Studies on Status and Ecology of Primate
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STUDIES ON STATUS AND ECOLOGY OF PRIMATE COMMUNITIES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCES TO PHAYRE’S LEAF MONKEY (TRACHYPITHECUS PHAYRE PHAYRE BLYTH, 1847) IN DAMPA TIGER RESERVE, MIZORAM, INDIA ABINASH PARIDA DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY MIZORAM UNIVERSITY CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled, ‘Studies on Status and Ecology of Primate Communities with special references to Phayre’s Leaf Monkey (Trachypithecus Phayre Phayre Blyth, 1847) in Dampa Tiger Reserve, Mizoram, India’ submitted by Mr Abinash Parida, having Registration No. MZU/ Ph.D./929 of 22.04.2016 to the Mizoram University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology has been completed by him under my guidance and supervision. The work done by the candidate is the original one and it has not been submitted to any other university or institution for the award of any degree or diploma and it is within the area of registration. (Prof. G. S. Solanki ) Prof. N.P.S Chauhan Supervisor Joint Supervisor Department of Zoology Director, Department of Wildlife Sciences Mizoram University Amity University, Noida, U.P i MIZORAM UNIVERSITY, TANHRIL Month: December Year: 2019 DECLARATION I, Abinash Parida, hereby declare that the subject matter of this thesis is the record of work done by me, that the contents of this thesis did not form basis of the award of any previous degree to me or to do the best of my knowledge to anybody else, and that the thesis has not been submitted by me for any research degree in any other University/Institution. This is being submitted to the Mizoram University, Tanhril, Aizawl, for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology (ABINASH PARIDA) (HEAD) (SUPERVISOR) ii CERTIFICATE OF HEAD OF DEPARTMENT This is to certify that Mr. Abinash Parida, a Ph.D. Scholar, Registration No. MZU/Ph.D./929 of 22.04.2016 has worked on the thesis entitled “Studies on status and ecology of primate communities with special references to Phayre’s Leaf Monkey (Trachypithecus Phayre Phayre Blyth, 1847) in Dampa Tiger Reserve, Mizoram, India.” He has fulfilled all the criteria prescribed by the UGC (Minimum Standard and Procedure governing Ph.D Regulation). He has fulfilled the mandatory publication (publication enclosed). It is also certified that the scholar has been admitted in the department through an entrance test followed by an interview as per Clause 9 (i) and (ii) of the UGC Regulation, 2009. (Prof. G. S. Solanki) Head Department of Zoology Mizoram University iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis wouldn’t have successfully arrived at its conclusion without help of an astounding amount of people. I wanted to thank many more but I think two pages of this must be testing for many. I would like to express highly gratitude and thanks to my Almighty God Mahima Alekh. I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor Prof. G.S. Solanki, HoD, Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram for his valuable suggestions, proper guidance, untired help and throughout the period of this study and for the great knowledge and experience, I have learnt from him. I would like to express my sincere thanks to my Doctoral Research Committee (DRC) members and faculty members of Department of Zoology for their valuable suggestions and comments on my research proposals. I am extremely grateful to Prof R.K. Mohanty, Prof. L. Mishra, and Dr. Himanshu Rout for their valuable comments, grammatical corrections and suggestions on my research thesis and encouragements to complete my work in time. My sincere thank are due to Chief Wildlife Warden, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) of Mizoram, Director, ACF, Range Officers and other forest staffs for providing the necessary permission to work inside the Dampa Tiger Reserve, Mamit. I am very grateful to Mr. Vanlalfaka , who has supported me in the field with all his dedication and passion. We spent most of study period together sharing all difficulties and hurdles in all field situations. iv I would like to thank two of my constant companion Dr Hillol jyoti Singh, and Dr Panna Dev from Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar. for their help and constant support from the first day of commencement of the study till the end. and also thank to my lab mates Dr Ramchandra kandel, Miss Phoebe lalremruati Ralte and Dr Lalamawia Sailo. Special thanks go to Mr Krishna Murthy, Pratima Khandayatroy, Abinash Giri, Dr Bibhutibhushan Sahu, Mr Jyotirmaya Jena, Dr Niladri bhushan Kar, Dr Janmejay Sethy, Mr Prakash Mardraj, for their moral support. I thankfully acknowledge the financial support given by Department of Science & Technology (DST) and University Grant Commission, Government of India, New Delhi. I deeply owe to my parents Mr. Antaryami Parida and Mrs. Basanti Parida for their constant