou, with 12,000 performers. It was attended by such master Chinese acrobatic troupes have painters as Wu Zuoren, Li Keran, gone abroad more than other art Liu Haisu, Li Kuchan, Ye Qianyu. troupes and are very popular. The Jiang Zhaohe and Zhu Qizhao. Zhonghua Acrobatic Troupe was Ye Jianying, Chairman of the the first to perform in a foreign National People's Congress, of- country after 1949. Since then, fered his congratulations" To Li Chinese troupes have given 100 Keran, Cai Ruohong and Huang perf ormances on the five con- Zhou he said, "Research and tinents. In , such countries as development of traditional paipt- Tanzania, Egypt and Ghana they ing are very important. I hoPe have trained many local acrobats, you will carry .on the work thus strengthening friendship be- on a larger scale.'' Four vice- tween the Chinese people and the premiers, Gu Mu, Yao Yilin, Wan peoples of oiher countries. Li and Fang Yi, attended the

~~CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS 66 One way to balance a stack of bowis. Cutting a woman in two Li Fcn~~

~~'Dunhuang Statues'. IiFen~~

~~'Vertical Balance'.~~

~~'Flying Lion'" ll'ung Hottgrun~~

Is it a mirror? No, it's a tight-rope balancing act. Wang Hongrun inaugural. Gu Mu said, "I hope the institute will play a leadi.ng roie in the creation and research of traditional painting, which .has a history of several thousand years and enjoys high prestige in the field of world painting. The development of Chinese traditional painting will contribute to China's sociaiist culture and modern civilization." t.* Li Keran, president of the new institute, said, "As a civilized and confident nation, China should place the highest import5nce on her national culture. This is not to deny the value of absorbing good foreign Zhu Qizhan and other u,ell-knou,n arlists dernonstrate their skills at a gathering things. Art should tn mark the founding of the Chinese Acarlemy oI Traditional Painting. progress through competition and Wong llui selection. The task of the institute is to continue the principle of held in the National Art Gatiery Publishing House marked the developing and weeding through in Beiiing. On display were 300 event with an album entitled the old to bring forth the new." paintings selected from many parts Chinese Traditional Paintings of After the f ounding ceremony. of China, including Taiwan and Todag, a selection of 100 paintings the institute's first exhibition was Hongkong. The People's Fine Arts from the exhibition, =

MEETING CONSUMER NEEDS For example. an electrical equip- (Continued from p. 51) ment materials factory turned to were sold at an all-China orders- making small electric fans, a chem- Letter of Correction for-goods conference, ical factory to producing aluminum Ioil for cigarette packages, others To the Editorial Board rrI C)rinq Re con stTltct s; New Directions to turning out aluminum tables or The article on Gezhouba Dam pans. Such production by the com- carried in your' October 198L is- Huiguo commune in Gongxian sue contair.rs somc ligures and mune s small enterprises ensures a county 50 kilometers west of lrechnical interpretations wl-ricir rapid development because the aIe lnconsistent lvith the actual Zhengzhou. known as a "red flag" small factories are able to change Iacts- namely: in the development of enterprises 1. stated in the article their producis according to the It is run by communes and brigades, that the installcd capacity and needs They output of Lhe Threc, has 155 small factories making urgent of the market. electl.rcitl' also operate on a small scale with Gorges and Gezhouba projects items such as metal lurniture, elec- 'r.vill account for 30 perccnt of the tric appliances, childr'en's toys, less investment, at the same time riational total. The fact is thal achieving better results in a very the Three Go.ges dam is still in handicrafts, articles for daily use the projective stage and it is and various kinds of stationery. short time" hardly appropriate as yet io These commune and brigade-run There is an old saying: "Small as meniior-r such :r .f igure- it is, the sesame seed can make 2. The retentionr capacity of enterprises have had their ups and rhe Gezhouba projr:ct is not rrcry downs. Experience has taught more oil." Though commodities largo and its fxnction docs not them, however, to pick up and sup- may be small, if they sell wel1, ir.rclude l]ood contro). It is men- profits can be no less great than tioned in tl-re article that the dam plement what the big industries will irrigate an arca ol onc mil- have omitted and take small com- for large commodities. In 1980. the Ilon square kilomett:rs. This modity production as their key industrial production value of the should be changed to r:ead: It has a rain accumulation area of task. In 1980 they began to pro- Huiguo commune reached 4.7 I milliorr square kilomoters" duce those small cornmodities million yuan, and net income indispensable to everyday life and totaled 2.5 million. By meeting the Hong Qingyu Deputy Chief Engineer ol the thus changed the situation in small commodity needs of the Changjiang River Vailey Planning which there used to be no produc- people, the f actories of Henan Oflice tion plan, no raw materials and no province are finding greater market. success. tr

