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Bibliography on ( tigris L.)

Global Tiger Forum Publication 2014

Copyright © Secretariat of Global Tiger Forum, 2014 Suggested Citation: Gopal R., Majumder A. and Yadav S.P. (Eds) (2014). Bibliography on Tiger (Panther tigris L.). Compiled and published by Global Tiger Forum, p 95. Cover Pic Vinit Arora Inside pictures taken by Vinit Arora, Samir K. Sinha, Aniruddha Majumder and S.P.Yadav

CONTENTS

Acknowledgements i

Introduction to Bibliography on tiger 1

Literature collection and compilation process for bibliography on tiger 2-4

1) Ecology, Natural History and 5-23

2) Aspects of Conflicts 24-35

3) Monitoring (tiger, co-predator, prey and habitat) and Status 36-62 evaluation

4) Genetics, morphology, health and disease monitoring 63-75

5) Protection, Conservation, Policies and Bio-politics 76-95

Acknowledgements

The “Bibliography on Tiger (Panthera tigris L.)” is an outcome of the literature database on tiger, brought out by the Global Tiger Forum (GTF). The GTF is thankful to all officials, scientists, conservationists from 13 Tiger Range Countries for their support. Special thanks are due to Dr Adam Barlow, Mr. Qamar Qureshi, Dr. Y.V. Jhala, Dr K. Sankar, Dr. S.P. Goyal, Dr

John Seidensticker, Dr. Ullas Karanth, Dr. A.J.T Johnsingh, Dr. Sandeep Sharma, Ms. Grace

Gabriel, Dr. Sonam Wangchuk, Mr Peter Puschel, Mr. Hazril Rafhan Abdul Halim, Mr Randeep

Singh and Dr. Prajna Paramita Panda for sharing some important references on tiger.

Mr P.K. Sen, Dr Jagdish Kiswan, Mr Vivek Menon, Mr Ravi Singh and Dr Sejal Vora and Mr

Keshav Varma are duly acknowledged for their comments and suggestions.

Mr Vinet Arora and Mr Samir K Sinha are acknowledged for sharing their photographs for this publication and Mr G.C Lam for editorial assistance.

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Introduction to Bibliography on Tiger

The tiger and its habitat have regressed globally over the years. Presently, the wild tiger population is confined to only thirteen Tiger Range Countries (TRCs): , ,

Cambodia, China, , Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Mayanmar, , Russia, and

Vietnam. It is important to understand the scientific findings relating to ecology, natural history this globally for its effective conservation.

In this publication, the Global Tiger Forum (GTF) has collated scattered online, free access published papers/reports on various aspects of tiger research and conservation. We also reached out to national and international scientists, besides library personnel, for sharing research papers/ articles, reports and thesis on , its prey and habitat. The overall goal is to bring together important research articles on tiger for easy access by park managers and biologists. The

“Bibliography on Tiger (Panthera tigris)” is, therefore, an anthology of all published information on tiger. These collated research papers/articles/ reports and thesis are stored in the literature data base of the GTF, and will be available for free access by park managers, conservationists and tiger biologists besides other stakeholders to support to support tiger conservation at global level.

Literature collection and compilation process for bibliography on tiger

In all 716 research papers/popular articles/ thesis and reports on tigers were collated from various

TRCs. The majority of these papers were obtained from India, followed by Russia, China and

Bangladesh (Figure 1).

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Total Publications (n=716) 250

200

150

100

50

0

India

China

Nepal

Russia

Bhutan

LaoPDR

General

Vietnam

Thailand

category

Malaysia

Myanmar

Indonesia

Cambodia Bangladesh

Figure 1. Collated published information (n=716) on tiger (Panthera tigris) from various Tiger Range Countries

The publications, have been categorized into the following thematic areas: (1) Ecology, Natural

History and Taxonomy (article/report on prey-predator interaction, co-predator interaction,

taxonomy and natural history), (2) Aspects of conflicts (article/reports on human-tiger/

conflicts), (3) Monitoring (tiger, co-predator, prey and habitat) and Status evaluation, (4)

Genetics, morphology, health and disease monitoring (Article/reports on genetics, morphological

disease and health monitoring of tiger and co-predators), (5) Protection, Conservation, Policies

and Bio-politics (Articles/reports on conservation, protection of tiger, co predator and prey).

Under each category, citation of aricles/papers/reports/thesis have been made, tiger range

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country wise. A general category has been included for articles/thesis/papers which are not specific to any TRC.

In this literature database on tiger, majority of the publications were from thematic area / category 3 i.e. Monitoring (tiger, co-predator, prey population and habitat) and Status evaluation, followed by category 5 (conservation) and category 1 (ecology) respectively (Figure 2).

Total Number of publications (n=716)

Ecology 161 158

Conflict

Monitoring

81 96 Genetics and Health

Conservation 220

Figure 2: Total number of publications from various categories/thematic areas.

In this bibliography, references have been arranged alphabetically in chronological order, vis-à- vis the year of publication. More than one reference from the same Author (s) during the same year has been identified by the letters "a", "b", "c", etc., placed after the year of publication.

The GTF is in the process of collating more information on tigers, from the TRCs. This

Bibliography shall be updated periodically. The GTF solicits assistance from wildlife biologists, scientists and managers in this regard to create a portal, for bringing together all information on

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tiger, thereby allowing greater access to information for strengthening tiger conservation globally. The contributors would be duly acknowledged.

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Theme 1- Ecology, Natural History and Taxonomy

1) Ecology, Natural History and Taxonomy

1.1.Bangladesh

Barlow A. C. D., Ahmed M. I. U., Rahman M. M., Howlader A., Smith A. C. and Smith J. L. D. (2008). Linking monitoring and intervention for improved management of tigers in the of Bangladesh. Biological Conservation 141:2031–2040.

Khan M. M. H. (2004). Ecology and conservation of the tiger in the Sundarbans forest of Bangladesh. PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, p 323.

Khan M. M. H. and Chivers D. J. (2007). Habitat preferences of tigers Panthera tigris in the Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh, and management recommendations. Oryx 41(4): 463–468.

Neumann-Denzau G. (2006).Tiger as scavenger. Tiger Paper 33(1):1-9.

Reza A. H. M. A., Feeroz M. M. and Islam M. A. (2001a). Food habits of the () in the Sundarbans. Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 29:173-179.

Reza A. H. M. A., Feeroz M. M., and Islam M. A. (2001b). Habitat preference of the Bengal tiger, Panthera tigris tigris in the Sundarbans of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Life Science 13:215‐217.

1.2.Bhutan

Wang S.W. (2008). Understanding ecological interactions among predators, ugulates and farmers in Bhutan's Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park. Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.

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Wang S.W. and Macdonald D.W. (2009). Feeding habits and niche partitioning in a predator guild composed of tigers, leopards and in a temperate in central Bhutan. Journal of Zoology 227: 275–283.

Wangchuk T. (2004). Predator-Prey Dynamics: The Role of Predators in the Control of Problem Species. Journal of Bhutan Studies 10:68-89.

1.3.Cambodia

Gray T.N.E. and Phan C. (2011). Habitat preferences and activity patterns of the larger community in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 59(2): 311–318.

Phan C. and Gray T.N.E. (2010). Ecology and natural history of in eastern Cambodia: evidence from cameratrapping in Mondulkiri Protected Forest and Phnom PrichWildlife Sanctuary. Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2 (2): 118-126.

1.4.China

Feng L., Lin L., Zhang L., Wang L., Wang B., Yang S., Smith J. L.D., Luo S., Zhang L. (2008). Evidence of Wild Tigers in Southwest China – A Preliminary Survey of the Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve. Catnews 48:4-6.

Kang A., Xie Y., Tang J., Sanderson E. W., Ginsberg J. R. and Zhang E. (2010). Historic distribution and recent loss of tigers in China. Integrative Zoology 5: 335-341.

Liwei T., Feng L. and Zhensheng L. (2003). Time Budget of Behavior and Activity Rhythm between Male and Female Amur Tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) under Enclosed Habitat. Acta Theriologica Sinica 23(12):93-97.

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Liwei T., Yanling S., Zhensheng L., Xiaoming W., Yanzhong W. (2003). Time Budget of Behavior of Amur Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) in Captivity. Acta Theriologica Sinica 23 (11): 2-5.

Minghai Z., Changzhi Z. and Dan L. (2006). Preliminary study on parturition behavior of semifree-ranging Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica). Acta Theriologica Sinica 26 (3):255 – 261.

Shizhou L., Shengqiao L. and Chen W. (2013). Preliminary comparation of three feeding methods for (Panthera tigris amoyensis) cubs. Acta Theriologica Sinica 33 (1):90 – 93.

Yangkang Z., Enle P., Chengpei X., Hui Z., Yuanyuan G. and Tianhou W. (2006). Mating behavior of the captive south China tigers (Panthera tigris amoyensis). Acta Theriologica Sinica 26 (3):307 – 310.

Zhenglei Q. and Honghai Z. and Xiaoming W. (2008). Copulatory behavior of semifree- ranging Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica). Acta Theriologica Sinica 28 (3):274 -279.

1.5.India

Acharyo L.N. and Mishra Ch G. (1980). Some aspects of reproduction among tigers (Panthera tigirs) of Nandan Kanan Biological Park. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 82:628-632.

Acharyo L.N., Prusty B.C. and Patnaik S.K. (2000). The Longevity of the tiger (Panthera tigirs) in Captivity. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 97(1):138-139.

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Andheria A.P., Karanth K.U. and Kumar N.S. (2007). Diet and prey profiles of three sympatric large in Bandipur Tiger Reserve, India. Journal of Zoology 273: 169- 175.

Avinandan D. (2003). Food habits of tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in , . M.Sc. Thesis, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, p 50.

Bagchi S., Goyal S. P. and Sankar K. (2003). Prey abundance and prey selection by tiger (Panthera tigris) in a semi arid, dry forest in western India. Journal of Zoology () 260: 285-290.

Bagla P. (2003). Experts Say Big Cats Don’t leave useful Track. Science 300:1355.

Bhattacharjee S., Malik P.K., Shekhawat R. S., Anoop K.R. and Sankar K. (2012). Tale of a traveling tiger. Sanctuary Asia, Mumbai, India, June 2012.

Biswas S. and Sankar K. (2002). Prey abundance and food habit of tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in , , India. Journal of Zoology (London) 256: 411-422.

Brander D.A.A. (1929). Tiger Tracks. Journal Bombay Natural History Society 33:978.

Burton R.G. (1920). Tigers in Trees. Journal Bombay Natural History Society 27:383-385.

Burton R.W. (1929) The Tiger’s Method of Making A ‘Kill’. Journal Bombay Natural History Society 33:974-976.

Chakrabarti K. (1979). Ecology of the Sundarbans tiger with particular reference to range of habitats and adaptability to changes. International Symposium on Tigers 1979, pp 146-150.

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Chakrabarti, K. (1979). Position Paper on Sundarban Tiger Reserve, p 27.

Chakrabarty, K. (1984). Statistical Ecology of Sundarbans Tiger. Tiger Paper 7(4):10.

Chakrabarty, K. (1986). Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in The Mangrove Forests of Sunderbans an Ecological Study. Tiger Paper 8(2): 8-11.

Champion F.W. (1929). Tiger Tracks, Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 33:284- 287.

Chaudhuri A.B. and Chakrabarti K. (1972). Wildlire biology of Sundarbans forests- observations on Tigers. Cheetal 15 (1):11-30.

Chaudhuri A.B. and Chakrabarti K. (1974). Wildlife Biology of Sunderbans Forests II. Reprinted from Science and Culture 40:210-212.

Chaudhuri A.B. and Chakrabarti K. (1979). Old map of Sunderban.

Chundawat R.N. (1997). Ecology of Tiger in Panna Tiger Reserve, TigerLink Meeting, i-3 Dec.

Chundawat R.S., Habib B., Karanth U. K., Kawanishi K. and Khan J. A., Lynam T., Miquelle D., Nyhus P., Sunarto S., Tilson R. and Wang S. (2011). Panthera tigris [cited 07 Jun 2013]. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN red list of . Version 2012.2. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org.

Chundawat R.S., Khan J.A. and Mallon D.P. (2011). Panthera tigris ssp. tigris. [cited 07 Jun 2013]. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2012.2. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org.

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Datye H. S. (1992). First Record of Tiger Panthera tigris in Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary, , and Its Predation on Melursus ursinus. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society.

Datye H. S. (1993). Elephant Calf Predation by Tiger Panthera tigris in Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary, Bihar. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 90:2

Fraser S.M. (1902). Tiger netting. Mysore- Society’s Journal 14:388-391.

Garga D.P. (1947). How far a Tiger can swim. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society pp 545-546.

Hanhart S. (1929). An Experience with Tiger. Journal Bombay Natural History Society, 33:976-977.

Harihar A, Pandav B. and Goyal S.P. (2011). Responses of leopard Panthera pardus to the recovery of a tiger Panthera tigris population. Journal of Applied Ecology 48: 806–814. Available:http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.01981.x.

Johnsingh A.J.T. (2011). On the tiger trail. Frontline 28 (13):64-71.

Johnsingh A.J.T. and Pandav B. (2008). Chowgarh to Chorgalia – walking in Corbett country. Sanctuary Asia pp 28 – 35.

Johnsingh A.J.T. and Mohon D. (2011). In tiger territory. Frontline 29 (12):64-71.

Johnsingh A.J.T and Pandav B. (2014). In Jim Corbett’s Landscape. Frontline pp 67-82.

Karanth K. U. (1991). Ecology and management of the tiger in tropical Asia. In Maruyama B. N., Bobek Y., Ono W., Bartos R. L. and P. R. Reglin (Eds)Wildlife Conservation: Present

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Trends and Perspectives for the 21st Century. Japan Wildlife Research Centre, Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan, pp 156-159.

Karanth K. U. and Sunquist M. E. (1995). Prey selection by tiger, leopard and in tropical forests. Journal of Ecology 64:439-450.

Karanth, K. U. and Sunquist, M. E. (2000). Behavioural correlates of predation by tiger, leopard and dhole in Nagarahole, India. Journal of Zoology 250:255-265.

Karanth K. U. (2003). Tiger ecology and conservation in the . Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 100:169-189.

Kotwal, P.C and Mishra, G.P. (1995). Claw Marking on Trees by Tiger Panthera tigris (Linn.) in Kanha National Park. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 92:111-112.

Kumar A. (2007). All tigers are not the same. Sanctuary Asia 72-73.

Majumder A. (2011). Prey Selection, food habits and population structure of sympatric carnivores tiger (Panthera tigris L.), leopard (Panthera pardus L.) and dhole (Cuon alpinus Pallas) in , Madhya Pradesh, India. Ph D thesis, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, India, p 236.

Kumaraguru A. and Saravanamuthu R., Brinda K. and Asokan S. (2010). Prey preference of large carnivores in , India. European Journal of Wildlife Research DOI 10.1007/s10344-010-0473-y.

Link W. A. and Karanth K. U. (1994). Correcting for over dispersion in testing for prey selectivity. Ecology 75: 2456-2459.

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Majumder A., Basu S., Sankar K., Qureshi Q., Jhala Y.V. and Gopal R. (2012). Prey Selection, Food Habits and Temporal Activity Patterns of Sympatric Carnivores in Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, , Journal of Scientific Transactions in Environment and Technovation 5(3):110-120.

Majumder A., Sankar K. and Qureshi Q. (2013). Co-existence patterns of large sympatric carnivores as influenced by their habitat use in a tropical deciduous forest of Central India, Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki 19: 89 – 98.

Majumder A., Sankar K., Qureshi Q. and Basu S. (2013). Predation of large sympatric carnivores as influenced by available population structure of wild in a tropical deciduous forest of Central India, Journal of Tropical Ecology 29 (5): 417 – 426.

Majumder A., Sankar K and Naik K. (2013). Collarwali- an Insight into the Secret Family Life of a Remarkable Pench Tigress. Sanctuary Asia, August Issue, p 76-81.

Mallick J.K. (2010). Past and present status of the Indian Tiger in northern , India: an overview. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 2(3): 739-952.

Mondal K., Gupta S., Bhattacharjee S., Qureshi Q., and Sankar K. (2012). Prey selection, food habits and dietary overlap between leopard Panthera pardus (Mammalia: ) and re-introduced tiger Panthera tigris (Mammalia: Carnivora) in a semi-arid forest of Sariska Tiger Reserve, Western India. Italian Journal of Zoology DOI:10.1080/11250003.2012.687402.

Mondal K., Gupta S., Bhattacharjee S., Qureshi Q. and Sankar K. (2012). Response of leopards to re-introduced tigers in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Western India. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 4(5): 228-236.

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Morris R. C. (1929). Proportion of the Sexes in tigers. Journal Bombay Natural History Society 33:978.

Ramakrishnan U., Coss R. G. and Pelkey N.W. (1999). Tiger decline caused by the reduction of large prey: evidence from a study of leopard diets in southern India. Biological Conservation 89:113–120.

Ramesh T. (2010). Prey Selection and Food habits of large carnivores (Tiger, Leopard and Dhole) in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Western Ghat, India. PhD Thesis, Saurastra University, p 178.

Ramesh T., Snehalatha V., Sankar K. and Qureshi Q. (2009). Food habits and prey selection of tiger and leopard in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, , India. Journal of Scientific Transactions in Environment and Technovation 2:170-181.

Ramesh T., Kalle R., Sankar K. and Qureshi Q. (2012). Dietary Partitioning in Sympatric Large Carnivores in a Tropical Forest of , India. Mammal Study 37 (4): 313- 321, DOI: 10.3106/041.037.0405.

Ramesh T., Kalle R., Sankar K. and Qureshi Q. (2012). Spatio-temporal partitioning among large carnivores in relation to major prey species in Western Ghats. Journal of Zoology 287: 269–275.

Reddy H.S., Srinivasulu C. and Rao K.T. (2004). Prey selection by the Indian tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in Nagarjunasagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve, India. Mammalian Biology 69: 384- 391.

Sankar K. and Johnsingh A.J.T. (2002). Food habits of tiger (Panthera tigris) and leopard (P. pardus) in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, India, as shown by scat analysis. Mammalia 66:285–289.

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Sankar K., Jhala Y. V., Qureshi Q., Gopal R., Majumder A. and Basu S. (2013) Ecology of Tigers in Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh and Maharasta. Final Report, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, p 296.

Schaller G. B. (1967). The Deer and the Tiger. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p 370.

Singh R., Krausman P.R., Pandey P., Qureshi Q., Sankar K., Goyal S.P. and Tripathi A. (2013). First parturition of tigers in a semi-arid habitat, India. European Journal of Wildlife Research, DOI 10.1007/s10344-013-0784-x.

Singh R., Majumder A, Qureshi Q., Sankar K, Goyal S.P and Nigam P. (2013). Inter-birth interval and Liter Size of Free Ranging Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in India, European Journal of Wildlife Research 59: 629-636.