encouragement and blessings for completion of my thesis work. My special gratitude is due to my wife Dr Bobby Chettri, my brothers, sisters and other family members for their valuable support for the completion of my research work in time. Date: Place: MZU ABINASH PARIDA v CONTENTS Page No Declaration i Certificate ii-iii Acknowledgement iv-v Contents vi-x List of Tables xi-xv List of Figures xvi-xviii List of Maps xix List of Photo Plates xx CHAPTER-I GENERAL INTRODUCTION Introduction 1 An overview of Primates 3 Distribution of genus Trachypithecus 6 Ecology and behavioral aspects of the genus Trachypithecus phayrei 8 Habitat loss, fragmentation and conservation status 10 Gastro-intestinal parasites 11 Human-Primate interactions 12 Statement of problem 12 CHAPTER-II OBJECTIVES 13 CHAPTER-III REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES 14-25 Introduction 14 Morphology of Phayre’s leaf monkey 16 Distribution and population status 18 vi Ecology and behavior 19 Habitat 19 Activity pattern and feeding ecology 20 Social behavior 22 Vocalization and communication 24 Conservation threats 24 CHAPTER-IV STUDY AREA AND SUBJECT 26-36 Location 26 Geology and Terrain 26 Climate 27 Vegetation 27 Fauna 27 The Primate population in DTR 28 Study Animals 29 Primate species in Dampa Tiger Reserve 30 Detailed description about Phayres’ leaf monkey 33 Study periods and study groups 34 CHAPTER-V PRIMATE COMMUNITIES AND THEIR 36-74 STATUS Introduction 36 Material and Methods 38 Population survey 38 Data analysis 39 vii Effective population 40 Results 41 Population distribution 48 Demography of primate population 60 Area of occupancy by different primate species 63 Discussion 66 CHAPTER- VI VEGETATION COMPOSITION AND HABITAT 70-90 CHARACTERISTICS Introduction 70 Material and Methods 74 Data Analysis 78 Results 78 Discussion 88 CHAPTER- VI I TIME BUDGET AND ACTIVITY PATTERN 91-130 OF PHAYRES’ LEAF MONKEY Introduction 91 Materials and Methods 93 Data analysis 96 Results 96 Daily time budget activity of Phayres’ leaf monkey 97 Feeding 98 viii Travelling 101 Resting 103 Grooming 105 Monthly activity time budget 108 Annual activity period 110 Seasonal activity period 114 Discussion 121 CHAPTER- VIII FOOD PREFERENCE AND DIET OF 131-157 PHAYRES’ LEAF MONKEY Introduction 131 Materials and Methods 134 Data analysis 136 Results 137 Discussion 152 CHAPTER-IX PRIMATE AND HUMAN INETRACTION 158-173 Introduction 158 Materials and Methods 162 Results 165 Number of animals killed per month in different villages 165 Numbers of animals killed by people from different villages 166 Discussion 169 ix CHAPTER-X PREVALNCE OF GASTRO-INTESTINAL 174-208 PARASITES OF PHAYRES’ LEAF MONKEY Introduction 174 Materials and Methods 177 Faecal sample collection 178 Sample processing 179 Data Analysis 179 Results 181 Discussion 196 CHAPTER -XI CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 209-220 BIBLIOGRAPHY 221 APPENDIX -I-VI 286 BRIEF BIODATA OF THE CANDIDATE PARTICULARS OFF PRINTS OF PUBLICATIONS x LIST OF TABLES Table Title Page No No 1.1 Non-human primates (NHPs) occurring in India and their 5 current conservation status. 4.1 Description of Age-Sex composition of selected two study 35 groups of Phayres’ leaf monkey for intensive behavioral observations with total number of scans. 5.1 Group Composition of Western hoolock gibbon in DTR 44 5.2 Group Composition of Phayres’ leaf monkey in DTR 44 5.3 Group Composition of Capped langur in DTR 45 5.4 Group Composition of pig-tailed macaque in DTR 46 5.5 Group Composition of Assamese macaque in DTR 47 5.6 Group Composition of Rhesus macaque in DTR 48 5.7 Details of site occurrence of Western hoolock gibbon 49 5.8 Details of site occurrence of Phayres’ leaf monkey 50 5. 9 Details of site occurrence of Capped langur 52 5.10 Details of site occurrence of pig-tailed macaque 53 5.11 Details of site occurrence of Assamese macaque 54 5.12 Details of site occurrence of Rhesus macaque 55 5.13 Primate Species distribution across different Forest type, terrain 57 and elevation 5.14 Group demography of different primate species 60 xi 5.15 Number of troops, troop composition, troop encounter rate and 62 population encounter rate of different species 5.16 Area occupied by different primate species in Dampa Tiger 65 Reserve 6.1 various parameters for vegetational analysis and indices for tree 76 species diversity 6.2 Details of quadrat studied in habitat of each primate species 79 6.3 Top twenty tree species recorded in distributed habitat of 80 Phayres’ leaf monkey as per their IVI value. 6.4 Top twenty tree species recorded in distributed habitat of 81 Western hoolock gibbon as per their IVI value 6.5 Top twenty tree species recorded in distributed habitat of capped 83 langur as per their IVI value. 6.6 Top twenty tree species recorded in distributed habitat of Pig- 84 tailed macaque as per their IVI value. 6.7 Top twenty tree species recorded in distributed habitat of 85 Assamese macaque as per their IVI value.