DOCSLIB.ORG

A Newbie's Guide to Debian Linux

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Newbie's Guide to Debian Linux A Newbie’s Guide to Debian Linux T. R. Shemanske November 16, 2006 This document is really just a small supplement to very good installation guides for Debian Linux such as http://www.debian.org/releases/woody/installmanual http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/quick-reference/index.en.html 1 Partitioning your disk There are many thoughts on the matter, and to some extent the decisions you make depend upon how many users will have accounts on your machine, and to what degree you want the rest of the world to have access to parts of your machine. You need at least a root (/) partition and a swap partition, though I would strongly recommend at least a separate /home partition. The reason for this is that in the event you need to reinstall the operating system (meltdown, whim, whatever), you will no doubt reformat the root partition. With a separate home partition, you will leave untouched all your personal files. • The swap partition is your “virtual memory”. If you have the space, make it twice the number of MB of RAM you have, but no more than 2048M is usually necessary. You can have multiple swap partitions if you do huge number crunching activities. • You need a root partition. If you are cavalier, this can be the only partition you create, though I would recommend against it. Other partitions that you might create are /usr, /var, /home. All of the public software you install goes into /usr. It should therefore be a sizeable partition with respect to the others (5G minimum). One advantage to making /usr its own partition is that you may want to mount it read only (I don’t, but paranoid sysadmins do). /var holds things like print and mail spools, system logs, and TEX fonts created by Metafont as well as postscript fonts, and it is also the temporary repository for all Debian packages when downloading from the Debian mirror. Thus at times there is a large demand for space, while at other times it is underutilized. It needs read/write permissions in general. It should be at least 1G. Then comes /home which contains the home directories of all users who have accounts on your machine. For most setups in which the Linux box is not going to have lots of users, the following might be reasonable. 1 Note your root partition will contain many important directories/mount points in- cluding: /etc (where all the config files are kept), /bin (some system binaries), /boot(kernels and system maps), /lib (among other things all the modules for each kernel), /root (root’s home directory), /sbin (more sensitive sysadmin binaries), /tmp (globally writable temp space). For a 10G drive: – swap: 1G – /: 1G – /usr: 4G – /var: 1G – /home: 3G For a 40G drive with only a few users: – swap: 2G (or multiple 2G partitions) – /: 2G – /usr: 15G – /var: 5G – /home: 15G If you have lots of users (and user files), you may want to put /usr at 10G and increase /home accordingly. 2 Setting up the Network: The first thing you need to access is whether you need a fixed IP address, or can get by with a dynamically assigned IP address. In general, you should try to use a dynamic address unless you are providing services: running various servers (e.g. web. print, mail, etc) where a fixed address is important to clients. If your mail is delivered to another machine (BlitzMail or the department mail server), you don’t need a fixed IP address. You should not need to run your own print server (that too routes through the department), and unless you want to run your own web site and not use the department pages, you don’t need a web server. So most workstations can get by just fine with a dynamic IP address. However, if you really need one, you apply for one by filling out the form at http://www.dartmouth.edu/~network/hostmaster.html If you are using a dynamic IP address the networking information will be setup automat- ically by the linux installer program. If you are setting up a fixed IP, you will need a name and some networking information. Once you decide on a name, fill out the form mentioned above, and you will be given the following type of information: 2 • IP address: 129.170.147.xxx • Netmask: 255.255.255.0 • Network address: 129.170.147.0 • Broadcast address: 129.170.147.255 • Gateway address: 129.170.147.1 In addition, you need the Domain Name server addresses: 129.170.16.4 and 129.170.17.4 3 LILO To be able to boot multiple operating systems, you need a loader which will load the desired operating system. LILO (LInux LOader) works well. Below is a typical lilo.conf file which I have annotated for some clarity. The reasons for having multiple Linux entries are mentioned below in the section on kernel