MARCH T982 69 Lesson 15 HUANG WENYAN Seeing a Peking Opera j# J4EF: AX_ h4J ;fjE,J *_ ry]F * r if , + & , *Nft ti'' )i. {il Mili: Jintiin de iingjt shi nl yi ch[ ? W6n HuA: Qingyi duO binyAn duinzhuEng, xiAniing Mary: Today's Peking opera is which drama? Wen Hua: Qingyi moslly play the part of poised refined, quiet, i#, (fii'A 4+). frl ++. A+ -ha*" ft.y Wdn Hu4: ?ft x-+. it & MIli: Sh6nme yisi? dud birnyln tiiinzhEn. hu6po Mary: What meaning? mostly play the part of innocent (and) lively if' Aet k *E*h, *u Ert ik-fr - ]h-i*- h4J 'Y E 4" W6n Hud: BAish6 shi sh6jlng, te xihuan hudzh6 fdrngding, pdlir de shirofir hud Wen Hua: White Snake is snake spirit, she likes or^* loose (or) shrewd young wife or A I,4 Al Lit , ,-+i, f r\. T y*" r6njiEn de sh6nghu6, jin biinch6ngle shionil. human world's life, then changes into young maiden. /\, f& 1+ 'fir 2* f -i6," J48F, lJls t fl h1J k 1+ lu v(-? r6n, gEn X[ Xiiin ji6le hiin. MAli: Ni ge n6n de shi Xi Xiiin ba? (a) human, with Xu Xian get married. Mary: That man is Xu Xian? hl €+ *tA, *e &.+tl i#' €'. WCile zhuiqirir xingfrl, tE jinxr'ngle W6n Hu6: Ng. For seek happiness, she carried on Wen Hua: Uh-huh. frIJ J9EF': ' T.f*, Tlk ++" 'l,t h,. 4t k"""2 birqE birnAo de dduzhEng. Ni kin, Mtrli: TE shi...... ? unyielding struggle. You look, Mary: He is...? A*v, * ,h T. ij+ , x_ ,1.4o l,tr h 4{_ +r Eiish6 chii cMng le. Wdn Hu6: Shi xiiosh6ng. Ni kdrn te bi gui White Snake (come) out on stage" Wen Hua: Is xiaosheng. You look he doesn't^ wear ,gEF, ,Jls k &t *A'tfr, i:;++ fr1J 6+. ,Y + fr- MIli: Ni ge shi shul? hrixt, zhdyirng de qingnidn, shionidn shi Mary: That one^ is who? beard, such kind youth, youngsters are i#' +u L AYE, *- AYE frl ,1. 4-o ++ *A tfr fr4J f +- * + W6n Hrd: TA shi Qtngsh6, shi Bdishd de xitroshEng. Grt h6xii de zh6ngni6n. Itroni6n Wen Hua: She is Green Snake, is White Snake's xiaosheng. Wear beard middle-aged, old *,f+. L +L" ntlbdn. shi l6oshEng. girl companion. are laosheng. ,5 EF' : *u'fil al lr ttt T tl t ,4ffi2 4" 6 fri n i[-frbz MIIi: TEmen de dtrban bt -yiyirng? MAli: Hdi ydu yi zh6ng dir huiilfin? Mary: Their makeup not same? Mary: Still have a kind big painted face? ilp , _zi: k +)t<, _^ k ft,e. i#' *. ff,m al flbrf' lk fr i+it, W6n HuA: Yi ge shi qingyl, yi ge shi huidirn. W6n HuA: Di huiliIn de lilnpf h6n Y6u jitrngiiu' Wen Hua: One is qingyi, one is huadan. Wen Hua: Big painted face's painting very have significance, ,SIF: 6 1+A rFl 'foz h xar# :sL *"€ ,13 + MIli: Ydu sh6nme bit6ng ne? yi kirn liinpi iiil zhidao ni g€ Mary: Have what difference? one look painting, then know that