Singh R., Qureshi Q., Sankar K., Krausman P.R. and Goyal S.P. (2014). Female reproductive characteristics of Bengal tigers, Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve, India. European Journal of Wildlife Research, DOI: 10.1007/s10344-014-0822-3.

Slack N.G. (2005). Life and Death Experiences of The Plant Hunters. Quarterly Review of Biology 80(3):337-340. DOI: 10.1086/432267.

Smythies E.A. (1987). A tiger that Climbed a tree. 3:26-32.

Sanyal P. (1981). Sundarban Tiger Reserve- an overview. Cheetal 22 (4): 5-8.

Sanyal P. (1983). Mangrove tigerland: the Sundarbans of India. Tiger paper 10 (3): 1-4.

Sanyal P. (1990). Tiger prey in the Sundarbans. Cat News, 13: 2.

Sanyal P. (1993). Tiger’s food in the Sundarbans. Environ 1 (1): 43-44.

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Sanyal P. (1999). Tiger-food in Sundarbans. Banabithi, Wildlife Special Issue, October: 10- 12.

Thapar V. (2004). Tiger: the ultimate guide. New York: Two Brothers Press.

Wikramnayeke E.D., Dinerstein E., Robinson J.G., Karanth U., Rabinowitch A.R., Olson D., Mathew T., Hedao P., Conor M., Hemeley G. and Bloze, D. (1998). An ecology based approach to setting priorities for conservation of tigers Panthera tigris, in the wild. Conservation Biology 12: 865-78.

1.6. Indonesia

Linkie M. and Ridout M. S. (2011). Assessing tiger–prey interactions in Sumatran rainforests Journal of Zoology 1–6.

Sunarto (2011). Ecology and restoration of Sumatran tigers in forest and landscapes. PhD Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University p 261.

1.7. LaoPDR

Kamler J.F., Johnson A., Vongkhamheng C. and Bousa A. (2012). The diet, prey selection, and activity of dholes (Cuon alpinus) in northern Laos. Journal of Mammalogy 93(3):627-633.

1.8.Malaysia

Khan M. K.B. M (1986). Tigers in Malaysia: Prospects for the future. Journal of Wildlife and Parks, 5:1-23.

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1.9.

Bangkok Post (23/02/2014). Tigers' final frontier-Efforts to conserve fragile big-cat are being hampered by their migration into Myanmar, fuelling moves to create a vast transborder sanctuary to further protect them.

http://www.bangkokpost.com/print/396472/

1.10. Nepal

Grey J. (2009). Prey Selection by Tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) in The Karnali Floodplain Of Bardia National Park, Nepal. M.Sc. thesis, Diploma of Imperial College London p 53.

Gurung B. B. (2008). Ecological and Sociological Aspects of Human-Tiger Conflicts in , Nepal. PhD thesis, University of Minnesota p 141.

McDougal C. (1977). The Face of the Tiger. Rivington Books, London.

Mcdougal C. (1988). Leopard and Tiger Interacfions at Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 85(3): 609-610.

Seidensticker J. (1976a). On the ecological separation between tigers and leopards. Biotropica 8:225–234.

Seidensticker, J. (1976b). Ungulate populations in Chitawan Valley, Nepal. Biological Conservation 10:183-201.

Seidensticker J and McDougal C. (1993). Tiger predatory behaviour, ecology and conservation. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London. 65:105-125.

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Seidensticker J.C., Sunquist M.E. and McDougal C.W. (1990). Leopard living at the edge of Royal Chitawan National Park, Nepal. In: Conservation in developing countries: problems and prospects. In Daniel, J. C. and Seraro, J. S. Eds. Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay, Oxford University Press pp. 415-423.

Smith, J.L.D. (1984). Dispersal, communication and conservation strategies for the tiger (Panthera tigris). PhD thesis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

Stoen O. G. (1994). The status and food habits of the tiger (Panthera tigris) population in the Karnali floodplain of Royal Bardia National Park, Nepal. M. Sc. thesis. Agricultural University of Norway.

Sunquist M.E. (1981). Social organization of tigers Panthera tigris in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 336: 1-98.

Wegge P., Odd M., Chiranjibi P., Pokharel D. and Storaas T. (2009). Predator–prey relationships and responses of ungulates and their predators to the establishment of protected areas: A case study of tigers, leopards and their prey in Bardia National Park, Nepal. Biological Conservation 142: 189-202.

1.11. Russia

Cahill T. (2001). Any body seen a tiger around here? Men’s Journal pp-77-80.

Goderich E. (1873). Rosa Bonheur and Her Tiger. The Aldine 6(6):118.

Goodrich J. The Magic of The Tiger, p 2. http://www.wcsrussia.org/en- us/publications/theamurtigerpopularpublications.aspx#.U-CxruOSyX8.

Guo J. (2007). Year of The Tiger. Nature 449:16-18.

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Kerley L. L., Goodrich J. M., Miquelle D. G., Smirnov E. N., Quigley H. B. and Hornocker M. G. (2003). Reproductive parameters of wild female Amur (Siberian) tigers (Panthera tigris altaica). Journal of Mammalogy 84(1), 288-298.

Kerley L. L. and Salkina G. P. (2007). Using Scent‐Matching Dogs to Identify Individual Amur Tigers from Scats. The Journal of wildlife management 71(4):1349-1356. Meitin P. (2007). American Hunter In Russia. Zov Taigi p 5.

Miller C. S. (2012). Amur Tiger Predation and Energetic Requirements in The Russian Far East: New Insights from Global Positioning System Collars. M. Sc Thesis in Wildlife Biology, The University of Montana p 92.

Miller C. S., Hebblewhite M., Petrunenko Y. K., Seryodkin I. V., Goodrich J. M., and Miquelle D. G. (2014). Amur tiger (< i> Panthera tigris altaica) energetic requirements: Implications for conserving wild tigers. Biological Conservation 170:120- 129.

Miquelle D. and Goodrich J. (1992). Good bye Olga. http://www.wcsrussia.org/en- us/publications/theamurtigerpopularpublications.aspx#.U-BoS-OSyX8.

Miquelle D. G, Smirnov E. N., Quigley H. G., Hornocker M. G., Nikolaev I. N. and Matyushkin E. N. (1996). Food habits of Amur tigers in Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik and the Russian Far East, and implications for conservation. Journal of Wildlife Research 1:138– 147.

Miquelle D.G. (2004). Living on The Edge: Tigers at The Northern Limits of Their Range, p 2.

Miquelle D. Vladimir. http://www.wcsrussia.org/en- us/publications/theamurtigerpopularpublications.aspx#.U-CxruOSyX8

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Miquelle D. Changing Galia’s Collar. http://www.wcsrussia.org/en- us/publications/theamurtigerpopularpublications.aspx#.U-BoS-OSyX8

Miquelle D. G., Goodrich J. M., Smirnov E. N., Stephens P. A., Zaumyslova O. Y., Chapron G., Kerley L., Murzin A. A., Hornocker M. G. and Quigley H. B. (2010). The Amur tiger: a case study of living on the edge. In Macdonald D. W. and Loveridge A. J. (Eds.) Biology and conservation of wild felids. Oxford University Press,Oxford, , pp 325–339.

Protas Y.L., Seryodkin I.V., Nissen S., Goodrich J.M., Smirnov E.N. and Miquelle D.G. (2010). Characteristics of marking activity of the Amur tiger. In Zhuravlev Y.N. (Ed), The Amur tiger in Northeast Asia — Planning for the 21st century: Proceedings of an international conference. DalNauka, Vladivostok, Russia, pp 135–138. (In Russian)

Raygorodetsky G. (2007). Heart of Russia. Wildlife Conservation Society, pp 34-37. http://www.wcsrussia.org/en-us/publications/theamurtigerpopularpublications.aspx#.U-Cj- OOSyX8.

Siberian Tigers Stalking Prey in The Cities. Washington Post 3-24.

Soutryina S. (2010). An Extraordinary Gift, Project Report. pp 2 http://archive.21stcenturytiger.org/index.php?pg=1275480449.

1.12. Thailand

Lynam A. J. and Jenks K. E. (2013).Terrestrial Activity Patterns Of Wild Cats From Camera-Trapping. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 61(1): 407–415.

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Petdee A. (2000). Feeding habits of the tiger (Panthera tigris) in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary by fecal analysis. Faculty of Forestry. Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand p 92.

Steinmetz R., Chutipong W., Seuaturien N. and Chirngsaard E. (2008). Community Structure of Large in Tropical Montane and Lowland Forest in theTenasserim- Dawna Mountains, Thailand. Biotropica 40 (3): 344-353.

1.13. Vietnam

Thinh V.N., Khanh L.Q. and Tuoc D. (2002). The tiger (Panthera tigris) ecology in Bach Ma National Park. Phu Loc. Save the Tiger Fund, p 66.

1.14. General category

Aung M., McShea W. J., Htung S., Than A., Soe T. Mya, Monfort S., Wemmer C. (2001). Ecology and Social Organization of a Tropical Deer (Cervus eldi thamin). Journal of Mammalogy 82 (3): 836-847.

Berger J. (2007). Repatriation and Holarctic Prey: Narrowing the Deficit in Ecological Effectiveness. Conservation Biology 21(4): 1105–1116.

Baryshnikov G.F. (2011). (Mammalia, Carnivora) From The Kudaro Paleolithic Cave Sites in The Caucasus. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 315 (3): 197–226.

Feranec R. S. (2008). Growth Differences in the Saber-Tooth of Three Felid Species. Palaios 23(7/8): 566-569.

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Gaultier E., Falewee C., Bougrat L. and Pageat P. (2005). Case Study: Introduction of A Female Tiger (Panthera tigris) in A Pre-Established Group of Two Neutered Males. In Mills D., Levine E., Landsberg G., Horwitz D., Duxbury M., Mertens P., Meyer K., Huntley L. R., Reich M. and Willard J. (Eds) Current Issues and Research in Veterinary Behavioral Medicine: Papers Presented at the 5th International Veterinary Behavior Meeting, Purdue University Press, Minneapolis p 310.

Hettena A. M., Munoz N. and Blumstein D. T. (2014). Prey Responses to Predator’s Sounds: A Review and Empirical Study. Ethology 120: 427–452.

Hayward M. W., Je˛drzejewski W. and Je˛drzewska B. (2012). Prey preferences of the tiger Panthera tigris. Journal of Zoology 286: 221–231.

Hemmer H. (1987). The phylogeny of the tiger (Panthera tigris). In: Tilson R.L., Seal U.S. (Eds) Tigers of the world: The biology, biopolitics, management and conservation of an endangered species. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications. pp. 28–35.

Hertler C. and Volmer R. (2008). Assessing prey competition in carnivore communities — a scenario for prey competition and its evolutionary consequences for tigers in Pleistocene Java. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 257: 67– 80.

Hoogerwerf A. (1970). : Physical and Behavioural Details, In Udjung Kulon: The Land of the Last Javan Rhinoceros, Chapter 33, p 245-256.

Hoogerwerf A. (1970).Udjung Kulon: The Land of The Last Javan Rhinoceros- Taxonomic details. Past and Present Range in Indonesia, In Particular Java.

21

Ji A., Johnson M.T., Walsh E.J., McGee J., Armstrong D.L. (2013). Discrimination of individual tigers (Panthera tigris) from long distance roars. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 133(3):1762-1769

Kitchener A.C. and Dugmore A.J. (2000). Biogeographical change in the tiger, Panthera tigris. Animal Conservation 3: 113–124.

Kock D. (1990). Historical record of a tiger, Panthera tigris (Linnaeus, 1758), in Iraq. Zoology in the Middle East 4:11-15.

Maza´ k, V. (1968). Nouvelle sous-espece de tigre provenant del’Asie due Sud-Est. Mammalia 32: 104–112.

Maza´ k, V. (1981). Panthera tigris. Mammalian Species 152: 1–8.

Maza´k J.H. (2010). Craniometric variation in the tiger (Panthera tigris): implications for patterns of diversity, taxonomy and conservation. Mammalian Biology 75: 45–68.

Mazák V., Groves C. P. and van Bree J. H. (1978). On a skin and skull of the , and a list of preserved specimens of Panthera tigris balica (Schwarz, 1912). Z. Saeugetierk 43: 108-113.

Maza´ k, J.H. (2004). On the sexual dimorphism in the skull of the tiger (Panthera tigris). Mammalian Biology 69: 392–400.

Maza´ k, J.H., Groves, C.P. (2006). A taxonomic revision of the tigers (Panthera tigris) of . Mammalian Boilogy 71:268–287.

Maza´ k J.H. and Groves C.P. (2006). A taxonomic revision of the tigers (Panthera tigris) of Southeast Asia. Mammlian Boilogy 71:268–287.

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Maza´k J.H., Christiansen P., Kitchener A.C. (2011). Oldest Known Pantherine Skull and Evolution of the Tiger. PLoS ONE 6(10): e25483. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025483.

New Tricks for Old Tiger Catchers. Wild Cat News p 5, www.cougarnet.org,

Odden M., Wegge P., Fredriksen T. (2010). Do tigers displace leopards? If so, why? Ecological Research 25: 875–881, DOI 10.1007/s11284-010-0723-1.

Piper P.J., Cranbrook E.O. and Rabett R.J. (2007). Confirmation of the Presence of the tiger Panthera tigris (L.) in and Borneo. Malayan Nature Journal 59(3):259-267.

Piper P. J., Ochoa J., Lewis H., Paz V., Ronquillo W. P. (2008). The first evidence for the past presence of the tiger Panthera tigris (L.) on the island of Palawan, Philippines: in an island population. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 264:123–127.

Pocock R.I. (1929). Tigers. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 33:505-541.

Seidensticker J. and McDougal C. (1993). Tiger predatory behaviour, ecology and conservation. In Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 65:105-125).

Sunquist M. E., Karanth K. U. and Sunquist F. (1999). Ecology, behaviour and resilience of the tiger and its conservation needs. In Seidensticker, J., Christie S. and Jackson P. (Eds). Riding the tiger. tiger conservation in human dominated landscapes, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press pp 5-18.

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Theme 2-Aspects of Conflicts

2. Aspects of Conflicts

2.1.Bangladesh

Bangladesh Forest Department (2001). Man Killing by Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in Sundarban Forest. Paper at the 2nd assembly meeting of tiger Global Tiger Forum.

Barlow, A. C. D. (2009). The Sundarbans tiger: adaptation, population status and conflict management. PhD Thesis, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, p 191.

Barlow A. C. D., Greenwood C. J., Ahmad I. U. and Smith J. L. D. (2010). Use of an Action- Selection Framework for Human-Carnivore Conflict in the Bangladesh Sundarbans. Conservation Biology 24: 1338–1347.

Barlow A. C. D., Alam Md. M., Islam Md. K., Ahsan Md. M., Haque Md. A., Md. Islam A and Greenwood C. J. (2011). Tiger Human Conflict Report 2010, p 33.

Barlow A.C.D., Ahmad I. and Smith J.L.D. (2013). Profiling Tigers (Panthera tigris) to Formulate Management Responses to Human-Killing in the Bangladesh Sundarbans. Wildlife Biology and Practices 9(2): 30-39, DOI:10.2461/wbp.2013.9.6.

Clover C. (1991). Tigers see through mask ruse to kill 50. News Paper p 1.

Greenwood C. J. (2010). Living with Man Eaters. http://www.discoverwildlife.com/animals/tigers-living-man-eaters.

Halder N. K. (2005). A Study on Tiger-Human Conflicts in The Sundarban Reserve Forest (Bangladesh). Tiger Paper 32(3):8-13.

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Inskip C. (2013). People, tigers and the Sundarbans: the human dimensions of human tiger conflict in Bangladesh, PhD Thesis, Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, U.K., p 218.

Inskip C., Ridout M., Fahad Z., Tully R., Barlow A., Barlow C. G., Islam Md. A., Roberts T. and MacMillan D. (2013). Human–Tiger Conflict in Context: Risks to Lives and Livelihoods in the Bangladesh Sundarbans. Human Ecology, DOI 10.1007/s10745-012-9556-6.

Khan M. M. H. (2009). Can domestic dogs save humans from tigers Panthera tigris? Oryx 43(1): 44–47.

Khan M. M. H. (2010). Consumption of tiger prey by people and tiger straying status along the northern forest-village boundary of the Sundarbans of Bangladesh, pp 1-7.

Mohsanin S., Barlow A. C. D., Greenwood C. J., Islam M. A., Kabir M. M., Rahman M. M. and Howlader A. (2011). BTAP Threat Assessment: Prey . Wildlife Trust of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh, p 26.

Mohsanin S., Barlow A. C. D., Greenwood C. J., Islam M. A., Kabir M. M. , Rahman M. M. and Howlader A. (2012). Assessing the threat of human consumption of tiger prey in the Bangladesh Sundarbans. Animal Conservation, DOI:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2012.00571.x

Neumann-Denzau G. and Denzau H. (2010). Examining the Extent of Human-Tiger Conflict in The Sundarbans Forest, Bangladesh. Tiger Paper 37(2):4-7.

Rahman H. A., Barlow A. C. D., Greenwood C. J., MD. Islam A. and Ahmed I. U. (2009). Livestock Depredation by Tiger on the edge of The Bangladesh Sundarbans, p 19.

Reza A. H. M. A., Feeroz M. M. and Islam M. A. (2002). Man-tiger interaction in the Bangladesh Sundarbans. Bangladesh Journal of Life Science 14:75-82.

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2.2.Bhutan

Sangay T. and Vernes K. (2008). Human–wildlife conflict in the kingdom of Bhutan: patterns of livestock predation by large mammalian carnivores. Biological Conservation 141: 1272–1282.

Wang S. W. (2006). Conflict Resolution and Conservation, Bhutan-A Final Report Save The Tiger Fund, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, p 12.

Wang S.W. and Macdonald D.W. (2006). Livestock predation by carnivores in Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Bhutan. Biological Conservation 129: 558–565.

2.3.Cambodia

Loucks C., Mascia M.B., Maxwell A., Huy K., Duong K., Chea N., Long B., Cox N. and Seng T. (2008). Wildlife decline in Cambodia, 1953–2005: exploring the legacy of armed conflict. Conservation Letters 1-11.

2.4.China

Bing L., Endi Z. and Zhongbao L. (2009). Livestock depredation by Amur tigers in Hunchun Nature Reserve, Jilin, China. Acta Theriologica Sinica 29 (3):231 -238.

Endi Z., Schaller G. B., Zhi L. and Hong Z. (2002). Tiger Predation on Livestock in Gedang, Medog, Southeast Tibet. Acta Theriologica Sinica 22(2):81-86.