building. # /etc/lilo.conf - See: ‘lilo(8)’ and ‘lilo.conf(5)’, # --------------- ‘install-mbr(8)’, ‘/usr/share/doc/lilo/’, # and ‘/usr/share/doc/mbr/’. # +---------------------------------------------------------------+ # | !! Reminder !! | # | | # | Don’t forget to run ‘lilo’ after you make changes to this | # | conffile, ‘/boot/bootmess.txt’, or install a new kernel. The | # | computer will most likely fail to boot if a kernel-image | # | post-install script or you don’t remember to run ‘lilo’. | # | | # +---------------------------------------------------------------+ # Enable map compaction: # Tries to merge read requests for adjacent sectors into a single # read request. This drastically reduces load time and keeps the # map smaller. Using ‘compact’ is especially recommended when # booting from a floppy disk. It is disabled here by default # because it doesn’t always work. # # compact 3 # Support LBA for large hard disks. # lba32 # boot=/dev/sda (for the first scsi drive) boot=/dev/hda map=/boot/map install=/boot/boot.b ## Puts up a prompt to choose which OS to boot prompt ## Times out in 5 seconds to the first (default) OS timeout=50 vga=normal default=linux #append="hdd=ide-scsi" image=/vmlinuz label=linux root=/dev/hda2 read-only image=/vmlinuz-2.4.18-pre6 label=linux-2.4.18-p6 root=/dev/hda2 read-only image=/vmlinuz.old label=linux-old root=/dev/hda2 read-only optional # If you have another OS on this machine to boot, you can uncomment the # following lines, changing the device name on the ‘other’ line to # where your other OS’ partition is. # other=/dev/hda1 label=win table=/dev/hda 4 The format is fairly simple. The image=/vmlinuz refers to a link in your / directory which points to a compressed kernel in /boot. The label is the label by which you want lilo to refer to this kernel, and which you will select at the LILO boot: prompt. 4 X server tidbits The installer for XFree86 has become much better, but you need to know some information about your video card. Much can be autodetected, but it is worth your while to gather as much information as you can before hand. Most cards are on the PCI bus, and typing lspci will scan the display and give you some information about the devices on the bus. For example, you might see: 01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: nVidia Corporation Riva TnT2 [NV5] (rev 11) This indicates not only the this is an nVidia Riva TnT2 card, but also that its bus address is “PCI:01:00:0”. If you don’t know, you may be able to find out how much memory the video card has by reading the BIOS messages when the machine first boots. Alternatively, many of these values will be probed and determined by reading the /var/log/XFree86.0.log file. To test X, you will need to install at least the following debian packages: xserver-xfree86 xterm xbase-clients xfonts-base xfonts-75pdi When you install these (in particular xserver-xfree86) you will be asked a series of ques- tions about your video card, and display device. Answer as well as you can, you can always redo it. If you don’t know the name of the driver to use (for example “nv” for the nVidia card), consult the driver status page at http://www.xfree86.org/. To test the configuration type startx from a (root) console. If you get a grey screen with an X that moves with your mouse, you are doing well. Hit CTRL-ALT-BACKSPACE to kill the Xserver. You can read the logs as mentioned above /var/log/XFree86.0.log to look for problems. You might also check root’s home directory for a .xsession-errors file. If the Xserver didn’t start, read the logs. You can try to use the standard configurer for X: /usr/bin/X11/xf86cfg. This will ask you lots of questions about your video card, and monitor specs, but it will provide a little more help. Next you need a window manager (e.g. twm, window maker, sawfish, etc), and perhaps a session manager (e.g. gnome, kde). I am rather a fan of gnome, so I will tell you how to get that going, and you can play from there. Install the packages: 5 gnome-session gnome-terminal sawfish-gnome After they are installed, once again type startx and see whether a gnome-session starts up. If it looks good, go on to add a few more things. If not, . Supposing it went well, hit CTRL-ALT-BACKSPACE to kill the Xserver, and install gdm gtk-engines* gnome-applets gnome-audio gnome-media The most important package is gdm (gnome display manager) which will (at reboot) start the xserver automatically and put up a login window.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Linux on a Stick Everyone Knows You Can Boot Linux from a Live CD, but Have You Thought About Putting Linux on a Compact and Highly Portable USB