~~70 CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS A rtlt Ar'ro huf,dim ydu sh6nme bit6ng ne? I t~~

~~MARCII 1982 71 Legends and Tales from History: A ltingdom Lost lor a Goncubine's $mile~~

WEI TANG fZ ING You. last ruler oI t he f\NE day the king took Baosi on I\ w".tu.n Zhou dynasty (llrh \J an excursion to the Lishan century 771 B.C.) had a pen- Mountains . east of his capital chant for- beautiful women. One Haojing (west of today's Xi'an) of the court sycophants, wanting There she showed interest in a to curry f avor with him, sug- beac

1) ,f,ir*.€ ,,i+nl +" jl4.E\r+_? f -$ rt 4U 1+ th &-l,gLf- (ii love) 4t,, Flr v\:tL4t T ,v-, " ( 'fo ) i6. ,1, E 2) ifrEtk"tAEl[€",1+ t 4tlt12*l*v\E, tr Gei open) T-4.,.I.,i4fi $ ( 1 . (yAopir pharmacy), i+4h*4 $irc medicine), A L "fY,) + 3 ) ,].-LE X+-. ( r, og ) let6,t\fr F/1, lk*t'-'l)] 6t €fi . (iidii esteem). llJi 4) ltjtr-*L4?|&,E--t (,v-. "fv) *& (F[hni) 4";h (h6shang monk) ,3.tr (jidu -? R 5 ) JI.€{e-{+ t+ ziLth_? ( I - ,r0 ) jealous) lt-ltlt rJLtg.r.i* (bnnf[ ways and means) 6 ) 4i-lk-rlrl"+r54u a1r4Fh-o rA};r (pdhuiri destroy). trw-*- (shEng give birth - i j. v\ 'E .& (fnshir magic JL (T,'ro) to) f - fl tr4. )L .E , i+ n;* 3. Read the following: trick) le,*'*tL (ye press) trFr+t* (L6if6ngt[ )t, a fr,k- + ri-*h, h w.&-wa1 * t+ +r,.fr] 4 r.t Leifeng Pagoda) T. " )L /.1"-l 6t *-ft , Frr /.( tt t A f ,r.. ik9 +v\ E, +vu+ 1,1 1 *-afi LEfr (b6nling a\ .{t,fe,fil-4€#t -k, trottl, 6is€4, (ytjiin meet) T skill), ,1t 0in save) *, T h ie, (ch6ngxin (tu6njil 7= 1+fu" Areixh (rBnw6i regard) i+fufi,\,',it, AF again) E fF. unite). H

~~72 CHIN,{ RECdNSTRUCTS Two-bicycle balancing act.~~

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~~China Reconstrucls No. 3, 1982 oc\ oo o<)oo ooo t ON cOO C)OOO.O~~

~~O(, coOOOOO OOO -iO c!\1O-oON O.C\@ d) c6- c{socd9cd -ro( U -COd)v-~~

'! E U) !rt o ,.f) C .J j f Ni tr L atr-J LYL ato'J') .or L., z_a 4 oli LJIN .+rUl !v -9 oo -o o E o- ^U o a Et o cr !M (.) o or\o'a ;o-E sTAMPs OF NEW OC .o d= CI{INA N.9: o or* o l-o oiu c u N -: o o< DA il c ;;!l o o , o:cr u.i Lq o F;;=Ydu (Jl5{ o o IJ Z4a dI Li(rl Ed-"Y c- 9"^ a. i oo E-o lr ooooooooooooo 6= o o9 < (1st a o ot oqq9qqqqqqqqq '4- Ancient Coins of China series) o .O C, () .O @ c\ c, cO c, c, c, ct N oOO SC\(tclN-SV \$S- E!: (n a.'a The first set of 8 special stamps featuring ancient coins of China was d !ll issued on October 29,1981. The coins ofthe series were all minted before o China was unified by Qin Shi Huang, the lirst emperor of Qin dynasty (221-207 B.C.). oOOOOOooc)Oc)Oo 26 o croo'_oc.{ooooooc..r Oe Stamp l, Monetaria moneta (Linne) and Cowry-shaped bronze coin, o Ns-