Shaochun Z., Haiyi S., Minghai Z., Xiangdong L., Jiao Y. and Lin L. (2008). Regional distribution and population size fluctuation of wild Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) in Heilongjiang Province. Acta Theriologica Sinica 28 (2):165 -173.

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Soha Yi H., Carrascoa L. R., Miquelle D. G., Jiangc J., Yangd J., Stokes E. J., Tange J, Kange A., Liue P., Rao M. (2014). Spatial correlates of livestock depredation by Amur tigers in Hunchun, China: Relevance of prey density and implications for management. Biological Conservation 169: 117–127.

Yu L., Endi Z., Zhihong L. and Xiaojie C. (2006). Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) predation on livestock in Hunchun Nature Reserve, Jilin, China. Acta Theriologica Sinica 26 (3):213 – 220.

2.5.India

Alves J. P. G. (1999). Men and Tigers in Sariska Tiger Reserve, India. Cat News, 30:12-30. Bhadauria R.S and Singh A.N. (1994). Cyclic Pattern of Predation on Domestic Livestock by The Tigers of Corbet National Park, U.P., India. Tiger Paper 1(2): 5-7.

Brown W. N. (1921). Vyaghramari, or the Lady Tiger-Killer: A Study of the Motif of Bluff in Hindu Fiction. The American Journal of Philology 42 (2):122-151.

Chowdhury M.K. (1985). Man-Eating Behavior of the Tigers of Sundarbans, West Bengal, Environment and Ecology 3(2):243-248.

Chowdhury, M. K. and Sanyal P. (1985). Use of electroconvulsive shocks to control tiger predation on human beings in Sundarban Tiger Reserve. Tiger paper 12 (2): 1-5.

Chowdhury A. N., Mondal R., Brahma A and Biswas M.K. (2008). Eco-psychiatry and Environmental Conservation: Study from Sunderban Delta, India. Environmental Health Insights 2:61–76.

Corbett J. (1944). Man-eaters of Kumaon. London: Oxford University Press, p 243.

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Damodaran A. (2008). Risk management instruments for debt driven conservation Efforts: The case of India's . Ecological Economics 8: 625 – 633.

Das C. S. (2009). Spatio-temporal study of the hazards induced by in Sundarban. West Bengal. Indian journal of landscape System and Ecological Studies 32 (1): 330-338.

Das C. S. (2012). Tiger straying incidents in Indian Sundarban: statistical analysis of case studies as well as depredation caused by conflict. European Journal of Wildlife Ressearch 58:205–214.

Datta A, Anand, M.O. and Naniwadekar R. (2008). Empty forests: Large carnivore and prey abundance in , north-east India. Biological Conservation 141:1429 – 1435.

Dhanwatey H. S., Crawford J. C., Abade L. A. S., Dhanwatey P. H., Nielsen C. K., and Sillero- Zubiri C. (2013). Large carnivore attacks on humans in central India: a case study from the Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve. Oryx 47:221-227.

Driven to become a man-eating tiger- New Sunday Times 28-6-98.

Harihar A. (2005). Population, Food Habits and Prey Densities of Tiger in Chilla Range, , Uttaranchal, India. M Sc. Thesis, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, India, p 83.

Harihar A., Pandav B. and Goyal S.P. (2009) Responses of tiger (Panthera tigris) and their prey to removal of anthropogenic influences in Rajaji National Park, India. European Journal of Wildlife Research 55:97–105.

Hari P.R., Reddy C.S., Singh R. and Jha C.S. (2014). Landscape level analysis of Disturbance regimes in Protected Areas of Rajasthan, India. Journal of Earth System Sciences 123(3): 467- 478.

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Howard W. E. (1982). A Tiger Problem in India. Proceedings of the Tenth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1982), Paper 20.

How I Became a Man-Eater Story by Dr. A.J.T. Johnsingh, p 7, www.periyartigerreserve.org/

Jackson P. (1983). Man-Eating Tigers..WWF publications.

Jackson P. (1984). Myths and misconceptions about Man-Eating Tigers, pp 4.

Jackson P. (1985). Man eating tigers.

Jackson P. (1989).Two-Faced answer to the tiger terror – Daily Nation, Friday September, 22, 1989.

Jackson P. (1989).Two Faced tactic makes tigers think twice, News Paper.

Jharkhali Tiger Caged and Freed. The Statesman Calcutta 27/9/74.

Karanth K. K., Curran L. M. and Reuning-Scherer J. D. (2006). Village size and forest disturbance in Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary,Western Ghats, India; Biological Conservation 128: 147–157.

Karanth K. K., Gopalaswamy A. M., Defries R. and Ballal N. (2012). Assessing Patterns of Human-Wildlife Conflicts and Compensation Around a Central Indian Protected Area. PloS One 7(12): e50433. http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050433.

Karanth K. K., Treves N. K., DeFries R. and Gopalaswamy A. M. (2013). Living with wildlife and mitigating conflicts around three Indian protected areas. Environemental Management. doi 10.1007/s00267-013-0162-1.

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Karanth K. K., Gopalaswamy A. M., Prasad P. K. and Dasgupta S. (2013). Patterns of human- wildlife conflicts and compensation: Insights from Western Ghats protected areas. Biological Conservation, 166:175–185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.06.027.

Madhusudan M. D. (2003). Living Amidst Large Wildlife: Livestock and Crop Depredation by Large Mammals in the Interior Villages of Bhadra Tiger Reserve, , Environmental Management, 31 (4): 466–475.

Ogra M. V. (2008). Human–wildlife conflict and gender in protected area borderlands:A case study of costs, perceptions, and vulnerabilities from (Uttaranchal), India, Geoforum 39:1408–1422.

Sanyal P. (1987). Managing the man-eaters in the Sundarbans Tiger Reserve of India- a case study. In Tilson R. L. and Seal U. S. (Eds.), Tigers of the world: the biology, biopolitics, management, and conservation of an endangered species. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ: 427-434.

Sanyal P. (1998). Maneaters of Sundarbans. Environ 6 (1): 17-22.

Sanyal P. (1999b). Man-eating tigers of Sundarbans. In Guha Bakshi D. N., Sanyal P. and Naskar K. R. (Eds) Sundarbans Mangal, Naya Prakash, : 449-454.

Sanyal P. (2001). Maneating tigers of Indian Sundarbans, West Bengal, 43 (20): 27-32.

Seidensticker J., Lahiri R.K., Das K.C. and Wright A. (1976). Problem Tiger in Sundarban. Oryx 26-273.

Sinha S., Sharma L. K. and Nathawat M. S. (2012). Tigers Losing Grounds: Impact of Anthropogenic Occupancy On Tiger Habitat Suitability Using Integrated Geospatial-Fuzzy Techniques. The Ecoscan (Special Issue) 1:259-263

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Why Killer tiger Pose a new Threat to Man- Sunday Telegraph, March 2.

2.6.Indonesia

Kafle S. K. (2011). Rapid Disaster Risk Assessment of Wild Animal Attacks: With Special Reference to (Panthera tigris sumatrae) in Aceh, Indonesia, p 18.

Nugraha R.T. (2005). Handling human-tiger conflicts as a measure to support Sumatran tiger conservation effort in Indonesia. M. Sc thesis, Saxion University Deventer (NL), University of Greenwich (U.K.) p 86.

Nugraha R. T. and Sugardjito J. (2009). Assessment and Management Options of Human-Tiger Conflicts in Kerinci Seblat National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia. Mammal Study 34(3):141-154.

Nyhus P. J. and Tilson R. (2004). Characterizing human-tiger conflict in Sumatra, Indonesia: implications for conservation Oryx 38 (1): 68–74.

2.7.Lao PDR

Johnson A., Vongkhamheng C., Hedemark M., and Saithongdam T. (2006). Effects of human– carnivore conflict on tiger (Panthera tigris) and prey populations in Lao PDR. Animal Conservation 9:421–430.

2.8.Malaysia

Abdul J.B. (1986). Case study of man-eating tiger in Pahang. Journal of Wildlife and Parks 5:143-147.

Ellagupillay S. (1983). Livestock depredation problem by tiger in cattle farms. The Journal of Wildlife and Parks 2:144-150.

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Imran (1999). Tappers arrives too late to Save Wife from Fatal Tiger Attack .

Kawanishi K., Sunquist M. E. and Jasmi A. (2006). Effects of human activities on the tiger-prey community in Taman Negara National Park, Peninsular Malaysia and their implications for conservation. In Management and Status of Resources in Protected Areas of Peninsular In Sahir O., Siti Hawa Y., Savanathan E., Shukor M. N., Norhayati A. and Shahrul A. M. S. (Eds.) Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Department of Wildlife and National Parks, pp 175-198.

2.9.Myanmar

Samper C. (2013). In Myanmar, Natural Resources Are Key to Conflict Resolution. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-cristian-samper/in-myanmar_b_3727049.html

2.10. Nepal

Allendorf T., Gurung B. and Smith J. L. D. (2009). Community-Based Monitoring of Tigers in Nepal, Himalaya, 29:(1-2)64.

Barber-Meyer S. M., Jnawali S. R., Karki J. B., Khanal P., Lohani S., Long B., MacKenzie D. I., Pandav B., Pradhan N. M. B., Shrestha R., Subedi N., Thapa G., Thapa K. and Wikramanayake E. (2003). Influence of prey depletion and human disturbance on tiger occupancy in Nepal. Journal of Zoology 289: 10–18.

Bhattarai B. R. (2009). Human-Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) Conflict In Bardia National Park, Nepal. M Sc thesis, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, p 95.

Carter N.H., Shrestha B.K., Karki J.B., Pradhan N.M.B. and Liu J. (2012). Coexistence between wildlife and humans at fine spatial scales. Proceeding of Natural Academic Science USA 109 (38):15360–15365.

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Carter N. H., Shawn J. R., Shortridge A., Shrestha B. K. and Liu J. (2013). Spatial Assessment of Attitudes toward Tigers in Nepal. AMBIO DOI 10.1007/s13280-013-0421-7.

Carter N. H., Shrestha B. K., K. J. B., N. M. B. Pradhan and Liua J. (2013). Reply to Goswami et al., Harihar et al., and Karanth et al.: Fine-scale interactions between tigers and people. Proceeding of Natural Academic Science USA 110 (2): E111–E112.

Goswami V.R., Vasudev D., Karnad D., Krishna Y. C., Krishnadas M., Pariwakam M., Nairh T., Andheria A., Sridharae S. and Siddiquii I. (2012). Conflict of human–wildlife coexistence. Proceeding of Natural Academic Science USA 110:E108.

Gurung B., Smith J.L. D., McDougal C., Karki J. B. (2006). Tiger Human Conflicts: Investigating Ecological and Sociological Issues of Tiger Conservation in the Buffer Zone of Chitwan National Park, Nepal, p 61.

Gurung B., Smith James L. David, McDougal C., Karki J. B., Adam Barlow (2008). Factors associated with human-killing tigers in Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Biological Conservation 141: 3069 –3078.

Harihar A., Chanchani P., Sharma R. K., Vattakaven J., Gubbie S., Pandav B. and Noon B. (2012). Conflating “co-occurrence” with “coexistence”. Proceeding of Natural Academic Science USA 110:E109.

Karanth K.U., Gopalaswamy A. M., Karanth K.K., Goodrich J., Seidensticker J. and Robinsona J. G. (2012). Sinks as saviors: Why flawed inference cannot assist tiger recovery. Proceeding of Natural Academic Science USA 110:E110.

McDougal C. (1987). The Man-eating tiger in geographical and historical perspective. In Tilson, R.L. and Seal U.S. (Eds.), Tigers of the World: The Biology, Biopolitics, Management and

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Conservation of an Endangered Species. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, New Jersey, pp. 435– 488.

McDougal C., Barlow A., Thapa D., Kumal S. and Tamang D.B. (2005). Tiger and human conflict increase in Chitwan reserve buffer zone, Nepal. Cat News 40: 3–4.

2.11. Russia

Kerley L. L., Goodrich J. M., Miquelle D. G., Smirnov E. N., Quigley H. B. and Hornocker M. G. (2002). Effects of roads and human disturbance on Amur tigers. Conservation Biology 16(1): 97-108.

Miquelle D.G., Nikolaev I. G., Goodrich J., Litvinov B., Smirnov E.N. and Suvorov E. (2005). Searching for the coexistence recipe: a case study of conflicts between people and tigers in the Russian Far East. In Woodruffe R., Thirgood S. (Eds). People and wildlife: conflict or co- existence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 305–322.

Tiger Attacks on Humans, Livestock in Soviet Prompt Action. International Herald Tribune, Thursday, March, 27, 1986.

2.12. Thailand

Thailand Tiger Action Plan 2010-2022. Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Thailand, p 50, http://www.dnp.go.th/TigerCenter/Thailand_tiger_action_plan_2010-2022.pdf.

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2.13. Vietnam

Thompson C. (2010). Tigers on the brink. Facing up to the challenge in the Greater Mekong: Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam. WWF Greater Mekong, Vientiane, Laos, p 23.

2.14. General category

Dasan Y. (1999). Woman tapper dies after attack by tiger.

Emami P., Kaiser T. M., Regelsberger J., Goebell E., Fiehler J., Westphal M., Heese O. (2012). Case report: surviving a tiger attack. Neurosurg Review 35:621–624.

Goodrich J. M. (2010). Human–tiger conflict: A review and call for comprehensive plans. Integrative Zoology 5: 300-312., doi: 10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00218.x, Jackson, P. (1973). Tigers and Men, p 3

Jackson P. and Smith D. (1983). Can Tigers Coexist With Humans? WWF Monthly Report November, pp. 681-684.

Nyhus P.J. Tilson R.L., and Tomlinson J.L. (2003). Dangerous in Captivity: Ex Situ Tiger Conflict and Implications for Private Ownership of Exotic Animals-Zoo Biology 22:573– 586 .

Ward.G. C. (1994). The People and the Tiger. Audubon pp. 62-69.

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Theme 3- Monitoring (tiger, co-predator, prey and habitat) and Status evaluation

3. Monitoring (tiger, co-predator, prey and habitat) and Status evaluation

3.1.Bangladesh

Bangladesh Forest Department (2002). Survey to determine the relative abundance of tiger, and spotted deer in the Bangladesh, Sundarban Forest during December 2001 to March 2002. Technical Reports-TR No.17, ADB:BAN 1643/3158.

Bangladesh Forest Department (2004). Final tiger census report. Government of Bangladesh., p 49.

Barlow A. C. D., Chakma S., Hossain A. N. M., Rahman M., Howlader A., Greenwood C. J., Md. Islam A., Ahmed I. U. and Smith J. L. D. (2009a). Bangladesh Sundarbans Relative Tiger Abundance Survey, p 20.

Barlow A. C. D., Chakma S., Hossain A. N. M., Rahman M., Howlader A., Greenwood C. J., Md. Islam A., Ahmed I. U. and Smith J. L. D. (2009b). Bangladesh Sundarbans Relative Tiger Abundance Survey, Technical Report, p 23.

Barlow A.C.D., Smith J.L.D., Ahmad I.U., Hossain A. N.M., Rahman M. and Howlader A. (2010). Female tiger Panthera tigris home range size in the Bangladesh Sundarbans: the value of this mangrove ecosystem for the species’ conservation. Fauna and Flora International. Oryx 45(1): 125–128.

Cornforth W. A., Fatoyinbo T. E., Freemantle T. P. and Pettorelli N. (2013). Advanced Land Observing Satellite Phased Array L-Band SAR (ALOS PALSAR) to Inform the Conservation of : Sundarbans as a Case Study. Remote Sensing 5:224-237, DOI:10.3390/rs5010224.

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Greenwood C. J., Hossain A. N. M., Barlow A. C. D., Chakma S. and Islam Md. A. (2009). Sundarbans Reserved Forest Protection Assessment, p 14

Greenwood C. J., Barlow A. C. D. and Ahsan Md. M (2009). Sundarbans Reserved Forest Protection Assessment: Target State Final Report, p 82.

Greenwood C. J. (2010). Sundarbans Tiger Project Overview 2009-2010. p 17.

Haque A., Barlow A.C.D. and Ahsan M. (2010). Wild Animal Capture and Immobilization Workshop .

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Khan M.M.H. (2012). Population and prey of the Bengal Tiger Panthera tigris tigris (Linnaeus, 1758) (Carnivora: Felidae) and their prey in the Sundarbans, Bangladesh. Journal of Threatened Taxa 4(2): 2370–2380.

Loucks C., Barber-Meyer S. Md. A. A. Hossain, Barlow A. Chowdhury R. M. (2010). and tigers: predicted impacts to Bangladesh’s Sundarbans mangroves A letter. Climatic Change 98:291–2.

Rahman M.M. (1982). A study of tiger population of Nilkamal Sanctuary in The Sundarbans. Bano Biggyan Patrika 11(1-2):36-40.

Reza A. H. M. A., Feeroz M. M. and Islam M. A. (2002). Prey species density of the Bengal tiger in the Sundarbans. Journal of Asiatic Society Bangladesh Science 28: 35-42.

Seidensticker J. (1986). Large Carnivores and the Consequences of Habitat Insularization: Ecology and Conservation of Tigers in Indonesia and Bangladesh. In Miller S.D. and Everett

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D.D. (Eds) Cats of the World: Biology, Conservation and Management, Washington, DC: National Wildlife Federation, pp 20-21.

Smith A. C., Barlow A. C. D., Ahmed I. U. and Smith J. L. D. (2007). An estimation of defecation rate in the Sundarbans of Bangladesh, p 7.

3.2. Bhutan

Dorji P. and Santiapillai C. (1989). Status, distribution and conservation of the tiger in Bhutan. Biological Conservation 48:311-319.

Tempa T., Norbu N., Dhendup P. and Nidup T. (2011). Results from a Camera Trapping Exercise for Estimating Tiger Population Size in the Lower Foothills of Royal . UWICE and RMNP: RGoB. Lamai Gompa, Bumtang

Wang S. W. and Macdonald D. W. (2009). The use of camera traps for estimating tiger and leopard populations in the high altitude mountains of Bhutan. Biological Conservation 142: 606 –613.

Wang S.W. (2010). Estimating population densities and biomass of ungulates in the temperate ecosystem of Bhutan. Oryx 44(3): 376–382.

3.3.Cambodia

Cambodia Tiger Review, p 5.

Cutter P. G. (2000). 10 Day Large Mammal and Habitat Assessment in Western Pursat Province, Cambodia, University of Minnesota Graduate Program in Conservation Biology, p 21.

Gray T., Channa P., Chanrattana P. and Sovanna P. (2011). Establishing baseline ungulate densities in Mondulkiri Protected Forest and Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia.

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Eastern Plains Landscape Project: WWF Greater Mekong Cambodia Country Program, p 40.

Gray T. N.E., Phan C., Pin C. and Prum S (2012). Establishing a monitoring baseline for threatened large ungulates in eastern Cambodia. Wildlife Biology 18: 1-9, DOI: 10.2981/11-107.