    KNOW HOW Memory Stick Linux Booting Linux from a USB Memory Stick Linux on a Stick Everyone knows you can boot Linux from a live CD, but have you thought about putting Linux on a compact and highly portable USB memory stick? BY FABRIZIO CIACCHI bootable “live” CD like Knoppix much more common. Part of our pur- ent from DSL, but it includes more [1] or Kanotix [2] gives the user a pose is to create an inexpensive system, software (about 14 MB plus), and it Afully portable operating environ- so I will base this discussion on the stan- has already been refined and tested for ment. You can carry your system with dard and very common 128 MB size. USB devices. you and boot it from anywhere. However, the procedure I describe in this • Flonix [8]: Flonix is also based on Your tools, your files, and your work- article can also be used to put a larger DSL, but it uses some different pro- space will follow you wherever you go – Knoppix-based distribution on a larger grams (for instance, IceWM instead even to another PC with a different USB memory stick. of Fluxbox). The Flonix project also operating system. Live CDs are also used Assuming you want room to work and introduced a useful web install by system administrators for trouble- store documents, it is a good idea to only process. Ultimately, Flonix was so shooting computers that won’t boot use half of the available space (64 MB) successful that it become a commer- normally. for the Linux system and related tools.
    [Show full text]
  • Part II, Window Managers and Desktop Environments
    Part II Window Managers and Desktop Environments The window manager is responsible for managing application windows and application- independent behavior, such as pop-up menus appearing in the background. The window manager manages the placement, borders, and decorations of all windows, and is responsible for the look and feel of your particular X session. Desktop environments typically include an integrated window manager, some sort of control panel, applications, and a consistent look and feel across applications. The chapters in Part II, Window Managers and Desktop Environments, are: Overview This chapter provides a conceptual introduction to window managers and desktop environments and briefly surveys some of the many window managers and desktop environments available for Linux. FVWM FVWM is a traditional window manager for Linux systems. It is now into its second major version, FVWM2. Window Maker Window Maker is an elegant X11 window manager designed to give integration support to GNUstep-based applications. It emulates the look and feel of OpenStep, the NeXTSTEP GUI. Enlightenment Enlightenment, often shortened to just E, may be the most elaborate and bizarre window manager available. Enlightenment’s motto, “time to rethink everything,” provides a good indication of the uniqueness and flashiness behind Enlightenment. Using GNOME GNOME, which stands for GNU Network Object Model Environment, is a freely available desktop environment that can be used with any of several window managers, including Enlightenment and Sawfish. Using KDE KDE, the K Desktop Environment, is another freely available desktop environment. KDE includes an assortment of games and utilities, as well as an integrated suite of office productivity applications..
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to the Enlightenment Foundation Libraries
    Introduction to the Enlightenment foundation libraries. An overview of EFL Kostis Kapelonis Introduction to the Enlightenment foundation libraries.: An overview of EFL Kostis Kapelonis Abstract The target audience of this document are UNIX programmers who are interested in the Enlightenment Foundation Libraries (EFL). You must already know C programming. You will not however learn how to program using the EFL. Instead, you will learn why you should program with the EFL. If you ever wanted to evaluate the EFL but did not see any advantages over previous graphic libraries then this document is for you! Table of Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................1 A little History ...................................................................................................................1 Related documentation ......................................................................................................... 2 Obtaining the EFL libraries ................................................................................................... 2 2. The EFL structure .................................................................................................................... 4 Organization of the Libraries ................................................................................................. 4 Brief description of each EFL library ...................................................................................... 5 3.
