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Introduction, Linux, Interfaces Graphiques M1101a – Cours 1 Introduction, Linux, Interfaces graphiques Département Informatique IUT2, UGA 2020/2021 Département Informatique (IUT2, UGA) M1101a – Cours 1 2020/2021 1 / 37 Plan du cours 1 Présentation du module 2 Moyens informatiques de l’IUT2 3 Systèmes Unix, Linux et logiciels libres 4 Interfaces graphiques sous Linux 5 Résumé Département Informatique (IUT2, UGA) M1101a – Cours 1 2020/2021 2 / 37 Présentation du module Plan du cours 1 Présentation du module 2 Moyens informatiques de l’IUT2 3 Systèmes Unix, Linux et logiciels libres 4 Interfaces graphiques sous Linux 5 Résumé Département Informatique (IUT2, UGA) M1101a – Cours 1 2020/2021 3 / 37 Présentation du module Objectifs du module Comprendre et savoir utiliser un système d’exploitation et un réseau : Connaître les caractéristiques et fonctionnalités principales d’un système d’exploitation Savoir manipuler l’interface graphique Savoir utiliser les commandes les plus utiles Connaître les éléments constitutifs du réseau de l’IUT2, son architecture, les principaux protocoles utilisés Savoir utiliser les applications réseau indispensables : transferts et partages de fichiers, utilisation de machines à distance, ... Utilisation de Linux (famille des systèmes Unix) Département Informatique (IUT2, UGA) M1101a – Cours 1 2020/2021 4 / 37 Présentation du module Modalités 6 semaines pour le module M1101a cours TP – 1 étudiant par machine (si possible) 6 semaines pour le module M1101b autre équipe d’enseignants autre organisation (TD, ...) Département Informatique (IUT2, UGA) M1101a – Cours 1 2020/2021 5 / 37 Présentation du module Informations diverses Documents de cours et de TP Transparents de cours Sujets de TP Disponibles en ligne sur l’intranet Bibliographie Cf. intranet La vaste documentation en ligne, l’intranet et le Web Évaluation Enseignants Département Informatique (IUT2, UGA) M1101a – Cours 1 2020/2021 6 / 37 Moyens informatiques de l’IUT2 Plan du cours 1 Présentation du module 2 Moyens informatiques de l’IUT2 3 Systèmes Unix, Linux et logiciels libres 4 Interfaces graphiques sous Linux 5 Résumé Département Informatique (IUT2, UGA) M1101a – Cours 1 2020/2021 7 / 37 Moyens informatiques de l’IUT2 Machines accessibles aux étudiants Stations de travail sous Linux ∼ 90 machines, 6 salles réservées au département info PC sous Windows ∼ 135 machines, 9 salles pour tous les départements Ressources accessibles via le réseau imprimantes serveurs (fichiers, Web, intranets, SSH, SGBD, ...) La plupart des enseignements sont faits sur les stations Linux (programmation, bases de données, Web, ...) Département Informatique (IUT2, UGA) M1101a – Cours 1 2020/2021 8 / 37 Moyens informatiques de l’IUT2 Le réseau de l’IUT2 Département Informatique (IUT2, UGA) M1101a – Cours 1 2020/2021 9 / 37 Moyens informatiques de l’IUT2 Comptes Compte = nom de login + mot de passe Respect de la charte Nécessaire pour utiliser toutes les ressources informatiques de l’IUT2 postes de travail messagerie intranets autres serveurs ... Département Informatique (IUT2, UGA) M1101a – Cours 1 2020/2021 10 / 37 Moyens informatiques de l’IUT2 Espaces de stockage Pour chaque étudiant répertoire personnel commun à toutes les stations Linux, limité à 900 Mo, avec une extension pour le 2ème semestre attention : toutes vos données seront effacées fin juin (date exacte sur l’intranet, à noter sur vos agendas) répertoire personnel commun à tous les PC sous Windows, limité en taille une boîte de messagerie, limitée en taille −! ménage régulier nécessaire Département Informatique (IUT2, UGA) M1101a – Cours 1 2020/2021 11 / 37 Moyens informatiques de l’IUT2 Imprimante Linux Une imprimante réservée aux stations Linux Située dans une petite pièce en face des salles machine Impressions précédées par une feuille d’en-tête sur laquelle figure le nom de la personne ayant imprimé Les pages d’en-tête peuvent être déposées dans le carton de recyclage papier Quota d’impressions Département Informatique (IUT2, UGA) M1101a – Cours 1 2020/2021 12 / 37 Moyens informatiques de l’IUT2 Imprimantes : Règles à respecter Respecter les impressions des autres ! Garder cette pièce bien rangée ! Aller chercher les impressions immédiatement ! Ne pas essayer d’imprimer si les imprimantes sont bloquées ! (à vérifier avant toute impression) Signaler les problèmes au SOS du Pôle Informatique Département Informatique (IUT2, UGA) M1101a – Cours 1 2020/2021 13 / 37 Moyens informatiques de l’IUT2 Accès depuis l’extérieur de l’IUT2 Services disponibles depuis tout ordinateur connecté à Internet accès aux stations Linux transferts de fichiers messagerie intranets Accès sécurisés par protocoles SSH, SSL / TLS login/mot de passe Méthodes et outils d’accès depuis l’extérieur présentés lors d’un prochain cours Département Informatique (IUT2, UGA) M1101a – Cours 1 2020/2021 14 / 37 Systèmes Unix, Linux et logiciels libres Plan du cours 1 Présentation du module 2 Moyens informatiques de l’IUT2 3 Systèmes Unix, Linux et logiciels libres 4 Interfaces graphiques sous Linux 5 Résumé Département Informatique (IUT2, UGA) M1101a – Cours 1 2020/2021 15 / 37 Systèmes Unix, Linux et logiciels libres Historique des principaux systèmes d’exploitation Département Informatique (IUT2, UGA) M1101a – Cours 1 2020/2021 16 / 37 Systèmes Unix, Linux et logiciels libres Historique de UNIX 1970 1980 1990 2000 Time FreeBSD 6.2 BSD family NetBSD 3.1 OpenBSD 4.1 BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) Bill Joy Solaris (SUN) 10 Darwin NextStep 3.3 Xenix OS Microsoft/SCO GNU Project Richard Stallman Minix Linus Torvalds 3.1.2a Andrew S. Tanenbaum Unix Time-Sharing System (Bell Labs) 10 Ken Thompson Dennis Ritchie (C language) HP-UX 11i v2 AIX (IBM) 5 L 5.3 UnixWare (Univel/SCO) 7.1.4 MP2 IRIX (SGI) 6.5.30 System III & V family Source : Wikipedia Département Informatique (IUT2, UGA) M1101a – Cours 1 2020/2021 17 / 37 Systèmes Unix, Linux et logiciels libres Logiciels libres Concept introduit par Richard Stallman au début des années 1980 Les 4 libertés fondamentales liberté d’exécuter le logiciel, pour tous les usages liberté d’étudier le fonctionnement du logiciel −! accès au code source liberté de redistribuer le logiciel (y compris de le vendre) liberté d’améliorer le logiciel et de publier ses améliorations libre 6= gratuit, domaine public, freeware, shareware, ... «libre» s’oppose à «propriétaire» et à «logiciel privateur» Département Informatique (IUT2, UGA) M1101a – Cours 1 2020/2021 18 / 37 Systèmes Unix, Linux et logiciels libres GNU et Linux : historique 1969 : 1er système Unix 1970-1980 : Développement de nombreux systèmes Unix Initialement esprit de liberté et de coopération Puis ils deviennent propriétaires 1983 : Lancement du projet GNU par Richard Stallman Logiciels libres (licence GPL) tournant sur les noyaux Unix propriétaires Emacs, fileutils/coreutils, gcc, bash, ... Projet d’un noyau libre nommé Hurd 1991 Linus Torvalds trouve trop limités les systèmes existants pour processeurs x86 (Minix) Linux 0.0.1 naît en août 1991 Linus lance un appel à contribution et permet un libre accès au code source. C’est le noyau Unix libre qui manquait au projet GNU 1991-1994 Petit à petit, GNU/Linux devient un système UNIX complet 1992 : premières distributions Linux 1993 : lancement du projet Debian 1994 : sortie de Linux 1.0 Département Informatique (IUT2, UGA) M1101a – Cours 1 2020/2021 19 / 37 Systèmes Unix, Linux et logiciels libres GNU et Linux : historique 1995 Portage vers d’autres architectures de processeurs que x86 L’explosion d’Internet accélère le développement de Linux Il est choisi par de plus en plus de fournisseurs d’accès à Internet Développement de sociétés telles que RedHat, Caldera, ... 1996-1997 Sortie de Debian 1.1 RedHat Linux est élu meilleur OS par InfoWorld Début des projets KDE et GNOME : interfaces conviviales pour le grand public 1998 Libération du code source de Netscape −! Firefox, Thunderbird, ... Support par de grandes entreprises 1999 et après Linux est devenu une alternative aux systèmes Unix propriétaires et à Windows 2002 : libération de OpenOffice (devenu LibreOffice) 2004 : démarrage de Ubuntu Département Informatique (IUT2, UGA) M1101a – Cours 1 2020/2021 20 / 37 Systèmes Unix, Linux et logiciels libres Utilisations de Linux Linux est présent dans tous les secteurs Popularité difficile à mesurer Linux s’adapte sur tous types de machines (scalabilité) Super-calculateurs : TOP500, 100% de part de marché ! Serveurs (Web, SGBD, ...) Cloud : > 90% des instances chez un fournisseur bien connu Postes de travail, ordinateurs portables OS embarqué (Internet des objets, IoT) Equipements réseau : boxes ADSL/fibre, routeurs, points d’accès Wifi, ... TV connectées (Android TV, ...), lecteurs multimédia, lecteurs DVD/BR, ... Téléphones, tablettes : 2+ milliards d’Android ... Département Informatique (IUT2, UGA) M1101a – Cours 1 2020/2021 21 / 37 Systèmes Unix, Linux et logiciels libres Linux embarqué Département Informatique (IUT2, UGA) M1101a – Cours 1 2020/2021 22 / 37 Systèmes Unix, Linux et logiciels libres Principes de conception de Linux Reprend les principes des systèmes Unix multi-tâches préemptif multi-utilisateurs commandes de base compatibles (cd, cp, mv, ...) système de fichiers protocoles réseau standards (TCP/IP) qui sont au cœur d’Internet Nombreuses améliorations par rapport aux systèmes Unix propriétaires efficacité standardisation conforme aux normes BSD, POSIX, SUS, ... ergonomie (shell, outils d’administration, ...) Linux a quasiment remplacé les anciens systèmes Unix Actuellement ce sont les autres systèmes Unix qui s’efforcent d’être compatibles
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