Gray T.N.E. and Prum S. (2011). Leopard density in a post conflict landscape, Cambodia: evidence from spatially explicit capture-recapture. Journal of Wildlife Management 76: 163–169.

Gray T.N.E., Ou R., Huy K., Pin C, and Maxwell A.L. (2012).The status of large mammals in eastern Cambodia: a review of camera trapping data 1999-2007. Cambodian Journal of Natural History (1): 42–55.

Phan C., Prum S. and Gray T.N.E. (2010). Recent camera-trap records of globally threatened species from the Eastern Plains Landscape, Cambodia. Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2 (2): 89-93.

Sun H. (2000). Status of the Tiger and its Conservation in Cambodia, M.Sc. Thesis. University of Minnesota, p 114.

Walston J., Davidson P. and Soriyun M. (2001). A wildlife survey in southern Mondulkiri Province, Cambodia. WCS Cambodia Program, Phnom Penh, p 80.

3.4.China

Allen G.M. (1940). The Mammals of China and Mongolia. Natural History of Central Asia, 11 (1):480-486.

Anderson J., Defu H., Hualong S., Jun L. and Stalmans M. (2004). Survey of Pre-Selected Sites in China and Recommendation on A Pilot Reserve for The Reintroduction of The Chinese Tiger, p 87. http://chinese.savechinastigers.org/system/files/Pilot+reserve+ecological+survey.pdf.

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Bangjie T. (1982). Tigers in China, p 13

Bangjie T. (1982). The Present Status of Chinese Tigers, p 4.

Bangjie T. (1992). South China Tiger, p1.

Breitenmoser U., Tilson R. and Nyhus P. (2006). Reintroduction of the Chinese Tiger. Cat News 44:15.

Changzhi Z., Minghai Z. and Guangshun J. (2012). Guangshun Assessment of monitoring methods for population abundance of Amur tiger in Northeast China. Acta Ecologica Sinica 32(19):5943-5952.

Dajun W., Sheng L., McShea W.J. Ming L. F. (2006). Use of Remote-Trip Cameras for Wildlife Surveys and Evaluating the Effectiveness of Conservation Activities at a Nature Reserve in Sichuan Province, China. Environment Management 38:942–951, DOI 10.1007/s00267-005- 0302-3.

Dongning G. and Jialong T. (2010). Population size and habitat of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in the eastern Wanda Mountains. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 30 (1):28 – 34.

Joint Declaration of Helongjiang Siberian Tiger Park, Gulin Xiongsen Bear and Tiger Garden (2007).

Lau M. W., Fellowes J. R. and Chan B. P. L. (2010). Carnivores (Mammalia: Carnivora) in South China: a status review with notes on the commercial trade Mammalian Review, 40(4): 247–292.

Liwei T., Feng L. Zhensheng L. (1999). Present status and perspective of tiger research in China. Journal of Forestry Research 10(4):243-246.

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Luo S. (2010). The status of the tiger in China, CATnews Special Issue 5:10-13. Qui M., Zhang M. and Liu W. (1997). A Preliminary Study on The Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris) In Namcha Barwa, Southeastern Tibet. 17 (1): 1-7.

Ming Z. and Mingjiang Q. (1998). The Present Status of Number and Distribution of Tigers in Jinzhu Tsangpo Valley, Southeastern Tibet. Acta Theriologica Sinica 18 (2): 81-86.

Zhou S. C., Zhang M. H., Sun H. Y. and Yin Y. X. (2011). Prey biomass of the Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) in the eastern Wanda Mountains of Heilongjiang Province, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica 31(3): 145-153.

Tilson R., Defu H., Muntifering J. and Nyhus P. J. (2004). Dramatic decline of wild South China tigers Panthera tigris amoyensis:field survey of priority tiger reserves. Oryx 38(1): 40–47.

Tian Y., Wu J., Wang T and Ge J. (2014). and landscape fragmentation jeopardize the population viability of the Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica). Landscape Ecology 29:621-637.

Tong L., Jinsong J., Zhigang W., Xiaodong H., Jingcai W. and Xingjia Y. (2001). Survey on Amur Tigers in Jilin Province. Acta Theriologica Sinica 21(1):1-6.

Xiaofeng L., Yi Q., Diqiang L., Shirong L., Xiulei W., Bob W. and Chunquan Z. (2011). Habitat evaluation of wild Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) and conservation priority setting in north- eastern China. Journal of Environmental Management 92:31e42.

Wang W., Qingyong S. and Yuzhong Y. (2011). Demographic Studies on Captive South China Tigers. Acta Theriologica Sinica 23(11):6-9.

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Zhang C. Z., Zhang M. H. and Jiang G. S. (2012). Assessment of monitoring methods for population abundance of Amur tiger in Northeast China. Acta Ecologica Sinica 32(19):5943- 5952. (In Chinese)

3.5.India

Ahmed M.F., Das C., Das D., Sarma P., Deka J., Talukdar S., Momin S. and Talukdar B.K. (2009). Ecological monitoring of tigers in , , India. Technical Report, Aaranyak, TRCI:01/2009.

Ahmed M.F., Borah J., Das C., Basumatary A., Sarma R.N., Gogoi D.D., Buragohain, S.N., Vasu N.K., Talukdar B.K., Jhala Y.V. and Qureshi Q. (2010). Monitoring tigers and prey animals of , Assam, India. Technical Report. Aaranyak, TRCI:04/2010, p 50.

Athreya V., Navya R., Odden M., Linnell J.D. and Karanth K.U. (2012). A report on monitoring of the collared tigress in Brahmapuri Forest Division, . Submitted to the Office of the Chief Wildlife Warden, Maharashtra. Centre for Wildlife Studies, p 26.

Athreya V., Navya R., Punjabi G. A., Linnell J. D. C., Odden M., Khetarpal S. and Karanth K. U. (2014). Movement and activity pattern of a collared tigress in a human-dominated landscape in central India. Tropical Conservation Science, 7(1): 75-86.

Bahuguna A., Sahajpal V., Goyal S.P., Mukherjee S.K. and Thakur V. (2010). Species Identification from Guard hair of selected Indian Mammals: A reference Guide. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India, p 447.

Bhagavatula J. and Singh L. (2006). Genotyping faecal samples of Bengal tiger Panthera tigris tigris for population estimation: A pilot study. BMC Genetics.7(1):48.

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Borah J. M., Ahmed M.F. and Sarma P.K. (2010). islands as potential corridors for dispersing tigers: A case study from Assam, India. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 2(11):350-358.

Chauhan D. S., Harihar A., Goyal S. P., Qureshi Q., Lal P. R. and Mathur V. B. (2005). Estimating tiger population using camera traps in Ranthambore National Park . Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun, India, p 24.

Chanchani P., Warrier R., Bista A., Nair S., Lodhi N., and Gupta M. (2014). Status of Tigers in Forest Division, Arc Landscape, , India, p 34.

Das P. K and Sanyal P. (1995). Assessment of Stable Pug Measurement Parameters for Identification of Tigers. Tiger Paper 22(2):22-26.

Ghosal R. and Venkataraman A. (2013). An adaptive system of vigilance in spotted deer (Axis axis) herds in response to predation. Current Science 104(6):768-771.

Gopalaswamy A. M., Karanth K. U., Kumar N. S. and Macdonald D. W. (2012). Estimating tropical forest ungulate densities from sign surveys using abundance models of occupancy. Animal Conservation 15(6): 669-679, DOI:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2012.00565.x.

Harihar A., Pandav B. and Goyal S.P. (2009a). Density of leopards (Panthera pardus) in the Chilla Range of Rajaji National Park, Uttarakhand, India. Mammalia 73: 68–71.

Harihar A., Pandav B. and Goyal S. P. (2009b). Subsampling photographic capture-recapture data of tigers (Panthera tigris) to minimize closure violation and improve estimate precision: a case study. Population Ecology 51: 471-479.

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Harihar A. and Pandav B. (2012). Influence of Connectivity, Wild Prey and disturbance on Occupancy of Tigers in the Human-Dominated Western . PLoS ONE 7(7): e40105. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040105.

Hines J. E., Nichols J. D., Royle J. A., MacKenzie D. I., Gopalaswamy A. M., Kumar N.S., and Karanth K. U. (2010). Tigers on trails: Occupancy modeling for cluster sampling. Ecological Applications 20:1456-1466.

Imam E., Kushwaha S. P. S. and Singh, A. (2009). Evaluation of suitable tiger habitat in , India, using multiple logistic regression. Ecological Modelling 220:3621–3629.

Jena J., Borah J., Dave C. and Vattakaven J. (2011). Lifeline for Tigers: Status and Conservation of the Kanha-Pench Corridor, WWF-India, New , India, p 39.

Jhala Y.V., Gopal R., Qureshi Q. (eds.) (2008). Status of the Tigers, Co-predators, and Prey in India. National Tiger Conservation Authority, Govt. of India, New Delhi, and Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun. TR 08/001, p 151.

Jhala Y.V., Qureshi Q., Gopal R. and Sinha P.R. (Eds.) (2011). Status of the Tigers, Co-predators, and Prey in India, 2010. National Tiger Conservation Authority, Govt. of India, New Delhi, and Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun. TR 2011/003, p 302.

Jhala Y.V., Qureshi Q. and Gopal R. (2011a). Can the abundance of tigers be assessed from their signs? Journal of Applied Ecology 48: 14–24.

Jhala Y.V. Qureshi Q., Gopal R. (2011b). Counting India's Wild Tigers Reliably: A Response, SCIENCE.

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Johnsingh A.J.T. (2006). Status and Conservation of the Tiger in Uttaranchal, Northern India. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 35(3):135-137.

Johnsingh, A. J. T. and Negi A. S. (2003). Status of tiger and leopard in Rajaji-Corbett Conservation Unit, northern India. Biological Conservation 111:385–393.

Johnsingh A.J.T., Ramesh K., Qureshi Q., David A., Goyal S.P., Rawat G.S., Rajapandian K. and Prasad S. (2004). Conservation status of tiger and associated species in the Terai Arc Landscape, India. RR-04/001, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, p. viii + 110.

Johnsingh A.J.T., Pandav B., Ramesh K and Qureshi Q. (2010). Conservation Status of Rajaji- Corbett Corridor for Tiger and Elephant Movement. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 107 (3):246-249.

Joshi A., Vaidyanathan S., Mondol S., Edgaonkar A., Ramakrishnan U. (2013). Connectivity of Tiger (Panthera tigris) Populations in the Human-Influenced Forest Mosaic of Central India. PLoS ONE 8(11): e77980. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0077980.

Kalle, R., Ramesh, T., Qureshi, Q. and Sankar, K. (2011). Density of tiger and leopard in a tropical deciduous forest of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, southern India, as estimated using photographic capture-recapture sampling. Acta Theriologica 56: 335–342.

Karanth K. U. (1995). Estimating tiger Panthera tigris populations from data using capture–recapture models. Biological Conservation 71:333–338.

Karanth, K. U. (2011). India’s Tiger Counts: The Long March to Reliable Science. Economic and Political Weekly, 18:22-25.

Karanth, K. U. and Sunquist, M. E. (1992). Population structure, density and biomass of large herbivores in the tropical forests of Nagarahole, India. Journal of Tropical Ecology 8: 21-35.

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Karanth K. U. and Nichols J. D. (1998). Estimating tiger densities in India from camera trap data using photographic captures and recaptures. Ecology 79:2852-2862.

Karanth K. U., Nichols J. D., Seidensticker J., Dinerstein E., Smith J. L. D., McDougal C., Johnsingh A. J. T., Chundawat R. S. and Thapar V. (2003). Science deficiency in conservation practice: The monitoring of tiger populations in India. Animal Conservation 6: 141-146.

Karanth K. U., Nichols J. D., Kumar N. S., Link W. A. and Hines J. E. (2004). Tigers and their prey: predicting carnivore densities from prey abundance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 101:4854-4858.

Karanth K. U., Chundawat R. S., Nichols J. D. and Kumar N. S. (2004). Estimation of tiger densities in the tropical dry forests of Panna, central India, using photographic capture-recapture sampling. Animal Conservation 7:285-290.

Karanth K.U. and Kumar N.S. (2005). Distribution and Dynamics of Tiger and Prey Populations in Maharashtra, India. Final Technical Report. Centre for Wildlife Studies, Bangalore, India.

Karanth K. U., Nichols J. D., Kumar N. S. and Hines J. E. (2006). Assessing tiger population dynamics using photographic capture-recapture sampling. Ecology 87:2925-2937.

Karanth K. K., Nichols J. D., Hines J. E., Karanth K.U. and Christensen N.L (2009). Patterns and determinants of mammal species occurrence in India. Journal of Applied Ecology 46:1189-1200.

Karanth K. U., Gopalaswamy A. M., Kumar N. S., Vaidyanathan S., Nichols J. D. and MacKenzie D. I. (2011). Monitoring Carnivore Populations at the Landscape Scale. Journal of Applied Ecology 48: 1048–1056, DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02002.x

Karanth K. U., Gopalaswamy, A. M., Kumar N. S., Delampady M., Nichols J. D., Seidensticker J., Noon B. R. and Pimm S. L. (2011). Counting India’s Wild Tigers Reliably. Science 332: 791.

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Kotwal, P.C and Gopal, R. (1995). Radio-Telemetry and Field Observations on Territoriality of Tigers in Kanha National Park. Tiger Paper 22(4):6-11.

Kumar N. S. and Bindra, P.S. (2013). Camera traps reveal man-eater’s history. Oryx, 47(1), 13– 18.

Mallik J.K. (2011). Status of The Mammal Fauna in Sundarban Tiger Reserve,West Bengal – India. 03(02): 52-68.

Majumder A, Basu S., Sankar K., Qureshi Q., Jhala Y.V., Nigam P. and Gopal R. (2012). Home ranges of the radio-collared Bengal tigers (Panthera tigris tigris L.) in Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, Central India, Wildlife Biology in Practices, 8(1): 36-49.

Mann R., Warrier R. and Chanchani P. (2013). Status of Tiger, Leopard and Prey in Nandhaur Valley, Baseline estimates from the sub-Himalayan Nandhaur region of Uttarakhand, India. Technical report by WWF-India p 80.

Nandy S., Kushwaha S.P.S., Mukhopadhyay S. (2007).Monitoring the Chilla–Motichur using geospatial tools, Journal for Nature Conservation 15: 237—244.

Nichols J. D., O’Connell F. A. and Karanth K. U. (2011). Camera traps in animal ecology and conservation: What’s next? In O’Connel A. F., Nichols J. D. and Karanth K. U. (Eds) Camera Traps in Animal Ecology. Springer, Tokyo, pp 253-264.

Post G. S. (2010). Evaluation of Tiger : the use of comparative effectiveness research, PhD Thesis, Duke University.

Post G. and Pandav, B. (2013). Comparative evaluation of tiger reserves in India. Biodiversity Conservation, DOI 10.1007/s10531-013-0554-9.

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Qureshi Q., Gopal R., Kyatham, S., Basu S., Mitra A. and Jhala. Y.V. (2006). Evaluating Tiger Habitat at the Tehsil level. Project Tiger Directorate, Govt. of India, New Delhi, and Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun TR No.06/001, p 162.

Ranganathana J., Chanb, K. M. A., Karanth K. U. and Smith J. L. D. (2008). Where can tigers persist in the future? A landscape-scale, density-based population model for the Indian subcontinent, Biological Conservation 141:67 –77.

Rajapandian K. (2009). Factors Affecting Habitat Occupancy of Tiger in the Terai ARC Landscape, India. PhD thesis, Saurashtra University p 189.

Sankar K., Qamar Q., Parag N., Malik P.K., Sinha P.R., Mehrotra R.N., Gopal R., Bhattacharjee S., Mondal K., Gupta S. (2010). Monitoring of reintroduced tigers in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Western India: preliminary findings on home range, prey selection and food habits. Journal of Tropical Conservation Science 3:301–318.

Sankar K., Nigam P., Malik P.K., Qureshi Q., and Bhattacharjee S. (2013). Monitoring of Reintroduced Tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan. Technical Report-1. July 2008-March 2013. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun, p 141.

Sharma S. (2001). Evaluation of Pugmark Mark Census Technique. MSc. Thesis, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun.

Sharma S., Jhala Y. V. and Sawarkar V. B. (2003). Gender discrimination of tigers by using their pugmarks.Wildlife Society Bulletin, 31:1, 258–264.

Sharma S., Jhala Y. V. and Sawarkar V. B. (2005). Identification of individual tigers (Panthera tigris) from their pugmarks. Journal of Zoology 267: 9-18.

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Sharma R.K. and Jhala Y.V. (2010). Monitoring tiger populations using intensive search in a capture–recapture framework. Population Ecolology 53(2):373-381, DOI 10.1007/s10144-010- 0230-9.

Sharma R. K., Jhala, Y.V., Qureshi Q., Vattakaven J., Gopal R. and Nayak K. (2010). Evaluating capture–recapture population and density estimation of tigers in a population with known parameters. Animal Conservation 13: 94-103.

Sharma R. K., Jhala Y.V. and Qureshi, Q. (2011). Home range size of a tigress in Sundarbans, India: preliminary results. CATnews 54: 13-16.

Singh L.A.K. (2012). Supplement to Khan 2012 - Technological enhancements needed in photo- trap approach for forthright use by tiger population managers. Journal of Threatened Taxa 4(4): 2551–2552.

Singh R., Joshi P.K., Kumar M., Dash. P .P. and Joshi. B .D. (2009). Development of Tiger Habitat Suitability Model using Geospatial Tools –A case study in Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary (AMWLS), India. Environmental monitoring and assessment 155:555- 567.

Singh R., Qureshi Q., Sankar K., Krausman P.R. and Goyal S.P. (2013). Use of camera traps to determine dispersal of tigers in semi-arid landscape, western India. Journal of Arid Environments 98: 105-108.

Singh R., Qureshi Q., Sankar K, Krausman P.R., Joshi B.D., Goyal S.P. (2014). Distinguishing sex of free-ranging tigers using pugmark measurements. Italian Journal of Zoology, DOI: 10.1080/11250003.2014.910276.

Sinha S., Sharma L. and Nathawat M. S. (2011). Retrieving Tiger Habitats: Conserving Wildlife Geospatially, Applied Remote Sensing Journal 2(1):1-5.

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Wanted alive-Tigers in the Wild (1994). A WWF status report, p 20.

Wildlife Institute of India (2009). Status of tiger and its prey species in Panna Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh. Final Report submitted to Madhya Pradesh Forest Department, Bhopal. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun, p 36.

3.6.Indonesia

Amstrong D. and Seal U. (1993). Tiger Immobilizations –Tiger Beat p12,

Ashby K. R. and Santiapillai C. (1988). An outline Strategy for the Conservation of the Tiger (Panthera Tigris) in Southern Inoonesia, p5.