    [Show full text]
  • THE 2003 Editionlinux
    SUBSCRIBE or renew your subscription to APC for your chance to WIN the new Alfa 156 JTS, valued at over $54,000 Only $65 for 12 issues THE 2003 edition linux POCKETBOOK Subscribe ... www.apcmag.com Online at magshop.com.au or Call 13 61 16 Authorised under NSW Permit No. L02/09075 VIC: 02/2531 SA: T02/3553 ACT: TP02/3650 NT: NT02/3286 For terms and conditions refer to www.xmas.magshop.au. Expiry date: 24/12/02 Contents CHAPTER 1 Customising Gnome 57 CHAPTER 6 Editorial INTRODUCTION 11 Exploring KDE 60 WORKING WITH WINDOWS 131 The origins of the Customising KDE 64 What about Windows? 132 Welcome back to The Linux Pocketbook 2003 edition! penguin 12 Windows connectivity 138 Many of you will probably remember the original print ver- CHAPTER 4 sions of The Linux Pocketbook on newsstands across the country. Why Linux? 18 Basic security 145 The original versions sold so well that we ran out of copies. We’ve The ways of the world 20 USING LINUX 67 had countless requests for reprints, so we’ve decided to bundle the Connecting to the Net 68 CHAPTER 7 entire book into this single resource. This version of the pocketbook relies heavily on Mandrake Linux 9.0 or Red Hat 8.0. Both were CHAPTER 2 Applications 71 PLAYING WITH LINUX 151 released late in 2002, and can be easily found for sale at www.everyth INSTALLING LINUX 21 Conjuring Linux 75 Linux multimedia 152 inglinux.com.au, or for download from either mandrakelinux.com or First published December 2000.
    [Show full text]
  • Apg Zope-Plone3 Zope-Externaleditor 0. Poppler-Utils 0. Apache2.2
    deluge-core libmagickcore2 libecpg6 libcvaux-dev libcairo-perl 0.655021834061 0. 0. libisc50 libfindlib-ocaml-dev 0. libparrot1.4.0 libjaxp1.3-java-gcj 0. 0. libgssrpc4 peercast 0. gcj-4.4-jre 0. libxfconf-0-2 0. 0. 0. libbind9-50 deluge-common 0. 0. liblqr-1-0 libecpg-compat3 0. libcv-dev libavahi-common-data libgtk2-perl 0. 1.03092783505 1.5873015873 0. 0. libasm0 2.94117647059 2.40963855422 libacl1 coreutils 0.0842023447114 0. 0.655021834061 0. 0. libplasma-ruby1.8 0. 0. 0. 0. 2.38095238095 libxalan2-java-gcj 0. 0. 0. 0. libfindlib-ocaml 0. librevm0 python-poker-engine 0. peercast-geekast 1.03092783505 0. libxfcegui4-4 0.1941370607650.278515447892 0. libisccc50 0. 0.0971754340503 libparrot-dev parrot 0.0226346763241 0. 0. geoip-database 0. libhighgui-dev 0. libmagickwand2 libpango-perl libpgtypes3 0. gcj-4.4-jdk libgcj10-awt 2.94117647059 libkdb5-4 libkadm5srv6 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.01295672454 libasn1-8-heimdal 0.340676811265 kamera python 1.61290322581 libpoconet8-dbg python-alsaaudio 0. 0. libedfmt0 0. 0. step 1.3314094576 0. 0. libxerces2-java-gcj 0. 0. xfconf ocaml-findlib 3.79746835443 dpkg libattr1 0. peercast-servent 3.75283079909 0. libplasma-ruby gnustep-base-runtime 0.2915263021511.24614678297 libdns50 0. 0. 3.79746835443 apg python-poker-network 0. libdigest-bubblebabble-perl 0. libloader-java-openoffice.org libhx509-4-heimdal libavahi-client3 libavahi-common3 0. libdb4.5 0. libcrypt-openssl-dsa-perl libpococrypto8-dbg 0.3179650238473.05646290247 0. 0. 0. 0. 1.23302944842 2.63157894737 0. kcolorchooser libisccfg50 0. libetrace0 libgcj10-dev 0. marble libkrb5-dev 1.52816947596 parrot-minimal 0.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gnome Desktop Comes to Hp-Ux
    GNOME on HP-UX Stormy Peters Hewlett-Packard Company 970-898-7277 [email protected] THE GNOME DESKTOP COMES TO HP-UX by Stormy Peters, Jim Leth, and Aaron Weber At the Linux World Expo in San Jose last August, a consortium of companies, including Hewlett-Packard, inaugurated the GNOME Foundation to further the goals of the GNOME project. An organization of open-source software developers, the GNOME project is the major force behind the GNOME desktop: a powerful, open-source desktop environment with an intuitive user interface, a component-based architecture, and an outstanding set of applications for both developers and users. The GNOME Foundation will provide resources to coordinate releases, determine future project directions, and promote GNOME through communication and press releases. At the same conference in San Jose, Hewlett-Packard also announced that GNOME would become the default HP-UX desktop environment. This will enhance the user experience on HP-UX, providing a full feature set and access to new applications, and also will allow commonality of desktops across different vendors' implementations of UNIX and Linux. HP will provide transition tools for migrating users from CDE to GNOME, and support for GNOME will be available from HP. Those users who wish to remain with CDE will continue to be supported. Hewlett-Packard, working with Ximian, Inc. (formerly known as Helix Code), will be providing the GNOME desktop on HP-UX. Ximian is an open-source desktop company that currently employs many of the original and current developers of GNOME, including Miguel de Icaza. They have developed and contributed applications such as Evolution and Red Carpet to GNOME.