Borner M. (1977). Status and Conservation of the Sumatra Tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae), p 12.

Faust T. and Tilson R. (1988).Developing Management Strategies for Sumatran Tigers (Panthera tigris sumatrae) Utilizing GIS to Estimate Distribution and Numbers, Conference Proceeding, p 29.

Imron M. A. (2011). An Individual-based Model Approach for the Conservation of the Sumatran Tiger Panthera tigris sumatrae Population in Central Sumatra. Ph D thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, p 184.

Integrated Tiger Protection and Monitoring in Bukit Tigapuluh National Park - Progress Report Aug 03, Part 1, p 10.

Integrated Tiger Protection and Monitoring in Bukit Tigapuluh National Park - Progress Report Aug 03, part 2, p 13.

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Integrated Tiger Protection and Monitoring in Bukit Tigapuluh National Park - Progress Report Aug 03, Part 3, p 7.

Maddox T., Priatna D., Smith J., Gemita E. and Salampessy A. (2007). Rapid Survey for Tigers and Other Large Mammals: SM Bentayang, SM Dangku, South Sumatra. Zoological Society of London, UK, p 60.

O’Brien T., Kinnaird, M. and Wibisono H. (2003). Crouching tigers, hidden prey: Sumatran tiger and prey populations in a tropical forest landscape. Animal Conservation 6:131–139. DOI:10.1017/S1367943003003172.

Priatna D., Santosa Y., Prasetyo L.B. and Kartono A.P. (2012a). Home range and movements of male translocated problem tigers in Sumatra. Asian Journal of Conservation Biology 1(1): 20– 30.

Priatna D., Santosa Y., Prasetyo L.B., Kartono A.P. (2012b). Habitat Selection and Activity Pattern of GPS Collared Sumatran Tigers, JMHT 18 (3):155-163.

Sunarto S., Kelly M.J., Parakkasi K., Klenzendorf S., Septayuda E., Kurniawan H. (2012). Tigers Need Cover: Multi-Scale Occupancy Study of the in Sumatran Forest and Plantation Landscapes. PLoS ONE 7(1): e30859. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030859.

Sunarto Kelly M.J., Klenzendorf S., Zulfahmi M.R.V., Hutajulu M.B. and Parakkasi K. (2012). Threatened tigers on the equator: multi-point abundance estimates in central Sumatra. Oryx 47(2): 211–220.

Survey, Assessment and Conservation of the Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park III (2012). A report to the Exxon/ Mobil Save The Tiger Fund, p 8.

The first Sumatran Tiger radio-collared, ARAZPA Tiger Campaign Information Pack.

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Wibisono H.T., Linkie M., Guillera-Arroita G., Smith J.A., Sunarto, Pusparini W., Asriadi, Baroto P., Brickle N., Dinata Y., Gemita E., Gunaryadi D., Haidir I. A., Herwansyah, Indri Karina, Kiswayadi Dedy, Kristiantono D., Kurniawan H., Lahoz-Monfort J. J., Leader-Williams N., Maddox T., Martyr D. J., Maryati, Nugroho A., Parakkasi K., Priatna D., Ramadiyanta E., Ramono W. S., Reddy G. V., Rood E. J. J., Saputra D. Y., Sarimudi A., Salampessy A., Septayuda E., Suhartono T., Sumantri A., Susilo, Tanjung I., Tarmizi, Yulianto K., Yunus M., Zulfahm. (2011). Population Status of a Cryptic Top Predator: An Island-Wide Assessment of Tigers in Sumatran Rainforests. PLoS ONE 6(11): e25931. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025931.

Wilkinson D. M. and O’regan H. J. (2003). Modelling differential to understand big cat distribution on Indonesian islands. Global Ecology and Biogeography 12: 519–524.

3.7. Lao PDR

Coudrat C.N.Z., Nanthavong C., Sayavong S., Johnson A, Johnston J.B. and Robichaud W.G. (2014). Conservation importance of Nakai-Nam Theun National Protected Area, Laos, for small carnivores based on camera trap data. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 62: 31–49.

Vongkhamheng C. (2011). Abundance and distribution of tiger and prey in montane tropical forest in northern Lao People Democratic Republic. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, p 102.

3.8. Malaysia

Ellagupillay S. (1984). Territorial range of an adult tigress at Behrang Ulu Cattle Farm. The Journal of Wildlife and Parks. 3: 63-67.

Kawanishi K. (2002). Population status of tigers (Panthera tigris) in a primary rainforest of Peninsular Malaysia. Ph D. thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, USA, p 126.

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Kawanishi K., Siti Hawa Y., Kadir A. H. A. and Rahmat T. (2003). Distribution and potential population size of the tiger in Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Wildlife Parks (Malaysia) 21: 29- 50.

Kawanishi K. and Sunquist M. E. (2004). Conservation status of tigers in a primary rainforest of Malaysia. Biological Conservation 120: 329-344.

Lynam A. J., Laidlaw R., Wan Noordin W. S., Elagupillay S. and Bennett E. L. (2007). Assessing the conservation status of the tiger Panthera tigris at priority sites in Peninsular Malaysia, Oryx, 41(4): 454–462.

Mohd Azlan J. and Sharma D. S. K. (2003). Camera trapping the , Panthera tigris corbetti, in a secondary forest in Peninsular Malaysia. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 51: 421 – 427.

Topani R. (1990). Status and distribution of tiger in Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Wildlife and Parks 9:71-102.

3.9. Myanmar

Kywe T. Z. (2012). Habitat Suitability Modeling for Tiger (Panthera tigris) in the Hukaung Valley Tiger Reserve, Northern Myanmar. Ph.D. Thesis, p 158.

Rabinowitz A., Schaller G. B. and Uga U. (1995). A survey to assess the status of Sumatran Rhinoceros and other large mammal species in Tamanthi Wildlife Sanctuary, Myanmar. Oryx 29(2):123-128.

3.10. Nepal

Barlow A.C.D., McDougal C., Smith J.L.D., Gurung B., Bhatta S.R., Kumal S., Mahato

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B. and Tamang D.B. (2009a). Temporal variation in tiger (Panthera tigris) populations and its implications for monitoring. Journal of Mammalogy 90(2):472-478.

Gurung B. B. (2002). Mapping the meta population structure of tigers throughout Nepal by establishing a tiger monitoring network of ‖Village rangers‖. M.Sc thesis, University of Minessota, USA, p 144.

Gurung B., Smith J.L.D. and Shrestha M. (2006). Using ‘‘Bagh Heralu’’ network to map the structure of tigers in Nepal. In: McNeely J., McCarthy T., Smith A., Whittaker L., Wikramanayake E. (Eds.), Conservation biology in Asia. Resource Himalaya, pp. 214–232.

Islam K. K., Joshi D. and Sato N. (2012).Tiger Conservation in Chitwan National Park, Nepal: An Analysis of Social, Ecological and Management Perspectives. International Journal of Environment 2(1): 64–72.

Kandel R.C. (2012). Wildlife use of Bharandabhar forest corridor: Between Chitwan National Park and Mahabharat foothills, Central Tarai, Nepal. Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment 4(5):119-125.

Karki A. (2009). Relative abundance and distribution of tiger prey base in Bardia-Katarniyaghat Corridor Forest, Bardia, Nepal. B Sc. Thesis, Tribhuvan University, Nepal, p 50.

Karki J. B. (2011). Occupancy and Abundance of Tigers and their Prey in the Terai Arc Landscape, Nepal. PhD thesis Forest Research Institute University, p 167.

Karki J. B., Pandav B., Jnawali S. R., Shrestha R., Pradhan N. M. B., Lamichane B. R., Khanal P., Subedi N. and Jhala, Y. V. (2013). Estimating the abundance of Nepal’s largest population of tigers Panthera tigris. Oryx 48(01).

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Karki A., Jnawali S. R., Adhikari S., and Sharma S. K. (2013). Abundance and distribution of tiger prey base at Bardia-Katarniyaghat corridor forest, Nepal. Banko Janakari 22(2): 53-56.

Pradhan N.M.B. (2007). A Landscape approach in Conserving Large Mammals: A Case Study from Western Terai, Nepal. The Initiation 44-55.

Poudel, B.S. (2007). Thirty Years of managing Suklaphanta, the Swamp Deer and the Tiger: Issues and Strategies. The Initiation 72-76.

Seidensticker J., Tamang K.M. and Gray C.W. (1974). The use of CI-744 to Immobilize free- Ranging Tigers and Leopards. Animal Medicine 5(4):22-25.

Seidensticker J. and Shresta M. (2010). Tiger Populations and Habitat Monitoring, White paper: Tiger Executive Leader Forum, April 15, 2010.

Smith J. L. D. (1993). The role of dispersal in structuring the Chitwan tiger population. Behaviour 124:165–195.

Smith, J. L. D. and Mcdougal C. (1991). The contribution of variance in lifetime reproduction to effective population size in tigers. Conservation Biology 5:484–490.

Smith J. L. D., Ahearn S. C. and Mcdougal C. (1998). Landscape analysis of tiger distribution and habitat quality in Nepal. Conservation Biology 12:1338–1346.

Wegge P., Pokheral C. and Jnawali S. R. (2004). Effects of trapping effort and trap shyness on estimates of tiger abundance from camera trap studies. Animal Conservation 7: 251-256.

3.11. Russia

A Monitoring Program For The Amur Tiger Third-Year Report: 1999-2000, p 100 http://www.wcsrussia.org/en-us/publications/theamurtigerscientificpublications.aspx

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A Monitoring Program For The Amur Tiger Thriteenth-Year Report: 1998-2010 (2010), p 21. http://www.wcsrussia.org/en-us/publications/theamurtigerscientificpublications.aspx

A Monitoring Program For The Amur Tiger Fourth-Year Report: 2000-2001, p 117, http://www.wcsrussia.org/en-us/publications/theamurtigerscientificpublications.aspx

A Monitoring Program For The Amur Tiger Fifth-Year Report: 2001-2002, p 127, http://www.wcsrussia.org/en-us/publications/theamurtigerscientificpublications.aspx

A Monitoring Program For The Amur Tiger Sixth-Year Report: 2002-2003, p 136, http://www.wcsrussia.org/en-us/publications/theamurtigerscientificpublications.aspx

A Monitoring Program For The Amur Tiger Seventh-Year Report: 2003-2004, p- 50, http://www.wcsrussia.org/en-us/publications/theamurtigerscientificpublications.aspx

A Monitoring Program For The Amur Tiger Ninth-Year Report: 2005-2006, P 35 http://www.wcsrussia.org/en-us/publications/theamurtigerscientificpublications.aspx

A Monitoring Program For The Amur Tiger Tenth-Year Report: 2006-2007, p 32. http://www.wcsrussia.org/en-us/publications/theamurtigerscientificpublications.aspx

Aramilev V. V., Miquelle D., Quigley H. (1999). Leasing Habitat for the Amur Tiger. Final Report, 1-36.

Aramilev V. V. and Fomenko P. V. (2000). Simultaneous survey of Far Eastern leopards and Amur tigers in Southwest Primorski Krai.

Carroll C. and Miquelle D.G. (2006).Spatial viability analysis of Amur tiger Panthera tigris altaica in the Russian Far East: the role of protected areas and landscape matrix in populationpersistence. Journal of Applied Ecology 43:1056–1068.

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Establishing A Monitoring Program For The Amur Tiger First-Year Report: 1997-1998, p 29. http://www.wcsrussia.org/en-us/publications/theamurtigerscientificpublications.aspx#.U-Cok- OSyX8.

Goodrich J. M., Kerley L. L., Smirnov E. N., Miquelle D. G.,. McDonald L, Quigley H. B., Hornocker M. G., and McDonald T. (2008). Survival rates and causes of mortality of Amur tigers on and near the Sikhote‐Alin Biosphere Zapovednik.Journal of Zoology 276(4): 323-329.

Goodrich J.M., Miquelle D.G., Smirnov E.N., Kerley L.L., Quigley H.B. and Hornocker M.G. (2010). Spatial structure of Amur (Siberian) tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) on Sikhote- Alin Biosphere Zapovednik, Russia. Journal of Mammalogy 91:737–748.

Hojnowski C. E., Miquelle D. G., Myslenkov A. I., Strindberg S., Smirnov E. N. and Goodrich, J. M. (2012). Why do Amur tigers maintain exclusive home ranges? Relating ungulate seasonal movements to tiger spatial organization in the Russian Far East. Journal of Zoology 287(4): 276- 282.

Matyushkin E.N., Pikunov D. G., Dunishenko Y. M., Miquelle D. G., Nikolaev I. G., Smirnov E. N., Salkina G. P., Abramov V. K., Bazylnikov V. I., Yudin V. G. and Korkishko V. G. (1996). Numbers, distribution, and habitat status of the Amur tiger in the Russian Far East: “Express- report”. Final report to the USAID Russian Far East Environmental Policy and Technology Project, p 31.

Miquelle D.G., Merrill W.T., Dunishenko Y.M., Smirnov E.N., Quigley H.B., Pikunov D.G., Hornocker M.G. (1999). A habitat protection plan for the Amur tiger: developing political and ecological criteria for a viable land-use plan. In Seidensticker J., Christie S. and Jackson P. (Eds.), Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, pp. 273–295.

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Miquelle D.G., Smirnov E.N., Merrill T.W., Myslenkov A.E., Quigley H.B., Hornocker M.G., Schleyer B. (1999). Hierarchical spatial analysis of Amur tiger relationships to habitat and prey. In Seidensticker J., Christie S. and Jackson P. (Eds). Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human- Dominated Landscapes. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp.71–99.

Miquelle D., Goodrich J. and Christie S. (2001). Rehabilitation and Translocation of Two Adult Female Amur Tigers, p 15.

Miquelle D.G., Pikunov D.G., Dunishenko Y.M., Aramilev V.V., Nikolaev I.G., Abramov V.K., Smirnov E.N., Salkina G.P., Seryodkin I.V., Gaponov V.V., Fomenko P.V., Litvinov M.N., Kostyria A.V., Yudin V.G., Korkisko V.G. and Murzin A.A. (2005). A Survey of Amur (Siberian) Tigers in The Russian Far East, 2004-2005, p 77.

Miquelle D.G. (2006). Monitoring Amur Tigers 2005-2006, Final Report To The National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, Save The Tiger Fund From The Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), p 53. http://www.wcsrussia.org/en-us/publications/theamurtigerscientificpublications.aspx#.U- Cok-OSyX8.

Miquelle D. G, Yu M, Dunishenko D. A, Zvyaginstsev D. A, Darensky A. A. et al. (2009) Twelfth Year Report, 1998–2009. A monitoring program for the Amur tiger, p 54. http://www.wcsrussia.org/en-us/publications/theamurtigerscientificpublications.aspx#.U- ChzOOSyX8.

Pikunov D. G., Abramov V. K., Korkishko V. G., Nikolaev I. G. and Belov A. I. (2000). “Sweep” survey of Far Eastern leopards and Amur tigers in Southwest Primorski Krai.

Smirnov E.N. and Miquelle D.G. (2005) Population dynamics of the Amur tigers in Sikhote-Alin State Biosphere Reserve, 1966–2003. In Miquelle D.G., Smirnov E.N. and Goodrich J.M. (Eds) Tigers in Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik: Ecology and Conservation, PSP, Vladivostok, Russia [in Russian], pp. 75–83.

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Sun B., Miquelle D. G., Xiaochen Y., Zhang E., Hiyai S., Goshen G., Pikunov D. G., Dunishenko Y. M., Nikolaev I. G. and Daming L. (1999). Survey of Amur tigers and Far Eastern leopards in eastern Heilongjiang Province, China, and recommendations for their conservation. A final report to The Wildlife Conservation Society, p 56.

Tian Y., Wu J., Smith A. T., Wang T., Kou X. and Ge J. (2011). Population viability of the Siberian Tiger in a changing landscape: Going, going and gone? Ecological Modelling 222(17): 3166-3180.

Yang S., Jiang J., Wu Z., Li T., Yang X., Han X., Miquelle D. G., Pikunov D. G., Dunishenko Y. M. and Nikolaev I. G. (1998). Report on the Sino-Russian joint survey of Far Eastern leopards and Siberian tigers and their habitat in the Sino-Russian boundary area, eastern Jilin Province, China. A final report to the UNDP and The Wildlife Conservation Society, p 42.

3.12. Thailand

Chutipong W., Lynam A. J., Steinmetz R., Savini, T., and Gale G. A. (2014). Sampling mammalian carnivores in western Thailand: Issues of rarity and detectability. Raffles Bulletin Of Zoology 62: 521-535.

Cutter P. and Smith J. L.D. (2002) Assessing the status of tigers in the of Thailand and developing a landscape scale management plan, Final Report to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, p 23.

Grassman L. I. Jr., Tewes M. E. and Silvy N. J. (2005). Armoring the Camtrakker® Camera- Trap in a Tropical Asian Forest. Wildlife Society Bulletin 33(1):349-352.

Jenks K. E., Chanteap P., Damrongchainarong K., Cutter P., Cutter P., Redford T., Lynam A. J., Howard J. and Leimgruber P. (2011). Using relative abundance indices from camera-trapping to

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test wildlife conservation hypotheses – an example from Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. Tropical Conservation Science 4 (2):113-131.

Rabinowitz A. (1989). The density and behavior of large cats in a dry tropical forest mosaic in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society 37: 235–251.

Rabinowitz A. (1993). Estimating the Indo-Chinese Tiger Panthera tigris corbetti Population in Thailand. Biological Conservation 65:213-217.

Thailand - China Tiger Survey Training Course – Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary – March 2006 - Final Report, p 35. http://claws.umn.edu/publications/Thailand- China%20Training%20Report-March2006-letter.pdf

3.13. Vietnam

Riedel J. (1993). Vietnam: On the trail of the tigers. The World Economy 16(4): 401-422.

3.14. General category

Buckland, S.T., Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P. and Laake, J.L. 1993. Distance Sampling: Estimating Abundance of Biological Populations. Chapman and Hall, London, p 446.

Carbone C., Christie, S., Conforti K., Coulson T., Franklin N., Ginsberg J.R., Griffiths M., Holden J., Kawanishi K., Kinnaird M., Laidlaw R., Lyam A., Macdonald D.W., Martye D., McDougal C., Nath L., B’Brien T., Seidensticker J., Smith D. J. L., Sunquist M., Tilson R., Wan N., Shahruddin W. (2001). The use of photographic rates to estimate densities of tiger and other cryptic mammals. Animal Conservation 4:75–79.

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Chade I., McDonald-Madden E., McCarthy M. A., Wintle B., Linkie M. and Possingham H. P. (2008). When to stop managing or surveying cryptic threatened species. Proceeding of Natural Academic Science USA 105(17):13936-13940.

Cooch E. and White G. (2009). Program MARK. Analysis of Data from Marked Individuals. “A Gentle Introduction” 8th Edition http://www.phidot.org/software/mark/docs/book/

Guillera-Arroita G., Morgan B. J. T., Ridout M. S. and Linkie M. (2011). Species Occupancy Modeling for Detection Data Collected Along a Transect. Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics 16(3): 301-317, DOI: 10.1007/s13253-010-0053-3.

Hayward M. W. and Somers M. (Eds). (2009). Reintroduction of top-order predators (No. 5). John Wiley and Sons, p 459.

Jennelle C. S., Runge M. C. and MacKenzie D. I. (2002). The use of photographic rates to estimate densities of tigers and other cryptic mammals: a comment on misleading conclusions. Animal Conservation 5: 119–120.

Jungius H. (2010). Feasibility Study on the Possible Restoration of the in Central Asia, p 34.

Jungius H., Chikin Y., Tsaruk O. and Pereladova O. (2009). Pre-Feasibility Study on the Possible Restoration of the Caspian Tiger in the Amu Darya Delta, p 35.

Linkie M., Chapron G., Martyr D. J., Holden J. and Leader-Williams N. (2006). Assessing the viability of tiger subpopulations in a fragmented landscape. Journal of Applied Ecology 43: 576–586.

Linkie M., Guillera-Arroita G., Smith J. and Mark R. D. (2010). Monitoring tigers with confidence. Integrative Zoology 5: 342-350, DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00215.x

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Mcdonald-Madden E., Baxter P.W.J. and Possingham H. P. (2008). Subpopulation Triage: How to Allocate Conservation Effort among Populations. Conservation Biology 22(3): 656– 665.

Miller A. and Kuhar C. W. (2008). Long-term Monitoring of Social Behavior in a Grouping of Six Female Tigers (Panthera tigris) Zoo Biology 27:89–99.

Miller C. S., Hebblewhite M., Goodrich J. M. and Miquelle D. G. (2010). Review of research methodologies for tigers: Telemetry. Integrative Zoology 5: 378-389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00216.x.

Rak K. C., Miquelle D.G. and Pikunov D.G. (1998). A Survey of Tigers and Prey Resources in The Paektusan Area, Lyangan Province, North Korea, p 18.

Sampling approach for monitoring poaching of rare cats, p 5.

Sivakumar K. and Habib B. (Eds) (2010). Telemetry in Wildlife Science, ENVIS Bulletin: Wildlife and Protected Areas, 13(1):246.

Teachers for Tigers- Manual Prepared by Wildlife Conservation Society, p 227.

Tilson R.L. and Seal U.S. (1986). Dilemma in Tigerland: A Problem of Small Population Numbers, Proceedings; American Association of Zoological Parks conference, pp-13-19.

Wharton C. A. (2006). Are we gathering reliable data? The need for measuring observer skill in wildlife monitoring. PhD Thesis, A and M University.

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Theme 4- Genetics, morphology, Health and Disease Monitoring

4. Genetics, morphology, health and disease monitoring

4.1.Bangladesh

Barlow A.C.D., Mazák J., Ahmad I.U. and Smith J.L.D. (2010). A preliminary investigation of Sundarbans tiger morphology. Mammalia 74: 1–3.

4.2.Bhutan

Genetic corridors' are next step to saving tigers. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080213124702.htm

4.3. Cambodia

Desvaux S., Marx N., Ong S., Gaidet N., Hunt M., Manuguerra J. C., , Sorn S., Peiris M., Van der Werf S. and Reynes J. M. (2009). Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) outbreak in captive wild birds and cats, Cambodia. Emerging Infectious Diseases 15(3): 475.

4.4.China

Kefen X. and Xingyi G. (1986). The Karyotypes of the Tibetan , Tiger, Stoat and Musked Polecat. Acta Theriologica Sinica 6(1): 7-12.

Songtao Y., Ligang W., Rui G., Dan L., Xiaohuan Z., Wei W., Tiecheng W., Ming Z., Na F., Geng H., Yuping H. and Xianzhu X. (2007). Isolation and identification of Feline panleukopenia virus in tiger. Acta Theriologica Sinica 27 (2):170 -174

Wan Q., Fang S., Chen G, Wang M. Z., Ding P., Zhu M., Chen K., Yu J. H. and Zhao Y. (2003). Use of oligonucleotide fingerprinting and faecal DNA in identifying the distribution of the

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Chinese tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis Hilzheimer). Biodiversity and Conservation 12: 1641– 1648.

Wenqi H., Xianzhu X., Yuwei G., Heting S., Ligang W., Dan L., Lin X. and Geng H. (2005). Serologic Investigation of Canine Adenovirus Infection in Tigers. Acta Theriologica Sinica 25 (3):310 – 312.

Xiujuan B. (2004). ISSR Fingerprint for Manchurian Tigers in Captivity Acta Theriologica Sinica 24(11):90-92.

Xu X., Dong G., Hu X., Miao L., Zhang X., Zhang D., Yang H., Zhang T., Zou Z., Zhang T., Zhuang Y., Bhak J., Cho Y. S., Dai W., Jiang T., Xie C., Li R. and Luo S. (2013). The genetic basis of white tigers. Current Biology 23: 1031–1035, DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.054.

Yuping H., Qiong Z., Yanchun X. and Dong Z. (2004). Study on the PCR Method Specific for Tiger Identif ication. Acta Theriologica Sinica 24(2): 103-108.

Yuwei G., Xianzhu X., Xiaoqiang H., Huiyan J., Chengyu W., Tiecheng W., Geng H. and Xiaohuan Z. (2006). The phylogenetic analysis of HA gene of tiger influenza A virus and its ex- pression in Baculovirus. Acta Theriologica Sinica 26 (2):123 – 128.

Yuwei G., Ming Z., Dan L., Wei W., Ligang W., Songtao Y., Xiaowen Z., Geng H., Tiecheng W. and Xianzhu X. (2010). Serologic survey for antibodies to H5 subtype influenza A virus in tigers. Acta Theriologica Sinica 30 (4):444 -448.

Zhang W., Zhang Z., Shen F., Hou R., Lv X. and Yue B. (2006). Highly conserved D-loop-like nuclear mitochondrial sequences (Numts) in tiger (Panthera tigris). Journal of Genetics 85(2):107-116.

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Zhang W., Yue B., Wang X., Zhang X., Xie Z., Liu N., Fu W., Yuan Y., Chen D., Fu D., Zhao B., Yin Y., Yan X., Wang X., Zhang R., Liu J., Li M., Tang Y., Hou R., Zhang Z. (2010). Analysis of variable sites between two complete South China tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis) mitochondrial genomes. Molecular Biology Report 38(7):4257-4264, DOI 10.1007/s11033-010- 0548-6.

4.5. India

Bay R.A., Ramakrishnan U. and Hadly E.A. (2013). A Call for Tiger Management Using “Reserves” of Genetic Diversity. Journal of Heredity 105(3): 295-302.

Bhavanishankar M., Reddy P.A., Gour D.S. and Shivaji S. (2013). Validation of non-invasive genetic identification of two elusive, sympatric, sister-species tiger (Panthera tigris) and leopard (Panthera pardus). Current Science 104 (8):1063-1067.

Borthakur U, Barman R.D., Das C., Basumatary A., Talukdar A., Ahmed M.F., Talukdar B.K. and Bharali R. (2010). Noninvasive of tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) population of Orang National Park in the Brahmaputra floodplain, Assam, India. European Journal of Wildlife Research. DOI: 10.1007/s10344-010-0471-0.

Borthakur U., Saini R.P., Gupta S.S., Jakher R., Das C., Das A. K., Sarma P.K., Talukdar B.K. and Bharali R. (2013). Noninvasive genetic assessment of population status of tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) in , West Bengal, India. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 5(1): 27-32.

Brahmachary R.L. and Dutta J. (1981). On the Pheromones of Tigers: Experiments and Theory, American Naturalist 118 (4):561-567.

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Gour D. S., Bhagavatula J., Bhavanishankar M., Reddy P. A., Gupta J. A., Sarkar M. S., Shaik Hussain M., Harika S., Gulia R. and Shivaji S. (2013). Philopatry and dispersal patterns in tiger (Panthera tigris). PloS one 8(7): e66956.

Joshi H., Deora K.S., Mathur R. and Thanvi P. (2008). Dentition of Tiger. The Indian Veterinary Journal 85 (5):562-563.

Mishra S., Singh S., Munjal A., Aspi J. and Goyal S.P. (2014). Panel of polymorphic heterologous loci to genotype critically endangered Bengal tiger: a pilot study. Springer Plus 3:4.

Mishra S., Sharma R., Singh S. K., Munjal A. K. and Goyal S. P. (2014). A comparative study of the use of tiger-specific and heterologous microsatellite markers for population genetic studies of the Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris). African Journal of Biotechnology 13(8): 936-943, DOI:10.5897/AJB12.2977.

Mondol S., Karanth K.U. and Ramakrishnan U. (2009). Why the Indian Subcontinent Holds the Key to Global Tiger Recovery. PLoS Genetics 5(8): e1000585. DOI:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000585.

Mondol S., Bruford M.W. and Ramakrishnan U. (2013). Demographic loss, genetic structure and the conservation implications for Indian tigers. Proceeding of Royal Society Biological Science 280 (1762):20130496.

Pokorny I., Sharma R., Goyal S. P., Mishra S. and Tiedemann R. (2011). Erratum: MHC class I and MHC class II DRB gene variability in wild and captive Bengal tigers (Panthera tigris tigris). Immunogenetics 63:121, DOI 10.1007/s00251-010-0496-2.

Reddy P.A., Gour D.S., Bhavanishankar M., Jaggi K., Hussain S.M. Harika K., and Shivaji S. (2012). Genetic Evidence of Tiger Population Structure and Migration within an Isolated and

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Fragmented Landscape in Northwest India. PLoS One 7(1): e29827. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0029827.

Reddy P.A., Bhavanishankar M., Bhagavatula J., Harika K., Mahla R.S. and Shivaji S. (2012). Improved Methods of Carnivore Faecal Sample Preservation, DNA Extraction and Quantification for Accurate Genotyping of Wild Tigers. PLoS One 7(10): e46732. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0046732.

Sharma R., Stuckas, H. and Moll K., Khan I., Bhaskar R., Goyal S.P. and Tiedemann (2008) Fourteen new di- and tetranucleotide microsatellite loci for the critically endangered Indian tiger (Panthera tigris tigris). Molecular Ecology Resources 8(6):1480-2, DOI: 10.1111/j.1755- 0998.2008.02292.x.

Sharma R., Stuckas H. Bhaskar R., Rajput S., Khan I., Goyal S. P., Tiedemann R. (2009). mtDNA indicates profound population structure in Indian tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) Conservation Genetics 10(4):909-914, DOI: 10.1007/s10592-008-9568-3.

Sharma R., Stuckas H., Bhaskar R., Khan I., Goyal S. P. and Tiedemann R. (2010). Genetically distinctpopulation of Bengaltiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in Terai Arc Landscape (TAL) Mammalian Biology 76(4):484-490.

Sharma S, Dutta T, Maldonado J.E., Wood T.C., Panwar H.S. and Seidensticker J. (2013). Forest corridors maintain historical in a tiger meta-population in the highlands of central India. Proceeding of Royal Society Biological Science 280: 20131506.

Sharma S., Dutta T., Maldonado J.E., Wood T.C., Panwar H.S. and Seidensticker J. (2013). Spatial genetic analysis reveals high connectivity of tiger (Panthera tigris) populations in the Satpura–Maikal landscape of Central India. Ecology and Evolution 3(1): 48–60 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.432.

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Tiwari Y., Taluja J. S. and Vaish R. (2011). Biometry of Mandible in Tiger (Panthera tigris) Annual Review and Research in Biology (1): 14-21.

Umapathy G., Sontakke S. D., Reddy A. and Shivaji S. (2007). Seasonal variations in semen characteristics, semen cryopreservation, estrus synchronization, and successful artificial insemination in the spotted deer (Axis axis). Theriogenology 67: 1371–1378.

4.6.Indonesia

Butler R., Wrigley R. H., Horsey R. and Reuter R. (1981). Chondrosarcoma in a Sumatran Tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae). The Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine 12: (3):80-84.

Williamson J. E ., Huebinger R. M., Sommer J . A., Louis E. E. Jr and Barber R. C. (2002). Development and cross-species amplification of 18 microsatellite markers in the Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae). Molecular Ecology Notes 2:110–112.

4.7.LaoPDR

Shackelford L. L. (2011). Paleo anthropology in Mainland Southeast Asia: Excavation at Tam Hang, Laos, p 19.

4.8.Malaysia

Blanchard R. F. (1977). Preliminary Analysis of Tiger Mortality and Livestock Depredation in Terengganu and Kelantan, West Malaysia. Unpublished report to the Department of Wildlife and National Parks. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

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4.9. Myanmar

Oo K. N. (2010). Epidemiological study to support the establishment of a progressive zoning approach for the control of foot and mouth disease in Myanmar. PhD. Thesis, Murdoch University.

4.10. Nepal

Koirala R. K., Aryal A., Amiot C., Adhikari B., Karmacharya D. and Raubenheimer D. (2012). Genetic identification of carnivore scat: implication of dietary information for human–carnivore conflict in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Zoology and Ecology 22(3-4): 137-143.

Tha N. S. (1995). Nepalese Animal Genetic Resources. Animal Genetic Resources, p 229.

4.11. Russia

Alasaad S., Soriguer R.C., Chelomina G., Sushitsky Y.P. and Fickel J. (2011). Siberian tiger’s recent population bottleneck in the Russian Far East revealed by microsatellite markers. Mammalian Biology 76:722–726.

Curro T.G., Okeson D., Zimmerman D., Armstrong D.L. and Simmons L.G. (2004). Xylazine- Midazolam-Ketamine versus Medtomidine-Midazolam-Ketamine Anesthesia in Captive Siberian Tigers (Panthera Tigris Altaica) Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 35(3): 320–327.

Gjørret J.O., Crichton E.G., Loskutoff N.M., Armstrong D. L. and Hyttel P. (2002). Ultrastructure of oocyte maturation, fertilization, and early embryo development in vitro in the Siberian tiger (Panthera Tigris Altaica). Molecular Reproduction and Development 63:79-88.

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Goodrich J.M., Kerley L.L., Schleyer B.O., Miquelle D.G., Quigley K.S., Smirnov Y.N., Nikolaev I.G., Quigley H.B. and Hornocker M.G. (2001). Capture and chemical anesthesia of Amur (Siberian) tigers. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29:533–542.

Henry P., Miquelle D., Sugimoto T., McCullough D.R., Caccone A. and Russello M.A. (2009). In situ population structure and ex situ representation of the endangered Amur tiger. Molecular Ecology 18: 3173-3184, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04266.x

Mazak V. (1967). Notes on Siberian Long-Haired Tiger Panthera tigris altaica (Temminck 1844) with a remark on Temminck’s Mammal Volume of The Fauna Japonica, Mammalia, 31(4):537-574.

Nagata J., Aramilev V. V., Belozor A., Sugimoto T. and McCullough D. R. (2005). Fecal genetic analysis using PCR-RFLP of cytochrome b to identify sympatric carnivores, the tiger Panthera tigris and the leopard Panthera pardus, in far eastern Russia. Conservation Genetics 6(5): 863- 866.

Quigley K. S., Evermann J. F., Leathers C. W., Armstrong D. L., Goodrich J., Duncan N. M. and Miquelle D. G. (2010). Morbillivirus infection in a wild Siberian tiger in the Russian Far East. Journal of wildlife diseases, 46(4): 1252-1256.

Russello M., Gladyshev E., Miquelle D. and Caccone A. (2004). Potential genetic con-sequences of a recent bottleneck in the Amur Tiger of the Russian Far East. Conservation Genetics 5:707– 713.

Slaght J. C., Miquelle D. G., Nikolaev I. G., Goodrich J. M., Smirnov E. N., Traylor-Holzer Christie S., Arjanova T., Smith J. L. D. and Karanth K. U. (2005). Who‘s king of the beasts? Historical and recent body weights of wild and captive Amur tigers, with comparisons to other . In Miquelle D.G., Smirnov E.N., and Goodrich J.M. (Eds.). Tigers in Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik: Ecology and Conservation, Russia, Vladivostok, 25-35.

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4.12. Thailand

Amonsin A., Payungporn S., Theamboonlers A., Thanawongnuwech R., Suradhat S., Pariyothorn N., Tantilertcharoena R., Damrongwantanapokinc S., Buranathaic C., Chaisinghc A., Songsermd T. and Poovorawan Y. (2006). Genetic characterization of H5N1 influenza A viruses isolated from zoo tigers in Thailand. Virology 344(2): 480-491.

Keawcharoen J., Oraveerakul K., Kuiken T., Fouchier R. A., Amonsin A., Payungporn S., Noppornpanth S., Wattanodorn S., Theamboonlers A., Tantilertcharoen R., Pattanarangsan R., Arya N., Ratanakorn P., Osterhaus A. D.M.E. and Poovorawan Y. (2004). Avian influenza H5N1 in tigers and leopards. Emerging Infectious Disease 10(12): 2189-2191.

Tangsudjai S., Malidang S., Phonarknguen R., Boonyarittichaikit R., Pattanarangsan R., Buddhirongawatr R.. Chaichoun K. (2010). Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) in Captive wild felids in Thailand during 2004-2005. Journal of Applied Animal Science 3:(1-3):25-31.

Thanawongnuwech R., Amonsin A., Tantilertcharoen R., Damrongwatanapokin S., Theamboonlers A., Payungporn S., Kamonchart N., Somchuan R., Eakchai T., Thaweesak S., Veravit V., Thawat L., Sawang K., Schwann T. and Poovorawan Y. (2005). Probable tiger-to- tiger transmission of avian influenza H5N1. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11(5):699-701.

Tiensin T., Chaitaweesub P., Songserm T., Chaisingh A., Hoonsuwan W., Buranathai C., Parakamawongsa T., Premashthira S., Amonsin A., Gilbert M., Nielen M. and Stegeman A. (2005). Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1, Thailand, 2004. Emerging Infectious Disease 11(11): 1664-1672.

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4.13. Vietnam

Roberton S. I., Bell D. J., Smith G. J. D., Nicholls J. M., Chan K. H., Nguyen D. T., Tran P. Q., Streicher U., Poon L. L. M., Chen H., Horby P., Guardo M., Guan Y. and Peiris J. S. M. (2006). Avian influenza H5N1 in viverrids: implications for wildlife health and conservation. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273(1595): 1729-1732.

4.14. General category

Barbiers R. B., Vosburgh L. M., Ku P. K., Ullrey D. E. and Ju (1982). Digestive Efficiencies and Maintenance Energy Requirements of Captive Wild Felidae: Cougar (Felis concolor); Leopard (Panthera pardus); Lion (Panthera leo) and Tiger (Panthera tigris). The Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine 13 (1): 32-37.