    [Show full text]
  • Linuxcertified, Inc. Linuxcertified, Inc
    LinuxCertified, Inc. 1072 S. De Anza Blvd.; #A107 - 19; San Jose; CA 95129 Fax: 425.732.7143; http://www.linuxcertified.com/ COURSE OUTLINE Day 1 Linux Desktop Productivity Objective is to get candidates comfortable with the Linux desktop environment. Key topics: o Understanding the X Windows environment & its components o GNOME: Features, Control Center, Panel o Sawfish - Window manager o KDE: Features, Control Panel, Kpackage o Overview of office applications Linux Commands and Text editing Objective is to learn the key Linux commands and their options. Text editing, the UNIX way, is also covered. Key topics: o Generic command syntax o Important commands and their use o Text editing using vi editor Using the Shell Power use of the Linux shell is a key objective towards becoming an effective Linux system administrator. Key topics: o What is a shell? o Everyday shell use o Shell features: Piping & Redirection o Environment variables o PATH environment variable Writing Shell Scripts Objective is to learn the basic constructs of writing Linux shell scripts, and develop some useful scripts during the lab. Key topics: o Reasons for scripting o Writing a simple shell script o Positional parameters o Exit status and test conditions o Functions and Loops Day 2 Networking Fundamentals Objective is to review fundamentals of TCP/IP and learn the utilities and key files on Linux to configure and monitor a system on a LAN Key topics: o Understanding the different protocols that are part of the TCP/IP protocol suite such as TCP, IP, UDP, and ICMP o Learning the fundamental, configuration variables for TCP/IP networks such as IP addresses, IP subnets, subnet masks, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Get Your Default KDE and GNOME Desktops in Line by David D
    Get Your Default KDE and GNOME Desktops in Line by David D. Scribner As mentioned in my last article, Get Your Default KDE and GNOME Menus in Line, the User Manuals for the KDE and GNOME GUI environments include instructions on modifying the user’s menus and desktop properties. Just as with the menus however, modifications to the desktop settings made by individual users are stored in the user’s home directory and have no affect on the “defaults” installed for new users. Being the system administrator, you may have custom desktop wallpaper, shortcut icons and panel (or Kicker, as KDE now calls it) icons that differ from those set up in the default configurations. If you wish to have the default desktops installed for new users tailored to include selected application icons in the panel or kicker (taskbar), or changes to the default desktop shortcuts, background, colors or style that GNOME and KDE normally set up for those new users, you will have to make a few modifications. This article is intended to cover the basic tasks of customizing such default installations. Since customizing the default desktops for your new users result in changes to the installed files, back up any of these files/directories before proceeding with any modifications! Desktop Configuration Skeletons Items pertaining to the desktop you want your new users to be greeted with are perhaps easiest to configure by placing the relevant KDE and GNOME desktop configuration files in the /etc/skel directory. You could modify the master files KDE and GNOME use to create new user setups, but they may be overwritten should you upgrade to a newer version of the environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction, Linux, Interfaces Graphiques
    M1101a – Cours 1 Introduction, Linux, Interfaces graphiques Département Informatique IUT2, UGA 2020/2021 Département Informatique (IUT2, UGA) M1101a – Cours 1 2020/2021 1 / 37 Plan du cours 1 Présentation du module 2 Moyens informatiques de l’IUT2 3 Systèmes Unix, Linux et logiciels libres 4 Interfaces graphiques sous Linux 5 Résumé Département Informatique (IUT2, UGA) M1101a – Cours 1 2020/2021 2 / 37 Présentation du module Plan du cours 1 Présentation du module 2 Moyens informatiques de l’IUT2 3 Systèmes Unix, Linux et logiciels libres 4 Interfaces graphiques sous Linux 5 Résumé Département Informatique (IUT2, UGA) M1101a – Cours 1 2020/2021 3 / 37 Présentation du module Objectifs du module Comprendre et savoir utiliser un système d’exploitation et un réseau : Connaître les caractéristiques et fonctionnalités principales d’un système d’exploitation Savoir manipuler l’interface graphique Savoir utiliser les commandes les plus utiles Connaître les éléments constitutifs du réseau de l’IUT2, son architecture, les principaux protocoles utilisés Savoir utiliser les applications réseau indispensables : transferts et partages de fichiers, utilisation de machines à distance, ... Utilisation de Linux (famille des systèmes Unix) Département Informatique (IUT2, UGA) M1101a – Cours 1 2020/2021 4 / 37 Présentation du module Modalités 6 semaines pour le module M1101a cours TP – 1 étudiant par machine (si possible) 6 semaines pour le module M1101b autre équipe d’enseignants autre organisation (TD, ...) Département Informatique (IUT2, UGA) M1101a – Cours
    [Show full text]
  • Standard Presentation
    Welcome to Linux ➲ Welcome ➲ Survey Of Class ➲ Logging in ➲ What is a shell? ➲ Using a shell ➲ How to use a command line Welcome ➲ Instructor: Tom Duffy ➲ CA: Hendra Wijaya ➲ Course Materials ➲ Course Outline ➲ Chapter 3, Linux Tutorial ➲ VI Tutorial ➲ "In The Beginning Was The Command Line" ➲ "The Cathedral And The Bazaar" Welcome (cont.) ➲ Class should be interactive ➲ Ask Questions at any time ➲ Let me know if I am going too fast or too slow ➲ One topic required for next topic, so it is really important for every one to keep up ➲ 15 minute break in the middle of class Survey Of Class ➲ Computer Experience (show of hands) ➲ Windows/Mac GUI (I assume all have good to excellent experience) ➲ Inside a computer (Harddrive, CPU, memory, etc.) ➲ Command Line Experience (DOS?) ➲ UNIX or Linux Experience Logging In ➲ Multitasking, Multiuser operating system ➲ Can run many programs at once ➲ Many people can be on same machine at same time ➲ Unlike DOS, where only one person can run one program at one time ➲ Windows NT can run multiple programs at same time, but only one person can be logged in Logging In (part 2) ➲ Each user on a system has a login name ➲ Normally between 2 and 8 characters ➲ Each login name has a password ➲ Only the user should know their password ➲ Normally should be something hard to guess ➲ Please press [Ctrl]-[Alt]-[F1] Logging In (part 3) ➲ Each machine has a hostname ➲ You should see a screen with hostname login: ➲ Here, the login name is "student" and the password is "student" ➲ When you enter your password, nothing
    [Show full text]
  • The GNU General Public License and the Zero-Price-Fixing Problem
    Michigan Law Review Volume 104 Issue 3 2005 What's So Great about Nothing? The GNU General Public License and the Zero-Price-Fixing Problem Heidi S. Bond University of Michigan Law School Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr Part of the Antitrust and Trade Regulation Commons, and the Computer Law Commons Recommended Citation Heidi S. Bond, What's So Great about Nothing? The GNU General Public License and the Zero-Price-Fixing Problem, 104 MICH. L. REV. 547 (2005). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol104/iss3/4 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Michigan Law Review at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Law Review by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOTE What's So Great about Nothing? The GNU General Public License and the Zero-Price-Fixing Problem * Heidi S. Bond TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .. ........................................ ............................. ............... 548 I. THE GPL's PRICING RESTRAINT SHOULD BE EVALUATED UNDER THE RULE OF REASON ............................. 556 A. The GP L's Pricing Restraint Is Needed to Allow the Free Exchange of Software.......................................... 558 B. Freely Exchanged Software Is a New Product Allowing Software Evolution....................... ............... ....... 560 II. A PRICE OF NOTHING ON SUBSEQUENT DISTRIBUTIONS DEMONSTRATES THAT THE GOAL Is Nor TO RESTRAIN COMPETITION .......................................................... 562 A. Broadcast Music: A Framework for Evaluating Nothing ........................................................... 562 B. Applying the Broadcast Music Framework to the GPL. .... 564 Ill.