Barr M. C., Calle P. P., Roelke M. E. and Scott F. W. (1989). Feline Immuno deficiency Virus Infection in Nondomestic Felids. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 20(3):265-272.

Bowles (1996).Tiger skeletal weight, IUCN Publication, p 2.

Burda H., Libuse U. and Branis M. (1982). Morphology of The Middle and Inner Ear in Two Panther Species- P. tigris and P. onca (Felidae, Carnivora, Mammalia). Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemoslovenicae 48(1):9-13.

Burger B. V., Viviers M. Z., Bekker J. P. I., Roux M. le, Fish N., Fourie W. B., Weibchen G. (2008). Chemical Characterization of Territorial Marking Fluid of Male Bengal Tiger, Panthera tigris. Journal of Chemical Ecology 34:659–671, DOI 10.1007/s10886-008-9462-y.

Buzas B., and Farkas B. (1997). An additional skull of the Bali tiger, Panthera tigris balica (Schwarz) in the Hungarian Natural History Museum- Miscellanea Zoologica Hungarica, pp 101-105.

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Cho Y.S., Hu L., Hou H., Lee H., Xu J., Kwon S., Oh S., Kim H.M., Jho S., Kim S., Shin Y.A., Kim B.C., Kim H., Kim C.U., Luo S.J., Johnson W.E., Koepfli K.P., Schmidt-Kuntzel A., Turner J.A., Marker L., Harper C., Miller S.M., Jacobs W., Bertola L.D., Kim T.H., Lee S., Zhou Q., Jung H.J., Xu X., Gadhvi P., Xu P., Xiong Y., Luo Y., Pan S., Gou C., Chu X., Zhang J., Liu S., He J., Chen Y., Yang L., Yang Y., He J., Liu S., Wang J., Kim C.H., Kwak H., Kim J.S., Hwang S., Ko J., Kim C.B., Kim S., Bayarlkhagva D., Paek W.K., Kim S.J., O'brien S.J., Wang J., Bhak J. (2013). The tiger genome and comparative analysis with lion and genomes. Nature Communications 4: 2433.

Christiansen P. (2007). Distinguishing skulls of lions (Panthera leo) and tigers (Panthera tigris). Mammalian Biology, doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2007.08.001.

Cracraft J., Feinstein J., Vaughn J., and Helm-Bychowski K. (1998). Sorting out tigers (Panthera tigris): mitochondrial sequences, nuclear inserts, systematics, and conservation genetics. Animal Conservation 1: 139–150.

Crissey S. D., Slifka K. A., Jacobsen K. L., Shumway P. J., Mathews R. and Harper J. (2001). Irradiation of Diets Fed to Captive Exotic Felids: Microbial Destruction, Consumption and Fecal Consistency. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 32 (3): 324-328.

Duckler G. L. (1998). An Unusual Osteological Formation in the Posterior Skulls of Captive Tigers (Panthera tigris). Zoo Biology 17:135–142.

Hendrickson S.r L., Mayer G. C., Wallen E. P. and Quigley K. (2000). Genetic variability and geographic structure of three subspecies of tigers (Panthera tigris) based on MHC class I variation. Animal Conservation 3: 135–143.

Horev A., Yosef R., Tryjanowski P. and Ovadia O. (2012). Consequences of variation in male harem size to population persistence: Modeling poaching and extinction risk of Bengal tigers (Panthera tigris). Biological Conservation 147: 22–31.

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Hyatt Jon-Philippe K., Roy R. R., Rugg S. and Talmadge R. J. (2010). Myosin Heavy Chain Composition of Tiger (Panthera tigris) and (Acinonyx jubatus) Hind limb Muscles. Journal of Experimental Zoology 313A (1):45–57.

Kolmstetter C., Munson L. and Ramsay E. C. (2000). Degenerative Spinal Disease in Large Felids. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 31(1):15-19.

Larsson M.H., Coelho F.M., Oliveira V.M., Yamaki F.L., Pereira G.G., Soares E.C., Fedullo J.D., Pereira R.C. and Ito F.H. (2008). Electrocardiographic Parameters of Captive Lions (Panthera leo) and Tigers (Panthera tigris) Immobilized with Ketamine Plus Xylazine. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 39(3): 314–319.

Liu C., Liu D., Guo Y., Lu T., Li X., Zhang M., Ma J., Ma Y. and Guan W. (2013). Construction of a Full-Length Enriched cDNA Library and Preliminary Analysis of Expressed Sequence Tags from Bengal Tiger Panthera tigris tigris International Journal of Molecular Sciences 14:11072-11083; doi:10.3390/ijms140611072.

Luo Shu-Jin, Johnson W. E., Martenson J., Antunes A., Martelli P., Uphyrkina O., Traylor- Holzer K., Smith J. L.D. and O’Brien S. J. (2008). Subspecies Genetic Assignments of Worldwide Captive Tigers Increase Conservation Value of Captive Populations. Current Biology 18:592–596.

Luo S.J., Kim J.H., Johnson W.E., Walt J., Martenson J., Yuhki N., Miquelle D.G., Uphyrkina O., Goodrich J.M., Quigley H.B., Tilson R., Brady G., Martelli P., Subramaniam V., McDougal C., Hean S., Huang S.Q., Pan W., Karanth U.K., Sunquist M., Smith J.L.D. and Brien S.J. (2004). and genetic ancestry of tigers (Panthera tigris). PLoS Biology 2: e442.

Poddar-Sarkar M. (1996). The Fixative lipid of tiger pheromone. Journal of Lipid Mediators Cell Signalling 15:89-101.

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Myers D. L., Zurbriggen A., Lutz H. and Pospischil A. (1997). Distemper: not a new disease in lions and tigers. Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology, 4(2): 180-184.

Ryder O.A. (2009). Forests of the Night: Refugia of Genetic Diversity in Wild Tigers. PLoS Genetics 5(8):e1000603. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000603.

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Theme 5- Protection, Conservation, Policies and Bio-politics

5. Protection, Conservation, Policies and Bio-politics

5.1.Bangladesh

Ahmed N., Greenwood C. J., Binte Rahman T., Mohsanin S., Md. Islam A. and Barlow A. C. D. (2010). Wildlife Farming in Bangladesh: Useful Considerations and Recommendations, p 42.

Ali Reza A.H.M., Chowdhury M. M. and Santiapillai C. (2000). Tiger Conservationin Bangladesh. Tigerpaper 27(1): 1-5.

Ali Reza A.H.M., Islam Md A, Feroz Md. M and Nishat A. (2004). Bengal Tigers in the Bangladesh Sunarbans , IUCN-The World Conservation Union and Bangladesh Country Office, pp-126.

Barlow, A.C.D., Rahaman S.M., Ahamed, M.I. , Islam M T, Md. Hossain A.N.M. and Smith J.L.D. (2005). Sundarbans Tiger Project Report, p 15.

In situ conservation of Tigers in the Sunderban Bangladesh (Proceedings of the seminar held in February 08, 2004)- Published by Dharitri.

Highlights of the Meeting of the Informal Biodiversity Group on Wildlife Farming Policy of Bangladesh, Jointly organised by Wildlife Trust of Bangladesh and UNDP Bangladesh (2010), p 10.

Hossain A. N. M., Chakma S., Barlow A. C. D., Greenwood C. J. and Md. Islam A. (2009). Sundarbans Reserved Forest Protection Assessment: Current State. Technical Report, p 212. Bengal Tiger (Bangladesh) by Anwar, S., p 10.

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Hussain I., Child T., Akter R., Ahmed N., Greenwood C. J. (2010). Developing a Conservation Education and Community Outreach Strategy for Tiger Conservation in Bangladesh, Workshop Report March 2010, p 18.

Jalil S. M. (1998). Bengal tiger in Bangladesh. Report presented at the Year of the Tiger Conference, Dallas.

Kamal Md. S. and Nimmy S. F. (2012). Knowledge base Representation for Royal Bengal Tiger in the Context of Bangladesh. Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology 12 (10): 1.0.

Lewis J., Md. Alam M., Dey T. K. and Barlow A. C. D. (2012). Bangladesh Tiger Action Plan Manual: Wild tiger capture and immobilisation. Wildlife Trust of Bangladesh, p 37.

Mukul S. A. (2007). Biodiversity Conservation Strategies in Bangladesh: The State of Protected Areas. Tiger Paper 34(3):28-32.

Project Conclusion Report, Tiger Conservation, p 42.

Rubayat A., Hussain I., Akter R., Barlow C. G. , Hossain T., Chowdhury M. N. R., Islam M. R., Child T. (2012). BTAP CEPA Strategy, Local Campaign 2012-2016. WildTeam, Dhaka p 34.

Seidensticker J. and Hai. M. A. (1983). The Sundarbans Wildlife Management Plan: conservation in the Bangladesh Coastal Zone. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources p 106.

Seidensticker J. (1986). Managing Tigers in The Sundarbans: Experience and Opportunity, International Symposium on World Conservation Strategies for Tigers held at the Minnesota Zoological Garden, Apple Valley MN, USA, p 26.

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The Bangladesh Tiger Project (2009). Saving a species. Sustaining a nation. Zoological Society of London p 2.

5.2.Bhutan

Johnsingh A.J.T. and Wangchuk S. (2013). Tiger Tales from the , Frontline 70-84.

McDougal C. and Tshering K. (1998). Tiger Conservation Strategy for the Kingdom of Bhutan, Nature Conservation Division, Forestry Services Division, Ministry of Agriculture & WWF Bhutan Program, Thimphu Bhutan.

Sangey W. (2000). National anti-poaching strategy of Bhutan. Unpublished report to the Nature Conservation Division, Department of Forestry Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Thimphu, Bhutan.

Sangay W. (2006). Tiger (Panthera tigris) and its conservation efforts in the Kingdom of Bhutan. Master of Natural Resources Thesis, The University of New England, Armidale NSW, Australia.

5.3.Cambodia

Dany C., Divan N., Grey J. C, Nowell K., Sovanna P. and Weiler H. (2006). Cambodia Community Wildlife Ranger Tiger and Elephant Conservation Program, Final Report May 1, 2003-August 31, 2005, p 37. http://www.felidae.org/KNOWELLPUBL/CWRP%202003- 2005%20PROGRAM%20REPORT.pdf.

Hean S. (2000). Status of The Tiger and LTS Conservation, Master Thesis, University of Minnesota p 114.

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O’Kelly H.J., Evans T.D., Stokes E.J., Clements T.J., Dara A., Gately M., Menghor N., Pollard E. H. B., Soriyun M., Walstonet J. (2012). Identifying Conservation Successes, Failures and Future Opportunities; Assessing Recovery Potential of Wild Ungulates and Tigers in Eastern Cambodia. PLoS ONE 7(10): e40482. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0040482.

Lynam A. J. (2010). Securing a future for wild Indochinese tigers: Transforming tiger vacuums into tiger source sites. Integrative zoology, 5(4): 324-334.

Singh R., Channa P., Sovanna P., Chanratana P., Ryan G., and Wright M. (2013). The Serengeti of Asia: Conservation In Two Major Protected Areas Of The Eastern Plains Landscape Protected Area Complex, Cambodia. PARKS, 19.2: 23-32.

5.4.China

Abbott B. and van Kooten G. C. (2011). Can domestication of wildlife lead to conservation? The economics of tiger farming in China. Ecological Economics 70:721–728.

Bonn D. (2007). Tiger Farms Put Wild Tigers at Risk. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5(7): 347.

Chin J.A. (2012). Social and Financial Incentives for Amur Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) Conservation in Northeast China , Masters Dissertation submitted to Duke University, p 86.

Gratwicke B., Mills J., Dutton A., Gabriel G., Long B., Seidensticker J., Wright B., You W. and Zhang L. (2008). Attitudes toward Consumption and Conservation of Tigers in China. PLoS One 3(7): e2544. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002544.

Han X., Oliver C.D., Guo Q.,Ge J. and Kou X. (2012). Managing forest stand structures to enhance conservation of the Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica). In Stanturf J. (Ed) A goal- oriented approach to forest landscape restoration. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 93-128.

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Hebblewhite M. , Zimmermann F., Li Z., Miquelle D. G., Zhang M., Sun H., Mörschel F., Wu Z., Sheng L., Purekhovsky A. and Chunquan Z. (2012). Is there a future for Amur tigers in a restored tiger conservation landscape in Northeast China? Animal Conservation 15(6): 579-592, DOI:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2012.00552.x.

Hidden in Plain Sight: China’s Clandestine Tiger Trade (2013). Report Submitted by Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA), http://eia-international.org/hidden-in-plain-sight- chinas-clandestine-tiger-trade, p 30.

Jiang Z., Li C., Fang H., Meng Z. and Zeng Y (2007). Captive-bred Tigers and the Fate of Wild Tigers. Bio Science 57(9):725.

Morell V. (2007). Can the Wild Tiger Survive. Science 317: 1312-1314.

Padel R. (2009). Against tiger farming. China Dialogue, p 4.

The Facts and fallacies of Tiger Farming (2010), p 10. http://www.ifaw.org/sites/default/files/Fact%20Sheet%20Tiger%20Trade%20Fact%20&%20Fal lacies.pdf.

5.5.India

Agrawal A. and Redford K. (2007). Conservation and displacement: An overview. In: Protected Areas and Human Displacement. In Redford K.H. and Fearn E. (Eds) A Conservation Perspective, Wildlife Conservation Society, New York (Working Paper No. 29), pp. 4-15.

Arjunan M., Holmes C., Puyravaud J.P. and Davidar P. (2006). Do development initiatives influence local attitudes towards conservation? A case study from the Kalakkad-Mundantharai tiger reserve, India. Journal of Environmental Management 79: 188–197.

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Athreya V., Odden M., Linnell J.D.C., Krishnaswamy J. and Karanth U. (2013). Big Cats in Our Backyards: Persistence of Large Carnivores in a Human Dominated Landscape in India. PLoS One 8(3): e57872. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0057872.

Chatterjee M. (2000). Sundarban’s Deaths seizures, Poaching, and Seizures, p-7.

Johnsingh A.J.T and Mohon D. (2007). Conservation in Corbett’s Country. Frontline, 24(8):66- 72.

Check E. (2006). The tiger’s retreat NATURE 441:927-930.

Dutt S. (2001). Beyond 2000: A management vision for the Kalakad–Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve. Current Science 80(3): 442-447.

Gubbi S., Linkie M. and Leader-Williams N. (2009). Evaluating the legacy of an integrated conservation and development project around a tiger reserve in India. Environmental Conservation 35 (4): 331–339.

Gubbi S., Poornesha H.C. and Madhusudhan M.D. (2012). Impact of vehicular traffic on use of highway-edges by large mammals in a south Indian wildlife reserve. Current Science 102: 1047– 1051.

Harihar A., Prasad D.L, Ri C., Pandav B. and Goyal S.P. (2009). Losing ground: tigers Panthera tigris in the north-western Shivalik landscape of India. Oryx 43: 35–43.

Johnsingh A.J.T. (2001). The Kalakad–Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve: A global heritage of biological diversity. Current Science 80(3): 378-388.

Johnsingh A.J.T. and Goyal S.P. (2005).Tiger Conservation in India: The Past, Present and the Future. Indian Forester pp.1279-1296.

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Johnsingh A.J.T., Ramesh K., David A., Rajapandian K. and Mohan D. (2006). Enabling tiger to survive in and , Northern India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 103(2-3):251-253.

Johnsingh A.J.T., Pillay R., Raghunath R., Anand M.O. and Madhusudan M.D. (2009). Opportunities and challenges for tiger (Panthera tigris) conservation in the southern Western Ghats, India. Shifting Trajectories of Ecology and Coexistence: Proceedings of the National Seminar on People and Tigers. Forest and Wildlife Department, Periyar Tiger Reserve, Thekkady, India, pp. 135-147.

Johnsingh A.J.T, Pandav B. and Mohan D. (2010). Conservation Plea for Saving Wildlife in the Landscape Bound by Gola, Ladhiya and Sharda Rivers, . Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 107: 170 – 173.

Johnsingh A.J.T., Raghunath R., Pillay R. and Madhusudan M.D. (2010). Ensuring the future of the Tiger and other large mammals in the Southern portion of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Southern India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 107: 77-85.

Karanth K. K. and DeFries R. (2010). Conservation and management in human-dominated landscapes: Case studies from India. Introduction to special issue in Biological Conservation, 143:2865-2869. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.05.002.

Karanth K. K. and DeFries R. (2011). Nature-based tourism in Indian protected areas: New challenges for park management. Conservation Letters 4: 137- 149. DOI: 10.1111/j.1755- 263X.2010.00154.x

Karanth K. K., DeFries R., Srivathsa A. and Sankaraman V. (2012). Wildlife tourists in India’s Emerging Economy: Potential for a Conservation Constituency? Oryx 46:382-390.

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Karanth K. U. and Madhusudan M. D. (1997). Avoiding paper tigers and saving real tigers: Response to Saberwal. Conservation Biology 11:818-820.

Karanth K and Stith B. (1999). Prey depletion as a critical determinant of tiger population viability. In Seidensticker J., Christie S. and Jackson P., (Eds) Riding the tiger: tiger conservation in human-dominated landscapes. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press, pp. 100-113.

Karanth, K. U. and Chellam, R. (2009) Carnivore conservation at the crossroads. Oryx 43 (1):1- 2. ISSN 0030-6053.

Karanth K. U. and Karanth K. K. (2012). A tiger in the drawing room: Can luxury tourism benefit wildlife. Economic and Political Weekly Sept 22nd, pp 38-43.

Khan T.I. (1997). Conservation of biodiversity in western India. The Environmentalist 17: 283- 287.

Kouwenhoven R. (2010). Tigers, People And Politics: A Multi-Level Governance Analysis Of Chandoli National Park. Environment and Resource Management. Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, p 75.

Lewis M. (2005). Indian Science for Indian Tigers? Conservation Biology and the Question of Cultural Values, Journal of the History of Biology 38: 185–207

Madhusudan M. D. and Raman T. R. S. (2003). Conservation as if biological diversity matters: preservation versus sustainable use in India. Conservation and Society 1: 49-59.

Mondal P. and Southworth J. (2010). Protection vs. commercial management: Spatial and temporal analysis of land cover changes in the tropical forests of Central India Forest Ecology and Management 259:1009–1017.

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Nagendra H., Rocchini D. and Ghate R. (2010). Beyond parks as monoliths: Spatially differentiating park-people relationships in the Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve in India. Biological Conservation 143:2900–2908.

Rishi (1993). Tiger proof energized fence, p10.