    [Show full text]
  • 1.1 X Client/Server
    เดสกทอปลินุกซ เทพพิทักษ การุญบุญญานันท 2 สารบัญ 1 ระบบ X Window 5 1.1 ระบบ X Client/Server . 5 1.2 Window Manager . 6 1.3 Desktop Environment . 7 2 การปรับแตง GNOME 11 2.1 การติดตั้งฟอนต . 11 2.2 GConf . 12 2.3 การแสดงตัวอักษร . 13 2.4 พื้นหลัง . 15 2.5 Theme . 16 2.6 เมนู/ทูลบาร . 17 2.7 แปนพิมพ . 18 2.8 เมาส . 20 3 4 บทที่ 1 ระบบ X Window ระบบ GUI ที่อยูคูกับยูนิกซมมานานคือระบบ X Window ซึ่งพัฒนาโดยโครงการ Athena ที่ MIT รวมกับบริษัท Digital Equipment Corporation และบริษัทเอกชนจำนวนหนึ่ง ปจจุบัน X Window ดูแลโดย Open Group เปนระบบที่เปดทั้งในเรื่องโปรโตคอลและซอรสโคด ขณะที่เขียนเอกสารฉบับนี้ เวอรชันลาสุดของ X Window คือ เวอรชัน 11 รีลีส 6.6 (เรียกสั้นๆ วา X11R6.6) สำหรับลินุกซและระบบปฏิบัติการในตระกูลยูนิกซที่ทำงานบน PC ระบบ X Window ที่ใชจะมาจาก โครงการ XFree86 ซึ่งพัฒนาไดรเวอรสำหรับอุปกรณกราฟกตางๆ ที่ใชกับเครื่อง PC รุนลาสุดขณะที่ เขียนเอกสารนี้คือ 4.3.0 1.1 ระบบ X Client/Server X Window เปนระบบที่ทำงานผานระบบเครือขาย โดยแยกเปนสวน X client และ X server สื่อสาร กันผาน X protocol ดังนั้น โปรแกรมที่ทำงานบน X Window จะสามารถแสดงผลบนระบบปฏิบัติการ ที่ตางชนิดกันก็ได ตราบใดที่ระบบนั้นสามารถใหบริการผาน X protocol ได X client ไดแกโปรแกรมประยุกตตางๆ ที่จะขอใชบริการจาก X server ในการติดตอกับฮารดแวร เชน จอภาพ แปนพิมพ เมาส ฯลฯ ดังนั้น X server จึงทำงานอยูบนเครื่องที่อยูใกลผูใชเสมอ ในขณะที่ X client อาจอยูในเครื่องเดียวกันหรืออยูในเครื่องใดเครื่องหนึ่งในระบบเครือขายก็ได X client จะติดตอกับ X server ดวยการเรียก X library (เรียกสั้นๆ วา Xlib) API ตางๆ ใน Xlib มีหนาที่แปลงการเรียกฟงกชันแตละครั้งใหเปน request ในรูปของ X protocol เพื่อสงไปยัง X server
    [Show full text]