Rice M. W. (2012). In the Name of the Tiger: Narrative Analysis on Conservation and Indigenous Forest Rights in India. PhD Thesis, Department of Environmental Studies, Mount Holyoke College, p 75.

Sanyal P. (1992). Sundarbans mangrove; wildlife potential and conservation. In Singh K. P. and Singh J. S. (Eds.) Tropical : Ecology and Management, Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi, pp 309-314.

Sanyal P. (1999). Sundarban- The largest mangrove diversity on globe. In Guha Bakshi D. N., Sanyal P. and Naskar K. R. (Eds.) Sundarbans Mangal, Naya Prakash, Kolkata, pp. 428-448.

Taghioff D. and Menon A. (2010). Can a Tiger Change Its Stripes? The Politics of Conservation as Translated in Mudumalai. Economic and Political Weekly 28:69-76.

Velho, N., Karanth, K. K., Laurance, W. F. (2012). a serious and understudied threat to India, a globally significant conservation region. Biological Conservation 148:210-215. DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.01.022.

5.6.Indonesia

Bateman I. J., Fisher B., Fitzherbert E., Glew D. W. and Watkinson A. (2008). Making Tigers Pay: Marketing Conservation of the Sumatran Tiger Through' Tiger Friendly' Oil Palm Production. Working Paper-Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment 1:1-30.

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Bateman I.J., Fisher B., Fitzherbert E, Glew D, Naidoo R. (2010a). Tigers, markets and palm oil: market potential for conservation. Oryx 44(2):230–234. DOI:10.1017/S0030605309990901

Jambi Tiger Project Update July 2003.

Linkie M., Martyr D. J., Holden J., Yanuar A., Hartana A. T., Sugardjito J. and Leader- Williams N. (2003). and poaching threaten the Sumatran tiger in Kerinci Seblat National Park, Sumatra. Oryx 37:1

Linkie M., Haidir I.A., Nugroho A. and Dinata, Y. (2008). Conserving tigers Panthera tigris in selectively logged Sumatran forests. Biological Conservation 141:2410–2415.

Plowden C. and Bowles D. (1997). The illegal market in tiger parts in northern Sumatra, Indonesia, Oryx 31 (1): 59-66.

Shepherd C. R., Magnus N. and Traffic A. (2004). Nowhere to hide: The trade in Sumatran Tiger, p 98.

The Jambi Tiger Project leaflet, A Zoological Society of London Publication, p 2.

Tilson R., Siswomartono D., Manansang J., Brady G., Armstrong, D., Traylor-Holzer K., Byers A., Christie P., Salfifi A., Tumbelaka L., Christie S., Richardson D., Reddy S., Franklin N. and Nyhus, P. (1997). International co-operative eCorts to save the Sumatran tiger Panthera tigris sumatrae. International Zoo Yearbook 35: 129–138.

Wibisono H.T. and Pusparini W. (2010). Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae). A review of conservation status. Integrated Zoology 5:313-323.

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5.7.LaoPDR

Arlyne J., Vongkhamheng C., Saypanya S., Hansel T. and Strindberg S. (2012). Using systematic monitoring to evaluate and adapt the management of a tiger reserve in northern Lao PDR. WCS Working Papers No. 42, August 2012. Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, p 74.

Duckworth J. W., Salter R. E. and Khounboline K. (compilers) (1999). Wildlife in Lao PDR: 1999 Status Report. Vientiane: IUCN-The World Conservation Union / Wild life Conservation Society / Centre for Protected Areas and Watershed Management.

Midgley S., Bennett J., Samontry X., Stevens P., Mounlamai K, Midgley D. and Brown A. (2012). Enhancing livelihoods in Lao PDR through environmental services and planted-timber products. ACIAR Technical Reports No. 81. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research: Canberra, p 100.

Robichaud W.G, Hedemark M.J. and Johnson A. H. (2002). Biodiversity and Sustainable Forest Management in Lao PDR. Wildlife Conservation Society, Vientiane, p 70.

Saola Working Group (2013). Conservation through Collaboration: Proceedings of the 3rd Meeting of the Saola Working Group. Saola Working Group, Asian Wild Cattle Specialist Group of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. Vientiane, p 30. www.savethesaola.org

5.8.Malaysia

Clements T. R., Rayan D. M., Zafir A. W. A., Venkataraman A., Alfred R., Payne J. Ambu L. and Sharma D. S. K. (2010). Trio under threat: can we secure the future of rhinos, elephants and tigers in Malaysia? Biodiversity Conservation 19:1115–1136.

Conservation Assured (2013). CA|TS Manual Version 1.1. http://conservationassured.org/

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Kawanishi, K. (2003). Malaysian Tiger Conservation and Protection, Final Report Submitted to the Save the Tiger Fund, p-8.

Kitchner H.J. (1961). The importance of protecting the . MNS. (special issue) 202-206.

Management and Conservation of Tiger in Malaysia, Report Submitted by: Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP), Peninsular Malaysia, p 11.

The Malayan Tiger Conservation Programme (2006). Final Report submitted by MYCAT Secretariat’s Office, Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia, p 18.

5.9.Myanmar

Summary Report: Wildlife Conservation Society (Myanmar) p -28, www.5tigers.org/STF/Report/WCS/Myanmar

5.10. Nepal

Islam K. K., Joshi D. and Sato N. (2012). Tiger Conservation in Chitwan National Park, Nepal: An Analysis of Social, Ecological and Management Perspectives. International Journal of Environment 2(1): 64–72 (2012).

Heinen J. T., Yonzon P. B. and Leisure B. (1995). Fighting the Illegal Fur Trade in , Nepal. Conservation Biology, 9 (2):246-248.

Karki J. B., Jnawali S. R., Gurung G., Pandey M. B. and Upadhyay G. P. (2011). Tiger Conservation Initiatives in Nepal. The Initiation 4:56-68.

Wildt D. E. and Roth T. L. (1997). Assisted reproduction for managing and conserving threatened felids. International Zoo Yearbook 35: 164-172.

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5.11. Russia

Chapron G., Miquelle D.G., Lambert A., Goodrich J.M., Legendre S. and Clobert J. (2008). The impact on tigers of poaching versus prey depletion. Journal of Applied Ecology 45:1667-1674.

Dybas C. L. (2010). The Once and Future Tiger. BioScience 60(11): 872-877.

Goodrich J. (2004). Against All Odds: A Siberian Tiger Rescued from a Poacher's Snare. Wildlife Conservation. http://www.panthera.org/sites/default/files/Goodrich-against-all-odds.pdf . p 2

Goodrich J.M. and Miquelle D.G. (2005). Translocation of problem Amur tigers Panthera tigris altaica to alleviate tiger human conflicts. Oryx 39(4):454-457.

Miller C. S., Petrunenko Y. K., Goodrich J. M., Hebblewhite M. A. R. K., Seryodkin I. V., and Miquelle D. G. (2011). Translocation a success, but poaching remains a problem for Amur tigers. Cat News 55: 22-25.

Quigley H. and Hornocker M. The Siberian Tiger Project: Saving Endangered Species Through International Cooperation, p 4. http://globaltigerinitiative.org/download2/Quigley_Siberian_Tiger_Project.pdf

5.12. Thailand

Steinmetz R., Seuaturien N., Srirattanaporn S. and Poonnil B. (2010). Experimental approaches towards tiger recovery in Kuiburi National Park,Thailand, report jointly prepared by WWF Thailand and Kuiburi National Park, Department of National Parks, Wildlife, and Plant Conservation, p 71.

Thailand’s Tiger Economy (2001). Report published by Environmental Investigation Agency, www.eia-international.org, p 13.

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5.13. Vietnam

Brunner J. (2012). Biodiversity Conservation in Vietnam: A Perfect Storm, p 4. http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/iucn_nbsap_workshop_march_2012_paper_final.pdf

CITES Management Authority of Vietnam (2008). Report on Tigers in Vietnam, 31.1 Annex 4 - p.1-p.3.

ICEM (2003). Vietnam National Report on Protected Areas and Development. Review of Protected Areas and Development in the Lower Mekong River Region, Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia, p 60.

Ha N. M., Dung V. V., Song N. V., Thang H. V., Dung N. H., Tuan P. N., Hoa T. T. and Canh D. (2007). Report on the review of Vietnam’s wildlife trade policy. CRES /FPD/UNEP/CITES/IUED, Hanoi, Vietnam, p 70.

Long B. (2001). Tiger Conservation and Survey Training For the Central Vietnam Tiger Corridor. WWF Indochina Programme, Central Vietnam Tiger Corridor Project, p 52.

5.14. General category

Action tiger (2011). Tiger Action Plan for 13 Tiger Range Countries. Second edition. Compiled by Secretariat of Global Tiger Forum and International Fund For Animal Welfare-Wildlife Trust of India, pp 620, (http://www.globaltigerforum.com).

August 2009: Saving the wild tiger: Enforcement, trade and free market folly – an EIA discussion document, p 9, http://issuu.com/eia1984/docs/tiger-farming/1.

Boomgaard P. (1994). Death to the tiger! The development of tiger and leopard rituals in Java, 1605-1906, South East Asia Research 2(2):141-175.

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Borah J., Wangchuk D., Swargowari A., Wangchuk T., Sharma T., Das D., Rabha N., Basumatari A., Kakati N, Ahmed M. F., Sharma A., Sarmah A., Dutta D. K., Lahkar B., Dorji T., Brahma P. K., Ramchiary L., Tempa T., Wangdi Y., Nedup T., Wangdi T., Tharchen L., Dhendup P., Bhobora C., Pandav B. and Vattakaven J. (2013). Tigers in the Transboundary Manas Conservation Complex: Conservation Implications Across Borders Parks. 19.1: 51-62.

Cha K. C. (2000). Can the Convention on Biological Diversity Save the Siberian Tiger. Environs: Environmental Law and Policy Journal 24: 3.

Cheung J. (1995). Implementation and Enforcement Of CITES: An Assessment of Tiger and Rhinoceros Conservation Policy in Asia. Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal 5 (I): 126-159.

Conserving Tigers in the Wild, A WWF framework and Strategy for Action 2002-2010, p 32.

Corlett R. T. (2007). The Impact of Hunting on the Mammalian Fauna of Tropical Asian Forests. Biotropica 39 (3):292-303.

Cutter P., Aziz Md. A. and Than U. (2011). A landscape-based conservation strategy to double the wild tiger population. Conservation Letters 1–9.

Damania R., Stringer R., Karanth K. U. and Stith B. (2001). The Economics of Protecting Tiger Populations: Linking Household Behaviour to Poaching and Prey Depletion, p 31.

Damania R., Stringer R., Karanth K. U. and Stith B. (2003). The Economics of Protecting Tiger Populations: Linking Household Behavior to Poaching and Prey Depletion. Land Economics 79 (2): 198–216.

Damania R., Seidensticker J., Whitten T., Sethi G., Mackinnon K., Kiss A. and Kushlin A. (2008). A Future for Wild Tigers. Washington, D.C. World Bank, p 36.

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Dickman A. J., Macdonald E. A. and Macdonald D. W. (2011). A review of financial instruments to pay for predator conservation and encouragehuman–carnivore coexistence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108 (34): 13937-13944.

Dinerstein E., Wikramanayake E., Robinson J., Karanth U., Rabinowitz A., Olson D., Mathew, T., Hedao P., Connor M., Hemley G. and Bolze D. (1997). A framework for identifying high priority areas and actions for the conservation of tigers in the wild. Washington, DC: World Wildlife Fund – US and Wildlife Conservation Society.

Dinerstein E., Loucks C., Wikramanayake E., Ginsberg J., Sanderson E., Seidensticker J., Forrest J., Bryja G., Heydlauff A., Klenzendorf S., Leimgruber, P., Mills, J., O'Brien, T.G., Shrestha, M., Simons, R. and Songer, M. (2007). The fate of wild tigers. Bioscience 57(6): 508-514.

Driscoll C.A., Chestin I., Jungius H., Pereladova O., Darman Y., Dinerstein E., Seidensticker J., Sanderson J., Christie S., Luo S.J., Shrestha M., Zhuravlev Y., Uphyrkina O., Jhala Y.V., Yadav S.P., Pikunov D.G., Yamaguchi N., Wildt D.E., Smith J.L.D., Marker L., Nyhus P.J., Tilson R., Macdonald D.W. and O’Brien S.J. (2012). A postulate for tiger recovery: the case of the Caspian Tiger. Journal of Threatened Taxa 4(6): 2637–2643.

Facts of Tiger Trade and Farming, p 2, www.endtigertrade.org.

Forrest J. L., Bomhard B., Budiman A., Coad L., Cox N., Dinerstein E., Hammer D., Huang C., Huy K., Kraft R., Lysenko I. and Magrath W. (2011). Single-species conservation in a multiple- use landscape: current protection of the tiger range. Animal Conservation 14: 283–294.

Frequently-Asked Questions About Tiger Trade and Trafficking, p 2, http://www.fws.gov/

Ginsberg J.R. (1999). Tigers in the 21st Century, Saving the tigers: Assessing our Success, Proceedings of a Three Day Workshop, Wildlife Conservation Society, p 83.

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Global Tiger Recovery Programme 2010-2022 (2011). www.globaltigerinitiative.org, p 58.

Global Tiger Initiative: Capacity Building and Knowledge Sharing (2011). Newsletter, March 2011. www.globaltigerinitiative.org.

Gratwicke B., Seidensticker J., Shrestha M., Vermilye K. and Birnbaum M. (2007). Evaluating the performance of a decade of Save The Tiger Fund’s investments to save the world’s last wild tigers. Environmental Conservation 34 (3): 255–265.

Gratwicke B., Bennett E. L., Broad S., Christie S., Dutton A., Gabriel G., Kirkpatrick C. and Nowell K. (2008). The World Can’t Have Wild Tigers and Eat Them, Too. Conservation Biology 22 (1): 222–223.

Jalais A. (2008). Unmasking the Cosmopolitan Tiger. Nature and Culture 3(1): 25–40.

Kenney J.S., Smith J.L.D., Starfield A.M. and McDougal C.W. (1995). The long-term effects of tiger poaching on population viability. Conservation Biology 9:1127–1133.

Kirkpatrick C. R. and Emerton L. (2010). Killing Tigers to Save Them: Fallacies of the Farming Argument. Conservation Biology 24 (3):655-659, DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01468.x

Lewis J. (2000). Contraceptive Guidelines for The Tiger EEP, p 3.

Linkie M. and Christie S. (2007). The value of wild tiger conservation. Oryx 41(4): 415–416.

McDonald-Madden E., Baxter P. W. J. and Possingham H. P. (2008). Making robust decisions for conservation with restricted money and knowledge. Journal of Applied Ecology 45:1630– 1638.

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Mills J. A. and Jackson P. (1994). Killed for a cure: a review of the worldwide trade in tiger bone. Gray J. (Ed.) Traffic International, p 6.

Mountfort G. (1974). International Efforts to Save the Tiger from Extinction. Biological Conservation 6 (1): 48-52.

Nyhus P. and Tilson R. (2004). Agroforestry, elephants, and tigers: balancing conservation theory and practice in human-dominated landscapes of Southeast Asia. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 104:87–97.

Pitsko L. E. (2003). Wild tigers in captivity: A study of the effects of the captive environment on tiger behavior. Ph D. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, p 64.

Saunders M. C. (2009). Factors Influencing Conservation Success or Failure in Tiger Range States, p 477.

Saving Tigers Now- A Prognosis for Tigers in Eight Priority Landscapes, Wildlife Conservation Society (2010), p 5. www.wcs.org

Schroeter W. (1980). On the Colours, weakening of colours, lessening of stripes and brightening of colours in the tiger, Panthera tigris (Linna 1758), p 6.

Securing a Future for Tigers in the Wild. WWF Tiger Programme, http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/how_we_work/conservation/species_programme/species_new s/species_pub_archive.cfm?23592/securing-a-future-for-tigers-in-the-wild, p 19.

Seidensticker J. (1997). Saving the Tiger. Wildlife Society Bulletin, International Issues and Perspectives in Wildlife Management 25(1): 6-17.

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Seidensticker J., Jackson P. and Christie S. (Eds.). (1999). Riding the tiger: tiger conservation in human-dominated landscapes. Cambridge University Press.

Tiger Conservation Itʼs Time to Think Outside the Box April 2007, p 15.

Tilson R. L. and Seal U. S. (Eds) (1987). Tigers of the world: the biology, biopolitics, management, and conservation of an endangered species.1st edition Noyes Publication, p 510.

Tilson, R., and Nyhus, P. J. (Eds.) (2009). Tigers of the world: The Science, Politics and Conservation of Panthera tigris. Academic Press, p 524.

Yannasampanno W. P. L. B. (2008). Exploiting the Tiger Illegal Trade, Animal Cruelty and Tourists at Risk at the Tiger Temple, p 23. www.careforthewild.com

Walston J., Karanth K.U. and Stokes E.J. (2010). Avoiding the unthinkable: what will it cost to prevent tigers becoming extinct in the wild? Wildlife Conservation Society, New York.

Walston J., Robinson J.G., Bennett E.L., Breitenmoser U., Fonseca G.A.B, Goodrich J., Gumal M., Hunter L., Johnson A., Karanth K. U., Leader- Williams N., MacKinnon K., Miquelle D., Pattanavibool A., Poole C., Rabinowitz A., Smith J. L. D., Stokes E. J., Stuart S. N., Vongkhamheng C. and Wibisono H. (2010). Bringing the Tiger Back from the Brink—The Six Percent Solution. PLoS Biology 8(9): e1000485. DOI:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000485.

Warrick D.M. (2010). Inbreeding depression in captive white tigers: methods for purifying tiger lineages. Zoo's Print 25(10):7-15.

Weber W. and Rabinowitz A. (1996). A Global Perspective on Large Carnivore Conservation. Conservation Biology 10 (4): 1046-1054.

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Wikramanayake E., Dinerstein E., Seidensticker J., Lumpkin S., Pandav B., Shrestha M., Mishra H., Ballou J., Johnsingh A.J.T., Chestin I., Sunarto S.,Thinley P., Thapa K., Jiang G., Elagupillay S., Kafley H., N. M. B. Pradhan, Jigme K., S., Clark T. W., Paquet P. C. and Curlee A. P. (1996). General Lessons and Positive Trends in Large Carnivore Conservation. Conservation Biology 10(4):1105-1116.

Wikramanayake E., Mcknight M., Dinerstein E., Joshi A., Gurung B. and Smith D. (2004). Designing a Conservation Landscape for Tigers in Human-Dominated Environments, Conservation Biology 18(3):839–844.

Zabel A., Pittel K., Bostedt G. and Engel S. (2011). Comparing conventional and new policy approaches for carnivore conservation: Theoretical results and application to tiger conservation. Environmental and Resource Economics 48(2):287-301.

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Global Tiger Forum- An Inter-Governmental International Body to Conserve Tiger in the Wild